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id="toc-Articular_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articular_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Articular bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articular_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articular_capsule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articular_capsule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Articular capsule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articular_capsule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bursae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bursae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Bursae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bursae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartilage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartilage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cartilage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartilage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menisci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menisci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Menisci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menisci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Ligaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intracapsular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intracapsular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Intracapsular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intracapsular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extracapsular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extracapsular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Extracapsular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extracapsular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Muscles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muscles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muscles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Extensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flexors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extended_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Extended position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexed_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexed_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flexed position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexed_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overall_fitness_and_knee_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overall_fitness_and_knee_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Overall fitness and knee injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overall_fitness_and_knee_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_injuries_due_to_physical_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_injuries_due_to_physical_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Common injuries due to physical activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_injuries_due_to_physical_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anterior cruciate ligament injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torn_meniscus_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torn_meniscus_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Torn meniscus injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torn_meniscus_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Fractures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruptured_tendon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruptured_tendon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ruptured tendon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruptured_tendon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Overuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varus_or_valgus_deformity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varus_or_valgus_deformity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Varus or valgus deformity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varus_or_valgus_deformity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_pain_from_osteoarthritis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_pain_from_osteoarthritis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Chronic pain from osteoarthritis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_pain_from_osteoarthritis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgical_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Surgical interventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imaging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MRI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MRI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>MRI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MRI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-X-ray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#X-ray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>X-ray</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-X-ray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Illustrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knie" title="Knie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Knie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%C4%93o" title="Cnēo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cnēo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="ركبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ركبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenullo" title="Chenullo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chenullo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܒܘܪܟܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܪܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzinuc%C4%BEiu" title="Dzinucľiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Dzinucľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%81" title="আঁঠু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আঁঠু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okitikw" title="Okitikw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Okitikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenypy%27%C3%A3" title="Tenypy'ã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tenypy'ã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Наку – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Наку" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunquri" title="Qunquri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qunquri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81" title="হাঁটু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঁটু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintuhut" title="Lintuhut – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lintuhut" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kha-th%C3%A2u-u" title="Kha-thâu-u – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kha-thâu-u" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Тубыҡ быуыны – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тубыҡ быуыны" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhod" title="Tuhod – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tuhod" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Коляно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коляно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnia" title="Gnia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gnia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="པུས་མོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པུས་མོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno" title="Koljeno – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koljeno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glin" title="Glin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoll" title="Genoll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genoll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%C3%A7%C3%A7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Чĕркуççи сыппи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чĕркуççи сыппи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleno" title="Koleno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koleno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabvi" title="Mabvi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mabvi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-glin" title="Pen-glin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pen-glin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%A6" title="Knæ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Knæ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnie" title="Gnie – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gnie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knie_(Anatomie)" title="Knie (Anatomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knie (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AB" title="ކަކޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަކޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5lv" title="Põlv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põlv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Γόνατο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γόνατο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulaci%C3%B3n_de_la_rodilla" title="Articulación de la rodilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Articulación de la rodilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuo" title="Genuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaun" title="Belaun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belaun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="زانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genou" title="Genou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Genou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knibbel" title="Knibbel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Knibbel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAin" title="Glúin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glúin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%B9n" title="Glùn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Glùn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeonllo" title="Xeonllo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeonllo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A0%E8%86%9D" title="胠膝 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="胠膝" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhit-th%C3%A8u" title="Chhit-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhit-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A6%8E" title="무릎 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무릎" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Ծնկային հոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծնկային հոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="घुटना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घुटना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno" title="Koljeno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koljeno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuo" title="Genuo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Genuo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutut" title="Lutut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lutut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu" title="Genu – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Genu" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C3%A9" title="Hné – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hné" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginocchio" title="Ginocchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ginocchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="ברך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhengkul" title="Dhengkul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhengkul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಂಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2lanow%C3%B4_przed%C5%BCibl%C3%ABna" title="Kòlanowô przedżiblëna – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòlanowô przedżiblëna" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Тізе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тізе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti" title="Goti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Goti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenou" title="Jenou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jenou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ник – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ник" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu" title="Genu – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C4%BCa_loc%C4%ABtava" title="Ceļa locītava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ceļa locītava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelis" title="Kelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%B6duhi" title="Balöduhi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Balöduhi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C9%94%CC%81ng%C9%94%CC%81" title="Libɔ́ngɔ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libɔ́ngɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoeugg" title="Genoeugg – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Genoeugg" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rd" title="Térd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Térd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohalika" title="Lohalika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lohalika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE" title="गुडघा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुडघा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زوندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="زوندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutut" title="Lutut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lutut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%83-k%C3%B3k-t%C3%A0u" title="Kă-kók-tàu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kă-kók-tàu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knie_(anatomie)" title="Knie (anatomie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knie (anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="घुँडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घुँडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF" title="पुलि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पुलि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D" title="膝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="膝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renuocchie_(anatem%C3%ADa)" title="Renuocchie (anatemía) – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Renuocchie (anatemía)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne" title="Kne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne" title="Kne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genolh" title="Genolh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Genolh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueg" title="Pueg – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Pueg" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="گوڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86" title="زنګون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زنګون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staw_kolanowy" title="Staw kolanowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Staw kolanowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joelho" title="Joelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genunchi" title="Genunchi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genunchi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunqur" title="Qunqur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qunqur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Коленный сустав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коленный сустав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81" title="जानु – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जानु" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱱᱴᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocchiu" title="Dinocchiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dinocchiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee" title="Knee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Knee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolenn%C3%BD_k%C4%BAb" title="Kolenný kĺb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolenný kĺb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleno" title="Koleno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koleno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilib_(xubin)" title="Jilib (xubin) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jilib (xubin)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%98%D9%86%DB%86" title="ئەژنۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەژنۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleno" title="Koleno – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koleno" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno" title="Koljeno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koljeno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuur" title="Tuur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tuur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polvinivel" title="Polvinivel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polvinivel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%A4" title="Knä – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Knä" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhod" title="Tuhod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tuhod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మోకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="เข่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เข่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Зону – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зону" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diz" title="Diz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotodwe" title="Kotodwe – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kotodwe" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1khwut" title="A̱khwut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱khwut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Колінний суглоб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колінний суглоб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گھٹنا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھٹنا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2" title="تىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u_g%E1%BB%91i" title="Đầu gối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầu gối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5lv" title="Põlv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põlv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djino" title="Djino – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djino" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D" title="膝 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="膝" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhod" title="Tuhod – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuhod" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%9A%E9%A6%92%E5%A4%B4" title="脚馒头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脚馒头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קני – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D%E9%A0%AD" title="膝頭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膝頭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%9D" title="膝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="膝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengkul" title="Dengkul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dengkul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37425#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Leg joint in primates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the joint. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Knee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Knee (disambiguation)">Knee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knee" title="Special:EditPage/Knee">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Knee%22">"Knee"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Knee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Knee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Knee%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Knee%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Knee%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Knee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_knees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_knees.jpg/150px-Human_knees.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_knees.jpg/225px-Human_knees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Human_knees.jpg/300px-Human_knees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Human knees</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png/150px-Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png/225px-Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png/300px-Blausen_0597_KneeAnatomy_Side.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Right knee seen from the right side</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>articulatio genus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007717">D007717</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.036%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.036</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=161">161</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma24974">24974</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37425" class="extiw" title="d:Q37425">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the <b>knee</b> joins the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a> and consists of two <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>: one between the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> (patellofemoral joint).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest joint in the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knee is a modified <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a>, which permits <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>. </p><p>It is often termed a <i>compound joint</i> having <b>tibiofemoral</b> and <b>patellofemoral</b> components.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19594940_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19594940-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19726621_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19726621-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">fibular collateral ligament</a> is often considered with tibiofemoral components.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17764523_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17764523-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray351.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/100px-Gray351.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/150px-Gray351.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/200px-Gray351.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray352.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray352.png/100px-Gray352.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray352.png/150px-Gray352.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray352.png/200px-Gray352.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Lateral and posterior aspects of right knee</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray246.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gray246.png/220px-Gray246.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gray246.png/330px-Gray246.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gray246.png/440px-Gray246.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Articular surfaces of femur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray257.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray257.png/220px-Gray257.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray257.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Articular surfaces of tibia</figcaption></figure> <p>The knee is a modified <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial joint</a>, which is composed of three functional compartments: the patellofemoral articulation, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a>, or "kneecap", and the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar groove">patellar groove</a> on the front of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> through which it slides; and the medial and lateral tibiofemoral articulations linking the femur, or thigh bone, with the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, the main bone of the lower leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Burgener_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgener-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint is bathed in <a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">synovial fluid</a> which is contained inside the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">synovial membrane</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">joint capsule</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterolateral corner">posterolateral corner</a> of the knee is an area that has recently been the subject of renewed scrutiny and research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The knee is the largest joint and one of the most important joints in the body. It plays an essential role in movement related to carrying the body weight in horizontal (running and walking) and vertical (jumping) directions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At birth, the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">kneecap</a> is just formed from <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, and this will <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossify</a> (change to <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>) between the ages of three and five years. Because it is the largest <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bone</a> in the human body, the <a href="/wiki/Ossification" title="Ossification">ossification</a> process takes significantly longer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articular_bodies">Articular bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Articular bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main articular bodies of the femur are its <a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_femur" title="Medial condyle of femur">medial</a> <a href="/wiki/Condyle_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condyle (anatomy)">condyles</a>. These diverge slightly distally and posteriorly, with the lateral condyle being wider in front than at the back while the medial condyle is of more constant width.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> The radius of the condyles' curvature in the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal plane</a> becomes smaller toward the back. This diminishing radius produces a series of <a href="/wiki/Involute" title="Involute">involute</a> midpoints (i.e. located on a spiral). The resulting series of transverse axes permit the sliding and rolling motion in the flexing knee while ensuring the collateral ligaments are sufficiently lax to permit the rotation associated with the curvature of the medial condyle about a vertical axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194–95">: 194–95 </span></sup> </p><p>The pair of tibial condyles are separated by the intercondylar eminence<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> composed of a lateral and a medial tubercle.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> also serves an articular body, and its posterior surface is referred to as the trochlea of the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is inserted into the thin anterior wall of the joint capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> On its posterior surface is a lateral and a medial articular surface,<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 194">: 194 </span></sup> both of which communicate with the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_surface_of_femur" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar surface of femur">patellar surface</a> which unites the two femoral condyles on the anterior side of the bone's distal end.