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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>2002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.10</span> <span>2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>2013</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.8</span> <span>2022</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.9</span> <span>2023</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Force_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Force commanders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sector_headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sector_headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sector headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sector_headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Force_numbers_and_fatalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_numbers_and_fatalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Force numbers and fatalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_numbers_and_fatalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff_and_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff_and_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Staff and forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff_and_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Command staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributing countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributing_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contributing countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contributing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Civilians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criminal activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MONUSCO</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بعثة منظمة الأمم المتحدة لتحقيق الاستقرار في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعثة منظمة الأمم المتحدة لتحقيق الاستقرار في جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUC" title="MONUC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MONUC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missi%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides_a_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A0tica_del_Congo" title="Missió de les Nacions Unides a la República Democràtica del Congo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Missió de les Nacions Unides a la República Democràtica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_OSN_v_Kongu" title="Mise OSN v Kongu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mise OSN v Kongu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_l%E2%80%99Organisation_des_Nations_Unies_en_R%C3%A9publique_D%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République Démocratique du Congo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_de_las_Naciones_Unidas_en_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_del_Congo" title="Misión de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misión de las Naciones Unidas en la República Democrática del Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_de_l%27Organisation_des_Nations_unies_pour_la_stabilisation_en_r%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Mission de l'Organisation des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en république démocratique du Congo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mission de l'Organisation des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en république démocratique du Congo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A1l%C3%A1_mwa_Lisang%C3%A1_lya_Bik%C3%B3lo_bya_Mol%C9%94%CC%81ng%C9%94%CC%81_o_Kong%C3%B3-Kins%C3%A1s%C3%A1" title="Mosálá mwa Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́ o Kongó-Kinsásá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mosálá mwa Lisangá lya Bikólo bya Molɔ́ngɔ́ o Kongó-Kinsásá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUC" title="MONUC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MONUC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%8C%96%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="国際連合コンゴ民主共和国安定化ミッション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際連合コンゴ民主共和国安定化ミッション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MONUSCO" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas_na_Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_do_Congo" title="Missão das Nações Unidas na República Democrática do Congo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Missão das Nações Unidas na República Democrática do Congo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">UN peacekeeping force in Democratic Republic of the Congo</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">MONUSCO</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png/250px-MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png/375px-MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png/500px-MONUC_deployments_Sep_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">MONUSCO deployment in September 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">30 November 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping mission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/DR_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="DR Congo">DR Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a><sup id="cite_ref-onorg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Force_Intervention_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Force Intervention Brigade">Force Intervention Brigade</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monusco.unmissions.org/en">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Judith_Suminwa" title="Judith Suminwa">Judith Suminwa</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd>(<a href="/wiki/Suminwa_government" title="Suminwa government">current cabinet</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li>Council of State</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_governors_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of provincial governors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">governors</a>)</span></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_and_sectors_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sectors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_and_sectors_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chiefdoms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Communes</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent and upcoming elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2018_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election" title="2023 Democratic Republic of the Congo general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Senate: <a href="/wiki/2007_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Senate_election" title="2007 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate election">2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Senate_election" title="2019 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate election">2019</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Senate_elections" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo Senate elections">2024</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gubernatorial: <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_gubernatorial_elections" title="2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_gubernatorial_elections" title="2017 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections">2017</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_gubernatorial_elections" title="2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections">2024</a></i></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry for Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Kayikwamba_Wagner" title="Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner">Thérèse Kayikwamba Wagner</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">in Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_passport" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Democratic Republic of the Congo citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Visa policy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Nations Mission</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Template talk:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</b> or <b>MONUSCO</b> (an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> based on its French name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> force in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) which was established by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in resolutions <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1279" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1279">1279</a> (1999) and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1291" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1291">1291</a> (2000) to monitor the peace process of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>, though much of its focus subsequently turned to the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a>. The mission was known as the <b>United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo</b> or <b>MONUC</b>, an acronym of its French name <i>Mission de l'Organisation des Nations Unies en République démocratique du Congo</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1925" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1925">until 2010</a>. </p><p>The following nations (in alphabetical order) have contributed with military personnel: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. </p><p>In addition, the following nations have contributed with police personnel: Bangladesh, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, Egypt, France, Ghana, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, Jordan, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Sweden, Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, Tunisia, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, Ukraine and Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial UN presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, before the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1291, was a force of military observers to observe and report on the compliance on factions with the peace accords, a deployment authorised by the earlier <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1258" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258">UNSCR 1258</a> (1999).<sup id="cite_ref-UN_SRES12581999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_SRES12581999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNSCR 2556 (2020) provides the authority for the current MONUSCO mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-UNSCR_2348(archived)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSCR_2348(archived)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNSCR_2348_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSCR_2348-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About US$8.74 billion was spent to fund the MONUC peacekeeping effort during 1999 to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-MONUC_facts2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MONUC_facts2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the total strength of UN peacekeeping troops in DRC is approximately 18,300.<sup id="cite_ref-UNSCR_2348(archived)_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSCR_2348(archived)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than thirty nations have contributed military and police personnel for peacekeeping effort,<sup id="cite_ref-MONUC_facts2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MONUC_facts2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with India being the single largest contributor.<sup id="cite_ref-EUobserver_Pop2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUobserver_Pop2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of this second United Nations military presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is found in the <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a> on 17 July 1999 and the following <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1258" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1258</a> of 6 August 1999, authorizing the deployment of a maximum of 90 officers. </p><p>The first liaison officers arrived in the DRC on 3 September 1999. In November 1999 the number of liaison officers totaled 55, distributed in the capitals of the warring countries (<a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, Zambia, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) including 24 who were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. In January 2000 they reached the number of 79 and they were spread over the whole territory of DRC. Their mission was to liaise with all the warring factions, give a technical assistance and prepare the deployment of military observers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000">2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 February 2000 with the resolution 1291, the UN Security Council authorized the deployment of a maximum of 5537 military personnel in the DRC, including 500 military observers. On 4 April 2000 the Senegalese Major General <a href="/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo" title="Mountaga Diallo">Mountaga Diallo</a> was appointed as the commander of MONUSCO's military force. The mandate was to monitor the implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement and the redeployment of belligerent forces, to develop an action plan for the overall implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement, to work with the parties to obtain the release of all prisoners of war, military captives and the return of the remains, to facilitate humanitarian assistance and to assist the Facilitator of the National Dialogue. </p><p>Acting under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>, the UN Security Council authorized MONUC to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions, to protect UN personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel, and to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence. </p><p>In December 2000 there were 224 military personnel deployed, including 148 observers in thirteen points around the country. The observers could only record the non-application of the Ceasefire, the violent fighting at <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89quateur_(former_province)" title="Équateur (former province)">Équateur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a> provinces as well as the presence of foreign troops in the DRC. The deployment of UN troops was impossible due to the security situation and the reluctance of the Congolese government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001">2001</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the beginning of 2001 was still hampered by sporadic combat, the military observers could fulfill their mission in regards with the disengagement of forces and the withdrawal of some of the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Rwandan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Ugandan forces</a>. </p><p>In March 2001, the first <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Uruguay" title="Armed Forces of Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> guard unit arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kalemie" title="Kalemie">Kalemie</a>. The force was deployed in four sectors at <a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Kananga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, Kalemie and <a href="/wiki/Mbandaka" title="Mbandaka">Mbandaka</a>. In July 2001, the force strength was of 2,366 soldiers, including 363 military observers distributed across 22 cities, and 28 teams monitoring the disengagement of forces. The contingent soldiers totaled 1,869. They came from South Africa, Uruguay, Morocco, Senegal and Tunisia. Guard units protected MONUC installations in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Kananga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, Kalemie, <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, and Mbandaka. A Uruguayan riverine unit and a <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African</a> air medical evacuation team were also deployed. The deployed troops were only to protect the sites against looting and theft, the force had neither the mandate nor the strength to protect the civilian population, or even to extract MONUC personnel. Following <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1355" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1355">UNSCR 1355</a>, the military observers, within their capacities, could also contribute to the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration process of the armed groups. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1376" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376">Security Council Resolution 1376</a>, the Security Council launched the third phase of the deployment of MONUC troops, in the eastern DRC. The site for the logistical base was planned to be <a href="/wiki/Kindu" title="Kindu">Kindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniema_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniema Province">Maniema Province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002">2002</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, the 450 military observers, split in 95 teams, continued to monitor the Ceasefire along the ex-frontlines. The teams also investigated violations of the Ceasefire. Foreign troops continued to leave the country. The riverine units escorted the first ships on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, which was again open to commercial traffic. In June 2002 the UN troops' total number was 3,804. Contingents from Ghana and Bolivia joined the force, of which more than a third of the soldiers were Uruguayan. More than one thousand soldiers were deployed in Kisangani. On 14 May 2002, a military observer died near <a href="/wiki/Ikela" title="Ikela">Ikela</a> following the explosion of a mine under his vehicle. </p><p>On 30 July 2002, the different parties signed the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria agreement</a> and the nature of the mission of the peacekeepers changed. The military observers monitored the withdrawal of 20,000 Rwandan soldiers, but they also noted the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">ethnic violence in Ituri Province</a>. At the end of 2002 there were a total of 4,200 UN soldiers in the DRC. Through <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1445" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1445">UNSCR 1445</a>, the Security Council authorized the increase of military personnel to 8,500. The principle of two independent intervention forces – civilian and military – was also approved. MONUC was tasked to support the voluntary disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, reintegration and resettlement (DDRRR) process, without the use of force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003">2003</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous DDRRR operations in collaboration with the civilian component were conducted in the beginning of 2003. Before the start of the transition, UN soldiers were deployed along the front lines. A vast redeployment to the East started. The four coordination centres and 22 bases in the western part of the country were shut down. Over one hundred observers were redeployed and Uruguayan contingents arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubero" title="Lubero">Lubero</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>. Observer teams monitored serious combat and human rights violations in Ituri. In April 2003, 800 Uruguayan soldiers were deployed in <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri Province</a> under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1484" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1484">Resolution 1484</a>. In the same month an observer died in a mine explosion. In May 2003 two military observers were savagely killed by a militia. </p><p>The withdrawal of 7,000 Ugandan troops in April 2003 led to a deteriorating security situation in the Ituri Province, endangering the peace process. The UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> called for establishing and deploying a temporary multi-national force to the area until the weakened MONUC mission could be reinforced. In his second special report to the Security Council, the UN Secretary General proposed a reorientation of MONUC missions: to provide support to the transition and to maintain security in key areas of the country. Accordingly, he proposed the creation of a brigade in Ituri to support the peace process. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KitshangaWar-36_(8538205595).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg/220px-KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg/330px-KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg/440px-KitshangaWar-36_%288538205595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>An IDP camp around a base in <a href="/wiki/Kitchanga" title="Kitchanga">Kitshanga</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 May 2003, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1493" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1493">UNSCR 1493</a> authorized the deployment of the Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) in Bunia with a task to secure the airport and protect both <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> in camps and the civilians in the town. UNSCR 1493 authorized an increase of military personnel to 10,800, imposed an arms embargo, and authorized MONUC to use all necessary means to fulfill its mandate in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_District" title="Ituri District">Ituri District</a> and also in North and South Kivu, as it deemed the additional provinces to be within MONUC's capabilities, </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of France">French Government</a> had already shown interest in leading the operation. It soon broadened to a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) -led mission with France as the framework nation providing the bulk of the personnel and complemented by contributions from both EU and non-EU nations. The total force consisted of about 1,800 personnel and was supported by French aircraft based at airfields in <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, Chad and <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>, Uganda. A small 80-man <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rskilda_Skyddsgruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Särskilda Skyddsgruppen">Swedish Special Forces</a> (SSG) group was also added. </p><p>The operation called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Artemis" title="Operation Artemis">Operation Artemis</a> was launched on 12 June and the IMEF completed its deployment in the following three weeks. The force was successful in stabilising the situation in Bunia and enforcing the UN presence in the DRC. In September 2003, responsibility for the security of the region was handed over to the MONUC mission.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growing military conflict in DRC caused the United Nations to seek additional military help from major powers. In July 2003, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> announced that it would be sending an additional 300 personnel and combat aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> to strengthen the UN peacekeeping effort in DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2003, the Ituri brigade was in place, including soldiers from Uruguay, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Indonesia, India and Morocco. </p><p>In November 2003, a total of 10,415 peacekeepers were in the DRC, comprising infantry units, engineer units, helicopter units, logistic units, medical units and riverine units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004">2004</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deploying the Ituri brigade and conducting <a href="/wiki/Cordon_and_search" title="Cordon and search">cordon and search</a> operations improved the security conditions in Ituri but, at the same time, the peacekeepers became the target of the militias. On 12 February 2004, a military observer was killed in Ituri. </p><p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, which included members of rebel movements, more than 900 Tunisian and Ghanaian UN troops contributed to the security of Kinshasa. </p><p>It was decided that the troops present in the Kivus will be assembled under the unified command of a brigade. In March the Nigerian General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaila_Iliya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaila Iliya (page does not exist)">Samaila Iliya</a> took over the command of the force. </p><p>In June 2004, Bukavu, South Kivu was occupied by rebel general <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>. A military observer was killed. The 1,000 MONUC troops could only protect their own installations. Demonstrations were held all over the country and UN troops opened fire on looters in Kinshasa. MONUC soldiers were again targeted by Ituri militia at the end of 2004. </p><p>Though the Secretary General had asked for an increase of 13,100 soldiers, in October 2004 the Security Council by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1565" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1565">Resolution 1565</a>, authorized a reinforcement of 5,900 military personnel and defined the mandate with the strategic military objectives of the MONUC force as: </p> <ul><li>proactively contributing to the pacification and general improvement of security in the country;</li> <li>providing support for conflict resolution in politically volatile areas;</li> <li>improving border security through regional confidence-building mechanisms, such as the Joint Verification Mechanism, and effective patrolling and monitoring of the arms embargo;</li> <li>gathering and analysing military and other information on spoilers.</li></ul> <p>Following the UN resolution, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> announced that it would be sending an additional 850 troops and four combat helicopters to aid the MONUC peacekeeping effort.<sup id="cite_ref-In1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005">2005</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2005, the strength of UN peacekeeping forces in Congo reached more than 16,000 troops, split almost equally between the Western Brigade and the Eastern Division. </p><p>In February 2005, nine Bangladeshi UN troops were killed during an ambush in Ituri. The actions of the Ituri and Kivu Brigades became more robust and the pressure rose on all armed groups. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lubanga_Dyilo" title="Thomas Lubanga Dyilo">Thomas Lubanga Dyilo</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a>, and other militia leaders were arrested by Congolese authorities and imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Makala" title="Makala">Makala</a>, Kinshasa. Lubanga was accused of having ordered the killing of the peacekeepers in February 2005 and of orchestrating continuous insecurity in the area. On 10 February 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Lubanga for the <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities." The Congolese national authorities transferred Lubanga to ICC custody on 17 March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 2005, a vast cordon and search operation in Ituri was conducted by Nepalese, Pakistani and South African Infantry elements with the support of Indian attack helicopters, between 50 and 60 militiamen were killed. </p><p>Senegalese General <a href="/wiki/Babacar_Gaye" title="Babacar Gaye">Babacar Gaye</a> was appointed force commander in March 2005 after Spanish General Vincente Diaz de Villegas resigned for personal reasons. </p><p>In May 2005, the UN Secretary General asked for a supplementary brigade for Katanga. Joint operations were conducted by the newly arrived integrated brigades of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). UN troops were tasked with the support of the electoral process, contributing protection and transport. In Ituri over 15000 militiamen were disarmed. </p><p>In October 2005, by Resolution 1635, the UN Security Council authorized a temporary increase of 300 military personnel to permit a deployment to Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUCcz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MONUCcz.jpg/220px-MONUCcz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/MONUCcz.jpg/330px-MONUCcz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/MONUCcz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Czech soldier in MONUC, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In late January, a group of 80 Guatemalan Special Forces from the <a href="/wiki/Kaibiles" title="Kaibiles">Kaibiles</a> were engaged in a four hour firefight with LRA rebels, ending with the deaths of eight Guatemalans and fifteen rebels. They are believed to have been conducting a raid on an LRA encampment to capture LRA Deputy Commander <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Otti" title="Vincent Otti">Vincent Otti</a>. The incident caused a significant uproar from both the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the Guatemalan public, who demanded an official inquiry into the engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 April 2006, the UN Security Council adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1671" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1671">Resolution 1671</a>, authorising the temporary deployment of a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> force to support MONUC during the period encompassing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006">the general elections</a> in the DR Congo, which began on 30 July 2006. </p><p>The European Council approved the launching of the EU military operation, <a href="/wiki/EUFOR_RD_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR RD Congo">EUFOR RD Congo</a>, and appointed Lieutenant General Karlheinz Viereck (Germany) Operation Commander and Major General Christian Damay (France) EU Force Commander. The Operational Headquarters was the German-nominated Armed Forces Operational Command – Einsatzführungskommando – at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was tasked with: </p> <ul><li>supporting and providing security to MONUC installations and personnel;</li> <li>contributing to airport protection in Kinshasa;</li> <li>contributing to the protection of civilians under imminent threat of physical violence;</li> <li>evacuation operations in case of emergency.</li></ul> <p>This mission came to an end on 30 November 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2007">2007</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2007, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> announced that it would be sending an additional 70 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> personnel to join the MONOU effort.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008">2008</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congopeacekeepers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Congopeacekeepers.jpg/220px-Congopeacekeepers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Congopeacekeepers.jpg/330px-Congopeacekeepers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Congopeacekeepers.jpg/440px-Congopeacekeepers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Indian peacekeepers on duty, protecting aid workers. India was the single largest contributor of personnel.