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id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reserves_and_prices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves_and_prices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Reserves and prices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves_and_prices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Extraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Binary compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coordination chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organocopper_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organocopper_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Organocopper chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organocopper_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper(III)_and_copper(IV)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper(III)_and_copper(IV)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Copper(III) and copper(IV) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper(III)_and_copper(IV)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Prehistoric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Copper Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_post-classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_post-classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ancient and post-classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_post-classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Copper demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speculative_investing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculative_investing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Speculative investing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculative_investing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wire_and_cable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire_and_cable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Wire and cable </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire_and_cable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_and_related_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_and_related_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Electronics and related devices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_and_related_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_motors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_motors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Electric motors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_motors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Renewable energy production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiofouling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiofouling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Antibiofouling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiofouling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimicrobial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimicrobial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Antimicrobial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimicrobial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Folk medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Degradation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Absorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Human exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Copper</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 204 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-204" aria-hidden="true" > 204 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%A5" title="መዳብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="तांबा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तांबा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coper" title="Coper – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambre" title="Arambre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2c%C3%A2ri" title="Bâcâri – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bâcâri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="তাম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_pyt%C3%A3" title="Kuarepoti pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti" title="Anti – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anti" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پاخیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاخیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temaga" title="Temaga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Temaga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="তামা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2ng" title="Tâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Баҡыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҡыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ताँमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ताँमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso" title="Tanso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouevr" title="Kouevr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouevr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Зэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coure" title="Coure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пăхăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăхăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9B%C4%8F" title="Měď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhangura" title="Mhangura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhangura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copr" title="Copr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AF" title="ރަތުލޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަތުލޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii" title="Béésh łichíiʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łichíiʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χαλκός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB)" title="Пиже (металл) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиже (металл)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobri" title="Cobri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cobri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamba" title="Tamba – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuivre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbyr" title="Cobbyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cobbyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="ЦӀаста – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀаста" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="તાંબું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાંબું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9ng" title="Thùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Зес – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зес" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ताम्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताम्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopor" title="Kopor – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kopor" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang" title="Gambang – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gambang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupro" title="Cupro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cupro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Æрхуы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрхуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoklele" title="Usoklele – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Usoklele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="נחושת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwivri" title="Kwivri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kwivri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತಾಮ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="სპილენძი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპილენძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترٛام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2per" title="Kòper – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòper" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Мыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutako" title="Mutako – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mutako" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Вӹргеньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӹргеньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Дувсси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дувсси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ທອງແດງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprum" title="Cuprum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuprum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1" title="Varš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer" title="Koffer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koffer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Цур – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambag%C3%B6" title="Tambagö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tambagö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammo_(elemento)" title="Rammo (elemento) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rammo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupre" title="Cupre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cupre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vaski" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tunka" title="tunka – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tunka" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkopa_(Copper)" title="Kkopa (Copper) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkopa (Copper)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_(element_chimich)" title="Ram (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ram (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9z" title="Réz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Réz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahina" title="Varahina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konukura" title="Konukura – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ლინჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Dè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сере – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сере" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Зэс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြေးနီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichiltic_tepoztli" title="Chichiltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichiltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa" title="Kopa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kopa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koper (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keuper" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="तामा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="सीजः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सीजः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramma" title="Ramma – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ramma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ber" title="Kööber – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööber" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupre" title="Kupre – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kupre" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coire" title="Coire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ତମ୍ବା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତମ୍ବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila_diimaa" title="Sibiila diimaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila diimaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਂਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਂਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram" title="Aram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopper" title="Kopper – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kopper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mied%C5%BA" title="Miedź – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miedź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer_(Metall)" title="Koffer (Metall) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Koffer (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cupru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta" title="Anta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Медь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D)" title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ताम्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ताम्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0mine" title="Ràmine – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràmine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper" title="Capper – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Capper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooper" title="Kooper – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kooper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakri" title="Bakri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="ٽامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8F" title="Meď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker" title="Baker – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga" title="Tambaga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tambaga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupari" title="Kupari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kupari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppar" title="Koppar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso_(elemento)" title="Tanso (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tanso (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="செப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%A3ir" title="Iɣir – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iɣir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бакыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="రాగి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ทองแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎥᏣᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r" title="Bakır – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Чес – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чес" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3" title="مىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengz" title="Doengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramo" title="Ramo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ramo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%27k" title="Vas'k – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vas'k" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprin" title="Kuprin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuprin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuve" title="Keuve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" 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(disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 29 (Cu)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Copper, 29Cu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:NatCopper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Native copper (~4 cm in size)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/220px-NatCopper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/330px-NatCopper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg/440px-NatCopper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1452" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Copper</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">Red-orange metallic luster</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Cu)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>63.546±0.003<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>63.546±0.003 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Copper in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Cu ↓ <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> ← copper → <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">29</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d10 4s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1357.77 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.935 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">8.02 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.26 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300.4 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.440 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1509 </td> <td>1661 </td> <td>1850 </td> <td>2089 </td> <td>2404 </td> <td>2834 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 −2,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-GE28-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.90 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 745.