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 192">: 192 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articular_capsule">Articular capsule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Articular capsule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">Articular capsule of the knee joint</a></div> <p>The articular capsule has a <a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">synovial</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous">fibrous</a> membrane separated by fatty deposits. Anteriorly, the synovial membrane is attached on the margin of the cartilage both on the femur and the tibia, but on the femur, it communicates with the suprapatellar <a href="/wiki/Bursae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursae">bursa</a> or recess and extends the joint space proximally.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210">: 210 </span></sup> The suprapatellar bursa is prevented from being pinched during extension by the <a href="/wiki/Articularis_genus_muscle" title="Articularis genus muscle">articularis genus muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reider-etal_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reider-etal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind, the synovial membrane is attached to the margins of the two femoral condyles which produces two extensions (semimembranosus bursa under medial head of the gastrocnemius and popliteal bursa under lateral head of the gastrocnemius)<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to the suprapatellar bursa. Between these two extensions, the synovial membrane passes in front of the two cruciate ligaments at the center of the joint, thus forming a pocket direct inward.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210">: 210 </span></sup> </p><p>Synovium lining the capsule and its bursae. The synovium also lines infrapatellar fat pad, the fat pad that lies below the ligamentum patellae. Synovium projecting into the fat pad as two foldings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerves">Nerves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From an anterior perspective, the superolateral quadrant of the knee is innervated by the nerves to the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus lateralis">vastus lateralis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus intermedius">vastus intermedius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a>, and by the superior lateral genicular and <a href="/wiki/Common_fibular_nerve" title="Common fibular nerve">common fibular nerves</a>; in the inferolateral quadrant, the inferior lateral genicular nerve and recurrent fibular nerves predominate; the superomedial quadrant is innervated by the nerves to the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">vastus medialis</a> and vastus intermedius, the <a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator</a> and sciatic nerves, and by the superior medial genicular nerve; and the inferomedial quadrant has innervation by the inferior medial genicular nerve and the infrapatellar branch of the <a href="/wiki/Saphenous_nerve" title="Saphenous nerve">saphenous nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tran-ant_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tran-ant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fonk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The articular branches from the obturator and tibial nerves supply the posterior knee capsule, with additional supply from the common fibular nerve and sciatic nerve; the tibial nerve innervates the entire posterior capsule; the posterior division of the obturator nerve and the tibial nerve supply the superomedial aspect of the posterior capsule; the superolateral aspect of the posterior capsule is innervated by the tibial nerve, and by the common fibular and sciatic nerves.<sup id="cite_ref-fonk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tran-post_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tran-post-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bursae">Bursae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bursae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knee_bursae" title="Knee bursae">Knee bursae</a></div> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Bursa_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursa (anatomy)">bursae</a> surround the knee joint. The largest communicative bursa is the <a href="/wiki/Suprapatellar_bursa" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprapatellar bursa">suprapatellar bursa</a> described above. Four considerably smaller bursae are located on the back of the knee. Two non-communicative bursae are located in front of the patella and below the patellar <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a>, and others are sometimes present.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210">: 210 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartilage">Cartilage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cartilage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a> is a thin, elastic <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> that protects the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and makes certain that the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> surfaces can slide easily over each other. Cartilage ensures supple knee movement. There are two types of joint cartilage in the knees: fibrous cartilage (the <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">meniscus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hyaline_cartilage" title="Hyaline cartilage">hyaline cartilage</a>. Fibrous cartilage has tensile strength and can resist pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hyaline cartilage covers the surface along which the joints move. Collagen fibres within the articular cartilage have been described by Benninghoff as arising from the subchondral bone in a radial manner, building so called Gothic arches. On the surface of the cartilage, these fibres appear in a tangential orientation and increase the abrasion resistance. There are no blood vessels inside of the hyaline cartilage, the alimentation is performed per diffusion. Synovial fluid and the subchondral bone marrow serve both as nutrition sources for the hyaline cartilage. Lack of at least one source induces a degeneration. Cartilage will wear over the years. Cartilage has a very limited capacity for self-restoration. The newly formed tissue will generally consist of a large part of fibrous cartilage of lesser quality than the original hyaline cartilage. As a result, new cracks and tears will form in the cartilage over time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menisci">Menisci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Menisci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">Medial meniscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">Lateral meniscus</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Articular_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular disk">articular disks</a> of the knee-joint are called <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">menisci</a> because they only partly divide the joint space.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> These two disks, the <a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">medial meniscus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">lateral meniscus</a>, consist of connective tissue with extensive collagen fibers containing cartilage-like cells. Strong fibers run along the menisci from one attachment to the other, while weaker radial fibers are interlaced with the former. The menisci are flattened at the center of the knee joint, fused with the synovial membrane laterally, and can move over the tibial surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper and lower surfaces of the menisci are free. Each meniscus have anterior and posterior horns that meet in the intercondylar area of the tibia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medial meniscus is bigger, less curved, and thinner. Its posterior horn is thicker (14mm) than the anterior horn (6mm).<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lateral meniscus is smaller, more curved (nearly circular), and has more uniform thickness than medial meniscus (10mm). The lateral meniscus is less attached to the joint capsule, because its posterolateral surface is grooved by the <a href="/wiki/Popliteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Popliteus">popliteus</a> tendon, separating the meniscus from the capsule. The popliteus tendon is not attached to the lateral meniscus.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligaments">Ligaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ligaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Knee_diagram.svg/220px-Knee_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Knee_diagram.svg/330px-Knee_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Knee_diagram.svg/440px-Knee_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Anterolateral aspect of right knee</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_medial_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Knee_medial_view.gif/220px-Knee_medial_view.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Knee_medial_view.gif/330px-Knee_medial_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Knee_medial_view.gif/440px-Knee_medial_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Anteromedial aspect of right knee</figcaption></figure> <p>The ligaments surrounding the knee joint offer stability by limiting movements and, together with the menisci and several bursae, protect the articular capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intracapsular">Intracapsular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Intracapsular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The knee is stabilized by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Cruciate_ligament" title="Cruciate ligament">cruciate ligaments</a>. These ligaments are both extrasynovial, intracapsular ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20110155_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20110155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior cruciate ligament</a> (ACL) stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">lateral condyle of femur</a> to the anterior <a href="/wiki/Intercondylar_area" title="Intercondylar area">intercondylar area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACL is critically important because it prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often torn during twisting or bending of the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Posterior cruciate ligament">posterior cruciate ligament</a> (PCL) stretches from <a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_femur" title="Medial condyle of femur">medial condyle of femur</a> to the posterior intercondylar area. This ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injury to this ligament is uncommon but can occur as a direct result of forced trauma to the ligament.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_knee" title="Transverse ligament of knee">transverse ligament</a> stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">lateral meniscus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">medial meniscus</a>. It passes in front of the menisci. It is divided into several strips in 10% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup> The two menisci are attached to each other anteriorly by the ligament.<sup id="cite_ref-Diab_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diab-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Posterior meniscofemoral ligament">posterior</a> (of Wrisberg) and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Anterior meniscofemoral ligament">anterior meniscofemoral ligaments</a> (of Humphrey) stretch from the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle. They pass anterior and posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_2011_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 208">: 208 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coronary_ligament_of_the_knee" title="Coronary ligament of the knee">meniscotibial ligaments</a> (or "coronary") stretches from inferior edges of the menisci to the periphery of the tibial plateaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extracapsular">Extracapsular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extracapsular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">patellar ligament</a> connects the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_tibia" title="Tuberosity of the tibia">tuberosity of the tibia</a>. It is also occasionally called the patellar tendon because there is no definite separation between the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_tendon" title="Quadriceps tendon">quadriceps tendon</a> (which surrounds the patella) and the area connecting the patella to the tibia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This very strong ligament helps give the patella its mechanical leverage <sup id="cite_ref-Moore_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also functions as a cap for the condyles of the femur. Laterally and medially to the patellar ligament, the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_retinaculum" title="Lateral retinaculum">lateral and medial retinacula</a> connect fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">vasti lateralis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus medialis muscle">medialis muscles</a> to the tibia. Some fibers from the <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_tract" title="Iliotibial tract">iliotibial tract</a> radiate into the lateral retinaculum and the medial retinaculum receives some transverse fibers arising on the medial femoral epicondyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">medial collateral ligament</a> (MCL a.k.a. "tibial") stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_femur" title="Medial epicondyle of the femur">medial epicondyle of the femur</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Medial_tibial_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial tibial condyle">medial tibial condyle</a>. It is composed of three groups of fibers, one stretching between the two bones, and two fused with the medial meniscus. The MCL is partly covered by the <a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">pes anserinus</a> and the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">semimembranosus</a> passes under it.