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2008, an internal investigation led by the Indian Army and other MONOU officers revealed that about ten Indian peacekeepers may have been involved in abuse and exploitation in Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-InBBC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InBBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in May 2008, the vice chief of the Indian Army visited Congo to look into these allegations and by August 2008, the Indian Army had launched an official probe to look into these allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-InBBC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InBBC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 October 2008 <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RCD) forces of <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a> seized a major military camp, along with <a href="/wiki/Virunga_National_Park" title="Virunga National Park">Virunga National Park</a> for use as a base to launch attacks. This occurred after a peace treaty failed, with the resultant fighting displacing thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park was taken due to its strategic location on a main road leading to the city of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>. </p><p>On 27 October 2008 riots began around the United Nations compound in Goma, and civilians pelted the building with rocks and threw <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, claiming that the UN forces had done nothing to prevent the RCD advance.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNunrest_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNunrest-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese national army</a> also retreated under pressure from the rebel army in a "major retreat."<sup id="cite_ref-CNNunrest_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNunrest-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, United Nations <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">gunships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">armoured vehicles</a> were used in an effort to halt the advance of the rebels, who claimed to be within 7 miles (11 km) of Goma.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNbattle_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNbattle-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for DRC <a href="/wiki/Alan_Doss" title="Alan Doss">Alan Doss</a> explained the necessity of engaging the rebels, stating that "...[the UN] can't allow population centres to be threatened... [the UN] had to engage."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> personnel were asked to deploy themselves from Goma to adjoining <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> province, after the Uruguayan battalion deployed in the region fled.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after that several Uruguayan battalions were playing a crucial role in the buffer zone between the retreating government soldiers and the advancing rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 October 2008, a French request for an EU reinforcement of 1,500 troops was refused by several countries and appeared unlikely to materialize; however, the UN forces stated they would act to prevent takeovers of population centres.<sup id="cite_ref-times_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2008, India announced that it would be sending the 3rd battalion of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Gorkha_Rifles" title="3rd Gorkha Rifles">3rd Gorkha Rifles</a> regiment to replace a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a> battalion and join the peace-keeping effort in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India made the decision to send its elite forces amidst rising concerns that Indian peace-keepers were getting caught in the cross-fire between DRC government troops and rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 November 2008, a 200-fighter strong Mai Mai militia force launched a surprise attack on CNDP troops in Kiwanja, a CNDP-controlled town near <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru" title="Rutshuru">Rutshuru</a>, North Kivu. The Mai Mai were initially able to retake the town but a speedy counter-attack returned control to the CNDP less than 24-hours later. After the town was retaken, CNDP forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a> combed through Kiwanja, searching out boys and men – who they accused of collaborating with the Mai Mai – and executing them on the spot. Older members of the community, both men and women, were also murdered and a large number of women were raped and assaulted. By the end of 5 November, over 150 civilians had been killed in Kiwanja in what has since been dubbed the Kiwanja Massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-Mampilly_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mampilly-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A UN base was situated less than 1 mi (1.6 km) from Kiwanja and over 100 Indian peacekeepers were present at the time of the attacks but the forces lacked basic intelligence capabilities – no one in the base spoke the necessary languages, as their interpreter had been reassigned without replacement a week prior – and the peacekeepers later said they had no idea the massacre was taking place until it was over. Lt. Col. H. S. Brar, commander of the Indian peacekeepers at Kiwanja summarized the failure as the result of "poor communication and staffing, inadequate equipment, intelligence breakdowns and spectacularly bad luck."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Polgreen1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Polgreen1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its report on the massacre, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> largely supported Brar's assessment but further observed that competing priorities from headquarters in Goma shifted focus to "assuring the security of humanitarian workers, a foreign journalist, and a group of military observers, rather than protecting the civilian population."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the immediate aftermath of the Kiwanja Massacre, the recently-appointed civilian and military heads of the UN peacekeeping force in North Kivu, <a href="/wiki/Hiroute_Guebre_Sellassie" title="Hiroute Guebre Sellassie">Hiroute Guebre Sellassie</a> and Gen. <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a>, brought their commands together for evaluation. As a result, the MONUC civilian and military teams in North Kivu "implemented a number of reforms that drastically improved the performance of peacekeepers and were hailed as a model for other peacekeeping missions." Reforms included the creation of joint protection teams comprising military and police personnel and civil affairs, human rights, and child protection staff operating from the UN's forward bases; a mobile-phone based early warning system, in which community members were provided with devices to alert peacekeepers of unrest; community alert networks that allowed for bases to be contacted around the clock; Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs), an expanded role for Congolese translators to also act as community monitors and information gatherers; an emphasis on civilian outreach; increased foot patrols; and deployment of 30–35 troop standing combat units to areas deemed vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-Mampilly_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mampilly-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 18 November, a draft resolution spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">French Foreign Ministry</a> was presented before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReutersReinforce_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReutersReinforce-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution, signed by 44 different organizations and with the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Mark_Malloch_Brown,_Baron_Malloch-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown">Mark Malloch Brown</a>, asked the UN to send 3,000 more peacekeepers to reinforce the 17,000-strong garrison in the Congo, the largest garrison of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCRebels_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCRebels-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This echoed calls from Human Rights Watch and other <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> groups in the region, who were also asking for reinforcements to bring stability to the area. In a shared statement, the coalition of organizations stated that </p><blockquote><p>"[The reinforcements] would help to prevent the atrocities that continue to be committed against civilians on an ever greater scale here in North Kivu [province], on the border of Rwanda and Uganda... Since August 28, fighting has intensified in many areas, causing deaths, rapes, lootings, forced recruitment and further displacements of civilian populations. The population has thus been immersed in unspeakable suffering. In the last few days, fighting has drawn closer to large populated areas, such as the town of Goma. Fighting has also invaded and torn apart the region of <a href="/wiki/Rutshuru_Territory" title="Rutshuru Territory">Rutshuru</a>, particularly in the town of Kiwanja, where hundreds of civilian deaths have now been recorded."<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_200811_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_200811-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Local groups in the Congo also requested help from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as they would be able to deploy soldiers sooner, working as a "bridging force" until the UN reinforcements arrived. British EU spokeswoman Catriona Little stated that they were "not ruling in or out EU forces".<sup id="cite_ref-CNNCoalition_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNCoalition-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November, the UN voted unanimously to send 3,085 more peacekeepers, citing "extreme concern at the deteriorating humanitarian situation and in particular the targeted attacks against civilian population, sexual violence, recruitment of child soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>." However, it did not extend MONUC's mandate in the Congo, which was set to expire at the end of 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN300_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN300-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was made despite the rebel commitment to pulling back from the front lines and allowing aid to reach the thousands of people still isolated, according to aid groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian300_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian300-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a week after the UN vote, the DRC government requested the UN to not deploy any more Indian troops in the east of the country, arguing that there was a need to "redress the balance" of the make-up of the 17,000-strong UN force in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2009">2009</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 17 February, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> announced that it would send around 1,325 soldiers from the Egyptian Army to support the UN mission in Congo. Egypt also announced that it will send a police force to help in protecting the UN mission in Congo. The Egyptian armed force will work to give support and technical advice to the Congo Army beside operating armed mission in the conflict zones and medical assistant and support. According to the Foreign affairs in Cairo, Egypt will send a Mechanized Unit, Special Forces, Field Engineers, and Paratroops. Egypt already has a small unit in Congo consisting of 13 policemen and 23 observers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2009, the Indian Army questioned more than 100 Indian troops deployed in DRC regarding the abuse allegations against them.<sup id="cite_ref-In2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a thorough investigation, which included examination of statements by alleged victims, the Indian Army found "serious irregularities" in charges raised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services</a>. Consequently, all of the accused personnel were let off due to lack of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-In2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, India announced a US$263 million aid package to Congo to help the country's information technology, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> and railway sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Indiaaid_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indiaaid-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India also renewed its military commitments to MONUC while Congo expressed its support for <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council#India" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">India's UNSC permanent seat candidature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indiaaid_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indiaaid-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments helped thaw relations between the two countries. </p><p>In December, MONUC rushed peacekeeping troops to <a href="/wiki/Dongo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Dongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Dongo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kungu" title="Kungu">Kungu</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ubangi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Ubangi District">Sud-Ubangi District</a> where <a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">a new conflict</a> rapidly escalated in an effort to protect the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-MONUC2411_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MONUC2411-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A MONUC helicopter that was restocking the 20 troops stationed there fell under gunfire from armed men. The helicopter crew, all of Russian nationality, facilitated the evacuation of 25 people, including 5 injured people (including the helicopter pilot), who were brought to <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> for emergency medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sources in Kinshasa reported that in mid-November DRC President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> secretly airlifted a battalion of <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defense Forces">Rwandan Defense Forces</a> (RDF) across Congo to put down the rebellion in Dongo and the operation was supported by the United Nations Observes Mission in Congo (<a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a>. Along with RDF regulars, MONUC troops have been fighting alongside <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> Rwandan soldiers infiltrated by Rwanda, with the Kabila government's support, into the national army, the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the weekly MONUC press conference of 16 December 2009, it was announced by MONUC spokesperson Madnodje Mounoubai that the first MONUC peacekeeping troops were deployed in Dongo, where a temporary operational basis is functional, as well as in nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozene (page does not exist)">Bozene</a>. The 500 MONUC troops will come from the Ghanaian, Tunisian and Egyptian contingents as well as troops from the Guatemalan Special Forces. Military equipment such as armored personnel carriers, transport and combat helicopters will also be at their disposal to support their mission.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010">2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with Security Council resolution 1925 of 28 May 2010, MONUC was renamed as of 1 July the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) to reflect the new phase reached in the country. In August 2010, the Mai Mai rebels ambushed a base of the 19th <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment" title="Kumaon Regiment">Kumaon Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, killing three Indian peace-keepers.