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3555 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#copper" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 128 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:29_(Cu_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-29_%28Cu_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of copper</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for copper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/60px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="126" /></a></div>a = 361.50 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.64×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">401 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16.78 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−5.46×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">110–128 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">48 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">(annealed) 3810 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.34 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">343–369 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">235–878 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-50-8 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, principal mining place in Roman era (Cyprium)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (<a href="/wiki/9000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="9000 BC">9000 BC</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Cu": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuprum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuprum">cuprum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper" title="Isotopes of copper">Isotopes of copper</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_copper_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox copper isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_copper_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox copper isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">63Cu </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">69.2% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64">64Cu</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">12.70 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-64">64Ni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-64" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-64">64Zn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">65Cu </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">30.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">67Cu </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">61.83 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc-67" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-67">67Zn</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Copper" title="Category:Copper">Category: Copper</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_copper" title="Template:Infobox copper">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_copper" title="Template talk:Infobox copper">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_copper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox copper">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Copper is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>. It has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Cu (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> cuprum), and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 29. It is a soft, malleable, and <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a> metal with very high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a <a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">pinkish-orange color</a>. Copper is used as a conductor of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">heat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electricity</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Building_material#Metal" title="Building material">building material</a>, and as a constituent of various metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a> used to make marine hardware and <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constantan" title="Constantan">constantan</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Strain_gauge" title="Strain gauge">strain gauges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a> for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form. This means that copper is a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">native metal</a>. This led to very early human use in several regions, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> from sulfide ores, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, to create <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-EncBrit-11">[11]</a> Commonly encountered compounds are copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, and have been used widely and historically as pigments. Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> of compounds called <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a>. Copper is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative art</a>, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as <a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent" title="Bacteriostatic agent">bacteriostatic agents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preservative">wood preservatives</a>. Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace <a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">dietary mineral</a> because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">cytochrome c oxidase</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs">molluscs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a>, replaced by the iron-complexed <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in fish and other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, and bone.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman era</a>, copper was mined principally on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the origin of the name of the metal, from aes cyprium (metal of Cyprus), which later evolved into cuprum in popular Latin. Coper (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) and copper were derived from this, the later spelling first used around 1530.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cu-Scheibe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/150px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/225px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/300px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>A copper disc (99.95% pure) made by <a href="/wiki/Continuous_casting" title="Continuous casting">continuous casting</a>; <a href="/wiki/Industrial_etching" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial etching">etched</a> to reveal <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/150px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/225px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif/300px-Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption>Copper just above its melting point keeps its pink luster color when enough light outshines the orange <a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">incandescence</a> color.</figcaption></figure> Copper, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are in <a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">group 11</a> of the periodic table; these three metals have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-<a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a> and are characterized by high <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>, and electrical and thermal conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonds</a>. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a> and high ductility of <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocrystalline">single crystals</a> of copper.<a href="#cite_note-b1-15">[15]</a> At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a>, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Polycrystalline" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycrystalline">polycrystalline</a> form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">S</a>/m) and high thermal conductivity, second highest (second only to silver) among pure metals at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak in a soft metal.<a href="#cite_note-b1-15">[15]</a> The maximum possible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2, above which it begins to heat excessively.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnish</a> when exposed to air. This is due to the low <a href="/wiki/Plasma_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma frequency">plasma frequency</a> of the metal, which lies in the red part of the visible spectrum, causing it to absorb the higher-frequency green and blue colors.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As with other metals, if copper is put in contact with another metal in the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a> will occur.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_wire_comparison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG/150px-Copper_wire_comparison.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG/225px-Copper_wire_comparison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Copper_wire_comparison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Unoxidized copper wire (left) and oxidized copper wire (right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/220px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/330px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg/440px-Royal_Observatory_Edinburgh_East_Tower_2010_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The East Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Edinburgh" title="Royal Observatory, Edinburgh">Royal Observatory, Edinburgh</a>, showing the contrast between the refurbished copper installed in 2010 and the green color of the original 1894 copper</figcaption></figure> Copper does not react with water, but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown-black copper oxide which, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> that forms on iron in moist air, protects the underlying metal from further corrosion (<a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a>). A green layer of <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a> (copper carbonate) can often be seen on old copper structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings<a href="#cite_note-Grieken-2005-22">[22]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Copper <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishes</a> when exposed to some <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> compounds, with which it reacts to form various <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfide" title="Copper sulfide">copper sulfides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper" title="Isotopes of copper">Isotopes of copper</a></div> There are 29 <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of copper. 63 Cu and 65 Cu are stable, with 63 Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; both have a <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3⁄2.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-25">[25]</a> The other isotopes are <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a>, with the most stable being 67 Cu with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 61.83 hours.<a href="#cite_note-nubase-25">[25]</a> Seven <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable isomers</a> have been characterized; 68m Cu is the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> above 64 decay by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β−</a>, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">β+</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copper-64" title="Copper-64">64 Cu </a>, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> 62 Cu and 64 Cu have significant applications. 62 Cu is used in 62 Cu Cu-PTSM as a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_tracer" title="Radioactive tracer">radioactive tracer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_ores" title="List of copper ores">List of copper ores</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/150px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/225px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg/300px-Native_Copper_from_the_Keweenaw_Peninsula_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Native copper from the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan, about 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) long</figcaption></figure> Copper is produced in massive stars<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and is present in the Earth's crust in a proportion of about 50 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm).<a href="#cite_note-emsley-29">[29]</a> In nature, copper occurs in a variety of minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">native copper</a>, copper sulfides such as <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bornite" title="Bornite">bornite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digenite" title="Digenite">digenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covellite" title="Covellite">covellite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chalcocite" title="Chalcocite">chalcocite</a>, copper <a href="/wiki/Sulfosalt_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfosalt minerals">sulfosalts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedrite" title="Tetrahedrite">tetrahedite-tennantite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enargite" title="Enargite">enargite</a>, copper carbonates such as <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, and as copper(I) or copper(II) oxides such as <a href="/wiki/Cuprite" title="Cuprite">cuprite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenorite" title="Tenorite">tenorite</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the <a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</a> in Michigan, US.