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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_and_Castle_(Fresco_in_San_Baudelio,_Spain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg/220px-Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg/330px-Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg/440px-Elephant_and_Castle_%28Fresco_in_San_Baudelio%2C_Spain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A Romanesque painting of a <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a>, believed to be <a href="/wiki/Abul-Abbas" title="Abul-Abbas">Abul-Abbas</a>. Spain, 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg/220px-Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg/330px-Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg/440px-Matthew_Paris_Elephant_from_Parker_MS_16_fol_151v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The Cremona elephant as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Chronica_maiora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronica maiora">Chronica maiora</a>, Part II, Parker Library, MS 16, fol. 151v</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanno.raffael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/220px-Hanno.raffael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/330px-Hanno.raffael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/440px-Hanno.raffael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Hanno and <a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">mahout</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, c. 1514.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of elephants in Europe</b> dates back to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, but previously, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a>, relatives of elephants were spread across the globe, including <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoths</a> roamed the northern parts of the Earth, from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant" title="Straight-tusked elephant">straight-tusked elephant</a> of mainland Europe principally inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a>, but reached the rest of Europe during <a href="/wiki/Interglacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglacial period">warm interglacial periods</a>. While it went extinct during the last Ice Age, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">insular dwarf forms</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dwarf_elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dwarf elephant">Cyprus dwarf elephant</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Palaeoloxodon_falconeri" title="Palaeoloxodon falconeri">pygmy elephant</a>, the <i>Naxos dwarf elephant</i> and the <i>Rhodes dwarf elephant</i> survived longer, and the last Mediterranean elephant species survived on <a href="/wiki/Tilos" title="Tilos">Tilos</a> until about 4000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently the presence of actual elephants in Europe was only due to importation of these animals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elephant#Etymology" title="Elephant">Elephant § Etymology</a></div> <p>Europeans came in contact with live elephants in 327 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> descended into <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, but Alexander was quick to adopt them. Four elephants guarded his tent, and shortly after his death his associate Ptolemy issued coins showing Alexander in the elephant headdress that became a royal emblem also in the Hellenized East. Aristotle depended on first-hand information for his account of elephants, but like most Westerners he believed the animals live for two hundred years. Roman scouts in the royal Syrian parks shortly before the last of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a> fell to Rome had orders to <a href="/wiki/Hamstringing" title="Hamstringing">hamstring</a> every elephant they could capture, and while elephants performed in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">circuses of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur</a>'s war elephants in the mid-4th century numbered in the hundreds (Fox 1973 p 338). </p><p>Elephants largely disappeared from Europe after the Roman Empire. As exotic and expensive animals, they were exchanged as presents between European rulers, who exhibited them as luxury pets, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Harun_ar-Rashid" class="mw-redirect" title="Harun ar-Rashid">Harun ar-Rashid</a>'s gift of an elephant to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical accounts of elephants in Europe include: </p> <ul><li>The 20<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> elephants in the army of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>, which landed at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> in 280 BC for the first <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heraclea" title="Battle of Heraclea">Battle of Heraclea</a>, recorded by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s (in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives"><i>Lives</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. "The most notable elephant in Greek history, called Victor, had long served in Pyrrhus's army, but on seeing its <a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">mahout</a> dead before the city walls, it rushed to retrieve him: hoisting him defiantly on his tusks, it took wild and indiscriminate revenge for the man it loved, trampling more of its supporters than its enemies".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins of Tarentum after this battle also featured elephants.</li> <li>The 37 elephants in <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s army that crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône River">Rhône</a> in October/November 218 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, recorded by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>.</li> <li>The first historically recorded elephant in northern Europe was brought by <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Britain">Roman invasion of Britain</a> in AD 43 to the British capital of <a href="/wiki/Colchester,_Essex" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchester, Essex">Colchester</a>. At least one skeleton with flint weapons that has been found in England was initially misidentified as this elephant, but later dating proved it to be a <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> skeleton from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Abbas" title="Abul-Abbas">Abul-Abbas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> which <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun ar-Rashid</a> gave to <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 797 or 802. The animal died in 810, of pneumonia.