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack renewed calls in India to decrease the country's military presence in Congo due to growing conflict in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011">2011</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2011, the international cooperation minister of DRC expressed his government's desire of an "orderly, progressive withdrawal" of MONUSCO due to "normalization" of DRC's relations with neighboring countries and containment of rebels to a "few isolated zones."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2011, the UN announced that it would withdraw about 2,000 peace-keepers by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN announcement came only a few days after India's decision to withdraw all of its four <a href="/wiki/Mi-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi-35">Mi-35</a> combat helicopters from MONUSCO and eventually cease peace-keeping operations in DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_Lynch2011_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Lynch2011-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-12-049_(8137919009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg/220px-UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg/330px-UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg/440px-UN-12-049_%288137919009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Members of Uruguayan Riverine Company patrolling <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, March 2012</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_East_DR_Congo_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 East DR Congo conflict">2012 East DR Congo conflict</a></div> <p>On 15 November, MONUSCO helicopter gunships were deployed to support government forces as they fought to hold off a <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">23 March Movement</a> attack south of Kibumba; the combined army and UN assault killed approximately 64 M23 fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November 2012, 23 March Movement seized the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> after the national army retreated. MONUSCO troops observed without intervening, as their mandate only allowed them to protect civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a> called the situation "absurd", noting MONUSCO's greatly superior numbers, and called for the group's mandate to be revised.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN spokesman Eduardo del Buey said peacekeepers "cannot substitute" for the Congo national army, adding that the 1,500 UN troops in Goma held their fire because they did not want to risk civilian lives.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013">2013</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Force_Intervention_Brigade" title="United Nations Force Intervention Brigade">United Nations Force Intervention Brigade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIB-training-22_(9311333487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg/220px-FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg/330px-FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg/440px-FIB-training-22_%289311333487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzanian special forces</a> during a training exercise in Sake, July 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2013 chief of MONUSCO <a href="/wiki/Herve_Ladsous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herve Ladsous">Herve Ladsous</a> told the UN Security Council during a closed-door session that the mission plans to deploy three <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> in eastern provinces of DRC. US, UK and some other Security Council members were also supportive of the idea. However, Rwanda, which had denied allegations by UN experts that it has been supporting the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a>, opposed this proposal. Rwandan delegation informed the UN Security Council that Monusco would be a "belligerent" if it deployed drones in eastern DRC. Other diplomats, including Russian, Chinese, and some from Europe, also expressed reservations. They said there were unanswered questions about who would receive the information from the drones and how widely it would be disseminated, expressing discomfort at the idea of the United Nations becoming an active gatherer of intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2013, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese national army</a>, against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in <a href="/wiki/Sake,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sake, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Sake</a>, North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and to make space for stabilization activities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Brigade was composed of three battalions, one each from <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Malawi</a> with the Brigade being commanded by <a href="/wiki/James_Aloizi_Mwakibolwa" title="James Aloizi Mwakibolwa">James Aloizi Mwakibolwa</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Tanzania. </p><p>On 30 July 2013, the March 23 Movement was given a 48-hour ultimatum by the UN to leave Goma area or face "use of force."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 21 and 29 August, heavy fighting outside Goma left 57 rebels, 10–23 government soldiers, 14 civilians and one Tanzanian UN peacekeeper dead. Seven-hundred and twenty government soldiers and ten UN peacekeepers were also wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-go_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-go2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-go2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-un_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-enca_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enca-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_(UAV)_in_Goma,_North_Kivu_province_(11189522286).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg/220px-A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg/330px-A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg/440px-A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural flight of the UAV, December 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2014">2014</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2014_South_Kivu_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 South Kivu attack">2014 South Kivu attack</a> in June 2014, the UN announced it would send MONUSCO peacekeeping troops to the area to protect the population. "These violent acts are unacceptable and need to stop immediately," said Kobler.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015">2015</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> Ugandan rebels ambushed a MONUSCO convoy about 7 miles (11 km) from Beni, killing two Tanzanian soldiers. Four other peacekeepers were reported missing.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou" title="Maman Sambo Sidikou">Maman Sambo Sidikou</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kobler" title="Martin Kobler">Martin Kobler</a> as head of the MONUSCO.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bintou_Keita_in_Kalemie_during_covid-19_on_26_MARS_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1174" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>The head of MONUSCO <a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a> (on right) in Kalemie in 2021, observing COVID-19 precautions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017">2017</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 December 2017, the Semuliki operating base, 27 miles from the town of Beni, was <a href="/wiki/2017_Semuliki_attack" title="2017 Semuliki attack">engaged in a protracted attack</a> which resulted in the deaths of 15 UN peacekeepers and 5 Congolese soldiers killed. 53 UN peacekeepers were also wounded. At least 12 of the dead UN peacekeepers were Tanzanians.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suspected that the attackers were rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought the total casualties of UN forces since the mission commenced in Congo to 93.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022">2022</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March, due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Ukraine withdrew its aviation unit of eight helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-UkraineWithdrawal_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkraineWithdrawal-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="Anti-MONUSCO protests">Anti-MONUSCO protests</a> emerged in late July amidst accusations by Congolese politicians and civilians of failing to take action to end the Kivu conflict within the country. The protestors demanded that MONUSCO leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-aj_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 July, fifteen people were killed and 50 others were injured as UN peacekeepers opened fire at a protest in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, North Kivu.<sup id="cite_ref-aj_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same day, three peacekeepers and seven civilians were killed during an attack on a MONUSCO base by protesters in <a href="/wiki/Butembo" title="Butembo">Butembo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aj_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July, four protesters at a MONUSCO base in <a href="/wiki/Uvira" title="Uvira">Uvira</a> were killed by electrocution after soldiers shot an electric cable which fell on them. South Kivu governor <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Ngwabidje_Kasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Théo Ngwabidje Kasi">Théo Ngwabidje Kasi</a> called for investigations as to whether the cable was shot by Congolese security forces or MONUSCO peacekeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, Ukraine withdrew its 250 troops from the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-UkraineWithdrawal_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UkraineWithdrawal-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023">2023</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2023_DRC_anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests">2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests</a></div> <p>In August 2023, protesters clashed with soldiers in a protest in <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, against MONUSCO forces for the failure to prevent the violence of militants against civilians. According to reports, the death toll reached 56 on September 5, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The headquarters of the mission are in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, DRC. The mission views the DRC as consisting of 6 sectors, each with its own staff headquarters. In 2005-6 the Eastern Division however was formed at <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a> and took over brigades in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, along with two or three of the Sector HQs. </p><p>The approved budget for MONUC, from 1 July 2007 to 30 June 2008, is US$1.16 billion, the largest for any current UN peacekeeping operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Force_commanders">Force commanders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Force commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png/300px-MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png/450px-MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png/600px-MONUC_deployments_Dec_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Locations of MONUC units as of December 2009</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; border-bottom: 5px solid #CF9C65; border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;"> <caption>MONUSCO commanders </caption> <tbody><tr style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;"> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"><b>From</b> </td> <td style="width: 60%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"><b>Force commanders</b> </td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"><b>To</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>March 2000 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Mountaga_Diallo" title="Mountaga Diallo">Mountaga Diallo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) </td> <td>January 2004 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>January 2004 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samaila_Iliya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samaila Iliya (page does not exist)">Samaila Iliya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>) </td> <td>February 2005 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>February 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babacar_Gaye" title="Babacar Gaye">Babacar Gaye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) </td> <td>July 2010 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>July 2010 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Chander_Prakash" title="Chander Prakash">Chander Prakash</a> (<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) </td> <td>March 2013 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>April 2013 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_dos_Santos_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz">Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>) </td> <td>December 2015 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>December 2015 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Mgwebi" title="Derrick Mgwebi">Derrick Mgwebi</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Decoration" title="Southern Cross Decoration">SD</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Medal_(1975)" title="Southern Cross Medal (1975)">SM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(South_Africa)" title="Military Merit Medal (South Africa)">MMM</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>January 2018 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>January 2018 </td> <td>Maj Gen Bernard Commins<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) </td> <td>June 2018 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>June 2018 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Martins_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Martins Filho (page does not exist)">Elias Martins Filho</a> (Brazil) </td> <td>January 2020 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>January 2020 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Augusto_Ferreira_Costa_Neves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Augusto Ferreira Costa Neves (page does not exist)">Ricardo Augusto Ferreira Costa Neves</a> (Brazil) </td> <td>April 2021 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>April 2021 </td> <td>Lt Gen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_de_S%C3%A1_Affonso_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos de Sá Affonso da Costa (page does not exist)">Marcos de Sá Affonso da Costa</a> (Brazil) </td> <td>27 November 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sector_headquarters">Sector headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sector headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>MONUSCO HQ: <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li>Sector 1: <a href="/wiki/Mbandaka" title="Mbandaka">Mbandaka</a></li> <li>Sector 2 and Eastern Division HQ: <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a></li> <li>Sector 3: <a href="/wiki/Kananga" title="Kananga">Kananga</a></li> <li>Sector 4: <a href="/wiki/Kalemie" title="Kalemie">Kalemie</a></li> <li>Sector 5: <a href="/wiki/Kindu" title="Kindu">Kindu</a></li> <li>Sector 6: <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Force_numbers_and_fatalities">Force numbers and fatalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Force numbers and fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2004 there were 10,531 UN soldiers under MONUC's command. On 1 October 2004, the UN <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> decided to deploy 5,900 more soldiers to Congo, although UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> had asked for some 12,000. </p><p>On 25 February 2005, nine Bangladeshi peacekeepers were killed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> militia in <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri province</a>. The FNI killed another Nepali peacekeeper and took seven captive in May 2006. Two of the seven were released in late June and the UN was trying to secure the release of the remaining five.