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-29">[29]</a> Native copper is a <a href="/wiki/Polycrystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycrystal">polycrystal</a>, with the largest single crystal ever described measuring 4.4 × 3.2 × 3.2 cm.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Copper is the 26th most abundant element in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, representing 50 ppm compared with 75 ppm for <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, and 14 ppm for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Typical background concentrations of copper do not exceed 1 ng/m3 in the atmosphere; 150 mg/kg in soil; 30 mg/kg in vegetation; 2 μg/L in freshwater and 0.5 μg/L in seawater.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuquicamata-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/220px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/330px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chuquicamata-002.jpg/440px-Chuquicamata-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, in Chile, is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open pit</a> copper <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/220px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/330px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg/440px-Copper_-_world_production_trend.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>World production trend</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_production" title="List of countries by copper production">List of countries by copper production</a></div> Most copper is mined or <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">extracted</a> as copper sulfides from large <a href="/wiki/Open_pit_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit mine">open pit mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry copper">porphyry copper</a> deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Sites include <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a>, in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_Mine" title="Bingham Canyon Mine">Bingham Canyon Mine</a>, in Utah, United States, and <a href="/wiki/El_Chino_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="El Chino Mine">El Chino Mine</a>, in New Mexico, United States. According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>, in 2005, Chile was the top producer of copper with at least one-third of the world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-17">[17]</a> Copper can also be recovered through the <a href="/wiki/In-situ_leach" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ leach">in-situ leach</a> process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> An alternative source of copper for <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">collection</a> currently being researched are <a href="/wiki/Polymetallic_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymetallic nodules">polymetallic nodules</a>, which are located at the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> approximately 3000–6500 meters below sea level. These nodules contain other valuable metals such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves_and_prices">Reserves and prices</h3></div> Copper has been in use for at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> has been extracted since 1900.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006-36">[36]</a> As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast, with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, which is about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction. However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable with present-day prices and technologies. Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-Leonard2006-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Price_of_Copper.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/325px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/488px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Price_of_Copper.webp/650px-Price_of_Copper.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Price of Copper 1959–2022</figcaption></figure> The price of copper is <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">volatile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> After a peak in 2022 the price unexpectedly fell.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The global market for copper is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">financialized</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity markets</a>, and has been so for decades.<a href="#cite_note-:072-40">[40]</a>: 213  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">Copper extraction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_(EN).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/220px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/330px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg/440px-Copper_Flash_Smelting_Process_%28EN%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of flash smelting process</figcaption></figure> The great majority of copper ores are sulfides. Common ores are the sulfides chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4) and, to a lesser extent, covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu2S).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> These ores occur at the level of <1% Cu. Concentration of the ore is required, which begins with <a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">comminution</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a>. The remaining concentrate is smelted, which can be described with two simplified equations:<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-42">[42]</a> Cuprous sulfide is oxidized to cuprous oxide: <dl><dd>2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2</dd></dl> Cuprous oxide reacts with cuprous sulfide to convert to blister copper upon heating: <dl><dd>2 Cu2O + Cu2S → 6 Cu + 2 SO2</dd></dl> This roasting gives matte copper, roughly 50% Cu by weight, which is purified by electrolysis. Depending on the ore, sometimes other metals are obtained during the electrolysis including platinum and gold. Aside from sulfides, another family of ores are oxides. Approximately 15% of the world's copper supply derives from these oxides. The beneficiation process for oxides involves extraction with sulfuric acid solutions followed by electrolysis. In parallel with the above method for "concentrated" sulfide and oxide ores, copper is recovered from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine_tailing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine tailing (page does not exist)">mine tailings</a> and heaps. A variety of methods are used including leaching with sulfuric acid, ammonia, ferric chloride. Biological methods are also used.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> A potential source of copper is polymetallic nodules, which have an estimated concentration 1.3%.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="thumb tnone"> <div style="display:table;width:650px;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:top;box-sizing:border-box;"><div style="float: left; margin-top: 0.25em; width: 11px; height: 9.5px;"><div style="position: relative; float: left; width: 0px; height: 0px; -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); border-style: solid inset; border-width: 9.5px 5.5px 0 5.5px; border-color: #ccc transparent transparent transparent;"></div></div><div style="padding-left: 20px"><big>Flowchart of copper refining (Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed)</big> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques#Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">Blister copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">Slag</a> removal</li> <li>Copper casting of <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anodes</a></li> <li>Casting wheel</li> <li>Anodes removal machine</li> <li>Anodes take-off</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minecart" title="Minecart">Rail cars</a></li> <li>Transportation to the tank house</li></ol></div> </div><a href="/wiki/File:Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowchart of copper refining (Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed) # Blister copper # Smelting # Reverberatory furnace # Slag removal # Copper casting of anodes # Casting wheel # Anodes removal machine # Anodes take-off # Rail cars # Transportation to the tank house"><img alt="Flowchart of copper refining (Anode casting plant of Uralelektromed) # Blister copper # Smelting # Reverberatory furnace # Slag removal # Copper casting of anodes # Casting wheel # Anodes removal machine # Anodes take-off # Rail cars # Transportation to the tank house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/650px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/975px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg/1300px-Ural_Mining_and_Metallurgical_Company_Copper_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="354" /></a> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report" title="Metal Stocks in Society report">Metal Stocks in Society report</a>, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita). In 2001, a typical automobile contained 20–30 kg of copper.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-42">[42]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, copper is recyclable without any loss of quality, both from raw state and from manufactured products.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> An estimated 80% of all copper ever mined is still in use today.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper&action=edit">[update]</a>, recycled copper supplies about one-third of global demand.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps. High-purity scrap copper is melted in a <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> and cast into <a href="/wiki/Billet_(semi-finished_product)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billet (semi-finished product)">billets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Lower-purity scrap is melted to form black copper (70–90% pure, containing impurities such as iron, zinc, tin, and nickel), followed by oxidation of impurities in a <a href="/wiki/Converting_(metallurgy)" title="Converting (metallurgy)">converter</a> to form blister copper (96–98% pure), which is then <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction#Refining" title="Copper extraction">refined</a> as before.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann7ed-Figure28-51">[51]</a>: 202  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3></div> The environmental cost of copper mining was estimated at 3.7 kg <a href="/wiki/CO2eq" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2eq">CO2-eq</a> per kg of copper in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Codelco" title="Codelco">Codelco</a>, a major producer in Chile, reported that in 2020 the company emitted 2.8 t CO2-eq per ton (2.8 kg CO2-eq per kg) of fine copper.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> primarily arise from electricity consumed by the company, especially when sourced from fossil fuels, and from engines required for copper extraction and refinement. Companies that mine land often mismanage waste, rendering the area sterile for life. Additionally, nearby rivers and forests are also negatively impacted. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is an example of a region where land is overexploited by mining companies.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Copper mining waste in Valea Şesei, Romania, has significantly altered nearby water properties. The water in the affected areas is highly acidic, with a pH range of 2.1–4.9, and shows elevated electrical conductivity levels between 280 and 1561 mS/cm.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> These changes in water chemistry make the environment inhospitable for fish, essentially rendering the water uninhabitable for aquatic life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alloys">Alloys</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/220px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/330px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg/440px-1953_Canadian_Dime_in_a_box_of_US_Dimes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Copper alloys are widely used in the production of coinage; seen here are two examples – post-1964 American <a href="/wiki/Dime_(United_States_coin)" title="Dime (United States coin)">dimes</a>, which are composed of the alloy <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and a pre-1968 <a href="/wiki/Dime_(Canadian_coin)" title="Dime (Canadian coin)">Canadian dime</a>, which is composed of an alloy of 80 percent silver and 20 percent copper.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">List of copper alloys</a></div> Numerous copper <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> have been formulated, many with important uses. <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a> is an alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> usually refers to copper-<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> alloys, but can refer to any alloy of copper such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bronze" title="Aluminium bronze">aluminium bronze</a>. Copper is one of the most important constituents of silver and <a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">karat</a> gold solders used in the jewelry industry, modifying the color, hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys.<a href="#cite_note-goldalloys-58">[58]</a> Some lead-free <a href="/wiki/Solder#Solder_alloys" title="Solder">solders</a> consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The alloy of copper and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Cupronickel" title="Cupronickel">cupronickel</a>, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US five-cent coin (currently called a nickel) consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel in homogeneous composition. Prior to the introduction of cupronickel, which was widely adopted by countries in the latter half of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> alloys of copper and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> were also used, with the United States using an alloy of 90% silver and 10% copper until 1965, when circulating silver was removed from all coins with the exception of the half dollar—these were debased to an alloy of 40% silver and 60% copper between 1965 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The alloy of 90% copper and 10% nickel, remarkable for its resistance to corrosion, is used for various objects exposed to seawater, though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a golden color and are used in decorations.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a> is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold, typically 4–10%, that can be <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patinated</a> to a dark blue or black color.<a href="#cite_note-Shakudō-63">[63]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CopperIoxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg/250px-CopperIoxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg/330px-CopperIoxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CopperIoxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">copper(I) oxide</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_compounds" title="Copper compounds">Copper compounds</a></div> Copper forms a rich variety of compounds, usually with <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> +1 and +2, which are often called cuprous and cupric, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-64">[64]</a> Copper compounds promote or catalyse numerous chemical and biological processes.