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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazzaville</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%AA%E1%88%8D" title="ብራዛቪል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብራዛቪል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازافيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برازافيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzavil" title="Brazzavil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brazzavil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্রাজাভিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাজাভিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бразавіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бразавіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бразавіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бразавіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразавил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бразавил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བ་ར་ཛ་བི་ལི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བ་ར་ཛ་བི་ལི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Republika_sa_Konggo)" title="Brazzaville (ulohang dakbayan sa Republika sa Konggo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brazzaville (ulohang dakbayan sa Republika sa Konggo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hook%C7%ABsj%C3%AD_Tee%C5%82tah_Hahazteel" title="Náhookǫsjí Teełtah Hahazteel – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Náhookǫsjí Teełtah Hahazteel" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BB" title="Μπραζαβίλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπραζαβίλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavilo" title="Brazavilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brazavilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازاویل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برازاویل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9E%90%EB%B9%8C" title="브라자빌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라자빌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Բրազավիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրազավիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" title="ब्राज़िविले – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राज़िविले" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBrazzaville" title="IBrazzaville – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IBrazzaville" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ברזוויל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזוויל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9razaviili" title="Pɩrazaviili – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩrazaviili" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბრაზავილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზავილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balazavile" title="Balazavile – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Balazavile" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavil" title="Brazavil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Brazavil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzapolis" title="Brazzapolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brazzapolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavila" title="Brazavila – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brazavila" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavilis" title="Brazavilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazavilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazavile" title="Blazavile – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Blazavile" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzavil" title="Brazzavil – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Brazzavil" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразавил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бразавил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86" title="ബ്രാസവില്ലെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രാസവില്ലെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राझाव्हिल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राझाव्हिल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბრაზავილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრაზავილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازافيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برازافيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازاویل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برازاویل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘရာဇာဗီးလ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရာဇာဗီးလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB" title="ブラザヴィル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラザヴィル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavil" title="Brazavil – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Brazavil" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzavil" title="Brazzavil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brazzavil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ਾਵਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ਾਵਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%92" title="برازاولے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برازاولے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازاویل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برازاویل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ប្រាហ្សាវីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រាហ្សាវីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavile" title="Brazavile – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brazavile" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бразавіль – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бразавіль" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱟᱵᱷᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasafille" title="Barasafille – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barasafille" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازاڤیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برازاڤیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразавил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бразавил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="பிராசவில்லி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராசவில்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5" title="บราซาวีล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บราซาวีล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Браззавил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Браззавил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавиль – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Браззавиль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Браззавіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Браззавіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازاویل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برازاویل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzavil%27" title="Brazzavil' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brazzavil'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazaveye" title="Brazaveye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Brazaveye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasawil" title="Brasawil – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Brasawil" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%B4%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="布拉柴維爾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布拉柴維爾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="בראזאוויל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראזאוויל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%B4%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="布拉柴維爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布拉柴維爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazavilis" title="Brazavilis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brazavilis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazzaville&params=04_16_10_S_15_16_16_E_region:CG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">04°16′10″S</span> <span class="longitude">15°16′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.26944°S 15.27111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.26944; 15.27111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and the largest city of the Republic of the Congo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brazzaville (disambiguation)">Brazzaville (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Republic of the Congo</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brazzaville</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg/280px-Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg/420px-Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg/560px-Avenue_Amilcar_Cabral_Nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WHO_AFRO,_Regional_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg/139px-WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg/209px-WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg/278px-WHO_AFRO%2C_Regional_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg/139px-D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg/209px-D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg/278px-D%C3%A9placement_sur_le_fleuve_Congo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:white;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg/139px-Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg/209px-Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg/278px-Memorial_de_Brazza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg/139px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg/209px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg/278px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien_Ngouabi_VOA_Afrique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top: Brazzaville Skyline in Amilcar Cabral Avenue; Middle: World Health Organization Office, Congo River; Bottom: Brazza Mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi_University" title="Marien Ngouabi University">Marien Ngouabi University</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brazzaville"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brazzaville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg/112px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazzaville.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="945" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazzaville is located in Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Brazzaville is located in Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congo_physical_map.svg/250px-Congo_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congo_physical_map.svg/375px-Congo_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Congo_physical_map.svg/500px-Congo_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="916" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:84.303%;left:56.373%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brazzaville"><img alt="Brazzaville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Brazzaville</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Map of the Republic of Congo showing Brazzaville</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Republic of the Congo</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazzaville is located in Africa"><img alt="Brazzaville is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.79%;left:49.188%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Brazzaville"><img alt="Brazzaville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Brazzaville</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Brazzaville (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazzaville&params=04_16_10_S_15_16_16_E_region:CG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">04°16′10″S</span> <span class="longitude">15°16′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.26944°S 15.27111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.26944; 15.27111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brazzaville</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Department</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brazzaville</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">Commune</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brazzaville</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1883</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Dieudonné Bantsimba</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">588 km<sup>2</sup> (227 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">320 m (1,050 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023 census)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,145,783 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,557,100</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,724,566</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/National_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="National languages">National languages</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kituba</li><li>Lingala</li><li><b>Non-national language :</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciladi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciladi (page does not exist)">Ciladi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lari_(langue)" class="extiw" title="fr:Lari (langue)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brazzavillian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">West Africa Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">242</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.623<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> · <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">medium</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of departments of the Republic of the Congo by Human Development Index">1st of 12</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brazzaville.cg">www<wbr />.brazzaville<wbr />.cg</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brazzaville</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁazavil]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>: <i lang="kg">Ntamo, Ntambo, Kintamo, Kintambo, Tandala, Mavula</i>; <a href="/wiki/Teke_languages" title="Teke languages">Teke</a>: <i>M'fa</i>, <i>Mfaa</i>, <i>Mfa</i>, <i>Mfoa</i><sup id="cite_ref-cybriwsky2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cybriwsky2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> and largest city of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> (Congo Republic). Administratively, it is a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">department</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">commune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DR Congo). </p><p>The population of the capital is estimated to exceed 2.1 million residents, comprising more than a third of the national populace. Some 40% are employed in non-agricultural professions. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Brazzaville served as the de facto capital of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> between 1940 and 1942. </p><p>In 2013, Brazzaville was designated a <a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>; since then it has also been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">Creative Cities Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kindepuisbrazza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kindepuisbrazza.jpg/220px-Kindepuisbrazza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kindepuisbrazza.jpg/330px-Kindepuisbrazza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kindepuisbrazza.jpg/440px-Kindepuisbrazza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> seen from Brazzaville. The two capitals are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazzaville,_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg/220px-Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg/330px-Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg/440px-Brazzaville%2C_Republic_of_the_Congo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>View of Brazzaville from space</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazzaville covers a large area to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, just below the <a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mbamu" title="Mbamu">Mbamu</a>, a large island within the Pool, is part of the Republic of Congo's territory. </p><p>Brazzaville is 506 km (314 mi) inland from the Atlantic Ocean and approximately 474 km (295 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Around the city are large plains. The town is relatively flat, and situated at an altitude of 317 m (1,040 ft). Downriver the Congo has numerous rapids, known as Livingston Falls, preventing navigation upriver to this point from its mouth at the Atlantic. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is located on the southern bank of the Congo, directly across from Brazzaville. To distinguish between the two African countries that have "Congo" in their names, the Republic of the Congo is sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville, as opposed to Congo-Kinshasa. Kinshasa is more than five times larger than Brazzaville in population. This is the only place in the world where two national <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital cities</a> developed on opposite banks of a river, within sight of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, the "Brazzaville Declaration" was signed to promote better management and conservation of the <a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Centrale" title="Cuvette Centrale">Cuvette Centrale</a>, a region in <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> and primarily in DRC. It is the world's largest tropical <a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">peatland</a>, made up of swamp forests. Conservation of this area is important for the survival of megafauna, and also critical to the world's climate. Burning the peat would release too much carbon and raise the Earth's temperature. The declaration to save peatlands as the world's largest terrestrial organic carbon stock was signed by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which also has peatlands.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazzaville" title="Timeline of Brazzaville">Timeline of Brazzaville</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Brazzaville-Le_March%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Brazzaville Market in 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg/220px-Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg/330px-Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg/440px-Gare_de_Brazzaville_en_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Brazzaville railway station in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazzaville was founded by the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> upon an existing indigenous <a href="/wiki/Bateke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateke">Bateke</a> settlement called Ncuna, during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> when European nations established spheres of influence on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Scramble1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scramble1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian-born explorer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was granted French citizenship in 1874, officially founded the settlement on 10 September 1880; it commemorates his name.<sup id="cite_ref-cybriwsky2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cybriwsky2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scramble1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scramble1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>, Makoko of the Téké, signed a treaty of protection with Brazza, which subjugated his lands to the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scramble1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scramble1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 1880 until May 1882, a small squad of troops led by Senegalese Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Malamine_Camara" title="Malamine Camara">Malamine Camara</a> occupied the site, in order to prevent the land from falling into Belgian hands. Their forces were active on the south side of the river, where King Leopold II ruled the Belgian Congo for a period as a private holding. The first large-scale building work of the city began four years later, as the French competed with <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opoldville" class="mw-redirect" title="Léopoldville">Léopoldville</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>) which Belgian colonists were developing on the south side of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Scramble1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scramble1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884 placed French control over this area on an official footing. The city became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued as capital when <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> was founded in 1910, as a federation of French colonial states: it included <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> until 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1910 to 1915 the major municipal buildings were constructed, including a courthouse and headquarters for the Banque de l'AEF and Institut Pasteur.<sup id="cite_ref-YoulouDianzinga2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoulouDianzinga2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">Congo–Ocean Railway</a> opened, linking Brazzaville with the Atlantic port of <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> and bypassing the rapids on the Congo River. Construction of the railway resulted in the deaths of more than 17,000 Africans, and the people revolted against the French in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, Brazzaville and the rest of <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> remained beyond the control of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, which served the Nazi occupation. The city served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> from 1940 to 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-YoulouDianzinga2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoulouDianzinga2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, Brazzaville hosted a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> forces and representatives of France's African colonies. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Conference of 1944">Brazzaville Declaration</a> represented an attempt to redefine the relationship between France and its African colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1960s, the city was divided into European (the centre of the city) and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> sections (<a href="/wiki/Poto-Poto" title="Poto-Poto">Poto-Poto</a>, Bacongo, and Makélékélé). In 1980, it became a "<a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">commune</a>" separated from the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool Department</a> and divided into nine "<a href="/wiki/Arrondissements" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrondissements">arrondissements</a>" along the French model of administration. </p><p>Since the late 20th century, the city has frequently been a staging ground for wars, including internal conflicts between rebel and government forces. It has been a base of conflicts between forces of the Republic of the Congo, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC), and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. During the 1990s, civil wars resulted in thousands of civilian deaths here and forced hundreds of thousands of refugees to flee the city. </p><p>More recently thousands of people leaving the DRC have made their way to Brazzaville; the <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">local United Nations force</a> and the DRC government have accused the city of deporting thousands of these refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2016 fighting occurred between police and local militia units, with at least 18 people killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1984</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">585,812</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">856,410</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,373,382</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,145,783</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+56.2%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the 2023 census, the city had a population of 2.15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Institute of Statistics for 2014 is 1.73 million. <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, DRC, had more than 10 million inhabitants in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinshasa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinshasa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together with Kinshasa, the combined <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of Kinshasa-Brazzaville has about 12 million inhabitants. Significant political and infrastructure challenges prevent the two cities from functioning with any meaningful connection.