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2005, MONUC consisted of 16,561 uniformed troops. On 30 July 2006, MONUC forces were charged with keeping the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006">2006 general election</a>—the first multiparty election in the DRC since 1960—peaceful and orderly. MONUC troops began patrolling areas of eastern DRC after armed clashes broke on 5 August following the chaotic collection of election results. The UN command is also arranging different training programs and competitions in Congo for both Congo and international forces. A similar shooting competition was held between troops from all international forces and was won by a Pakistani infantry battalion. </p><p>Total strength, on 31 October 2007 was 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">military observers</a>, 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">United Nations Volunteers</a>. </p><p>The UN has recorded a total of 161 fatalities among MONUC personnel, up to 1 July 2010, as follows: 100 military personnel, 10 military observers, 6 UN police, 12 international civilians, and 30 local civilians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff_and_forces">Staff and forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Staff and forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 31 October 2007 MONUC had a total of 18,407 uniformed personnel, including 16,661 troops, 735 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">military observers</a>, 1,011 police, who were supported by 931 international civilian personnel, 2,062 local civilian staff and 585 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">United Nations Volunteers</a>. As of June 2022, major troop contributors, in order of total number of military personnel are <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (nearly 10,000). </p><p>On 20 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> voted unanimously to reinforce MONUC with 3,085 more peacekeepers to deal with trouble in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nord-Kivu conflict">2008 Nord-Kivu conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN300_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN300-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They voted after 44 organizations, led by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)">French Foreign Ministry</a>, petitioned the council to send reinforcements to stabilize the region.<sup id="cite_ref-CNNCoalition_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNCoalition-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 31 August 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> MONUSCO forces included 19,084 uniformed personnel, out of which 16,998 were military personnel, 743 were military observers and 1,343 were police (including formed units). In addition the forces included 983 international civilian personnel, 2,828 local civilian staff and 600 UN volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_staff">Command staff</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Command staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg/220px-MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg/330px-MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg/440px-MONUSCO_Ml-24_flight_reconnaissance_in_North_Kivu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Ukraine aviation unit flight reconnaissance mission over North Kivu.</figcaption></figure> <p>The names of the MONUSCO command staff are as follows: </p> <ul><li>In January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Bintou_Keita" title="Bintou Keita">Bintou Keita</a> was appointed to lead MONUSCO and to be the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a>'s Special Representative to the DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-onorg_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onorg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>2018–21: <a href="/wiki/Leila_Zerrougui" title="Leila Zerrougui">Leila Zerrougui</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>)</li> <li>2015–17: <a href="/wiki/Maman_Sambo_Sidikou" title="Maman Sambo Sidikou">Maman Sambo Sidikou</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013–15: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kobler" title="Martin Kobler">Martin Kobler</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</li> <li>2010–13: <a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Meece" title="Roger A. Meece">Roger A. Meece</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li> <li>2007–10: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Doss" title="Alan Doss">Alan Doss</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li>2003–07: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Swing" title="William L. Swing">William L. Swing</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</li> <li>2001–03: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_Namanga_Ngongi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos Namanga Ngongi (page does not exist)">Amos Namanga Ngongi</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>)</li> <li>1999–2001: <a href="/wiki/Kamel_Morjane" title="Kamel Morjane">Kamel Morjane</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Wafy" title="Abdallah Wafy">Abdallah Wafy</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>)</li> <li>Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Bolduc" title="Kim Bolduc">Kim Bolduc</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Force Commander: Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Mgwebi" title="Derrick Mgwebi">Derrick Mgwebi</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li>Police Commissioner: Général <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Champion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal Champion (page does not exist)">Pascal Champion</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributing_countries">Contributing countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contributing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 31 July 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the total number of personnel in the mission is 12,013:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;"> </span> Troop Contributions (Total)</div></div><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226773818">.mw-parser-output .defaultleft{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left 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td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable col5right"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:160px;">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Police </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Experts </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Troops and staff officers </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td align="center">189 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">1,768 </td> <td>1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </td> <td align="center">23 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td align="center">200 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td>206 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a> </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">187 </td> <td>188 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td align="center">160 </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">1,138 </td> <td>1309 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">1,032 </td> <td>1051 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">392 </td> <td>393 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">746 </td> <td>747 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td align="center">20 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">916 </td> <td>921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">1,140 </td> <td>1152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td align="center">25 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">369 </td> <td>380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td align="center">551 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td>448 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1129 </td> <td>1130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">857 </td> <td>871 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td align="center">22 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td align="center">18 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">828 </td> <td>751 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Totals </th> <th align="center">1,354 </th> <th align="center">111 </th> <th align="center">10,548 </th> <th>12013 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilians">Civilians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Civilians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International civilian employees and volunteers, and DRC nationals: 2,636 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">International Employees</a>: 816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">United Nations Volunteers</a>: 482</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationals</a>: 1,338</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_activity">Criminal activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criminal activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 and 2008, in several news and TV reports, the BBC published own evidence about Pakistani MONUC peacekeepers in <a href="/wiki/Mongbwalu" title="Mongbwalu">Mongbwalu</a> had entered in a gold-for-guns trading relationship with <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI) militia leaders, eventually drawing Congolese army officers and Indian traders from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> into the deal.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its own investigations, the UN concluded that there was no involvement of Pakistani peacekeeper in any such trade relationship. Namely Human Rights Watch harshly criticized the UN for the way it handled the investigation, providing detailed information from several UN documents, arguing that serious allegations of wrongdoing by Pakistani peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo were ignored, minimized or shelved by the UN’s Organization of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MONUC officials say nothing of substance about mining in Congo, which proceeds in parallel with the bloodletting, arms trading and extortion. For example, Anvil Mining has been involved in massacres in DRC.<sup id="cite_ref-times_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anvil directors include former U.S. Ambassador Kenneth Brown, who served at U.S. embassies in Brussels, Kinshasa, Congo-Brazzaville and South Africa. Brown was Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Africa (1987–1989) under <a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> and George H.W. Bush and Director of Central African Affairs (1980–1981). Interestingly, Brown succeeded William Lacy Swing—head of MONUC in DRC—as Ambassador to the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). Meanwhile, the former top internal intelligence and security chief of the United Nations Observer's Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) has been worked for Anvil mining in Katanga since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been numerous cases of sexual misconduct by UN peacekeeping forces in the Congo. This has been acknowledged by the UN itself (such as the letter of 24 March 2005 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_DRC_anti-MONUSCO_protests" title="2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests">2023 DRC anti-MONUSCO protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-onorg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onorg_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onorg_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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CNN. 20 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209143026/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/11/20/congo.un.troops/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.N.+condemns+Congo+atrocities&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F11%2F20%2Fcongo.un.troops%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian300-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian300_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Balakrishnan2008" class="citation news cs1">Angela Balakrishnan (20 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo-unitednations">"Extra 3,100 UN troops to be deployed to Congo"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904060929/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/20/congo-unitednations">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Extra+3%2C100+UN+troops+to+be+deployed+to+Congo&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.au=Angela+Balakrishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fnov%2F20%2Fcongo-unitednations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564.stm">"DR Congo declines Indian troops"</a>. BBC. 26 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313112434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7750564.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+declines+Indian+troops&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7750564.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=20117">"Egypt to send more than 1,325 peacekeepers to Congo"</a>. Reuters. 18 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt+to+send+more+than+1%2C325+peacekeepers+to+Congo&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monuc.org%2Fnews.aspx%3FnewsID%3D20117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congo-abuse-army-clean-chit-to-soldiers/433886/">"Congo abuse: Army clean chit to soldiers"</a>. Indian Express. 13 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227182352/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/congo-abuse-army-clean-chit-to-soldiers/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congo+abuse%3A+Army+clean+chit+to+soldiers&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fcongo-abuse-army-clean-chit-to-soldiers%2F433886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indiaaid-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indiaaid_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indiaaid_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124905/http://www.sify.com/news/India-announces-263-mn-credit-for-Congo-news-jk3sEbghdci.html">"India announces $263-mn credit for Congo"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a></i>, 29 October 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sify.com/news/India-announces-263-mn-credit-for-Congo-news-jk3sEbghdci.html">the original</a> on 21 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=India+announces+%24263-mn+credit+for+Congo&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sify.com%2Fnews%2FIndia-announces-263-mn-credit-for-Congo-news-jk3sEbghdci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MONUC2411-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MONUC2411_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1042"><i>Equateur: New interdisciplinary MONUC mission in Dongo</i></a>, MONUC, 24 November 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1042&ctl=Details&mid=1096&ItemID=6547">the original</a> on 29 April 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equateur%3A+New+interdisciplinary+MONUC+mission+in+Dongo&rft.pub=MONUC&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonuc.unmissions.