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_compounds">Binary compounds</h3></div> As with other elements, the simplest compounds of copper are binary compounds, i.e. those containing only two elements, the principal examples being oxides, sulfides, and <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">cuprous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">cupric oxides</a> are known. Among the numerous <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfide" title="Copper sulfide">copper sulfides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wells-66">[66]</a> important examples include <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_sulfide" title="Copper(I) sulfide">copper(I) sulfide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Cu2S) and <a href="/wiki/Copper_monosulfide" title="Copper monosulfide">copper monosulfide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CuS).<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Cuprous halides with <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_fluoride" title="Copper(I) fluoride">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_chloride" title="Copper(I) chloride">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_bromide" title="Copper(I) bromide">bromine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_iodide" title="Copper(I) iodide">iodine</a> are known, as are cupric halides with <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_fluoride" title="Copper(II) fluoride">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">chlorine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_bromide" title="Copper(II) bromide">bromine</a>. Attempts to prepare copper(II) iodide yield only copper(I) iodide and iodine.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-64">[64]</a> <dl><dd>2 Cu2+ + 4 I− → 2 CuI + I2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_chemistry">Coordination chemistry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetramminkupfer(II)-sulfat-Monohydrat_Kristalle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Tetramminkupfer%28II%29-sulfat-Monohydrat_Kristalle.png" decoding="async" width="203" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Copper(II) gives a deep blue coloration in the presence of ammonia ligands. The one used here is <a href="/wiki/Tetraamminecopper(II)_sulfate" title="Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate">tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate</a>.</figcaption></figure> Copper forms <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>. In aqueous solution, copper(II) exists as [Cu(H 2O) 6]2+ . This complex exhibits the fastest water exchange rate (speed of water ligands attaching and detaching) for any transition <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complex</a>. Adding aqueous <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> causes the precipitation of light blue solid <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_hydroxide" title="Copper(II) hydroxide">copper(II) hydroxide</a>. A simplified equation is: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/220px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/330px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg/440px-Cu-pourbaix-diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Pourbaix diagram for copper in uncomplexed media (anions other than OH- not considered). Ion concentration 0.001 m (mol/kg water). Temperature 25 °C.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>Cu2+ + 2 OH− → Cu(OH)2</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">Aqueous ammonia</a> results in the same precipitate. Upon adding excess ammonia, the precipitate dissolves, forming <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">tetraamminecopper(II)</a>: <dl><dd>Cu(H 2O) 4(OH) 2 + 4 NH3 → [Cu(H 2O) 2(NH 3) 4]2+ + 2 H2O + 2 OH−</dd></dl> Many other <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> form complexes; these include <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate" title="Copper(II) acetate">copper(II) acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_nitrate" title="Copper(II) nitrate">copper(II) nitrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_carbonate" title="Copper(II) carbonate">copper(II) carbonate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper(II) sulfate</a> forms a blue crystalline penta<a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrate</a>, the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. It is used in a <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_mixture" title="Bordeaux mixture">Bordeaux mixture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boux-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/200px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/300px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/400px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a> of the complex [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_coordination_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral coordination geometry">octahedral coordination geometry</a> common for copper(II)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polyol" title="Polyol">Polyols</a>, compounds containing more than one alcohol <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional group</a>, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for <a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing sugars">reducing sugars</a>. Specifically, using <a href="/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent" title="Benedict's reagent">Benedict's reagent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fehling%27s_solution" title="Fehling's solution">Fehling's solution</a> the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with <a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">ethylenediamine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> dissolve <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a> such as cystine form very stable <a href="/wiki/Chelate_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate complex">chelate complexes</a> with copper(II)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> including in the form of <a href="/wiki/Metal-organic_biohybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-organic biohybrid">metal-organic biohybrids</a> (MOBs). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a>, which gives a red-brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organocopper_chemistry">Organocopper chemistry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organocopper_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organocopper compound">Organocopper compound</a></div> Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have <a href="/wiki/Reactions_of_organocopper_reagents" title="Reactions of organocopper reagents">many uses in chemistry</a>. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reaction" title="Grignard reaction">Grignard reagents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terminal_alkyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal alkyne">terminal alkynes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organolithium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organolithium compound">organolithium reagents</a>;<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> in particular, the last reaction described produces a <a href="/wiki/Gilman_reagent" title="Gilman reagent">Gilman reagent</a>. These can undergo <a href="/wiki/Substitution_reaction" title="Substitution reaction">substitution</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl halides">alkyl halides</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Coupling_reaction" title="Coupling reaction">coupling products</a>; as such, they are important in the field of <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_acetylide" title="Copper(I) acetylide">Copper(I) acetylide</a> is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the <a href="/wiki/Cadiot%E2%80%93Chodkiewicz_coupling" title="Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling">Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonogashira_coupling" title="Sonogashira coupling">Sonogashira coupling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_conjugate_addition" title="Nucleophilic conjugate addition">Conjugate addition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alpha-beta_Unsaturated_carbonyl_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-beta Unsaturated carbonyl compounds">enones</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbometalation" title="Carbometalation">carbocupration</a> of alkynes<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, especially in the presence of amine ligands.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper(III)_and_copper(IV)">Copper(III) and copper(IV)</h3></div> Copper(III) is most often found in oxides. A simple example is potassium <a href="/wiki/Cuprate" title="Cuprate">cuprate</a>, KCuO2, a blue-black solid.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The most extensively studied copper(III) compounds are the <a href="/wiki/Cuprate_superconductor" title="Cuprate superconductor">cuprate superconductors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_barium_copper_oxide" title="Yttrium barium copper oxide">Yttrium barium copper oxide</a> (YBa2Cu3O7) consists of both Cu(II) and Cu(III) centres. Like oxide, <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> is a highly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and is known to stabilize metal ions in high oxidation states. Both copper(III) and even copper(IV) fluorides are known, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorocuprate(III)" title="Potassium hexafluorocuprate(III)">K3CuF6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocuprate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocuprate(IV)">Cs2CuF6</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Holleman-64">[64]</a> Some copper proteins form <a href="/wiki/Oxo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxo complex">oxo complexes</a>, which, in extensively studied synthetic analog systems, feature copper(III).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> With <a href="/wiki/Tetrapeptide" title="Tetrapeptide">tetrapeptides</a>, purple-colored copper(III) complexes are stabilized by the deprotonated <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amide</a> ligands.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Complexes of copper(III) are also found as intermediates in reactions of organocopper compounds, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Kharasch%E2%80%93Sosnovsky_reaction" title="Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction">Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> A timeline of copper illustrates how this metal has advanced human civilization for the past 11,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copper_Age">Copper Age</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/220px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/330px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/440px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>A corroded copper <a href="/wiki/Ingot" title="Ingot">ingot</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zakros" title="Zakros">Zakros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, shaped in the form of an animal skin (<a href="/wiki/Oxhide_ingot" title="Oxhide ingot">oxhide</a>) typical in that era</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/170px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/255px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/340px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>Many tools during the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> Era included copper, such as the blade of this replica of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>'s axe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/250px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/330px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg/500px-Chrysocolla_Timna_070613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Copper ore (<a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">chrysocolla</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> sandstone from <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> mines in the <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> Copper occurs naturally as <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">native metallic copper</a> and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. The history of copper use dates to 9000 BC in the Middle East;<a href="#cite_note-discovery-90">[90]</a> a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Evidence suggests that gold and <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a> (but not smelted iron) were the only metals used by humans before copper.<a href="#cite_note-vander-92">[92]</a> The history of copper metallurgy is thought to follow this sequence: first, <a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">cold working</a> of native copper, then <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a>. In southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, all four of these techniques appear more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Renfrew1990-93">[93]</a> Copper smelting was independently invented in different places. The earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> copper comes from an amulet found in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, Pakistan, and is dated to 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Investment_casting" title="Investment casting">Investment casting</a> was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia<a href="#cite_note-discovery-90">[90]</a> Smelting was probably discovered in China before 2800 BC, in Central America around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> has established mining at <a href="/wiki/Alderley_Edge_Mines" title="Alderley Edge Mines">Alderley Edge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, UK, at 2280 to 1890 BC.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> While scholars have long believed that major changes in supra-regional networks occurred with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (due to the need for bronze), it is now clear that even the early copper in Europe was associated with intensified networks. The copper that reached the Alps, central and northern Europe in the fourth millennium BC was mined in Bulgaria and Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ötzi the Iceman">Ötzi the Iceman</a>, a male dated from 3300 to 3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> in his hair suggest an involvement in copper smelting.<a href="#cite_note-CSA-98">[98]</a> Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting likely led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">iron smelting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSA-98">[98]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_knife,_spearpoints,_awls,_and_spud,_Late_Archaic_period,_Wisconsin,_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/224px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/336px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG/448px-Copper_knife%2C_spearpoints%2C_awls%2C_and_spud%2C_Late_Archaic_period%2C_Wisconsin%2C_3000_BC-1000_BC_-_Wisconsin_Historical_Museum_-_DSC03436.