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<span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqta">Iqta</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>An <b>iqta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إقطاع</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iqṭāʿ</i></span>) and occasionally <b>iqtaʿa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إقطاعة</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Islamic practice of <a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">tax farming</a> that became common in Muslim Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a>. Iqta has been defined in <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam-al-Mulk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Siyasatnama" title="Siyasatnama">Siyasatnama</a>. Administrators of an <i>Iqta</i> were known as <i>muqti</i> or <i>wali</i>. They collected land revenue and looked after general administration.<sup id="cite_ref-hansraj_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansraj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muqtiʿs (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مقطع</span></span>, "holder of an iqtaʿ") had no right to interfere with the personal life of a paying person if the person stayed on the muqtiʿ's land. They were expected to send the collected revenue (after deducting collection and administration charges) to the central treasury. Such an amount to be sent was called <i>Fawazil</i>. Theoretically, <i>iqtas</i> were not hereditary by law and had to be confirmed by a higher authority like a sultan or king. However, it was made hereditary in Islamic India by <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firoz Tughlaq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hansraj_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansraj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual iqtaʿ holders in Middle Eastern societies had little incentive to provide public goods to the localities assigned to them. The overarching theme was state power where the iqtaʿ was revocable and uninheritable. Though not an investment in a particular holding of land, the iqtaʿ, as a fiscal device, gave soldiers a vested interest in the regime. </p><p><i>Iqtadar</i> (person holding iqta) and the <i>Sultan</i> had a mutually dependent relationship. There could be three types of Iqtadars. First, those who were appointed by the Sultan in fully conquered territories. Second, who were appointed in partially conquered territories. These Iqtadars had to win the territories again, and hence the Sultan's control over them was relatively weaker. Third kind of Iqtadars were virtually independent, as they were appointed in unconquered territories.<sup id="cite_ref-hansraj_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansraj-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_Buyids_reform"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Buyids reform</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Seljuk_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Seljuk era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mamluk_sultanate_of_Delhi"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mamluk sultanate of Delhi</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_analysis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern analysis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Appendix"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Appendix</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafiite scholars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> postulated in his book <i>Al-Ahkam al-Sultania w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya</i>, the earliest practice of Iqta rooted in the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of the Prophet</a>, such as when Muhammad given Iqta' (taxable land) plot for Zubayr who later design the land for his own horse training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20th century Shafiite scholar, <a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Wahbah al-Zuhayli</a>, also highlighted that az-Zubayr ownership were legal per ruling of Shafii.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahbah_al-Zuhayli_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahbah_al-Zuhayli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, from the view of <a href="/wiki/Shafiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiite">Shafiite</a> scholars, an <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">unclaimed land property</a> could be freely given by Islamic government to particular individual whom they saw can cultivate and process the land plot so it can became productive land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buyids_reform">The Buyids reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Buyids reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyids</a> codified the already existent system of tax farming. They united the Amirs of Persia and reorganized their land into Iqtas, whose borders remained largely similar to the predecessor states. Contrary to most other forms of Iqta, it was hereditary, but the land was divided when there were more sons of age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seljuk_era">Seljuk era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seljuk era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, the move toward the iqta' system was facilitated by the Persian bureaucrat <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a> "who developed and systemized the trend towards feudalism that was already inherent in the tax-farming practices of the immediately preceding period," <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is made clear that muqtis hold no claim on the peasants/subjects other than that of collecting from them in a proper manner the due land tax that has been assigned to them. When the revenue has been realized from them, those subjects should remain secure from any demands of the muqtis in respect of their persons, wealth, families, lands and goods. The muqtis can't hold any further claims on them. The subjects can go to the King and address their grievances in case they are being subjugated by the muqtis. It is thus clear that the muqtis only hold the land under the king, the land in truth belongs to the Sultan. Nizam al-Mulk emphasizes an important element in the iqta- muqti's right to collect and appropriate taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, the muqtis also had certain obligations to the Sultan. They had to maintain the troops and furnish them at call. The revenues they got from the iqtas were meant to be resources for him to do the same. The revenue was meant for the muqti's own expenses, payment and maintenance of the troops and the rest had to be sent back to the king. The muqti was thus a tax collector and army paymaster rolled