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> It protects the medial side of the knee from being bent open by a stress applied to the lateral side of the knee (a <a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus</a> force).<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">lateral collateral ligament</a> (LCL a.k.a. "fibular") stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur" title="Lateral epicondyle of the femur">lateral epicondyle of the femur</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of fibula">head of fibula</a>. It is separate from both the joint capsule and the lateral meniscus.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> It protects the lateral side from an inside bending force (a <a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">varus</a> force). The <a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_ligament" title="Anterolateral ligament">anterolateral ligament</a> (ALL) is situated in front of the LCL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lastly, there are two ligaments on the dorsal side of the knee. The <a href="/wiki/Oblique_popliteal_ligament" title="Oblique popliteal ligament">oblique popliteal ligament</a> is a radiation of the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">semimembranosus</a> on the medial side, from where it is direct laterally and proximally. The <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_popliteal_ligament" title="Arcuate popliteal ligament">arcuate popliteal ligament</a> originates on the apex of the head of the fibula to stretch proximally, crosses the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">popliteus muscle</a>, and passes into the capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muscles">Muscles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Muscles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most muscles responsible for the movement of the knee joint belong to either the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_thigh" title="Anterior compartment of thigh">anterior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_compartment_of_thigh" title="Medial compartment of thigh">medial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_thigh" title="Posterior compartment of thigh">posterior compartment</a> of the thigh. The extensors generally belong to the anterior compartment and the flexors to the posterior. The two exceptions to this is gracilis, a flexor, which belongs to the medial compartment and sartorius, a flexor, in the anterior compartment. Additionally, some muscles in the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg#Structure" title="Human leg">lower leg</a> provide weak knee flexion, namely the <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a>, in addition to their primary function of moving the foot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensors">Extensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Extensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Muscle</th> <th width="16%">Origin</th> <th width="16%">Insertion</th> <th width="12%">Artery</th> <th width="12%">Nerve</th> <th width="20%">Action</th> <th width="12%">Antagonist </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Articularis_genus_muscle" title="Articularis genus muscle">Articularis genus</a></td> <td>Distal end of anterior <a href="/wiki/Body_of_femur" title="Body of femur">femoral shaft</a></td> <td>Proximal extension of the joint capsule of the knee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td>Pulling the suprapatellar bursa during extension of the knee</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">Quadriceps femoris</a></i></td> <td>Combined <a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectus femoris">rectus femoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasti">vastus</a> muscles</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">Patellar ligament</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a> of the knee; <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of the hip (rectus femoris only)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="nowrap">     </span><a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">Rectus femoris</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior inferior iliac spine">Anterior inferior iliac spine</a> and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">Patellar ligament</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a> of the knee; <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of the hip</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="nowrap">     </span><a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">Vastus lateralis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_trochanter" title="Greater trochanter">Greater trochanter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertrochanteric_line" title="Intertrochanteric line">intertrochanteric line</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linea_aspera" title="Linea aspera">linea aspera</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">patellar ligament</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extends</a> and stabilizes knee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="nowrap">     </span><a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius_muscle" title="Vastus intermedius muscle">Vastus intermedius</a></td> <td>Antero/lateral <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">patellar ligament</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a> of the knee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><span class="nowrap">     </span><a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">Vastus medialis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Femur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tuberosity">tibial tuberosity</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Patellar_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellar ligament">patellar ligament</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a> of the knee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">Hamstring</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexors">Flexors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flexors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Posterior compartment</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Muscle</th> <th width="16%">Origin</th> <th width="16%">Insertion</th> <th width="12%">Artery</th> <th width="12%">Nerve</th> <th width="20%">Action</th> <th width="12%">Antagonist </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">Anterior superior iliac spine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">Pes anserinus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superficial_circumflex_iliac_artery" title="Superficial circumflex iliac artery">superficial circumflex iliac artery</a>, lateral femoral artery, deep femoral artery, descending geniculate artery, <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral nerve</a></td> <td>hip joint: flexion, lateral rotation and abduction. Knee joint: flexion and medial rotation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscle">Quadriceps muscle</a> (partly) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">Biceps femoris</a></td> <td>Long head: <a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ischium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberosity of the ischium">tuberosity of the ischium</a>, short head: <a href="/wiki/Linea_aspera" title="Linea aspera">linea aspera</a> on the femur<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_fibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the fibula">head of the fibula</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which articulates with the back of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_tibial_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral tibial condyle">lateral tibial condyle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_artery" title="Inferior gluteal artery">Inferior gluteal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perforating_arteries" title="Perforating arteries">perforating arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">popliteal artery</a></td> <td>Long head: medial (tibial) part of <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a>, short head: lateral (common fibular) part of <a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">Flexion</a> of knee, <a href="/wiki/Laterally_rotates" class="mw-redirect" title="Laterally rotates">laterally rotates</a> leg at knee (when knee is flexed), <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extends</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a> (long head only)<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscle">Quadriceps muscle</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">Semitendinosus</a></td> <td>Tuberosity of the ischium<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">Pes anserinus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_artery" title="Inferior gluteal artery">Inferior gluteal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perforating_arteries" title="Perforating arteries">perforating arteries</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">Sciatic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 5">L5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1" title="Sacral spinal nerve 1">S1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_2" title="Sacral spinal nerve 2">S2</a>)</td> <td>Flexes knee, extends hip joint, <a href="/wiki/Medially_rotates" class="mw-redirect" title="Medially rotates">medially rotates</a> leg at knee<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscle">Quadriceps muscle</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">Semimembranosus</a></td> <td>Tuberosity of the ischium<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Medial surface of <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Profunda_femoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Profunda femoris">Profunda femoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gluteal_artery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gluteal artery (disambiguation)">gluteal artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">Sciatic nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling273_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling273-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscle">Quadriceps muscle</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">Gastrocnemius</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medial_condyle_of_femur" title="Medial condyle of femur">Medial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_condyle_of_femur" title="Lateral condyle of femur">lateral condyle</a> of the femur</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">Calcaneus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sural_arteries" title="Sural arteries">Sural arteries</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">Tibial nerve</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sciatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciatic">sciatic</a>, specifically, nerve roots <a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1" title="Sacral spinal nerve 1">S1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_2" title="Sacral spinal nerve 2">S2</a></td> <td>Minor <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of knee and <a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">plantarflexion</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">Tibialis anterior muscle</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Plantaris_muscle" title="Plantaris muscle">Plantaris</a></td> <td>Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tendo_calcaneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendo calcaneus">Tendo calcaneus</a> (medial side, deep to <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a> tendon)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sural_arteries" title="Sural arteries">Sural arteries</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">Tibial nerve</a></td> <td>Flexes knee and <a href="/wiki/Plantar_flexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantar flexes">plantar flexes</a> <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">Tibialis anterior muscle</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">Popliteus</a></td> <td>Middle facet of the lateral surface of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_femoral_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral femoral condyle">lateral femoral condyle</a></td> <td>Posterior <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_condyle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial condyle (disambiguation)">tibial condyles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">Popliteal artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">Tibial nerve</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medial_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial rotation">Medial rotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of knee</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Medial compartment:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Muscle</th> <th width="16%">Origin</th> <th width="16%">Insertion</th> <th width="12%">Artery</th> <th width="12%">Nerve</th> <th width="20%">Action</th> <th width="12%">Antagonist </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">Gracilis</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inferior_pubic_ramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior pubic ramus">Inferior pubic ramus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling266_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling266-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pes_anserinus_(leg)" title="Pes anserinus (leg)">Pes anserinus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Obturator_artery" title="Obturator artery">Obturator artery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve" title="Anterior branch of obturator nerve">Anterior branch of obturator nerve</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling266_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling266-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Flexion and <a href="/wiki/Medial_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial rotation">medial rotation</a> of knee;<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling266_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling266-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adduction of hip, <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> of hip,</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray552.