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4322" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Copper artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Copper Complex">Old Copper Complex</a> of North America, which may have existed from approximately 9500–5400 years before present</figcaption></figure> Production in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Copper Complex">Old Copper Complex</a> in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6500 and 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-occ-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A copper spearpoint found in Wisconsin has been dated to 6500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a> Copper usage by the indigenous peoples of the Old Copper Complex from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> of North America has been radiometrically dated to as far back as 7500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bebber-2022-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Indigenous peoples of North America around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> may have also been mining copper during this time, making it one of the oldest known examples of <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper extraction</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2013-104">[104]</a> There is evidence from prehistoric lead pollution from lakes in Michigan that people in the region began mining copper <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2013-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pompeani-2021-99">[99]</a> Evidence suggests that utilitarian copper objects fell increasingly out of use in the Old Copper Complex of North America during the Bronze Age and a shift towards an increased production of ornamental copper objects occurred.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Blue_Faience_Saucer_and_Stand_-_Walters_481608_-_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Copper was used in blue pigments like this "<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Blue">Egyptian Blue</a>" <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">faience</a> saucer and stand from the Bronze Age, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a> (1400–1325 BC).</figcaption></figure> Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Bronze artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> date to 4500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-antiquity1312-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-hist-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Blue">Egyptian Blue</a>, or cuprorivaite (calcium copper silicate) is a synthetic pigment that contains copper and started being used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> around 3250 BC.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The manufacturing process of Egyptian blue was known to the Romans, but by the fourth century AD the pigment fell out of use and the secret to its manufacturing process became lost. The Romans said the blue pigment was made from copper, silica, lime and <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> and was known to them as <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">caeruleum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, and 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period (copper-stone), when copper tools were used with stone tools. The term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world, the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-hist-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_post-classical">Ancient and post-classical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/100px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/150px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/200px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">goddess</a> and planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/250px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/330px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/500px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Chalcolithic copper mine in <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negev_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev Desert">Negev Desert</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venus_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (goddess)">Venus</a> in Rome) represented copper in mythology and alchemy because of its lustrous beauty and its ancient use in producing mirrors; Cyprus, the source of copper, was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper, both because of the connection to the goddess and because Venus was the brightest heavenly body after the Sun and Moon and so corresponded to the most lustrous and desirable metal after gold and silver.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Copper was first mined in ancient Britain as early as 2100 BC. Mining at the largest of these mines, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Orme" title="Great Orme">Great Orme</a>, continued into the late Bronze Age. Mining seems to have been largely restricted to <a href="/wiki/Supergene_(geology)" title="Supergene (geology)">supergene</a> ores, which were easier to smelt. The rich copper deposits of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> seem to have been largely untouched, in spite of extensive <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> mining in the region, for reasons likely social and political rather than technological.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In North America, native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on <a href="/wiki/Isle_Royale" title="Isle Royale">Isle Royale</a> with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600 AD.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Copper annealing was being performed in the North American city of <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> around 1000–1300 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Chastain-2011-114">[114]</a> There are several exquisite copper plates, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Mississippian copper plates</a> that have been found in North America in the area around Cahokia dating from this time period (1000–1300 AD).<a href="#cite_note-Chastain-2011-114">[114]</a> The copper plates were thought to have been manufactured at Cahokia before ending up elsewhere in the Midwest and southeastern United States like the <a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etowah_plates" title="Etowah plates">Etowah plates</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/224px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/336px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg/448px-Spiro_Wulfing_and_Etowah_repousse_plates_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Mississippian copper plates</a> from North America were produced in this style from around 800–1600 AD.</figcaption></figure> In South America a copper mask dated to 1000 BC found in the Argentinian Andes is the oldest known copper artifact discovered in the Andes.<a href="#cite_note-Cortés-2017-115">[115]</a> Peru has been considered the origin for early copper <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">metallurgy in pre-Columbian America</a>, but the copper mask from Argentina suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Caj%C3%B3n_del_Maipo" title="Cajón del Maipo">Cajón del Maipo</a> of the southern Andes was another important center for early copper workings in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Cortés-2017-115">[115]</a> Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had his own coins made from brass, while <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavianus Augustus Caesar</a>'s coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, <a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Roman copper mining and smelting activities</a> reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> most intensely mined were those of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, Cyprus and in Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The gates of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jerusalem">Temple of Jerusalem</a> used <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_bronze" title="Corinthian bronze">Corinthian bronze</a> treated with <a href="/wiki/Depletion_gilding" title="Depletion gilding">depletion gilding</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The process was most prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where alchemy is thought to have begun.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, copper was used in the <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> medical science <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> for <a href="/wiki/Surgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical">surgical</a> instruments and other medical equipment. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">~2400 BC</a>) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later to treat headaches, burns, and itching.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/220px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/330px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AngleseyCopperStream.jpg/440px-AngleseyCopperStream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a> affecting the stream running from the disused <a href="/wiki/Parys_Mountain" title="Parys Mountain">Parys Mountain</a> copper mines</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_Pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/220px-Copper_Pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/330px-Copper_Pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Copper_Pot.jpg/440px-Copper_Pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="3608" /></a><figcaption> 18th-century copper <a href="/wiki/Kettle" title="Kettle">kettle</a> from Norway made from Swedish copper</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Copper_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Copper Mountain">Great Copper Mountain</a> was a mine in Falun, Sweden, that operated from the 10th century to 1992. It satisfied two-thirds of Europe's copper consumption in the 17th century and helped fund many of Sweden's wars during that time.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> It was referred to as the nation's treasury; Sweden had a <a href="/wiki/History_of_copper_currency_in_Sweden" title="History of copper currency in Sweden">copper backed currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/250px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/330px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg/500px-Viipuri_-_Viborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4098" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chalcography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcography">Chalcography</a> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a> at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. The year 1709 carved on the printing plate.</figcaption></figure> Copper is used in roofing,<a href="#cite_note-Grieken-2005-22">[22]</a> currency, and for photographic technology known as the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>. Copper was used in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> sculpture, and was used to construct the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>; copper continues to be used in construction of various types. <a href="/wiki/Copper_electroplating" title="Copper electroplating">Copper plating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper sheathing</a> were widely used to protect the under-water hulls of ships, a technique pioneered by the British Admiralty in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norddeutsche_Affinerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Norddeutsche Affinerie">Norddeutsche Affinerie</a> in Hamburg was the first modern <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> plant, starting its production in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The German scientist <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Osann" title="Gottfried Osann">Gottfried Osann</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">powder metallurgy</a> in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the rise in demand for copper for the Age of Electricity, from the 1880s until the Great Depression of the 1930s, the United States produced one third to half the world's newly mined copper.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Major districts included the Keweenaw district of northern Michigan, primarily native copper deposits, which was eclipsed by the vast sulphide deposits of <a href="/wiki/Butte,_Montana" title="Butte, Montana">Butte, Montana</a>, in the late 1880s, which itself was eclipsed by porphyry deposits of the Southwest United States, especially at <a href="/wiki/Bingham_Canyon,_Utah" title="Bingham Canyon, Utah">Bingham Canyon, Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morenci,_Arizona" title="Morenci, Arizona">Morenci, Arizona</a>. Introduction of open pit steam shovel mining and innovations in smelting, refining, flotation concentration and other processing steps led to mass production. Early in the twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> ranked first, followed by <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flash_smelting" title="Flash smelting">Flash smelting</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Outokumpu" title="Outokumpu">Outokumpu</a> in Finland and first applied at <a href="/wiki/Harjavalta" title="Harjavalta">Harjavalta</a> in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Council_of_Copper_Exporting_Countries" title="Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries">Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries</a>, formed in 1967 by Chile, Peru, Zaire and Zambia, operated in the copper market as <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> does in oil, though it never achieved the same influence, particularly because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member; it was dissolved in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 2008, China became the world's largest importer of copper and has continued to be as of at least 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[127]</a>: 187  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_demand">Copper demand</h3></div> Total world production in 2023 is expected to be almost 23 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Copper demand is increasing due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">energy transition to electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> China accounts for over half the demand.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> For some purposes, other metals can substitute, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium wire">aluminium wire</a> was substituted in many applications, but improper design resulted in fire hazards.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The safety issues have since been solved by use of larger sizes of aluminium wire (#8AWG and up), and properly designed aluminium wiring is still being installed in place of copper. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> uses aluminum wire in place of copper wire for electrical power transmission.