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Innisfallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Annals of Innisfallen">Annals of Innisfallen</a></i> record that King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar of Scotland">Edgar of Scotland</a> gave a large, exotic animal to <a href="/wiki/Muirchertach_Ua_Briain" title="Muirchertach Ua Briain">Muirchertach Ua Briain</a> in 1105, possibly an elephant but more probably a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>. (<i>Annals of Innisfallen</i>, s.a. 1105; <a href="/wiki/A._A._M._Duncan" class="mw-redirect" title="A. A. M. Duncan">A. A. M. Duncan</a>, <i>Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom</i> (1975), p. 128)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cremona_elephant" title="Cremona elephant">Cremona elephant</a> presented to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Al-Kamil</a> in 1229.</li> <li>The elephant given by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a>, for his menagerie in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> in 1255 (see: <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich, Kent</a>). Drawn from life by the historian <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> for his <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i>, it was the first elephant to be seen in England since Claudius' war elephant. Matthew Paris' original drawing appears in his <a href="/wiki/Bestiary" title="Bestiary">bestiary</a>, on display in the <a href="/wiki/Parker_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker Library">Parker Library</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a>. The bestiary explains that while in residence at the Tower of London, the elephant enjoyed a diet of prime cuts of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and expensive red wine, and is claimed to have died in 1257 from drinking too much wine. The accompanying text reveals that at the time, Europeans believed that elephants did not have <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knees</a> and so were unable to get up if they fell over (the bestiary contains a drawing depicting an elephant on its back being dragged along the ground by another elephant, with a caption stating that elephants lacked knees – compare <a href="/wiki/Cow_tipping" title="Cow tipping">cow tipping</a>). Europeans also interpreted descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">howdahs</a> to mean that Indian elephants were capable of carrying actual stone <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> on their backs, albeit only big enough to be garrisoned by three or four men; note that turreted <a href="/wiki/War_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a> did exist, though not ones made of stone. A carving of the elephant can be found on a contemporary miserichord in <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral" title="Exeter Cathedral">Exeter Cathedral</a>. This animal may be the inspiration for the heraldic device '<a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle" title="Elephant and Castle">Elephant and Castle</a>', the arms of the Cutlers' Company of London, a guild founded in the 13th century responsible for making scissors, knives and the like. Its heraldry survived in an 18th-century pub-sign that in turn gave its name to a largely modern <a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Castle" title="Elephant and Castle">district</a> in South <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li>In the 1470s King <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a> founded a chivalric order, the <i><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a></i>, and had it confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>. The order takes its name from the battle elephants which symbolized the Christian Crusades. Today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it continues to be awarded under statutes established by king <a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">Christian V</a> in 1693, amended in 1958 to permit the admission of women to the order.</li> <li>The elephant given by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="René d'Anjou">René d'Anjou</a> about 1477.</li> <li>The merchants of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Ercole_I_d%27Este" title="Ercole I d'Este">Ercole d'Este</a> with an elephant in 1497.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_(elephant)" title="Suleiman (elephant)">Suleyman the elephant</a>, a present from the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> king <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Travelling from Spain in 1551, it arrived in Vienna in 1552, but died in 1554.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_(elephant)" title="Hanno (elephant)">Hanno</a>, or <i>Annone</i>, was a <a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">white elephant</a> presented by king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> on the occasion of his coronation in 1514. He died in 1518, probably of an intestinal obstruction misdiagnosed as angina, with Pope Leo at his side. His story is told in <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Bedini" title="Silvio Bedini">Silvio Bedini</a>'s <i>The Pope's Elephant</i> (Nashville: Sanders 1998). At the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a>, in the garden facing the loggia, the Elephant Fountain designed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Udine" title="Giovanni da Udine">Giovanni da Udine</a> depicts "Annone", whose tomb was designed by <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Santi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Santi">Raphael</a> himself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansken" title="Hansken">Hansken</a>, a female elephant from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> that became famous in early 17th-century Europe, touring through many countries demonstrating circus tricks, and sketched by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefano_della_Bella" title="Stefano della Bella">Stefano della Bella</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Footnotes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporary accounts report a significantly higher number of elephants: <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> records 142 "or, as some say", 140; in the <a href="/wiki/Epitome_of_Livy" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitome of Livy">Epitome of Livy</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, the number is 120; <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> says that they were "about a hundred".