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-19th century, the two cities have been rivals in trade, sports and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been proposals to connect the two capitals by a <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville%E2%80%93Kinshasa_Bridge" title="Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge">Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge</a>. In 2018, with relative peace re-established in the region, the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa50" title="Africa50">Africa50</a> signed a deal with both governments to develop the project.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/220px-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/330px-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg/440px-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%9C%E6%99%AF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Brazzaville Bridge at night</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Brazzaville" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Brazzaville">List of mayors of Brazzaville</a></div> <p>Brazzaville, like Pointe-Noire, is a <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">commune</a> (municipality) and a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">department</a> but not with the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-laws_12-14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laws_12-14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is governed by a municipal council and a departmental council. The mayor is the president of the municipal council.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commune is divided into nine <i><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissements</a></i> (boroughs), each with an official number:<sup id="cite_ref-arrond_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrond-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%A9l%C3%A9k%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Makélékélé">Makélékélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacongo_(Brazzaville)" title="Bacongo (Brazzaville)">Bacongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poto-Poto" title="Poto-Poto">Poto-Poto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moungali" title="Moungali">Moungali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouenz%C3%A9" title="Ouenzé">Ouenzé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talanga%C3%AF" title="Talangaï">Talangaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfilou" title="Mfilou">Mfilou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madibou" title="Madibou">Madibou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiri_(Brazzaville)" title="Djiri (Brazzaville)">Djiri</a></li></ol> <p>The department includes the area of the commune and, since 2011, the new district of <a href="/wiki/Ile_Mbamou" title="Ile Mbamou">Ile Mbamou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-laws_12-14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laws_12-14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location of Brazzaville near the pool of the Congo River enabled it to grow as an industrial, trading and port settlement. It was connected through trade by ships and boats traveling upriver to inland areas, which produced raw materials from the beginning of the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the railway connecting to <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> increased the ability of city businessmen to get their products to the port for export. Industries present in Brazzaville include <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machine shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>. As a key port on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, Brazzaville still takes deliveries of <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural products</a>. From here they are generally sent onward to <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> for export. </p><p>Many companies, government organizations and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> have regional offices in the capital city, where they can work with government officials. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has its regional office for Africa located in Brazzaville.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies headquartered in Brazzaville include <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Congo_Airlines" title="Equatorial Congo Airlines">Equatorial Congo Airlines</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>and the mobile operator <a href="/wiki/Warid_Congo" title="Warid Congo">Warid Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Erell" title="Roger Erell">Roger Erell</a>, a highly regarded architect, designed a house in the city for <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> when he was the leader of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> here. Other buildings include the Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Mausoleum, the <a href="/wiki/Nabemba_Tower" title="Nabemba Tower">Nabemba Tower</a>, and the Congressional Palace (Brazzaville). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi" title="Marien Ngouabi">Marien Ngouabi</a> Mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Zoo" title="Brazzaville Zoo">Brazzaville Zoo</a>, and the Poto-Poto School of Painting are also destinations for visitors and city residents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Brazzaville_avant_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>The Sacred Heart Cathedral in 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Congolese converted to Catholicism during the French colonial period. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches are most prevalent in the city, where the Roman Catholic Church has an <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Brazzaville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brazzaville">archdiocese</a>. Since then, churches have been established by new immigrants and by local adoption of evangelical Protestantism. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sainte-Anne-du-Congo_in_Brazzaville" title="Basilica of Sainte-Anne-du-Congo in Brazzaville">Basilica of Sainte-Anne-du-Congo in Brazzaville</a>, Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Brazzaville and Gabon (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Congo" title="Evangelical Church of Congo">Evangelical Church of Congo</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg/220px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg/330px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg/440px-Universit%C3%A9_Marien-Ngouabi_-_Facult%C3%A9_de_droit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi_University" title="Marien Ngouabi University">Marien Ngouabi University</a>'s Law School</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi_University" title="Marien Ngouabi University">Marien Ngouabi University</a> is a public <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> in Brazzaville, named after a former leader.<sup id="cite_ref-University_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university was founded in December 1971 after independence. Today it has approximately 26,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-University_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International schools: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry_de_Brazzaville" title="Lycée Français Saint-Exupéry de Brazzaville">Lycée Français Saint-Exupéry de Brazzaville</a> (French)</li> <li>American International School of Brazzaville</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazzaville features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a>. Its wet season, which runs from October–May, is longer than its dry season, which covers the remaining months. Brazzaville's driest months, July and August, on average have no significant precipitation. Since Brazzaville is south of the equator, its dry season begins at around its "winter" solstice, which is the month of June. The city has relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Brazzaville (1991-2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(103.