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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="هيبربيرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيبربيرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%83%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հիփերփիրոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիփերփիրոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="হাইপারপাইরন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইপারপাইরন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Перпера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перпера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpra" title="Perpra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perpra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%80%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Υπέρπυρον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπέρπυρον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpir%C3%B3n" title="Hiperpirón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hiperpirón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpirono" title="Hiperpirono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hiperpirono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperp%C3%A9rion" title="Hyperpérion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hyperpérion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Հիպերպիրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիպերպիրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpiron" title="Hiperpiron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiperpiron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პერპერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერპერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyronas" title="Hyperpyronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hyperpyronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ヒュペルピュロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒュペルピュロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%A9rpiro" title="Hipérpiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hipérpiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpyron" title="Hyperpyron – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hyperpyron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Иперпир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иперпир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiperpiron" title="Hiperpiron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hiperpiron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0perpiron" title="İperpiron – Turkish" lang="tr" 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg/250px-Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg/375px-Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg/500px-Hyperpyron-Manuel_I-sb1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><i>Hyperpyron</i> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> (r. 1143–1180), showing its typical <a href="/wiki/Scyphate" title="Scyphate">scyphate</a> (cup-shaped) form.</figcaption></figure><p>The <i><b>hyperpyron</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">νόμισμα ὑπέρπυρον</span></span></span> <i>nómisma hypérpyron</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> coin in use during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, replacing the <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>'s standard gold coinage in the 11th century. It was introduced by emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional gold currency of the Byzantine Empire had been the <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nomisma" title="Nomisma">nomisma</a></i>, whose gold content had remained steady at 24 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">carats</a> for seven centuries and was consequently highly prized. From the 1030s, however, the coin was increasingly debased, until in the 1080s, following the military disasters and civil wars of the previous decade, its gold content was reduced to almost zero.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, in 1092, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1081–1118) undertook a drastic overhaul of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine coinage</a> system and introduced a new gold coin, the <i>hyperpyron</i> (meaning "super-refined"). This was of the same standard weight (4.45 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a>) as the <i>solidus</i>, but only 20.5 carat purity (0.854 fineness) instead of the standard 24 carat, resulting in a reduced gold content of only 4.1 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> instead of 4.8 grams. The lower purity was due to melting down and inclusion of earlier debased coins.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>hyperpyron</i> remained the standard gold coin until gold coins ceased to be minted by the Byzantines in the mid-14th century. It too, however, was subject to gradual debasement: under the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> (1204–1261), its gold content fell gradually to 18 carats, under <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1259–1282) to 15 and under his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1282–1328) to 12 carats. At the same time, the quality of the coins declined as well, and in the 14th century, their weight was far from uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <i>hyperpyra</i>, and thus the last Byzantine gold coins, were struck by Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1347–1352). The name remained in use thereafter solely as a <a href="/wiki/Money_of_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Money of account">money of account</a>, divided into 24 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Keration" class="mw-redirect" title="Keration">keratia</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name was adopted in various forms by Western Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">perperum</i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">perpero</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> countries of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> (<i>perper</i>, <i>iperpero</i>, etc.) designating various coins, usually <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, as well as moneys of account.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often in the West the <i>hyperpyron</i> was called the <i><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezant</a></i>, especially among Italian merchants. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Komnenian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenian period">Komnenian period</a>, the <i>hyperpyron</i> was the equivalent of three <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Trachy_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachy (currency)">trachea</a></i>, 48 <a href="/wiki/Billon_(alloy)" title="Billon (alloy)">billon</a> <i>trachea</i> or 864 <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tetarteron" title="Tetarteron">tetartera</a></i></span>, although with the debasement of the <i>trachea</i> it eventually came to rate 12 electrum <i>trachea</i> and 288 to 384 billon <i>trachea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 14th century, the <i>hyperpyron</i> equalled 12 of the new silver <i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon" title="Basilikon">basilika</a></i>, 96 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tornese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornese">tournesia</a></i></span>, 384 copper <i>trachea</i> and 768 copper <i><a href="/wiki/Assarion" class="mw-redirect" title="Assarion">assaria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Bulgarian_coinage" title="Medieval Bulgarian coinage">Medieval Bulgarian coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_perper" title="Montenegrin perper">Montenegrin perper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragusan_perpera" title="Ragusan perpera">Ragusan perpera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_perper" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian perper">Serbian perper</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, pp. 964–965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrierson1999">Grierson 1999</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1999" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214000115/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-coinage"><i>Byzantine Coinage</i></a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-274-9"><bdi>978-0-88402-274-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-coinage">the original</a> on 2013-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Coinage&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-274-9&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doaks.