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray552.png/220px-Gray552.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray552.png/330px-Gray552.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gray552.png/440px-Gray552.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Arteries of the knee</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">popliteal artery</a> help form the arterial network or <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">plexus</a>, surrounding the knee joint. There are six main branches: two <a href="/wiki/Superior_genicular_arteries" title="Superior genicular arteries">superior genicular arteries</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Inferior_genicular_arteries" title="Inferior genicular arteries">inferior genicular arteries</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Descending_genicular_artery" title="Descending genicular artery">descending genicular artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_recurrent_artery" title="Anterior tibial recurrent artery">recurrent branch of anterior tibial artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medial genicular arteries penetrate the knee joint. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The knee permits <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> about a virtual transverse axis, as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation about the axis of the lower leg in the flexed position. The knee joint is called "mobile" because the femur and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral (anatomy)">lateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">meniscus</a> move<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> over the tibia during rotation, while the femur rolls and glides over both menisci during extension-flexion.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212–213">: 212–213 </span></sup> </p><p>The center of the transverse axis of the extension/flexion movements is located where both collateral ligaments and both cruciate ligaments intersect. This center moves upward and backward during flexion, while the distance between the center and the articular surfaces of the femur changes dynamically with the decreasing curvature of the femoral condyles. The total range of motion is dependent on several parameters such as soft-tissue restraints, active insufficiency, and hamstring tightness.<sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 398">: 398 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption>Maximum movements <sup id="cite_ref-Thieme-Atlas_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thieme-Atlas-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 398–399">: 398–399 </span></sup>and muscles<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Extension 5–10°</th> <th>Flexion 120–150° </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris muscle">Quadriceps</a> (with<br />some assistance from<br />the <a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor fasciae latae">Tensor fasciae latae</a>) </td> <td>(In order of importance)<br /><a href="/wiki/Semimembranosus_muscle" title="Semimembranosus muscle">Semimembranosus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Semitendinosus_muscle" title="Semitendinosus muscle">Semitendinosus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Biceps_femoris_muscle" title="Biceps femoris muscle">Biceps femoris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">Gracilis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Popliteus_muscle" title="Popliteus muscle">Popliteus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">Gastrocnemius</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Internal rotation* 10°</th> <th>External rotation* 30–40° </th></tr> <tr> <td>(In order of importance)<br />Semimembranosus<br />Semitendinosus<br />Gracilis<br />Sartorius<br />Popliteus </td> <td>Biceps femoris </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">*(knee flexed 90°) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_position">Extended position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Extended position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the knee extended, both the <a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">medial collateral ligaments</a>, as well as the anterior part of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior cruciate ligament</a>, are taut. During extension, the femoral condyles glide and roll into a position which causes the complete unfolding of the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_collateral_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial collateral ligament">tibial collateral ligament</a>. During the last 10° of extension, an <b>obligatory terminal rotation</b> is triggered in which the knee is rotated medially 5°. The final rotation is produced by a lateral rotation of the tibia in the non-weight-bearing leg, and by a medial rotation of the femur in the weight-bearing leg. This terminal rotation is made possible by the shape of the medial femoral condyle, assisted by contraction of the popliteus muscle and the <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_tract" title="Iliotibial tract">iliotibial tract</a> and is caused by the stretching of the anterior cruciate ligament. Both cruciate ligaments are slightly unwound and both lateral ligaments become taut.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexed_position">Flexed position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flexed position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the flexed position, the collateral ligaments are relaxed while the cruciate ligaments are taut. Rotation is controlled by the twisted cruciate ligaments; the two ligaments get twisted around each other during medial rotation of the tibia—which reduces the amount of rotation possible—while they become unwound during lateral rotation of the tibia. Because of the oblique position of the cruciate ligaments, at least a part of one of them is always tense and these ligaments control the joint as the collateral ligaments are relaxed. Furthermore, the dorsal fibers of the tibial collateral ligament become tensed during extreme medial rotation and the ligament also reduces the lateral rotation to 45–60°.<sup id="cite_ref-Platzer_10-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance"><span class="anchor" id="Knee_injury"></span>Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:918_Knee_Injury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/918_Knee_Injury.jpg/400px-918_Knee_Injury.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/918_Knee_Injury.jpg/600px-918_Knee_Injury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/918_Knee_Injury.jpg/800px-918_Knee_Injury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Lateral trauma to the knee can tear the medial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial meniscus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Knee_pain" title="Knee pain">Knee pain</a> is caused by trauma, misalignment, degeneration, and conditions producing <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Afra_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common knee disorder is generally known as <a href="/wiki/Patellofemoral_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Patellofemoral syndrome">patellofemoral syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Afra_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of minor cases of knee pain can be treated at home with rest and ice, but more serious injuries do require <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> care.<sup id="cite_ref-Afra_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One form of patellofemoral syndrome involves a tissue-related problem that creates pressure and irritation in the knee between the patella and the trochlea (patellar compression syndrome), which causes pain. The second major class of knee disorder involves a tear, slippage, or dislocation that impairs the structural ability of the knee to balance the leg (patellofemoral instability syndrome). Patellofemoral instability syndrome may cause either pain, a sense of poor balance, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-Afra_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prepatellar_bursitis" title="Prepatellar bursitis">Prepatellar bursitis</a> also known as <i>housemaid's knee</i> is painful inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Prepatellar_bursa" title="Prepatellar bursa">prepatellar bursa</a> (a frontal knee bursa) often brought about by occupational activity such as roofing. </p><p>Age also contributes to disorders of the knee. Particularly in older people, knee pain frequently arises due to osteoarthritis. In addition, weakening of tissues around the knee may contribute to the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Pill_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pill-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patellofemoral instability may relate to hip abnormalities or to tightness of surrounding ligaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Afra_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afra-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a> lesions can be caused by: </p> <ul><li>Accidents (fractures)</li> <li>Injuries</li> <li>The removal of a <a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">meniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">Anterior cruciate ligament</a> injury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Posterior cruciate ligament">Posterior cruciate ligament</a> injury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterolateral corner">Posterolateral corner</a> injury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_knee_injuries" title="Medial knee injuries">Medial knee injuries</a></li> <li>Considerable strain on the knee.</li></ul> <p>Any kind of work during which the knees undergo heavy stress may also be detrimental to cartilage. This is especially the case in professions in which people frequently have to walk, lift, or squat. Other causes of pain may be excessive on, and wear off, the knees, in combination with such things as <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overweight" title="Overweight">overweight</a>. </p><p>Common complaints: </p> <ul><li>A painful, blocked, locked or swollen knee.</li> <li>Sufferers sometimes feel as if their knees are about to give way, or may feel uncertain about their movement.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overall_fitness_and_knee_injury">Overall fitness and knee injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Overall fitness and knee injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical fitness is related integrally to the development of knee problems. The same activity such as climbing stairs may cause pain from patellofemoral compression for someone who is physically unfit, but not for someone else (or even for that person at a different time). Obesity is another major contributor to knee pain. For instance, a 30-year-old woman who weighed 120 pounds (54 kg) at age 18 years, before her three pregnancies, and now weighs 285 pounds (129 kg), had added 660 pounds (300 kg) of force across her patellofemoral joint with each step.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_injuries_due_to_physical_activity">Common injuries due to physical activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Common injuries due to physical activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg/220px-Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg/330px-Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg/440px-Prothese-genou-IMG_0033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>Model demonstrating parts of an artificial knee</figcaption></figure> <p>In sports that place great pressure on the knees, especially with twisting forces, it is common to tear one or more ligaments or cartilages. Some of the most common knee injuries are those to the medial side: <a href="/wiki/Medial_knee_injuries" title="Medial knee injuries">medial knee injuries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury">Anterior cruciate ligament injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Anterior cruciate ligament injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_injury" title="Anterior cruciate ligament injury">Anterior cruciate ligament injury</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior cruciate ligament</a> is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. The injury is common during sports. Twisting of the knee is a common cause of over-stretching or tearing the ACL. When the ACL is injured a popping sound may be heard, and the leg may suddenly give out. Besides <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a> and pain, walking may be painful and the knee will feel unstable. Minor tears of the anterior cruciate ligament may heal over time, but a torn ACL requires surgery. After surgery, recovery is prolonged and low impact exercises are recommended to strengthen the joint.