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1<br />(82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #11FF11; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159.5<br />(6.28) </td> <td style="background: #1FFF1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.6<br />(5.38) </td> <td style="background: #00E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.7<br />(7.43) </td> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">168.8<br />(6.65) </td> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">132.0<br />(5.20) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(0.37) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(0.12) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(0.43) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.6<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #0BFF0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.5<br />(6.44) </td> <td style="background: #006800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">263.6<br />(10.38) </td> <td style="background: #00BB00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.4<br />(8.52) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,494.9<br />(58.85) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">89 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">127 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">133 </td> <td style="background: #C3C30E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157 </td> <td style="background: #C5C502; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,897 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg/200px-Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg/300px-Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg/400px-Aeroport_Maya-Maya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maya-Maya_Airport" title="Maya-Maya Airport">Maya-Maya Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazzarail_(28522034145).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg/220px-Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg/330px-Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg/440px-Brazzarail_%2828522034145%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5287" data-file-height="3529" /></a><figcaption>A railroad in Brazzaville</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Maya-Maya_Airport" title="Maya-Maya Airport">Maya-Maya Airport</a>, which lies in the centre of the city and which has regular flights to <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> as well as international destinations in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. A flight operates twice weekly between Brazzaville and Kinshasa, but the flight time is only five minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Congo-Ocean_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo-Ocean Railway">Congo-Ocean Railway</a> has a station in the city and in 2014 was operating the <a href="/wiki/La_Gazelle_train" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gazelle train"><i>La Gazelle</i></a> train service every other day to <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> and intermediate destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPWPCG_38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WPWPCG_38.jpg/220px-WPWPCG_38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WPWPCG_38.jpg/330px-WPWPCG_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/WPWPCG_38.jpg/440px-WPWPCG_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Road transport in Brazzaville</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is an important <a href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river port</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a> sailing to <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a> via <a href="/wiki/Impfondo" title="Impfondo">Impfondo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferries and fast private boats serve as the primary means of connection between Kinshasa and Brazzaville.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Falls" title="Livingstone Falls">Livingstone Falls</a> lie on the outskirts of the city, where the <a href="/wiki/Djou%C3%A9_River" title="Djoué River">Djoué River</a> meets the Congo, rendering river transport to the coast impossible, qualifying the railway as a <a href="/wiki/Portage_railway" title="Portage railway">portage railway</a>. </p><p>Although there is no organised public transport system, privately owned buses are available in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taxis are available on every street and are easily recognized, being painted with a green body and white top, and the fare for a short trip is CF700. About twenty percent of the vehicles in Brazzaville are taxis. There are also collective taxis that drive certain routes and charge CF150. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville%E2%80%93Kinshasa_Bridge" title="Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge">A road-rail bridge</a> is proposed to connect Brazzaville with Kinshasa. The rail gauge on both sides is the same at 1067mm.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Brazzaville" title="Category:People from Brazzaville">Category:People from Brazzaville</a></i></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png/140px-Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png/210px-Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png/280px-Ali_Bongo_Ondimba.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Bongo Ondimba">Ali Bongo Ondimba</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/140px-Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/210px-Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg/280px-Antoinette_Sassou-Nguesso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Antoinette Sassou Nguesso">Antoinette Sassou Nguesso</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza</a> (1852–1905), eponymous founder.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Philippe_Augouard" title="Prosper Philippe Augouard">Prosper Philippe Augouard</a>, (1852–1921) French Catholic priest, missionary and explorer, settled Brazzaville in 1887.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Noumazalaye" title="Ambroise Noumazalaye">Ambroise Noumazalaye</a> (1933–2007) <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo"> Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville</a>, 1966 to 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Serge_Essous" title="Jean Serge Essous">Jean Serge Essous</a> (1935-2009) a Congolese saxophonist & clarinetist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Dongala" title="Emmanuel Dongala">Emmanuel Dongala</a> (born 1941) a Congolese chemist and novelist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Dabany" title="Patience Dabany">Patience Dabany</a> (born 1941) singer, musician and <a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_and_Gentlemen_of_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ladies and Gentlemen of Gabon">First Lady of Gabon</a>, 1967 to 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Antoinette Sassou Nguesso">Antoinette Sassou Nguesso</a> (born 1945) <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="First Lady of the Republic of the Congo">First Lady of the Republic of the Congo</a> since 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurlus_Mab%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Aurlus Mabélé">Aurlus Mabélé</a> (1953–2020) a Congolese singer and composer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richard_Mondjo" title="Charles Richard Mondjo">Charles Richard Mondjo</a> (born 1954) Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Congo Armed Forces</a>, 2002 to 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Ntsi%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Dominique Ntsiété">Dominique Ntsiété</a> (1940-2012), senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bongo_Ondimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Bongo Ondimba">Ali Bongo Ondimba</a> (born 1959), Gabonese politician, 3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Gabon" title="President of Gabon">President of Gabon</a> since 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Akouala_Atipault" title="Alain Akouala Atipault">Alain Akouala Atipault</a> (born 1959) politician and government Minister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bintsamou" title="Frédéric Bintsamou">Frédéric Bintsamou</a> (born 1964) a Protestant clergyman and leader of the "semi-religious" rebel group <a href="/wiki/Ninja_(militia)" title="Ninja (militia)">The Ninjas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kou%C3%A9lany" title="Bill Kouélany">Bill Kouélany</a> (born 1965) a Congolese artist, writer and set designer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Mabanckou" title="Alain Mabanckou">Alain