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fdoaks-online-publications%2Fbyzantine-coinage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperpyron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperpyron" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1982" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kpOCsoUwksC"><i>Byzantine Coins</i></a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-71360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-71360-2"><bdi>978-0-416-71360-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Coins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-416-71360-2&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kpOCsoUwksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperpyron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendy1989" class="citation book cs1">Hendy, Michael F. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xjxoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Economy, Fiscal Administration and Coinage of Byzantium</i></a>. London: Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-253-0"><bdi>0-86078-253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy%2C+Fiscal+Administration+and+Coinage+of+Byzantium&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-86078-253-0&rft.aulast=Hendy&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxjxoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperpyron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendy1985" class="citation book cs1">Hendy, Michael F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STZV-gc--04C"><i>Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24715-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24715-2"><bdi>0-521-24715-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Byzantine+Monetary+Economy+c.+300%E2%80%931450&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-24715-2&rft.aulast=Hendy&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSTZV-gc--04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyperpyron" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Byzantine_coinage" title="Template:Byzantine coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Byzantine_coinage" title="Template talk:Byzantine coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Byzantine coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Currencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First period<br />(498 – ca. 700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Gold</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Semis" title="Semis">Semissis</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tremissis" title="Tremissis">Tremissis</a></i></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Silver</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hexagram_(currency)" title="Hexagram (currency)">Hexagram</a> (from 615)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Copper</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Follis</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Half-<i>follis</i></a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus">Decanummium</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus">Pentanummium</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nummus" title="Nummus">Nummus</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second period<br />(ca. 700 – 1092)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Gold</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">Solidus</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nomisma" title="Nomisma">Nomisma</a></i> (later <i><a href="/wiki/Histamenon" title="Histamenon">Histamenon</a></i>)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tetarteron#Gold_coin" title="Tetarteron">Tetarteron</a></i> (from 960s)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Silver</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Miliaresion" title="Miliaresion">Miliaresion</a></i> (from 720)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Copper</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Follis</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third period<br />(1092 – ca. 1300)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Gold</span></dt> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyperpyron</a></i></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Electrum</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Trachy_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachy (currency)">Nomisma trachy</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aspron" title="Aspron">aspron</a></i> (<i>Trikephalon/Manouelaton</i>)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Billon</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Aspron" title="Aspron">aspron</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Trachy_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachy (currency)">trachy</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histamenon" title="Histamenon">Stamenon</a></i>)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Copper</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tetarteron#Copper_coin" title="Tetarteron">Tetarteron</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tetarteron#Copper_coin" title="Tetarteron">Half-<i>tetarteron</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth period<br />(ca. 1300 – 1350s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Gold</span></dt> <dd><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hyperpyron</a></i></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Silver</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Basilikon" title="Basilikon">Basilikon</a></i></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Billon</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tornesel" title="Tornesel">Tournesion</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Politikon" title="Politikon">Politikon</a></i>)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Copper</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Trachy_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachy (currency)">Trachy</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)#Byzantine_coinage" title="As (Roman coin)">Assarion</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth period<br />(1367 – 1453)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Silver</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Stavraton" title="Stavraton">Stavraton</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavraton" title="Stavraton">Half-<i>stavraton</i></a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Stavraton" title="Stavraton">Doukatopoulon</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Aspron" title="Aspron">Aspron</a></i>)</dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Copper</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tornesel" title="Tornesel">Tournesion</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Follaro</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mints" title="Byzantine mints">Byzantine mints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyphate" title="Scyphate">Scyphate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire Portal</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Numismatics" title="Portal:Numismatics">Numismatics Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&oldid=1253196533">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperpyron&oldid=1253196533</a>"</div></div> <div 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