into one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_sultanate_of_Delhi">Mamluk sultanate of Delhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mamluk sultanate of Delhi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shamsa ud-din Iltutmish</a> established the "Iqta' system" based on Mohammad Gori's ideas. It was very close to the original form of Iqta' as its main function was only to collect taxes by Muqtis/Iqtedars in India. They had no other right to the subjects apart from the taxes as long as taxes were paid. The money was used to pay for the landowner's army, which could be called by the Sultan at any time, making up for a relatively quick mobilisation and highly professional soldiers. A small part of the money was to be given to the Sultan, but the percentage was usually insignificant compared to the other expenses. Iqtas were given for exceptional military service or loyalty and were, unlike the original, usually hereditary. The Iqta' system was later reorganized by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Balban</a>, who divided his empire into small pieces of land and opposed making Iqta hereditary. His absolutist rule concentrated on limiting the power of the estates (mainly the nobility and merchants) and securing his supreme authority as the king. He also dissolved the Council of Forty - Chahalgani, a form of sharing power between the highest nobles and the king. His rule was supported by the strengthened espionage and counter-espionage system and his personal secret police, called <i>barids</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad Bin Tughlaq</a> separated the roles of revenue collection and administration. He appointed another officer called <i>amir</i> to look after the administration. He started paying the soldiers from the central treasury to check corruption. </p><p>The Iqta' system was revived by <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a>, having also made the assignments hereditary to please the nobles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> stressed on the transfer of Iqtadars in order to check their personal interests. He increased the role of bureaucracy in iqtas. Moreover, he appointed <i>Diwan-i-bajarat</i> to estimate the definite incomes of each iqta. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modern_analysis">Modern analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Claude Cahen</a> described the iqtaʿ as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a form of administrative grant, often (wrongly) translated by the European word "<a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>". The nature of the iḳṭā' varied according to time and place, and a translation borrowed from other systems of institutions and conceptions has served only too often to mislead Western historians, and following them, even those of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-Cahen1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cahen1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>and <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> explained the Iqta concept as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A mechanism had to be devised to collect the surplus from the peasantry and redistribute it among the members of the ruling class. The crucial element in this mechanism was the <i>iqtaʿ</i> that combined the two functions of collection and distribution without immediately endangering the unity of the political structure. The <i>iqtaʿ</i> was the territorial assignment and its holder was designated <i>muqtiʿ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax farming">Tax farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">Pronoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Appendix">Appendix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appendix" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWehr1976" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans (1976). Cowan, J Milton (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic">Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</a></i> (Third ed.). Ithaca, New York. pp. 777, 778. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-001-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-001-8"><bdi>0-87950-001-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2392664">2392664</a>. <q>اقطاع iqṭā' and اقطاعة iqṭā'a pl. -āt fief, fee, feudal estate, land granted by feudal tenure ذو الإقطاع liege lord, feudal lord;<br>اقطاعي iqṭā'ī liege, feudatory, feudal; (pl. -ūn) liege lord, feudal lord;<br>اقطاعية iqṭā'īya feudalism;<br>الإقطاعية the feudal system;<br>مقطع muqṭi' liege lord; -- muqṭa' liege man, feudatory. feudal tenant, vassal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=777%2C+778&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2392664&rft.isbn=0-87950-001-8&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansraj-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansraj_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansraj_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansraj_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hansrajcollege.ac.in/hCPanel/uploads/elearning/elearning_document/IQTA.pdf">"Iqta system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>hansrajcollege.ac.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hansrajcollege.ac.in&rft.atitle=Iqta+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hansrajcollege.ac.in%2FhCPanel%2Fuploads%2Felearning%2Felearning_document%2FIQTA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMujahidin20178-9_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMujahidin2017">Mujahidin 2017</a>, p. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wahbah_al-Zuhayli-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wahbah_al-Zuhayli_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Zuhayili2021">Al-Zuhayili (2021</a>, p. 527)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard. "The Middle East".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iqta's: Distribution of Revenue Resources among the Ruling Class, Irfan Habib</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 76–79. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4">978-9-38060-734-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahen1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cahen1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahen, Claude, "Iḳṭā'," <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (2nd edition), Vol. 3, p. 1088.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib1982" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Irfan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA68"><i>The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22692-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22692-9"><bdi>978-0-521-22692-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Economic+History+of+India%3A+Volume+1%2C+C.1200-c.1750&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22692-9&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-s8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen1971" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Claude</a> (1971). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3522">"Iḳṭāʿ"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage" title="Victor Louis Ménage">Ménage, V. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume III:<i> H–Iram</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1088–1091. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I%E1%B8%B3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81%CA%BF&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1088-1091&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cahen, Claude, “L’évolution de l’iqṭāʿ du IXe au XIIIe siežcle,” Annales, économies-sociétés-civilisation Vol. 8, (1953), pp. 25–52.</li> <li>Duri, A. A., “The Origins of the Iqṭāʿ in Islam,” al-Abḥāṯ Vol. 22 (1969), pp. 3–22.</li> <li>Küpeli, Ismail: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/iqta-als-islamischer-Feudalismus-German/dp/3638749665/">iqta als "islamischer Feudalismus"?</a> Munich, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-74966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-74966-4">978-3-638-74966-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Zuhayili2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wahbah_al-Zuhayli" title="Wahbah al-Zuhayli">Al-Zuhayili, Wahbah</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVU0EAAAQBAJ"><i>Fiqih Islam wa Adilatuhu Jilid 6 Jaminan (al-Kafaalah); Pengalihan Utang (al-Hawaalah); Gadai (ar-Rahn); Paksaan (al-Ikraah); Kepemilikan (al-Milkiyah)</i></a> (in Indonesian). Gema Insani. p. 527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786022508892" title="Special:BookSources/9786022508892"><bdi>9786022508892</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiqih+Islam+wa+Adilatuhu+Jilid+6+Jaminan+%28al-Kafaalah%29%3B+Pengalihan+Utang+%28al-Hawaalah%29%3B+Gadai+%28ar-Rahn%29%3B+Paksaan+%28al-Ikraah%29%3B+Kepemilikan+%28al-Milkiyah%29&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=Gema+Insani&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9786022508892&rft.aulast=Al-Zuhayili&rft.aufirst=Wahbah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVU0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMujahidin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mujahidin, Mujahidin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id/index.php/alamwal/article/view/535">"Konsep Iqtha' Pemberian Tanah Kepada Masyarakat Dalam Pemikiran Ekonomi Al-Mawardi (Studi Kitab Al-Ahkam Alsultaniyyah)"</a> [Iqtha Concept of Giving Land to the Communityh in Economic Thinking of Al-Mawardi (Study of the Kitab Al-Ahkam Alsultaniyyah)]. <i>Al Amwal Journal of Islamic Economic Law</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24256%2Falw.v2i1.535">10.24256/alw.v2i1.535</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Amwal+Journal+of+Islamic+Economic+Law&rft.atitle=Konsep+Iqtha%27+Pemberian+Tanah+Kepada+Masyarakat+Dalam+Pemikiran+Ekonomi+Al-Mawardi+%28Studi+Kitab+Al-Ahkam+Alsultaniyyah%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24256%2Falw.v2i1.535&rft.aulast=Mujahidin&rft.aufirst=Mujahidin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejournal.iainpalopo.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Falamwal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIqta%27" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&oldid=1252957989">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&oldid=1252957989</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Iqta%27&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729707647"> <span>Last edited on 23 October 2024, at 18:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="إقطاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إقطاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qta" title="İqta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%27" title="ইকতা' – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইকতা'" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Иҡта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иҡта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqt%C3%A0" title="Iqtà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iqtà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqt%C4%81%CA%BF" title="Iqtāʿ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iqtāʿ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqt%C3%A1" title="Iqtá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iqtá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktao" title="Iktao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iktao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="اقطاع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقطاع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqt%C3%A2" title="Iqtâ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iqtâ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%ED%83%80" title="이크타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이크타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%84%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Իքտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իքտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta' – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iqta'" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iqta'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A2" title="אקטאע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקטאע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Иқта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иқта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta" title="Iqta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iqta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="イクター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イクター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqto" title="Iqto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iqto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icta" title="Icta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Icta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Икта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Икта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqta" title="Iqta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iqta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kta" title="İkta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ікта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ікта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%94" title="伊克塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊克塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 18:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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