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D1042%26ctl%3DDetails%26mid%3D1096%26ItemID%3D6547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172309/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1042"><i>Alan Doss meets the Russian crew of a MONUC helicopter attacked in Dongo</i></a>, MONUC, 12 December 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=1042&ctl=Details&mid=1096&ItemID=6730">the original</a> on 29 April 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Doss+meets+the+Russian+crew+of+a+MONUC+helicopter+attacked+in+Dongo&rft.pub=MONUC&rft.date=2009-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonuc.unmissions.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D1042%26ctl%3DDetails%26mid%3D1096%26ItemID%3D6730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmon_Snow2009" class="citation cs2">Harmon Snow, Keith (7 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091226200656/http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian-paratroopers-to-crush-rising-congo-rebellion"><i>Belgian Paratroopers To Crush Rising Congo Rebellion?</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2009/12/belgian-paratroopers-to-crush-rising-congo-rebellion/">the original</a> on 26 December 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgian+Paratroopers+To+Crush+Rising+Congo+Rebellion%3F&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft.aulast=Harmon+Snow&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consciousbeingalliance.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fbelgian-paratroopers-to-crush-rising-congo-rebellion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429172347/http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=932"><i>Equateur: An extra 500 MONUC troops being deployed to Dongo</i></a>, MONUC, 16 December 2009, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monuc.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=932&ctl=Details&mid=1096&ItemID=6815">the original</a> on 29 April 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equateur%3A+An+extra+500+MONUC+troops+being+deployed+to+Dongo&rft.pub=MONUC&rft.date=2009-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonuc.unmissions.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D932%26ctl%3DDetails%26mid%3D1096%26ItemID%3D6815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOI1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-19/india/28311544_1_indian-peacekeepers-indian-soldiers-congo-government">3 Indian peacekeepers killed in Congo</a>, Times of India, 19 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers">DR Congo calls on UN to withdraw peacekeepers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017052717/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/dr-congo-calls-un-withdraw-peacekeepers">Archived</a> 17 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio Netherlands, 18 May 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018203957/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F17%2Fworldupdates%2F2010-06-17T001737Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-493692-1&sec=Worldupdates">U.N. peacekeepers start Congo withdrawal</a>, The Star, 17 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Lynch2011-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Lynch2011_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2011" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Colum (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/indias-withdrawal-of-helicopters-from-congo-points-to-wider-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH_story.html">"India's withdrawal of helicopters from Congo points to wider trend"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220004508/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/indias-withdrawal-of-helicopters-from-congo-points-to-wider-trend/2011/06/10/AGH5loUH_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=India%27s+withdrawal+of+helicopters+from+Congo+points+to+wider+trend&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fnational-security%2Findias-withdrawal-of-helicopters-from-congo-points-to-wider-trend%2F2011%2F06%2F10%2FAGH5loUH_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/congo-democratic-un-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121">"UN defends failed attempt to halt capture of Congo's Goma"</a>. Reuters. 21 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121129111232/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/21/congo-democratic-un-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+defends+failed+attempt+to+halt+capture+of+Congo%27s+Goma&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fcongo-democratic-un-idUSL5E8MLH6J20121121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2011-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Gettleman_and_Josh_Kron2012" class="citation news cs1">Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html">"Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120190538/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Congo+Rebels+Seize+Provincial+Capital&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=Jeffrey+Gettleman+and+Josh+Kron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F21%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fcongolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonny_Hogg2012" class="citation web cs1">Jonny Hogg (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120">"Congo rebels seize eastern city as U.N. forces look on"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo+rebels+seize+eastern+city+as+U.N.+forces+look+on&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.au=Jonny+Hogg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congo-democratic-idUSBRE8AI0UO20121120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2011_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739">"DR Congo M23 rebels 'enter Goma city'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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News 24. 9 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214115518/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Rwanda-opposes-use-of-drones-DRC-20130109">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda+opposes+use+of+drones+in+DRC&rft.pub=News+24&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FAfrica%2FNews%2FRwanda-opposes-use-of-drones-DRC-20130109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44876#.UizEW9JJOE0">"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade"</a>. United Nations. 10 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085644/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44876#.UizEW9JJOE0">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanzanian+troops+arrive+in+eastern+DR+Congo+as+part+of+UN+intervention+brigade&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D44876%23.UizEW9JJOE0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=98140">"NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade"</a>. IrinNews. 31 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040120/http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=98140">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGOs+concerned+about+new+DRC+Intervention+Brigade&rft.pub=IrinNews&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Fprintreport.aspx%3Freportid%3D98140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html">UN gives ultimatum to DR Congo rebels – Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801232357/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/201373017252298401.html">Archived</a> 1 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-go-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-go_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties-congo-troops-forces-fight-rebels-20065097">"International News | World News - ABC News | Casualties as Congo and UN Forces Fight Rebels"</a>. abcnews.go.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828083647/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/casualties-congo-troops-forces-fight-rebels-20065097">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+News+%26%23124%3B+World+News+-+ABC+News+%26%23124%3B+Casualties+as+Congo+and+UN+Forces+Fight+Rebels&rft.pub=abcnews.go.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fcasualties-congo-troops-forces-fight-rebels-20065097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-go2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-go2_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-conflict-spills-rwanda-20111030">"International News | World News - ABC News | Rebels Declare Ceasefire in Congo"</a>. abcnews.go.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130901121605/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/congo-conflict-spills-rwanda-20111030">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+News+%26%23124%3B+World+News+-+ABC+News+%26%23124%3B+Rebels+Declare+Ceasefire+in+Congo&rft.pub=abcnews.go.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fcongo-conflict-spills-rwanda-20111030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-un_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45727#.UiMppjZHIpk">"United Nations News Centre - DR Congo: UN chief deplores killing of Tanzanian peacekeeper"</a>. un.org. 29 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105044543/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45727#.UiMppjZHIpk">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+News+Centre+-+DR+Congo%3A+UN+chief+deplores+killing+of+Tanzanian+peacekeeper&rft.pub=un.org&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D45727%23.UiMppjZHIpk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-enca-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-enca_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFeNCA" class="citation web cs1">eNCA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enca.com/africa/sa-snipers-kill-congo-rebels">"SA snipers kill Congo rebels | eNCA"</a>. enca.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000423/http://www.enca.com/africa/sa-snipers-kill-congo-rebels">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SA+snipers+kill+Congo+rebels+%26%23124%3B+eNCA&rft.pub=enca.com&rft.au=eNCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enca.com%2Fafrica%2Fsa-snipers-kill-congo-rebels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrispin_Kyalangalilwa2014" class="citation news cs1">Crispin Kyalangalilwa (7 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/06/07/dispute-over-cows-leaves-37-dead-20-others-injured-in-eastern-congo/">"Dispute over cows leaves 37 dead, 20 others injured in eastern Congo"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608152438/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2014-06-07/news/sns-rt-us-congo-massacre-20140607_1_national-liberation-forces-cows-burundi">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dispute+over+cows+leaves+37+dead%2C+20+others+injured+in+eastern+Congo&rft.date=2014-06-07&rft.au=Crispin+Kyalangalilwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2014%2F06%2F07%2Fdispute-over-cows-leaves-37-dead-20-others-injured-in-eastern-congo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-32605771">"Tanzanian UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo near Beni"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanzanian+UN+peacekeepers+killed+in+DR+Congo+near+Beni&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-32605771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/sga1596.doc.htm">"Secretary-General Appoints Maman Sambo Sidikou of Niger Special Representative for Democratic Republic of Congo"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary-General+Appoints+Maman+Sambo+Sidikou+of+Niger+Special+Representative+for+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2015%2Fsga1596.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_SterlingRobyn_KrielEric_Levenson2017" class="citation web cs1">Joe Sterling; Robyn Kriel; Eric Levenson (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/08/africa/africa-un-peacekeepers-killed/index.html">"15 UN peacekeepers slain in Congo"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+UN+peacekeepers+slain+in+Congo&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.au=Joe+Sterling&rft.au=Robyn+Kriel&rft.au=Eric+Levenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F12%2F08%2Fafrica%2Fafrica-un-peacekeepers-killed%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-attack-11161884">"Fourteen UN peacekeepers killed in Democratic Republic of Congo attack"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208192535/https://news.sky.com/story/fourteen-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-attack-11161884">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourteen+UN+peacekeepers+killed+in+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ffourteen-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo-attack-11161884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42285871">"UN peacekeepers killed in DR Congo"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116151500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42285871">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+peacekeepers+killed+in+DR+Congo&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42285871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Jason (8 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo">"Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022005924/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Islamist+attack+kills+at+least+15+UN+peacekeepers+and+five+soldiers+in+DRC&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fdec%2F08%2Fpeacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UkraineWithdrawal-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UkraineWithdrawal_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UkraineWithdrawal_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyuzuzo2022" class="citation news cs1">Cyuzuzo, Samba (19 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62945971">"Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065053/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62945971">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Ukraine+troops+leave+DR+Congo+peacekeeping+mission+Monusco&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=Cyuzuzo&rft.aufirst=Samba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-62945971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aj_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un-peacekeepers-troops-shoot-two-protesters-dead-in-goma-drc">"At least 15 killed as anti-UN protests spread in eastern DR Congo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 26 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726212051/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/26/un-peacekeepers-troops-shoot-two-protesters-dead-in-goma-drc">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=At+least+15+killed+as+anti-UN+protests+spread+in+eastern+DR+Congo&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F7%2F26%2Fun-peacekeepers-troops-shoot-two-protesters-dead-in-goma-drc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyalaBujakera2022" class="citation web cs1">Kyala, Crispin; Bujakera, Stanis (27 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four-dead-anti-un-protests-spread-congo-2022-07-27/">"Four civilians electrocuted during Congo anti-U.N. protests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727150800/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/four-dead-anti-un-protests-spread-congo-2022-07-27/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Four+civilians+electrocuted+during+Congo+anti-U.N.