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr/42/19-32.pdf">"Elephas tiliensis n. sp. from Tilos island (Dodecanese, Greece)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elephas+tiliensis+n.+sp.+from+Tilos+island+%28Dodecanese%2C+Greece%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenjgeosci.geol.uoa.gr%2F42%2F19-32.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+elephants+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:8.6#note5">"Pliny the Elder, <i>The Natural History</i>, BOOK VIII. THE NATURE OF THE TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS., CHAP. 6. (6.) —WHEN ELEPHANTS WERE FIRST SEEN IN ITALY"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pliny+the+Elder%2C+The+Natural+History%2C+BOOK+VIII.+THE+NATURE+OF+THE+TERRESTRIAL+ANIMALS.%2C+CHAP.+6.+%286.%29+%E2%80%94WHEN+ELEPHANTS+WERE+FIRST+SEEN+IN+ITALY.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AlatinLit%3Aphi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1%3A8.6%23note5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+elephants+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane_Fox1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Lane Fox, Robin</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1-b90sBNH4C"><i>Alexander the Great</i></a>. Penguin. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140088786" title="Special:BookSources/9780140088786"><bdi>9780140088786</bdi></a>. <q>The most notable elephant in Greek history, called Victor, had long served in Pyrrhus's army, but on seeing its mahout dead before the city walls, it rushed to retrieve him: hoisting him defiantly on his tusks, it took wild and indiscriminate revenge for the man it loved, trampling more of its supporters than its enemies in the process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780140088786&rft.aulast=Lane+Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1-b90sBNH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+elephants+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFListerBahn2007" class="citation book cs1">Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul G. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6WBlUwYPa8C&pg=PA116"><i>Mammoths: Giants of the Ice Age</i></a>. Frances Lincoln. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711228016" title="Special:BookSources/9780711228016"><bdi>9780711228016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammoths%3A+Giants+of+the+Ice+Age&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2007-10&rft.isbn=9780711228016&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6WBlUwYPa8C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+elephants+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Saurer, Karl and Elena M.Hinshaw-Fischli. <i>They Called him Suleyman: The Adventurous Journey of an Elephant from the Forests of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> to the Capital of Vienna in the middle of the sixteenth Century</i>, collected in <i>Maritime Malabar and The Europeans</i>, edited by K. S. Mathew, Hope India Publications: Gurgaon, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7871-029-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7871-029-3">81-7871-029-3</a></li> <li>Robin Lane Fox, 1974. <i>Alexander the Great</i>. Chapter 24 contains an excursus on Alexander and the elephant in Europe,</li> <li><i>The Story of Süleyman. Celebrity Elephants and other exotica in Renaissance Portugal</i>, Annemarie Jordan Gschwend, Zurich, Switzerland, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61658-821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61658-821-2">978-1-61658-821-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1974" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, Howard Hayes (1974). <i>The Elephant in the Greek and Roman World</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-40025-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-40025-3"><bdi>0-500-40025-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elephant+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-500-40025-3&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=Howard+Hayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+elephants+in+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elephants" title="Template:Elephants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elephants" title="Template talk:Elephants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elephants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elephants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elephants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Behavior" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">Musth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_elephant" title="Desert elephant">Desert elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">Dwarf elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">Pygmy mammoth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Domestication" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Domestication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_crushing" title="Elephant crushing">Elephant crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_trainers" title="Category:Elephant trainers">Trainers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_elephant" title="Temple elephant">Temple elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Weapons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Culture</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_locality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Kerala state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koehl#Elephant_Encyclopedia" title="Dan Koehl">Elephant Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms" title="List of fictional pachyderms">List of fictional pachyderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elephants_in_mythology_and_religion" title="List of elephants in mythology and religion">List of elephants in mythology and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&oldid=1217527630">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_elephants_in_Europe&oldid=1217527630</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephants" title="Category:Elephants">Elephants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Europe" title="Category:History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden 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