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculative_investing">Speculative investing</h4></div> Copper may be used as a speculative investment due to the predicted increase in use from worldwide infrastructure growth, and the important role it has in producing <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Another reason predicted demand increases is the fact that <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">electric cars</a> contain an average of 3.6 times as much copper as conventional cars, although the effect of <a href="/wiki/Electric_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cars">electric cars</a> on copper demand is debated.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Some people invest in copper through copper mining stocks, <a href="/wiki/Exchange-traded_fund" title="Exchange-traded fund">ETFs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures</a>. Others store physical copper in the form of copper bars or rounds although these tend to carry a higher premium in comparison to precious metals.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Those who want to avoid the premiums of copper <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a> alternatively store old <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire">copper wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">copper tubing</a> or American <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">pennies made before 1982</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_renewable_energy" title="Copper in renewable energy">Copper in renewable energy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/220px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/330px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Kupferfittings_4062.jpg/440px-Kupferfittings_4062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Copper fittings for soldered plumbing joints</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg/250px-Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg/330px-Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg/500px-Very_large_copper_seal_end_cap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>A very large copper seal end cap</figcaption></figure> The major applications of copper are electrical wire (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure metal, but when greater hardness is required, it is put into such alloys as <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> (5% of total use).<a href="#cite_note-emsley-29">[29]</a> For more than two centuries, copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Boux-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Applications_for_Copper-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a> of copper is possible, although alloys are preferred for good <a href="/wiki/Machinability" title="Machinability">machinability</a> in creating intricate parts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wire_and_cable">Wire and cable</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire_and_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire and cable">Copper wire and cable</a></div> Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a> in nearly all categories of electrical wiring except overhead <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> where <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> is often preferred.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Copper wire is used in <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_transmission" title="Power transmission">power transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Power distribution">power distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> circuitry, and countless types of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical equipment">electrical equipment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a> is the most important market for the copper industry.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> This includes structural power wiring, power distribution cable, appliance wire, communications cable, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used for electrical wire and cable conductors.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep (deformation)</a> resistance, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance, low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, ease of <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">soldering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malleability" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleability">malleability</a>, and ease of installation. For a short period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s, copper wiring was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_wiring" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium wiring">aluminium wiring</a> in many housing construction projects in America. The new wiring was implicated in a number of house fires and the industry returned to copper.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_and_related_devices">Electronics and related devices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busbars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/250px-Busbars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/330px-Busbars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Busbars.jpg/500px-Busbars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Copper electrical <a href="/wiki/Busbar" title="Busbar">busbars</a> distributing power to a large building</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a> increasingly feature copper in place of aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity; <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sinks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a> use copper because of its superior heat dissipation properties. <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetron" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetron">magnetrons</a> in microwave ovens use copper, as do <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguides</a> for microwave radiation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_motors">Electric motors</h3></div> Copper's superior <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire_and_cable#Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire and cable">conductivity</a> enhances the efficiency of electrical <a href="/wiki/Motor_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor (device)">motors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43–46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">coil</a> increases the efficiency of the motor. <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Copper motor rotors</a>, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> are enabling general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motors</a> to meet and exceed <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association" title="National Electrical Manufacturers Association">National Electrical Manufacturers Association</a> (NEMA) <a href="/wiki/Premium_efficiency" title="Premium efficiency">premium efficiency</a> standards.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_production">Renewable energy production</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_renewable_energy" title="Copper in renewable energy">Copper in renewable energy</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper_in_renewable_energy&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> sources such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass energy">biomass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a> have become significant sectors of the energy market.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The rapid growth of these sources in the 21st century has been prompted by increasing costs of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> as well as their <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental impact</a> issues that <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">significantly lowered</a> their use. Copper plays an important role in these renewable energy systems,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> mainly for cables and pipes. Copper usage averages up to five times more in renewable energy systems than in traditional power generation, such as fossil fuel and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a> power plants.<a href="#cite_note-Copper_in_renewable_energy_issues.solarindustrymag.com-160">[160]</a> Since copper is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductor">thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductor</a> among engineering metals (second only to silver),<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> electrical systems that utilize copper generate and transmit energy with high efficiency and with minimum environmental impacts. When choosing electrical conductors, facility planners and engineers factor capital investment costs of materials against operational savings due to their electrical energy efficiencies over their useful lives, plus maintenance costs. Copper often fares well in these calculations. A factor called "copper usage intensity," is a measure of the quantity of copper necessary to install one megawatt of new power-generating capacity. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/180px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/270px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg/360px-Residuo_electronico_colombia_cobre_reciclaje_metales_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Copper wires for recycling</figcaption></figure> When planning for a new renewable power facility, engineers and product specifiers seek to avoid supply shortages of selected materials. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, in-ground copper <a href="/wiki/Mineral_resource_classification" title="Mineral resource classification">reserves</a> have increased more than 700% since 1950, from almost 100 million tonnes to 720 million tonnes in 2017, despite the fact that world refined usage has more than tripled in the last 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Copper resources are estimated to exceed 5,000 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Bolstering the supply from <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">copper extraction</a> is the more than 30 percent of copper installed from 2007 to 2017 that came from recycled sources.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">recycling rate</a> is higher than any other metal.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture" title="Copper in architecture">Copper in architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Minneapolis_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Copper roof on the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Hall" title="Minneapolis City Hall">Minneapolis City Hall</a>, coated with <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Copper_utensils_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Old copper utensils in a Jerusalem restaurant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/220px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/330px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg/440px-Large_copper_bowl._Dhankar_Gompa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Large copper bowl. <a href="/wiki/Dhankar_Gompa" title="Dhankar Gompa">Dhankar Gompa</a>.</figcaption></figure> Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion resistance">corrosion resistant</a>, and weatherproof architectural material.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">Roofs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">flashings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">rain gutters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downspout" title="Downspout">downspouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a>, vaults, and <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">doors</a> have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture#Wall_cladding" title="Copper in architecture">wall cladding</a>, building <a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">expansion joints</a>, <a href="/wiki/RF_shielding" class="mw-redirect" title="RF shielding">radio frequency shielding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces" title="Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces">antimicrobial</a> and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal movement</a>, light weight, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning protection</a>, and recyclability. The metal's distinctive natural green <a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">patina</a> has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Architectural copper and its alloys can also be <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_architecture#Finishes" title="Copper in architecture">'finished'</a> to take on a particular look, feel, or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Copper has excellent <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> properties and can be <a href="/wiki/Welded" class="mw-redirect" title="Welded">welded</a>; the best results are obtained with <a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">gas metal arc welding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiofouling">Antibiofouling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys in aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">Copper sheathing</a></div> Copper is <a href="/wiki/Biostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biostatic">biostatic</a>, meaning bacteria and many other forms of life will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by <a href="/wiki/Muntz_metal" title="Muntz metal">Muntz metal</a> and copper-based paint. Similarly, as discussed in <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">copper alloys in aquaculture</a>, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> industry because they are <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> and prevent <a href="/wiki/Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a>, even in extreme conditions<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-180">[180]</a> and have strong structural and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion-resistant">corrosion-resistant</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> properties in marine environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobial</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_properties_of_copper" title="Antimicrobial properties of copper">Antimicrobial properties of copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces" title="Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces">Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_copper-alloy_touch_surfaces" title="Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces">Copper-alloy touch surfaces</a> have natural properties that destroy a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a> O157:H7, <a href="/wiki/Methicillin" title="Methicillin">methicillin</a>-resistant <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile (bacteria)">Clostridium difficile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza_A_virus" title="Influenza A virus">influenza A virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adenoviridae" title="Adenoviridae">adenovirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Copper_Touch_Surfaces-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Indians have been using copper vessels since ancient times for storing water, even before modern science realized its antimicrobial properties.