+protests&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.aulast=Kyala&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft.au=Bujakera%2C+Stanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Ffour-dead-anti-un-protests-spread-congo-2022-07-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/5/two-officers-arrested-in-dr-congo-for-crackdown-that-killed-43-people">"Two officers arrested over DR Congo crackdown as death toll rises to 56"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Two+officers+arrested+over+DR+Congo+crackdown+as+death+toll+rises+to+56&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F9%2F5%2Ftwo-officers-arrested-in-dr-congo-for-crackdown-that-killed-43-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelfrich2018" class="citation news cs1">Helfrich, K. (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081111/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50479:exclusive-mgwebis-term-as-monusco-force-commander-ends&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111">"Exclusive: Mgwebi's term as MONUSCO force commander ends"</a>. <i>Defenceweb</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50479:exclusive-mgwebis-term-as-monusco-force-commander-ends&catid=56:diplomacy-a-peace&Itemid=111">the original</a> on 31 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defenceweb&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Mgwebi%27s+term+as+MONUSCO+force+commander+ends&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Helfrich&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D50479%3Aexclusive-mgwebis-term-as-monusco-force-commander-ends%26catid%3D56%3Adiplomacy-a-peace%26Itemid%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm">"Two DR Congo peacekeepers freed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708231348/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5119918.stm">Archived</a> 8 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>, 27 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml">"MONUSCO Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015002326/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/facts.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=MONUSCO+Facts+and+Figures+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Organization+Stabilization+Mission+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fmissions%2Fmonusco%2Ffacts.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml">"MONUSCO Leadership – United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214143714/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/monusco/leadership.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=MONUSCO+Leadership+%E2%80%93+United+Nations+Organization+Stabilization+Mission+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fmissions%2Fmonusco%2Fleadership.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768.doc.htm">"Secretary-General Appoints Kim Bolduc of Canada Deputy Special Representative, United Nations Mission in Democratic Republic of Congo | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709215203/https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sga1768.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Secretary-General+Appoints+Kim+Bolduc+of+Canada+Deputy+Special+Representative%2C+United+Nations+Mission+in+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+%7C+Meetings+Coverage+and+Press+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2017%2Fsga1768.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors">"Troop and police contributors"</a>. <i>United Nations Peacekeeping</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630060533/https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/troop-and-police-contributors">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Peacekeeping&rft.atitle=Troop+and+police+contributors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacekeeping.un.org%2Fen%2Ftroop-and-police-contributors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_5.pdf">"UN Mission's Contributions by Country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Page 5, UN. 30 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913181726/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/contributors/2013/jun13_5.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Mission%27s+Contributions+by+Country&rft.pub=Page+5%2C+UN&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fpeacekeeping%2Fcontributors%2F2013%2Fjun13_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kitekinto.hu/afrika/2012/06/04/magyar_katonak_kuzdelme_afrikai_hadurakkal/#.UiTGc9LWVlk">Magyar katonák küzdelme afrikai hadurakkal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501071559/http://kitekinto.hu/afrika/2012/06/04/magyar_katonak_kuzdelme_afrikai_hadurakkal/#.UiTGc9LWVlk">Archived</a> 1 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kitekinto.hu. Retrieved 4 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monusco.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=10662&mid=14594&ItemID=19903">"Last batch of Tanzanian troops now in Goma for the Force Intervention Brigade"</a>. MONUSCO. 12 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043730/http://monusco.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=10662&mid=14594&ItemID=19903">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+batch+of+Tanzanian+troops+now+in+Goma+for+the+Force+Intervention+Brigade&rft.pub=MONUSCO&rft.date=2013-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonusco.unmissions.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Fctl%3DDetails%26tabid%3D10662%26mid%3D14594%26ItemID%3D19903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News: UN troops 'traded gold for guns' 23 May 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6681457.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6681457.stm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017221607/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6681457.stm">Archived</a> 17 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC Panorama: Mission Impossible, 28 Apr 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b4d3j">http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b4d3j</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417051700/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b4d3j">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch: UN: Tackle Wrongdoing by Peacekeepers, May 1, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/01/un-tackle-wrongdoing-peacekeepers">https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/01/un-tackle-wrongdoing-peacekeepers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163331/https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/01/un-tackle-wrongdoing-peacekeepers">Archived</a> 14 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Harmon_Snow2008" class="citation web cs1">Keith Harmon Snow (30 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allthingspass.com/uploads/html-240Five%20Million%20Dead%20in%20Congo%20Jan%202008%20%5B4%5D.htm">"Over Five Million Dead in Congo? Fifteen Hundred People Daily? Behind the Numbers Redux: How Truth is Hidden, Even When it Seems to Be Told"</a>. <i>allthingspass.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130174752/http://allthingspass.com/uploads/html-240Five%20Million%20Dead%20in%20Congo%20Jan%202008%20%5B4%5D.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allthingspass.com&rft.atitle=Over+Five+Million+Dead+in+Congo%3F+Fifteen+Hundred+People+Daily%3F+Behind+the+Numbers+Redux%3A+How+Truth+is+Hidden%2C+Even+When+it+Seems+to+Be+Told&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.au=Keith+Harmon+Snow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallthingspass.com%2Fuploads%2Fhtml-240Five%2520Million%2520Dead%2520in%2520Congo%2520Jan%25202008%2520%255B4%255D.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMONUSCO" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9verine_Autesserre" title="Séverine Autesserre">Séverine Autesserre</a>, <i>The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding"', Cambridge University Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521156011" title="Special:BookSources/9780521156011">9780521156011</a></i></li> <li>Joshua Kucera, "Rough Ride: UN Forces face Tough Challenges restoring stability in the DRC", <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a>, 13 September 2006</li> <li>Miller, Eric, "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma," 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-4027-2">978-3-8383-4027-2</a></li> <li>Shabbir Ahsan, <i>The peacekeeper</i>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-46896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-46896-6">978-0-595-46896-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>MONUSCO</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="c:Category:United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501987" class="extiw" title="d:Q1501987">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925083746/http://www.monuc.org/">Official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040922140037/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/">UN MONUC site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vayu-sena.tripod.com/other-unops1.html">Indian Air Force in MONUC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4869&print=1">Foreign Policy: Prime numbers – Soldiers of Misfortune -Mai/June 2009 issue</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Nations" title="Template:United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations" title="Template talk:United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" title="United Nations television film series">United Nations television film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations" title="Withdrawal from the United Nations">Withdrawal from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_United_Nations_Associations" title="World 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Template:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Template talk:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UN_Peacekeeping_Operations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UN Peacekeeping Operations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_Nations_peacekeeping_operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, 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Sahara">MINURSO</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUSCO</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">UNISFA</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UNMISS</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic">MINUSCA</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Inactive</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">UNFICYP</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">UNDOF</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">UNIFIL</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">ONUC</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">UNTAG</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_I" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission I">UNAVEM I</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_II" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission II">UNAVEM II</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_I" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia I">UNOSOM I</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Mozambique" title="United Nations Operation in Mozambique">ONUMOZ</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">UNOSOM II</a> (1993–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_Uganda-Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda">UNOMUR</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia">UNOMIL</a> (1993–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Aouzou_Strip_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group">UNASOG</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Angola_Verification_Mission_III" title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission III">UNAVEM III</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Angola">MONUA</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic">MINURCA</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone">UNOMSIL</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">UNAMSIL</a> (1999–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Organization_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUC</a> (1999–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire">MINUCI</a> (2003–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">UNMIL</a> (2003–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%E2%80%99Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire">UNOCI</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Operation in Burundi">ONUB</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Sudan">UNMIS</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">MINURCAT</a> (2007–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union-United_Nations_Hybrid_Operation_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur">UNAMID</a> (2007–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a> (2013–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Transition_Assistance_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan">UNITAMS</a> (2020-2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOMREP" title="DOMREP">DOMREP</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUCA" title="ONUCA">ONUCA</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONUSAL" title="ONUSAL">ONUSAL</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">UNMIH</a> (1993–1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Support_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNSMIH</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala">MINUGUA</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Transition_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">UNTMIH</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Mission_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti (page does not exist)">MIPONUH</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">MINUSTAH</a> (2004–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_Justice_Support_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti">MINUJUSTH</a> (2017–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">UNSF</a> (1962–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_India-Pakistan_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission">UNIPOM</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Good_Offices_Mission_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan" title="United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan">UNGOMAP</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advance_Mission_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia">UNAMIC</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Tajikistan" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan">UNMOT</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor">UNMISET</a> (2002–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Integrated Mission in East Timor">UNMIT</a> (2006–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_Georgia" title="United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia">UNOMIG</a> (1993–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Confidence_Restoration_Operation_in_Croatia" title="United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia">UNCRO</a> (1995–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Preventive_Deployment_Force" title="United Nations Preventive Deployment Force">UNPREDEP</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina">UNMIBH</a> (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a> (1996–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">UNMOP</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Civilian_Police_Support_Group" title="United Nations Civilian Police Support Group">UNCPSG</a> (1996–2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WestAsia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="First United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF I</a> (1956–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observation_Group_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon">UNOGIL</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Yemen_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Yemen Observation Mission">UNYOM</a> (1963–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Nations_Emergency_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second United Nations Emergency Force">UNEF II</a> (1973–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran-Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group">UNIIMOG</a> (1988–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq-Kuwait_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission">UNIKOM</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UNSMIS</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">History