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torn_meniscus_injury">Torn meniscus injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Torn meniscus injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The menisci act as shock absorbers and separate the two ends of bone in the knee <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a>. There are two menisci in the knee, the medial (inner) and the lateral (outer). When there is torn cartilage, it means that the meniscus has been injured. Meniscus tears occur during sports often when the knee is twisted. Menisci injury may be innocuous and one may be able to walk after a tear, but soon swelling and pain set in. Sometimes the knee will lock while bending. Pain often occurs when one squats. Small <a href="/wiki/Tear_of_meniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tear of meniscus">meniscus tears</a> are treated conservatively but most large tears require surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractures">Fractures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fractures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knee" title="Special:EditPage/Knee">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xraymachine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/220px-Xraymachine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/330px-Xraymachine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/440px-Xraymachine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">Radiography</a> to examine possible fractures after a knee injury</figcaption></figure> <p>Knee fractures are rare but do occur, especially as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">road accident</a>. Knee fractures include a <a href="/wiki/Patella_fracture" title="Patella fracture">patella fracture</a>, and a type of <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">avulsion fracture</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Segond_fracture" title="Segond fracture">Segond fracture</a>. There is usually immediate pain and swelling, and a difficulty or inability to stand on the leg. The muscles go into <a href="/wiki/Spasm" title="Spasm">spasm</a> and even the slightest movements are painful. <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> can easily confirm the injury and surgery will depend on the degree of displacement and type of fracture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruptured_tendon">Ruptured tendon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ruptured tendon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knee" title="Special:EditPage/Knee">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tendons usually attach muscle to bone. In the knee the quadriceps and patellar tendon can sometimes tear. The injuries to these tendons occur when there is forceful <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contraction</a> of the knee. If the tendon is completely torn, bending or extending the leg is impossible. A completely torn tendon requires surgery but a partially torn tendon can be treated with leg immobilization followed by <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overuse">Overuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Overuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overuse injuries of the knee include <a href="/wiki/Tendonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendonitis">tendonitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursitis" title="Bursitis">bursitis</a>, muscle strains, and <a href="/wiki/Iliotibial_band_syndrome" title="Iliotibial band syndrome">iliotibial band syndrome</a>. These injuries often develop slowly over weeks or months. Activities that induce pain usually delay healing. Rest, ice and compression do help in most cases. Once the swelling has diminished, <a href="/wiki/Heating_pad" title="Heating pad">heat packs</a> can increase blood supply and promote healing. Most overuse injuries subside with time but can flare up if the activities are quickly resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals may reduce the chances of overuse injuries by warming up prior to exercise, by limiting high impact activities and keep their weight under control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="HKA"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varus_or_valgus_deformity">Varus or valgus deformity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Varus or valgus deformity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/80px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/120px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/160px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Hip-knee-ankle angle.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two disorders relating to an abnormal angle in the <a href="/wiki/Coronal_plane" title="Coronal plane">coronal plane</a> at the level of the knee: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genu_valgum" title="Genu valgum">Genu valgum</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus deformity</a> in which the tibia is turned outward in relation to the femur, resulting in a knock-kneed appearance.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genu_varum" title="Genu varum">Genu varum</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">varus deformity</a> in which the tibia is turned inward in relation to the femur, resulting in a bowlegged deformity.</li></ul> <p>The degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the <i>hip-knee-ankle angle</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-dahl2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dahl2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the <a href="/wiki/Ankle_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle joint">ankle joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CherianKapadia2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CherianKapadia2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-SheehyFelson2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheehyFelson2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal ranges are different in children.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hip-knee-ankle angle by age, with 95% prediction interval.[39]"><img alt="Hip-knee-ankle angle by age, with 95% prediction interval.[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/192px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/288px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/384px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png 2x" data-file-width="2413" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hip-knee-ankle angle</i> by age, with 95% <a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">prediction interval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal2009_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_pain_from_osteoarthritis">Chronic pain from osteoarthritis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chronic pain from osteoarthritis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nerve_block#Genicular_nerve_block" title="Nerve block">Nerve block § Genicular nerve block</a></div> <p>Knee <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a> is a major cause of pain and disability worldwide, with prevalence estimated at about 4% of the population, particularly among the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-conger_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation#Knees" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation of certain knee nerves</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> procedure to reduce chronic arthritic pain.<sup id="cite_ref-tran-ant_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tran-ant-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fonk_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fonk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conger_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using radiofrequency energy delivered via small electrodes positioned at target genicular nerves, the treatment achieves partial sensory denervation of the joint capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-conger_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the extensive innervation of the knee, specifically targeting the superior lateral, superior medial, and inferior medial genicular nerves has proved to be an effective ablation method for reducing chronic knee pain.<sup id="cite_ref-conger_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a>, such treatment has been shown to produce about 50% less knee pain for up to two years after the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-conger_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conger-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_interventions">Surgical interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Surgical interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knee" title="Special:EditPage/Knee">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Arthroscopy" title="Arthroscopy">arthroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthroscopic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthroscopic surgery">arthroscopic surgery</a>, patients having surgery for a torn ACL required at least nine months of rehabilitation, having initially spent several weeks in a full-length plaster cast. With <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament_reconstruction" title="Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction">current techniques</a>, such patients may be walking without crutches in two weeks, and playing some sports in a few months. </p><p>In addition to developing new surgical procedures, ongoing research is looking into underlying problems which may increase the likelihood of an athlete suffering a severe knee injury. These findings may lead to effective preventive measures, especially in female athletes, who have been shown to be especially vulnerable to ACL tears from relatively minor trauma. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage_repair" title="Articular cartilage repair">Articular cartilage repair</a> treatment</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthroscopic">Arthroscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debridement</a> of the knee (<a href="/wiki/Arthroscopic_lavage" title="Arthroscopic lavage">arthroscopic lavage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autologous_chondrocyte_implantation" title="Autologous chondrocyte implantation">Mosaïc-plasty</a></li> <li>Microfracture (Ice-picking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autologous_chondrocyte_implantation" title="Autologous chondrocyte implantation">Autologous chondrocyte implantation</a></li> <li>Osteochondral <a href="/wiki/Autograft" class="mw-redirect" title="Autograft">Autograft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allografts" class="mw-redirect" title="Allografts">Allografts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLC_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="PLC Reconstruction">PLC Reconstruction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging">Imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MRI">MRI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: MRI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL) are hypointense on both T1 and T2 weighted images of MRI. However, some high signal striations are often seen at the distal part of the ACL, making ACL higher intensity than PCL on MRI scans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20110155_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20110155-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee MRI (PD TSE FS sagittal)"><img alt="Knee MRI (PD TSE FS sagittal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg/120px-Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg/180px-Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg/240px-Knee_MRI_PD_TSE_FS_Sagittal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (PD TSE FS sagittal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee MRI (T1 TSE sagittal)"><img alt="Knee MRI (T1 TSE sagittal)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg/120px-Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg/180px-Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg/240px-Knee_MRI_T1_TSE_Sagittal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (T1 TSE sagittal)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="956" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1190" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_tse_fs_sag_320-R.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (sagittal TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="956" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1190" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg/Knee_MRI_t1_tse_sag-R.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (sagittal T1 TSE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="956" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1190" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (coronal T2 TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="956" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1190" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="478" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI (traverse PD TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="79" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="730" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1094" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1362" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="364" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_sag_320.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI osteoarthritis (sagittal TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="79" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="730" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1094" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1362" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="364" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t1_tse_sag_R.