<a href="#cite_note-Montero-2019-184">[184]</a> Some copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly.<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-2008-185">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "<a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> materials with public health benefits";<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-2008-185">[185]</a> that approval allows manufacturers to make legal claims to the public health benefits of products made of registered alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, <a href="/wiki/Handrails" class="mw-redirect" title="Handrails">handrails</a>, over-bed tables, <a href="/wiki/Sinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinks">sinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faucets" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucets">faucets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door_knobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Door knobs">door knobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a> hardware, <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer keyboards">computer keyboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_club" title="Health club">health club</a> equipment, and <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping cart</a> handles. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a> is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil, as well as being called for in the US,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper–zinc alloy handrails were installed in some 30 stations between 2011 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Textile fibers can be blended with copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_medicine">Folk medicine</h3></div> Copper is commonly used in jewelry, and according to some folklore, copper bracelets relieve <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> In one trial for osteoarthritis and one trial for rheumatoid arthritis, no differences were found between copper bracelet and control (non-copper) bracelet.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-RichmondBrown2009-194">[194]</a> No evidence shows that copper can be absorbed through the skin. If it were, it might lead to <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">copper poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degradation">Degradation</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_fluorescens" title="Pseudomonas fluorescens">Pseudomonas fluorescens</a> can both mobilize solid copper as a cyanide compound.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643-196">[196]</a> The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in metalliferous soils containing copper.<a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Michael_Gadd_609–643-196">[196]</a> The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a> was found growing from gold mining solution and was found to contain cyano complexes of such metals as gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_in_biology" title="Copper in biology">Copper in biology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/220px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/330px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg/440px-ARS_copper_rich_foods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>Rich sources of copper include oysters, beef and lamb liver, Brazil nuts, blackstrap molasses, cocoa, and black pepper. Good sources include lobster, nuts and sunflower seeds, green olives, avocados, and wheat bran.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Copper_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper proteins">Copper proteins</a> have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation, processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu(I) and Cu(II).<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Copper is essential in the aerobic <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, it is found in <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">cytochrome c oxidase</a>, which is the last protein in <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>. Cytochrome c oxidase is the protein that binds the O2 between a copper and an iron; the protein transfers 4 electrons to the O2 molecule to reduce it to two molecules of water. Copper is also found in many <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutases</a>, proteins that catalyze the decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxides</a> by converting it (by <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a>) to oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>: <ul><li>Cu2+-SOD + O2− → Cu+-SOD + O2 (reduction of copper; oxidation of superoxide)</li> <li>Cu+-SOD + O2− + 2H+ → Cu2+-SOD + H2O2 (oxidation of copper; reduction of superoxide)</li></ul> The protein <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a> is the oxygen carrier in most <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">horseshoe crab</a> (Limulus polyphemus).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-199">[199]</a> Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>. Structurally related to hemocyanin are the <a href="/wiki/Laccase" title="Laccase">laccases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">tyrosinases</a>. Instead of reversibly binding oxygen, these proteins hydroxylate substrates, illustrated by their role in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lippard-200">[200]</a> The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Several copper proteins, such as the "blue copper proteins", do not interact directly with substrates; hence they are not enzymes. These proteins relay electrons by the process called <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lippard-200">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thylakoid_membrane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/500px-Thylakoid_membrane.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/660px-Thylakoid_membrane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thylakoid_membrane.png/880px-Thylakoid_membrane.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Photosynthesis functions by an elaborate electron transport chain within the <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Thylakoid membrane">thylakoid membrane</a>. A central link in this chain is <a href="/wiki/Plastocyanin" title="Plastocyanin">plastocyanin</a>, a blue copper protein.</figcaption></figure> A unique tetranuclear copper center has been found in <a href="/wiki/Nitrous-oxide_reductase" title="Nitrous-oxide reductase">nitrous-oxide reductase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Chemical compounds which were developed for treatment of Wilson's disease have been investigated for use in cancer therapy.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> Copper is an essential <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace element</a> in plants and animals, but not all microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass.<a href="#cite_note-copper.org-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4></div> Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">albumin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase, which involves the protein <a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">ceruloplasmin</a>, carrying the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Copper in the body normally undergoes <a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">enterohepatic circulation</a> (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Medicine">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) updated the estimated average requirements (EARs) and recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for copper in 2001. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Adequate Intake">Adequate Intake</a> (AI) is used instead. The AIs for copper are: 200 μg of copper for 0–6-month-old males and females, and 220 μg of copper for 7–12-month-old males and females. For both sexes, the RDAs for copper are: 340 μg of copper for 1–3 years old, 440 μg of copper for 4–8 years old, 700 μg of copper for 9–13 years old, 890 μg of copper for 14–18 years old and 900 μg of copper for ages 19 years and older. For pregnancy, 1,000 μg. For lactation, 1,300 μg.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> As for safety, the IOM also sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of copper, the UL is set at 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 18 and older, the AIs are set at 1.3 and 1.6 mg/day, respectively. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 1.5 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.7 to 1.3 mg/day. These AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5 mg/day, which is half the U.S. value.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For copper labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of May 27, 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was revised to 0.9 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3></div> Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake, <a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">copper deficiency</a> can produce <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>-like symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>, bone abnormalities, hypopigmentation, impaired growth, increased incidence of infections, osteoporosis, hyperthyroidism, and abnormalities in glucose and cholesterol metabolism. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a> causes an accumulation of copper in body tissues. Severe deficiency can be found by testing for low plasma or serum copper levels, low ceruloplasmin, and low red blood cell superoxide dismutase levels; these are not sensitive to marginal copper status. The "cytochrome c oxidase activity of leucocytes and platelets" has been stated as another factor in deficiency, but the results have not been confirmed by replication.<a href="#cite_note-Bonhametal2002-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicity" title="Copper toxicity">Copper toxicity</a></div> Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> that damage <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> in the diet.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed conversion efficiency</a>, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion. Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins can disable these systems, leading to <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a> with copper accumulation and <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> of the liver in persons who have inherited two defective genes.<a href="#cite_note-copper.org-204">[204]</a> Elevated copper levels have also been linked to worsening symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_exposure">Human exposure</h3></div> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has designated a <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) for copper dust and fumes in the workplace as a time-weighted average (TWA) of 1 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 1 mg/m3, time-weighted average. The <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (immediately dangerous to life and health) value is 100 mg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Copper is a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-TalhoutSchulz2011-226">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco plant">tobacco plant</a> readily absorbs and accumulates <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, such as copper from the surrounding soil into its leaves. These are readily absorbed into the user's body following smoke inhalation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The health implications are not clear.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_renewable_energy" title="Copper in renewable energy">Copper in renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_nanoparticle" title="Copper nanoparticle">Copper nanoparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_corrosion_of_copper_water_tubes" title="Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes">Erosion corrosion of copper water tubes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_water_pitting_of_copper_tube" title="Cold water pitting of copper tube">Cold water pitting of copper tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_production" title="List of countries by copper production">List of countries by copper production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_theft" title="Metal theft">Metal theft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tremor" title="Operation Tremor">Operation Tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Copper" title="Anaconda Copper">Anaconda Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Antofagasta PLC">Antofagasta PLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codelco" title="Codelco">Codelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Boleo" title="El Boleo">El Boleo mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine">Grasberg mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_foil" title="Copper foil">Copper foil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/copper.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Copper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Copper&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fcopper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Cu(−2) have been observed as dimeric anions [Cu4]2– in La2Cu2In; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". 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Chemical Reviews. 104 (2): 1047–1076. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr020633r">10.1021/cr020633r</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14871149">14871149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Reactivity+of+Dioxygen-Copper+Systems&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1047-%3C%2Fspan%3E1076&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr020633r&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14871149&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=E.A.&rft.au=Tolman%2C+W.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldFredericksMargerum1997" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, M.R.; Fredericks, F.C.; Margerum, D.W. 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Csa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/copper/overview.php">the original</a> on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSA+%E2%80%93+Discovery+Guides%2C+A+Brief+History+of+Copper&rft.pub=Csa.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.com%2Fdiscoveryguides%2Fcopper%2Foverview.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRayner_W._Hesse2007" class="citation book cs1">Rayner W. Hesse (2007). Jewelrymaking through History: an Encyclopedia. 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University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. 6 January 2014. 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Springer. pp. 451–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_13">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4"><bdi>978-94-007-5560-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595680">23595680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Copper+Metallome+in+Eukaryotic+Cells&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_13&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=Katherine+E.&rft.au=Hashemi%2C+Hayaa+F.