of UN peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_involvement_in_international_peacekeeping" title="Latin American involvement in international peacekeeping">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">United Nations Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer" title="United Nations Military Observer">United Nations Military Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">United Nations Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations#United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_and_operations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">Orders, decorations, and medals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Medal" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Medal">Dag Hammarskjöld Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/35px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/53px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg/70px-UN_Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal_for_Exceptional_Courage_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Captain_Mbaye_Diagne_Medal" title="Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal">Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peace_Medal" title="United Nations Peace Medal">United Nations Peace Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_UNEF_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force_Medal" title="United Nations Emergency Force Medal">United Nations Emergency Force Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/35px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/53px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg/70px-United_Nations_Service_Medal_Korea_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Korea Medal">United Nations Korea Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTSO_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observation_Group_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon">UNOGIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UN_ONUC_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg/35px-UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg/53px-UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg/70px-UNFICYP_Medal_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">UNFICYP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOGIP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_India-Pakistan_Observation_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission">UNIPOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/35px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/53px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif/70px-UNEFME_Ribbon_Bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force_II" title="United Nations Emergency Force II">UNEF II</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg/35px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg/53px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg/70px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNDOF_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Disengagement_Observer_Force" title="United Nations Disengagement Observer Force">UNDOF</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif/35px-UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif/53px-UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif/70px-UNIFIL_Ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">UNIFIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNHQ_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">UNHQ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/35px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/53px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif/70px-UNIIMOG_Ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Military_Observer_Group" title="United Nations Iran–Iraq Military Observer Group">UNIIMOG</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAG.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/35px-UNTAG.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/53px-UNTAG.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/UNTAG.gif/70px-UNTAG.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">UNTAG</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif/35px-ONUCA_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" 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title="United Nations Angola Verification Mission">UNAVEM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNSSM_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Service_Medal" title="United Nations Special Service Medal">United Nations Special Service Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_MINURSO_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/35px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/53px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg/70px-ONZ_Medal_w_S%C5%82u%C5%BCbie_Pokoju_UNIKOM_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission">UNIKOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNAMIC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advance_Mission_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia">UNAMIC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/35px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/53px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif/70px-ONUSAL_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/ONUSAL" title="ONUSAL">ONUSAL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTAC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">UNTAC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNPROFOR_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Medal,_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/35px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/53px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg/70px-United_Nations_Medal%2C_Operation_in_Somalia_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/UNOSOM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOSOM II">UNOSOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/35px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/53px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif/70px-UN_Medals_for_Haiti_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Mission in Haiti">UNMIH</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/35px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/53px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg/70px-UNAMIR_Medal_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNPREDEP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Preventive_Deployment_Force" title="United Nations Preventive Deployment Force">UNPREDEP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMOP_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Observers_in_Prevlaka" title="United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka">UNMOP</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNTAES_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_for_Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Sirmium" title="United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium">UNTAES</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMIK_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNAMET_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission in East Timor">UNAMET</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">UNTAET</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_of_Support_to_East_Timor" title="United Nations Mission of Support to East Timor">UNMISET</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Observer_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Observer Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">MONUC</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/35px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/53px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif/70px-UNMEE_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea">UNMEE</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UNMIL_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Liberia" title="United Nations Mission in Liberia">UNMIL</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UNOCI_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="27" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire">MINUCI</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire">ONUCI</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UN_Medal_MINURCAT_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">MINURCAT II</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/35px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/53px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MONUC_Medal_bar.gif/70px-MONUC_Medal_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">MONUSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandated Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-ICFY_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia">International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_on_the_Former_Yugoslavia_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia Medal (page does not exist)">Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-NATO_Medal_Yugoslavia_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_Force_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina">SFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/35px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/53px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg/70px-NATO_medal_for_Kosovo_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TimorEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/35px-TimorEast.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/53px-TimorEast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/TimorEast.png/70px-TimorEast.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="188" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor" title="International Force East Timor">INTERFET</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Force_East_Timor_Medal" title="International Force East Timor Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-NATO_Medal_non-article-5_Balkans_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal#Non-Article_5_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Non-Article 5 Medal</a> for the Balkans</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_Medal_ribbon_(Non-Article_5).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg/35px-NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg/53px-NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg/70px-NATO_Medal_ribbon_%28Non-Article_5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NATO_Medal" title="NATO Medal">NATO Non-Article 5 Medal</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_groups_in_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Template:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Template talk:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_groups_in_the_Congo_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed groups in the Congo wars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_groups_in_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed groups in the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Zaire</a> (FAZ, under <a href="/wiki/Mobuto_Sese_Seko" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobuto Sese Seko">Mobuto Sese Seko</a> / FARDC, after Mobutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chad">Chad</a> (FANT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibia Defence Force">Namibia</a> (NDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Armed Forces">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">Zimbabwe</a> (ZNA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Armed_Forces" title="Angolan Armed Forces">Angola</a> (FAA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Burundi">Burundi</a> (FAB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defense Forces">Rwanda</a> (RPF/RDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">Uganda</a> (UPDF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militias and<br />rebel groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rwanda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a> (Rwanda-Uganda backed alliance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">RCD–Goma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a> (ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsis">Tutsis</a> in South Kivu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-Congo (page does not exist)">RCD-Congo</a> (faction of RCD-Goma created in 2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uganda-aligned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of Congo">Movement for the Liberation of Congo</a> (MLC, created in 1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_for_Renewal" title="Forces for Renewal">RCD-Kisangani/Mouvement de Libération</a> (RCD-K/ML or "RCD-Wamba", created 1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCD-National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCD-National (page does not exist)">RCD-National</a> (RCD-N, split from RCD-K/ML)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Congolese_Patriots" title="Union of Congolese Patriots">Union of Congolese Patriots</a> (UPC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_de_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Front de Libération du Congo (page does not exist)">Front de Libération du Congo</a> (FLC, formed from the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML from 2000 to 2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-government,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army/Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement">Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement</a> (SPLA/M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in Second War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CODECO" title="CODECO">CODECO</a> (in Ituri)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Rwanda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Rally_for_Democracy_in_Rwanda" title="Republican Rally for Democracy in Rwanda">Rassemblement Démocratique pour le Rwanda</a> (RDR, alleged successor organization to the <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (ALiR, successor to RDR in 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR, created in 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a> (ADF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> (LRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Burundi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy_%E2%80%93_Forces_for_the_Defense_of_Democracy" title="National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy">National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy</a> (CNDD-FDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Burundi)" title="National Liberation Front (Burundi)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN/FROLINA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government-aligned,<br />other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNITA" title="UNITA">National Union for Total Independence of Angola</a> (UNITA, in First War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Legion_(Zaire)" title="White Legion (Zaire)">White Legion (First Congo War)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MONUSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Alliances sometimes changed dramatically over the course of the wars. Some groups may be associated with multiple, ostensibly opposed factions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501987#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501987#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000089566916">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130551038">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/16180072-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005117885">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/156829428">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&oldid=1255604491">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MONUSCO&oldid=1255604491</a>"</div></div> 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