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI osteoarthritis (sagittal T1 TSE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="79" data-durationhint="8" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="730" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1094" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1362" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="364" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_t2_tse_fs_cor_320.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI osteoarthritis (coronal T2 TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/120px--Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="79" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="730" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1094" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1362" data-height="896" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="364" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg/Knee_MRI_osteoarthritis_pd_tse_fs_tra_320.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="548" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MRI osteoarthritis (traverse PD TSE FS)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv/120px--Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="120" data-durationhint="9" data-mwtitle="Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_(central).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="384" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv/Real-time_MRI_-_Knee_%28central%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Real-time_MRI" title="Real-time MRI">Real-time MRI</a>- Knee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knie_ct.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee MR"><img alt="Knee MR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Knie_ct.gif/120px-Knie_ct.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Knie_ct.gif/180px-Knie_ct.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Knie_ct.gif 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee MR</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="X-ray">X-ray</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: X-ray"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee X-ray"><img alt="Knee X-ray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg/89px-Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg/134px-Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg/179px-Knee_plain_X-ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee X-ray</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee X-ray (weight bearing)"><img alt="Knee X-ray (weight bearing)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg/85px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg/127px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg/169px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee X-ray (weight bearing)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knee X-ray (weight bearing, flexion)"><img alt="Knee X-ray (weight bearing, flexion)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg/64px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg/97px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg/129px-Knee_plain_X-ray_weight_bearing_flexion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Knee X-ray (weight bearing, flexion)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legamenti_crociati.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cruciate ligaments"><img alt="Cruciate ligaments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Legamenti_crociati.jpg/100px-Legamenti_crociati.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Legamenti_crociati.jpg/149px-Legamenti_crociati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Legamenti_crociati.jpg/199px-Legamenti_crociati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cruciate ligaments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray348.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments."><img alt="Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray348.png/120px-Gray348.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray348.png/180px-Gray348.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray348.png/240px-Gray348.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray351.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect."><img alt="Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/94px-Gray351.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/141px-Gray351.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gray351.png/188px-Gray351.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior and lateral view of knee."><img alt="Anterior and lateral view of knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg/117px-Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg/175px-Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg/233px-Knee_skeleton_lateral_anterior_views.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior and lateral view of knee.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2CAC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior view of knee."><img alt="Anterior view of knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Slide2CAC.JPG/120px-Slide2CAC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Slide2CAC.JPG/180px-Slide2CAC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Slide2CAC.JPG/240px-Slide2CAC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior view of knee.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knee" title="Special:EditPage/Knee">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In humans, the term "knee" refers to the joints between the femur, tibia, and patella, in the leg. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupeds</a> such as dogs, horses, and mice, the <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> joints between the femur, tibia, and patella, in the <a href="/wiki/Hind_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind leg">hind leg</a>, are known as the <a href="/wiki/Stifle_joint" title="Stifle joint">stifle joint</a>. Also in quadrupeds, particularly horses, <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, and elephants, the layman's term "knee" also commonly refers to the forward-facing joint in the <a href="/wiki/Foreleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreleg">foreleg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a>, which is homologous to the human <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bird_feet_and_legs#Skeleton" title="Bird feet and legs">birds</a>, the "knee" is the joint between the femur and tibiotarsus, and also the patella (when present). The layman's term "knee" may also refer to the (lower and often more visible due to not being covered by feathers) joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which is homologous to the human <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a>. </p><p>In insects and other animals, the term knee widely refers to any <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrofibrosis" title="Arthrofibrosis">Arthrofibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage_repair" title="Articular cartilage repair">Articular cartilage repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondromalacia_patellae" title="Chondromalacia patellae">Chondromalacia patellae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">Fibular collateral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniculum" title="Geniculum">Geniculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuflection" title="Genuflection">Genuflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_arthritis" title="Knee arthritis">Knee arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_cartilage_replacement_therapy" title="Knee cartilage replacement therapy">Knee cartilage replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_examination" title="Knee examination">Knee examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneecapping" title="Kneecapping">Kneecapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneeling" title="Kneeling">Kneeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%A9setja" title="Knésetja">Knésetja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">Medial collateral ligament</a></li> <li>Partial knee replacement <a href="/wiki/Unicompartmental_knee_arthroplasty" title="Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty">unicompartmental knee arthroplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_corner_injuries" title="Posterolateral corner injuries">Posterolateral corner injuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_hammer" title="Reflex hammer">Reflex hammer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChhajer2006" class="citation book cs1">Chhajer, Bimal (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KquYyFiVHtIC&pg=PA10">"Anatomy of Knee"</a>. <i>Knee Pain</i>. Fusion Books. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8419-181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8419-181-3"><bdi>978-81-8419-181-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+Knee&rft.btitle=Knee+Pain&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Fusion+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-8419-181-3&rft.aulast=Chhajer&rft.aufirst=Bimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKquYyFiVHtIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulowski1932" class="citation journal cs1">Kulowski, Jacob (July 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160803181853/http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618">"Flexion contracture of the knee"</a>. <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 618–663. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbjs.org/content/14/3/618">the original</a> on 2016-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery&rft.atitle=Flexion+contracture+of+the+knee&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=618-663&rft.date=1932-07&rft.aulast=Kulowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbjs.org%2Fcontent%2F14%2F3%2F618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span> Republished as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulowski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kulowski, J (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBLO.0b013e31815760ca">"Flexion contracture of the knee: The mechanics of the muscular contracture and the turnbuckle cast method of treatment; with a review of fifty-five cases. 1932"</a>. <i>Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research</i>. <b>464</b>: 4–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBLO.0b013e31815760ca">10.1097/BLO.0b013e31815760ca</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17975372">17975372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9932906">9932906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Orthopaedics+and+Related+Research&rft.atitle=Flexion+contracture+of+the+knee%3A+The+mechanics+of+the+muscular+contracture+and+the+turnbuckle+cast+method+of+treatment%3B+with+a+review+of+fifty-five+cases.+1932&rft.volume=464&rft.pages=4-10&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9932906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17975372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FBLO.0b013e31815760ca&rft.aulast=Kulowski&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FBLO.0b013e31815760ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19594940-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19594940_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRytterEgundJensenBonde2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rytter, Søren; Egund, Niels; Jensen, Lilli; Bonde, Jens (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726153">"Occupational kneeling and radiographic tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis"</a>. <i>Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology</i>. <b>4</b>: 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6673-4-19">10.1186/1745-6673-4-19</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2726153">2726153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19594940">19594940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+Medicine+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Occupational+kneeling+and+radiographic+tibiofemoral+and+patellofemoral+osteoarthritis&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2726153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19594940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1745-6673-4-19&rft.aulast=Rytter&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Egund%2C+Niels&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Lilli&rft.au=Bonde%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2726153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19726621-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19726621_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillVan_de_VeldeWingOh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gill TJ, Van de Velde SK, Wing DW, Oh LS, Hosseini A, Li G (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832057">"Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Kinematics After Reconstruction of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: In Vivo Analysis During Lunge"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>37</b> (12): 2377–2385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0363546509341829">10.1177/0363546509341829</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832057">3832057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19726621">19726621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Tibiofemoral+and+Patellofemoral+Kinematics+After+Reconstruction+of+an+Isolated+Posterior+Cruciate+Ligament+Injury%3A+In+Vivo+Analysis+During+Lunge&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2377-2385&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3832057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19726621&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0363546509341829&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Van+de+Velde%2C+SK&rft.au=Wing%2C+DW&rft.au=Oh%2C+LS&rft.au=Hosseini%2C+A&rft.au=Li%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3832057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17764523-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17764523_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottLeeBarsoumVan_Den_Bogert2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Jacob; 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375777">"The effect of tibiofemoral loading on proximal tibiofibular joint motion"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>211</b> (5): 647–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00803.