&rft.au=Cobine%2C+Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> electronic-book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1559-0836">1559-0836</a> electronic-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0402">1868-0402</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-199"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022053340/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/horseshoecrab/funFacts.html">"Fun facts"</a>. 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Berg "Principles of bioinorganic chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3">0-935702-73-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecker,_H.Terwilliger,_N.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, H. & Terwilliger, N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1777">"COPs and Robbers: Putative evolution of copper oxygen-binding proteins"</a>. Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 12): 1777–1782. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JExpB.203.1777D">2000JExpB.203.1777D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1777">10.1242/jeb.203.12.1777</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821735">10821735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=COPs+and+Robbers%3A+Putative+evolution+of+copper+oxygen-binding+proteins&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=Pt+12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1777-%3C%2Fspan%3E1782&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10821735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1777&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JExpB.203.1777D&rft.au=Decker%2C+H.&rft.au=Terwilliger%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.203.12.1777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderWüstPomowskiZhang2014" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Lisa K.; Wüst, Anja; Pomowski, Anja; Zhang, Lin; Einsle, Oliver (2014). 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New England Journal of Medicine. 265 (18): 892–897. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM196111022651806">10.1056/NEJM196111022651806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13859394">13859394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Copper+metabolism+in+man&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E892-%3C%2Fspan%3E897&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM196111022651806&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13859394&rft.aulast=Adelstein&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Vallee%2C+B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM.C._LinderWootenCervezaCotton1998" class="citation journal cs1">M.C. 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Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 15 (1): 636–644. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586865">3586865</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23493960">23493960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+Toxic+Metals+in+the+Tobacco+of+Different+Iranian+Cigarette+Brands+and+Related+Health+Issues&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E644&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23493960&rft.aulast=Pourkhabbaz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Pourkhabbaz%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3586865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernhardRossmannWick2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bernhard, David; Rossmann, Andrea; Wick, Georg (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500459667">"Metals in cigarette smoke"</a>. IUBMB Life. 57 (12): 805–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15216540500459667">10.1080/15216540500459667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16393783">16393783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35694266">35694266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUBMB+Life&rft.atitle=Metals+in+cigarette+smoke&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E805-%3C%2Fspan%3E809&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35694266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16393783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15216540500459667&rft.aulast=Bernhard&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rossmann%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Wick%2C+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15216540500459667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagrams</a> for copper </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/250px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/330px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png/500px-Copper_in_water_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/200px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/300px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png/400px-Copper_in_sulphide_media_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/200px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/300px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png/400px-Copper_in_10M_ammonia_pourbiax_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:25px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/250px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/330px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png/500px-Copper_in_chloride_media_more_copper_pourbiax.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>in pure water, or acidic or alkali conditions. Copper in neutral water is more noble than hydrogen. </td> <td>in water containing sulfide </td> <td>in 10 M ammonia solution </td> <td>in a chloride solution </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMassaro,_Edward_J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Massaro, Edward J., ed. (2002). Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89603-943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89603-943-8"><bdi>978-0-89603-943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Copper+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89603-943-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8808/880808.PDF">"Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology"</a> (PDF). Office of Technology Assessment. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper%3A+Technology+%26+Competitiveness+%28Summary%29+Chapter+6%3A+Copper+Production+Technology&rft.pub=Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~ota%2Fdisk2%2F1988%2F8808%2F880808.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, May 2005, pp. 1161–1208(48) Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Callister2003" class="citation book cs1">William D. Callister (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00call_0">Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction</a> (6th ed.). Wiley, New York. Table 6.1, p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73696-7"><bdi>978-0-471-73696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pages=Table+6.1%2C+p.+137&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73696-7&rft.au=William+D.+Callister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsscience00call_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memsnet.org/material/coppercubulk/">Material: Copper (Cu), bulk</a>, MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim_BENevitt_TThiele_DJ2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kim BE; Nevitt T; Thiele DJ (2008). "Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation". Nat. Chem. Biol. 4 (3): 176–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio.72">10.1038/nchembio.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18277979">18277979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Chem.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+copper+acquisition%2C+distribution+and+regulation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio.72&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18277979&rft.au=Kim+BE&rft.au=Nevitt+T&rft.au=Thiele+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopper" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> 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Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-sheets/copper-and-compounds">Copper and compounds fact sheet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Pollutant_Inventory" title="National Pollutant Inventory">National Pollutant Inventory</a> of Australia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copperalliance.org/">International Copper Association and the Copper Alliance</a>, a business interest group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copper.org/">Copper.org</a> – official website of the Copper Development Association, a North American industry association with an extensive site of properties and uses of copper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=copper&months=300">Price history</a> of <a href="/wiki/LME_Copper" title="LME Copper">LME Copper</a>, according to the IMF</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copper_compounds59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copper_compounds" title="Template:Copper compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copper_compounds" title="Template talk:Copper compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copper_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copper compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copper_compounds59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copper_compounds" title="Copper compounds">Copper compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(0,I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_silicide" title="Copper silicide">Cu5Si</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_bromide" title="Copper(I) bromide">CuBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_cyanide" title="Copper(I) cyanide">CuCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_chloride" title="Copper(I) chloride">CuCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_fluoride" title="Copper(I) fluoride">CuF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_hydride" title="Copper hydride">CuH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_iodide" title="Copper(I) iodide">CuI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_acetylide" title="Copper(I) acetylide">Cu2C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_chromite" title="Copper chromite">Cu2Cr2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Cu2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_hydroxide" title="Copper(I) hydroxide">CuOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_nitrate" title="Copper(I) nitrate">CuNO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_phosphide" title="Copper(I) phosphide">Cu3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_sulfide" title="Copper(I) sulfide">Cu2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_thiocyanate" title="Copper(I) thiocyanate">CuSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylcopper" title="Phenylcopper">C6H5Cu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(I,II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramelaconite" title="Paramelaconite">Cu4O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevreul%27s_salt" title="Chevreul's salt">Cu3H4O8S2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_tetrafluoroborate" title="Copper(II) tetrafluoroborate">Cu(BF4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_bromide" title="Copper(II) bromide">CuBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(II) carbide (page does not exist)">CuC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_acetate" title="Copper(II) acetate">Cu(CH3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_trifluoroacetate" title="Copper(II) trifluoroacetate">Cu(CF3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_lactate" title="Copper(II) lactate">Cu(C3H5O3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_carbonate" title="Copper(II) carbonate">CuCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_copper_carbonate" title="Basic copper carbonate">Cu2CO3(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(II)_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(II) cyanide (page does not exist)">Cu(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chloride" title="Copper(II) chloride">CuCl2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Potassium_trichloridocuprate(II)" title="Potassium trichloridocuprate(II)">KCuCl3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Potassium_tetrachloridocuprate(II)" title="Potassium tetrachloridocuprate(II)">K2CuCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_chlorate" title="Copper(II) chlorate">Cu(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_perchlorate" title="Copper(II) perchlorate">Cu(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_fluoride" title="Copper(II) fluoride">CuF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_nitrate" title="Copper(II) nitrate">Cu(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_phosphate" title="Copper(II) phosphate">Cu3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_borate" title="Copper(II) borate">Cu3(BO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_azide" title="Copper(II) azide">Cu(N3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_oxalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper oxalate">CuC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_peroxide" title="Copper peroxide">CuO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_hydroxide" title="Copper(II) hydroxide">Cu(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_monosulfide" title="Copper monosulfide">CuS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_thiocyanate" title="Copper(II) thiocyanate">Cu(SCN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">CuSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_arsenate" title="Copper(II) arsenate">Cu3(AsO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_laurate" title="Copper(II) laurate">Cu(C 11H 23COO) 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_stearate" title="Copper(II) stearate">Cu(C17H35COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_telluride" title="Copper(II) telluride">CuTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_ditelluride" title="Copper ditelluride">CuTe2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorocuprate(III)" title="Potassium hexafluorocuprate(III)">K3CuF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cu(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(IV) oxide (page does not exist)">CuO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hexafluorocuprate(IV)" title="Caesium hexafluorocuprate(IV)">Cs2CuF6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033734-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85032278">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119470591">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119470591">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561504">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123121&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530125">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562861205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638044">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper&oldid=1280970098">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copper&oldid=1280970098</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copper" title="Category:Copper">Copper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements" title="Category:Chemical 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