Mabanckou</a> (born 1966) novelist, journalist, poet and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Kongo" title="Cyril Kongo">Cyril Kongo</a> (born 1969), a French painter and graffiti artist, lived in Brazzaville in the 80s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Tchimbakala" title="Dominique Tchimbakala">Dominique Tchimbakala</a> (born 1977) journalist and TV presenter, news anchor for <a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaitana_(singer)" title="Gaitana (singer)">Gaitana</a> (born 1979), <a href="/wiki/List_of_famous_Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of famous Ukrainian people">Ukrainian</a> singer who lived in Brazzaville for five years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Merlin" title="André Merlin">André Merlin</a> (1911–1960) a French tennis player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_M%27Pel%C3%A9" title="François M'Pelé">François M'Pelé</a> (born 1947) a former footballer with 521 club caps and 9 for <a href="/wiki/Congo_national_football_team" title="Congo national football team">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf-Christel_Gui%C3%A9-Mien" title="Rolf-Christel Guié-Mien">Rolf-Christel Guié-Mien</a> (born 1977) former footballer with 338 club caps and 26 for <a href="/wiki/Congo_national_football_team" title="Congo national football team">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Ewolo" title="Oscar Ewolo">Oscar Ewolo</a> (born 1978) former footballer with 374 club caps and 38 for <a href="/wiki/Congo_national_football_team" title="Congo national football team">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A8ne_Bazolo" title="Lorène Bazolo">Lorène Bazolo</a> (born 1983) track and field athlete, Congolese flag bearer at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Douniama" title="Ladislas Douniama">Ladislas Douniama</a> (born 1986) former footballer with over 250 club caps and 28 for <a href="/wiki/Congo_national_football_team" title="Congo national football team">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Mouele-Mboussi" title="Pamela Mouele-Mboussi">Pamela Mouele-Mboussi</a> (born 1988) long and triple jumper, national flag carrier at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ibaka" title="Serge Ibaka">Serge Ibaka</a> (born 1989), professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9r%C3%A9bory_Dor%C3%A9" title="Férébory Doré">Férébory Doré</a> (born 1989) footballer with over 200 club caps and 37 for <a href="/wiki/Congo_national_football_team" title="Congo national football team">Congo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></i>, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-jumelage_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jumelage-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a></i>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></i>, Democratic Republic of the Congo</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBOKOLO2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BOKOLO, Guilesse (8 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ins-congo.cg/download/resultats-preliminaires/">"RESULTATS PRELIMINAIRES"</a>. <i>INS-CONGO BRAZZAVILLE</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INS-CONGO+BRAZZAVILLE&rft.atitle=RESULTATS+PRELIMINAIRES&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft.aulast=BOKOLO&rft.aufirst=Guilesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fins-congo.cg%2Fdownload%2Fresultats-preliminaires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/COG/">"Subnational HDI (v7.0)"</a>. <i>Global_Data_Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global_Data_Lab&rft.atitle=Subnational+HDI+%28v7.0%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FCOG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cybriwsky2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cybriwsky2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cybriwsky2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, <i>Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sylvie Ayimpam, <i>Vie matérielle, échanges et capitalisme sur la rive méridionale du Pool du fleuve Congo (1815-1930)</i>, Centre d'Étude des Mondes Africains (CEMAf), 2006, p. 4 and p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André JACQUOT, <i>Lexique Laadi (Koongo)</i>, L'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (O.R.S.T.O.M.), 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph ZIDI, <i>Brazzaville : Les enjeux de la géographie des migrations (1800-2010)</i>, Université Marien Ngouabi de Brazzaville, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MARTIN Phyllis M., <i>Loisirs et société à Brazzaville pendant l'ère coloniale</i>, KARTHALA Editions, 2006, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ins-congo.cg/download/chapitre-3-organisation-administrative/">"Annuaire Statistique du Congo 2018, chapitre 3 : organisation administrative"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ins-congo.cg</i> (in French). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut National de la Statistique</i></span>. 23 March 2021. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ins-congo.cg&rft.atitle=Annuaire+Statistique+du+Congo+2018%2C+chapitre+3+%3A+organisation+administrative&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fins-congo.cg%2Fdownload%2Fchapitre-3-organisation-administrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/10/453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities">"Brazzaville, Zahlé, Kraków and Fabriano designated UNESCO Creative Cities"</a>. <i>UN News</i>. 21 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004021133/https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/10/453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UN+News&rft.atitle=Brazzaville%2C+Zahl%C3%A9%2C+Krak%C3%B3w+and+Fabriano+designated+UNESCO+Creative+Cities&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2013%2F10%2F453392-brazzaville-zahle-krakow-and-fabriano-designated-unesco-creative-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/17/congo-rivalry-kinshasa-brazzaville-river-drc">"Face-off over the Congo: the long rivalry between Kinshasa and Brazzaville"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 17 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718224203/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jan/17/congo-rivalry-kinshasa-brazzaville-river-drc">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Face-off+over+the+Congo%3A+the+long+rivalry+between+Kinshasa+and+Brazzaville&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2017%2Fjan%2F17%2Fcongo-rivalry-kinshasa-brazzaville-river-drc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/historic-agreement-signed-protect-worlds-largest-tropical-peatland">"Historic agreement signed to protect the world's largest tropical peatland"</a>. <i>UNEP - UN Environment Programme</i>. 23 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731101616/https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/historic-agreement-signed-protect-worlds-largest-tropical-peatland">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP+-+UN+Environment+Programme&rft.atitle=Historic+agreement+signed+to+protect+the+world%27s+largest+tropical+peatland&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unenvironment.org%2Fnews-and-stories%2Fpress-release%2Fhistoric-agreement-signed-protect-worlds-largest-tropical-peatland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scramble1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scramble1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scramble1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scramble1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scramble1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1991" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, Thomas (1991). <i>The Scramble for Africa</i>. Abacus. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scramble+for+Africa&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldie1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">Goldie, George Dashwood Taubman</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brazza,_Pierre_Paul_Fran%C3%A7ois_Camille_Savorgnan_de">"Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 464–465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazza%2C+Pierre+Paul+Fran%C3%A7ois+Camille+Savorgnan+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=464-465&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Goldie&rft.aufirst=George+Dashwood+Taubman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyc1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc1_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyc1_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Dominic (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Twentieth-Century+African+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YoulouDianzinga2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YoulouDianzinga2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoulouDianzinga2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Jacques Youlou & Scholastique Dianzinga, "Une capitale dans l'histoire"; Chapter 1 in <i>Ziavoula</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14121195">"Republic of Congo profile"</a>. BBC. 11 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307054339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14121195">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Congo+profile&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14121195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/deportation-comments-anger-congo-1695433">Deportation comments anger Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125085135/https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/deportation-comments-anger-congo-1695433">Archived</a> 25 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Independent Online</i> (SAPA-AFP), 28 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Butty, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/drc-threatens-legal-action-over-brazzaville-deportations/1923224.html">DRC Threatens Legal Action over Deportations from Congo-Brazzaville</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710131336/https://www.voanews.com/a/drc-threatens-legal-action-over-brazzaville-deportations/1923224.html">Archived</a> 10 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>VOA News</i>, 27 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/04/heavy-gunfire-in-congo-brazzaville-capital-as-police-battle-militia">"Heavy gunfire in Congo-Brazzaville capital as police battle militia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201213433/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/04/heavy-gunfire-in-congo-brazzaville-capital-as-police-battle-militia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Heavy+gunfire+in+Congo-Brazzaville+capital+as+police+battle+militia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fapr%2F04%2Fheavy-gunfire-in-congo-brazzaville-capital-as-police-battle-militia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/congo/">"Congo (Rep.): Departments, Major Cities & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Congo+%28Rep.%29%3A+Departments%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Urban+Localities+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fcongo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinshasa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kinshasa_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209114927/http://www.dsrp-rdc.org/documents/Monographies_Provinciales/Monographie%20de%20la%20Province%20de%20Kinshasa.swf">"Monographie de la Ville de Kinshasa"</a> (in French). Unité de Pilotage du Processus d'Elaboration et de mise œuvre de la Stratégie pour la Réduction de la Pauvreté (UPPE-SRP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsrp-rdc.org/documents/Monographies_Provinciales/Monographie%20de%20la%20Province%20de%20Kinshasa.swf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a>)</span> on 9 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monographie+de+la+Ville+de+Kinshasa&rft.pub=Unit%C3%A9+de+Pilotage+du+Processus+d%27Elaboration+et+de+mise+%C5%93uvre+de+la+Strat%C3%A9gie+pour+la+R%C3%A9duction+de+la+Pauvret%C3%A9+%28UPPE-SRP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsrp-rdc.org%2Fdocuments%2FMonographies_Provinciales%2FMonographie%2520de%2520la%2520Province%2520de%2520Kinshasa.swf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citypopulation.de/Congo.html">"Congo (Rep.): Departments, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <i>citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229065216/http://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Congo+%28Rep.%29%3A+Departments%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Towns+-+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitypopulation.de%2FCongo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+-+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siphelele Dludla, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/drc-congo-sign-500m-deal-to-build-kinshasa-brazzaville-connecting-bridge-17820985">"DRC, Congo sign $500m deal to build Kinshasa-Brazzaville connecting bridge"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121007/https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/drc-congo-sign-500m-deal-to-build-kinshasa-brazzaville-connecting-bridge-17820985">Archived</a> 19 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>IOL</i>, 8 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laws_12-14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laws_12-14_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laws_12-14_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laws n° 12 to 14-2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgg.cg/JO/2011/congo-jo-2011-21.pdf">"JO n° 21-2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sgg.cg</i> (in French). <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Secrétariat Général du Gouvernement - Journal Officiel</i></span>. 26 May 2011. pp. 581, 585–586<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sgg.cg&rft.atitle=JO+n%C2%B0+21-2011&rft.pages=581%2C+585-586&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgg.cg%2FJO%2F2011%2Fcongo-jo-2011-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brazzaville.cg (site officiel de la commune de Brazzaville), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brazzaville.cg/fr/l%E2%80%99administration-municipale">L'administration municipale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721051925/http://www.brazzaville.cg/fr/l%E2%80%99administration-municipale">Archived</a> 21 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"; accessed 16 July 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arrond-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arrond_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192649/http://www.brazzaville.cg/fr/les-arrondissements">"Les arrondissements"</a>. <i>Brazzaville.cg</i> (in French). Commune de Brazzaville, Congo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brazzaville.cg/fr/les-arrondissements">the original</a> on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/about/regions/afro/en/">the original</a> on 14 July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO&rft.atitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Regional+Office+for+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fabout%2Fregions%2Fafro%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=79599058">"Company Overview of Warid Congo S.A."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Company+Overview+of+Warid+Congo+S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D79599058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 773</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-University_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-University_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904070852/https://umng.cg/?q=en%2Fnode%2F79">"Quick Facts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umng.cg/?q=en/node/79">the original</a> on 4 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umng.cg%2F%3Fq%3Den%2Fnode%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climateatlas.org">"Brazzaville Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. ClimateAtlas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazzaville+Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=ClimateAtlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateatlas.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation web cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/africa/congo/la-gazelle-train-brazzaville-to-pointe-noire">"La Gazelle train Brazzaville to Pointe Noire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504190134/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/forums/africa/congo/la-gazelle-train-brazzaville-to-pointe-noire">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Gazelle+train+Brazzaville+to+Pointe+Noire&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fthorntree%2Fforums%2Fafrica%2Fcongo%2Fla-gazelle-train-brazzaville-to-pointe-noire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125191943/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/congo/brazzaville/transport/getting-around">"Transport in Brazzaville - Lonely Planet Travel Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/congo/brazzaville/transport/getting-around">the original</a> on 25 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+in+Brazzaville+-+Lonely+Planet+Travel+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fcongo%2Fbrazzaville%2Ftransport%2Fgetting-around&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.au-pida.org/view-project/2014/">"Road-Rail Bridge"</a>. 17 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018085725/https://www.au-pida.org/view-project/2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road-Rail+Bridge&rft.date=2017-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.au-pida.org%2Fview-project%2F2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jumelage-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jumelage_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905140926/http://brazzaville.cg/fr/coop%C3%A9ration">"Coopération"</a>. <i>Brazzaville.cg</i> (in French). Commune de Brazzaville, Congo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brazzaville.cg/fr/coopération">the original</a> on 5 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazzaville.cg&rft.atitle=Coop%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brazzaville.cg%2Ffr%2Fcoop%C3%A9ration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ziavoula, Robert Edmond, ed. (2006). <i>Brazzaville, une ville à reconstruire</i>. Paris: Karthala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84586-825-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-84586-825-1">2-84586-825-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazzaville#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Brazzaville">Bibliography of the history of Brazzaville</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <ul><li>Chavannes, Charles de. (1929) "Le Sergent Sénégalais Malamine." <i>Annales de l'Académie des Sciences Coloniales</i>, vol. 3:159–187.</li> <li>Petringa, Maria. (2006) <i>Brazza, A Life for Africa</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</a></li> <li>Tiepolo, M. (1996) "City Profile: Brazzaville" in <i>Cities</i> v. 13, pp. 117–124</li> <li>Brisset-Guibert, Hervé (2007) <i>Brazzaville petit guide historique</i>, in the site www.presidence.cg ("palais presidentiel")</li> <li>Cultural reference: In the final scene of the 1942 film, Casablanca, it is to Brazzaville that Captain Renault (Claude Rains) suggests he and Rick (Humphrey Bogart) might escape to together for "vacation" and, as Rick counters, "the beginning of a beautiful friendship."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2012" class="citation book cs1">Whitehouse, Bruce (2012). <i>Migrants and Strangers in an African City: Exile, Dignity, Belonging</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253000811" title="Special:BookSources/9780253000811"><bdi>9780253000811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+and+Strangers+in+an+African+City%3A+Exile%2C+Dignity%2C+Belonging&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780253000811&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazzaville" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brazzaville" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazzaville#Q3844" class="extiw" title="voy:Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/1969/1/fuc_book_sheets_tuprints.pdf">Fusion Cities, consolidation of movement</a>, urban analysis seminar with vectorised maps of the agglomeration. TU Darmstadt, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108125758/http://www.harvardmag.com/jf97/vita.html">Maria Petringa's biographical article</a> on Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, describing events leading to the founding of Brazzaville, 1997</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments of the Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouenza_Department" title="Bouenza Department">Bouenza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette-Ouest_Department" title="Cuvette-Ouest Department">Cuvette-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouilou_Department" title="Kouilou Department">Kouilou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9koumou_Department" title="Lékoumou Department">Lékoumou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likouala_Department" title="Likouala Department">Likouala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niari_Department" title="Niari Department">Niari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)">Plateaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)">Sangha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_African_capitals" title="Template talk:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_African_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of African capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_African_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of African countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazzaville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">El Aaiún</a></b> (claimed)/<b><a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a></b> (factual), <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gitega" title="Gitega">Gitega</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">D.R. Congo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lobamba" title="Lobamba">Lobamba</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Eswatini" title="Parliament of Eswatini">legislative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Praia" title="Praia">Praia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">executive</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">legislative</a>)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_(South_Africa)" title="Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa)">judicial</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</a></b> (political)<br /> </li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a></b> (economic), <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1965_All-Africa_Games" title="1965 All-Africa Games">1965</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1973_All-Africa_Games" title="1973 All-Africa Games">1973</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_All-Africa_Games" title="1978 All-Africa Games">1978</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1987_All-Africa_Games" title="1987 All-Africa Games">1987</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1991_All-Africa_Games" title="1991 All-Africa Games">1991</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1995_All-Africa_Games" title="1995 All-Africa Games">1995</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1999_All-Africa_Games" title="1999 All-Africa Games">1999</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2003_All-Africa_Games" title="2003 All-Africa Games">2003</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2007_All-Africa_Games" title="2007 All-Africa Games">2007</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2011_All-Africa_Games" title="2011 All-Africa Games">2011</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33.333%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2015_African_Games" title="2015 African Games">2015</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2019_African_Games" title="2019 African Games">2019</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2023_African_Games" title="2023 African Games">2023</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3844#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242100229">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqvXggJDjrK8qwgwBmDbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4080519-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79079432">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960993d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960993d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5159112">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548090205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/eaec0128-b6d2-4233-a940-e98a37a91b2f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044528">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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