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00803.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375777">2375777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17764523">17764523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+tibiofemoral+loading+on+proximal+tibiofibular+joint+motion&rft.volume=211&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=647-653&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375777%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17764523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2007.00803.x&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ho&rft.au=Barsoum%2C+Wael&rft.au=Van+Den+Bogert%2C+Antonie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2375777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgener-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgener_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgenerMeyersTanZaunbauer2002" class="citation book cs1">Burgener, Francis A.; Meyers, Steven P.; Tan, Raymond K.; Zaunbauer, Wolfgang (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brsH_IqPzzoC&pg=PA390"><i>Differential Diagnosis in Magnetic Resonance Imaging</i></a>. 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"The Hip-Knee-Ankle Angle in Children: Reference Values Based on a Full-Length Standing Radiograph". <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume</i>. <b>91</b> (10): 2461–2468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2106%2FJBJS.I.00015">10.2106/JBJS.I.00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9355">0021-9355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19797583">19797583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery%2C+American+Volume&rft.atitle=The+Hip-Knee-Ankle+Angle+in+Children%3A+Reference+Values+Based+on+a+Full-Length+Standing+Radiograph&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2461-2468&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0021-9355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19797583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2FJBJS.I.00015&rft.aulast=Sabharwal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Caixia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conger-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conger_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conger_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conger_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conger_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conger_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongerGilillandAndersonPelt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Conger A, Gililland J, Anderson L, et al. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/22/Supplement_1/S20/6328220">"Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Painful Knee Osteoarthritis: Current Evidence and Future Directions"</a>. <i>Pain Medicine</i>. <b>22</b> (Suppl 1): S20–S23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpm%2Fpnab129">10.1093/pm/pnab129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34308957">34308957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pain+Medicine&rft.atitle=Genicular+Nerve+Radiofrequency+Ablation+for+the+Treatment+of+Painful+Knee+Osteoarthritis%3A+Current+Evidence+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S20-S23&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpm%2Fpnab129&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34308957&rft.aulast=Conger&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Gililland%2C+J&rft.au=Anderson%2C+L&rft.au=Pelt%2C+CE&rft.au=Peters%2C+C&rft.au=McCormick%2C+ZL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fpainmedicine%2Farticle%2F22%2FSupplement_1%2FS20%2F6328220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Template talk:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints_of_lower_limbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints of lower limbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints_and_ligaments_of_the_human_leg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">human leg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>femoral</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iliofemoral_ligament" title="Iliofemoral ligament">iliofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubofemoral_ligament" title="Pubofemoral ligament">pubofemoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischiofemoral_ligament" title="Ischiofemoral ligament">ischiofemoral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligament_of_head_of_femur" title="Ligament of head of femur">head of femur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_acetabular_ligament" title="Transverse acetabular ligament">transverse acetabular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetabular_labrum" title="Acetabular labrum">acetabular labrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_of_hip_joint" title="Capsule of hip joint">capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_orbicularis" title="Zona orbicularis">zona orbicularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibiofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articular_capsule_of_the_knee_joint" title="Articular capsule of the knee joint">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Anterior meniscofemoral ligament">Anterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_meniscofemoral_ligament" title="Posterior meniscofemoral ligament">Posterior meniscofemoral ligament</a></li> <li><i>extracapsular:</i> popliteal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_popliteal_ligament" title="Oblique popliteal ligament">oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_popliteal_ligament" title="Arcuate popliteal ligament">arcuate</a></li></ul></li> <li>collateral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_collateral_ligament" title="Medial collateral ligament">medial/tibial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_collateral_ligament" title="Fibular collateral ligament">fibular/lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>intracapsular:</i> cruciate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Posterior cruciate ligament">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">menisci</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_meniscus" title="Medial meniscus">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_meniscus" title="Lateral meniscus">lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_ligament_of_knee" title="Transverse ligament of knee">transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_ligament" title="Anterolateral ligament">anterolateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patellofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_tendon" title="Patellar tendon">Patellar tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrapatellar_fat_pad" title="Infrapatellar fat pad">Infrapatellar fat pad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tibiofibular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Superior tibiofibular joint">Superior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Anterior ligament of the head of the fibula">anterior of the head of the fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_the_head_of_the_fibula" title="Posterior ligament of the head of the fibula">posterior of the head of the fibula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">Inferior tibiofibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Anterior tibiofibular ligament">Anterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibiofibular_ligament" title="Posterior tibiofibular ligament">Posterior tibiofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_leg" title="Interosseous membrane of leg">Interosseous membrane of leg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Talocrural and ankle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>medial:</i> <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">medial of talocrural joint/deltoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">anterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">posterior tibiotalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibiocalcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_ligament" title="Deltoid ligament">tibionavicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lateral:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_collateral_ligament_of_ankle_joint" title="Lateral collateral ligament of ankle joint">lateral collateral of ankle joint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Anterior talofibular ligament">anterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_talofibular_ligament" title="Posterior talofibular ligament">posterior talofibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneofibular_ligament" title="Calcaneofibular ligament">calcaneofibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">Subtalar/talocalcaneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Anterior talocalcaneal ligament">anterior</a>/<a href="/wiki/Posterior_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Posterior talocalcaneal ligament">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Lateral talocalcaneal ligament">lateral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medial_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Medial talocalcaneal ligament">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_talocalcaneal_ligament" title="Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament">interosseous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_tarsal_joint" title="Transverse tarsal joint">Transverse tarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talocalcaneonavicular_joint" title="Talocalcaneonavicular joint">Talocalcaneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_talonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal talonavicular ligament">dorsal talonavicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament">plantar calcaneonavicular/spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneonavicular)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcaneocuboid_joint" title="Calcaneocuboid joint">Calcaneocuboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament">dorsal calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_plantar_ligament" title="Long plantar ligament">long plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_calcaneocuboid_ligament" title="Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament">plantar calcaneocuboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcated_ligament" title="Bifurcated ligament">bifurcated (calcaneocuboid)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distal <a href="/wiki/Intertarsal_joints" title="Intertarsal joints">intertarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuneonavicular_joint" title="Cuneonavicular joint">Cuneonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Plantar cuneonavicular ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuneonavicular_ligaments" title="Dorsal cuneonavicular ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuboideonavicular_joint" title="Cuboideonavicular joint">Cuboideonavicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_cuboideonavicular_ligament" title="Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intercuneiform_joints" title="Intercuneiform joints">Intercuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Plantar intercuneiform ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Dorsal intercuneiform ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_intercuneiform_ligaments" title="Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments">interosseous intercuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_cuneometatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous cuneometatarsal ligaments">interosseous cuneometatarsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsal_joints" title="Tarsometatarsal joints">Tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tarsometatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intermetatarsal_joints" title="Intermetatarsal joints">Intermetatarsal/metatarsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Plantar metatarsal ligaments">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Dorsal metatarsal ligaments">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_metatarsal_ligaments" title="Interosseous metatarsal ligaments">interosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">superficial transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_metatarsal_ligament" title="Transverse metatarsal ligament">deep transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Metatarsophalangeal joints">Metatarsophalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_metatarsophalangeal_joints" title="Collateral ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Interphalangeal joints of foot">Interphalangeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plantar_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plantar ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot (page does not exist)">plantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_ligaments_of_interphalangeal_joints_of_foot" title="Collateral ligaments of interphalangeal joints of foot">collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Arches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Longitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arches_of_the_foot" title="Arches of the foot">Transverse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table 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