CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Togo - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"af54c333-865b-4027-a610-51f6220365e7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Togo","wgTitle":"Togo","wgCurRevisionId":1276632661,"wgRevisionId":1276632661,"wgArticleId":30138,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with French IPA","Articles containing French-language text","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from April 2017","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Articles needing additional references from October 2024","All articles needing additional references","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing Ewe-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Coordinates on Wikidata","Togo","1960 establishments in Togo","Economic Community of West African States","French-speaking countries and territories","Least developed countries", "Member states of the African Union","Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations","Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie","Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Member states of the United Nations","Republics","Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations","States and territories established in 1960","West African countries","Countries in Africa","Former German colonies","1960 establishments in Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Togo","wgRelevantArticleId":30138,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":8,"lon":1},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q945","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready", "ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="742"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/800px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="494"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/640px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="396"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Togo - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Togo rootpage-Togo skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Togo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Togo" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Togo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Togo" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joining_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Joining the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2024_Constitutional_Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Constitutional_Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>2024 Constitutional Reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Constitutional_Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Togo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 242 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-242" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">242 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8C%8E" title="ቶጎ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶጎ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="توغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%C3%B4" title="Togô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Togô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togu" title="Togu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Togu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3go" title="Tógo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tógo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqo" title="Toqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88" title="توقو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توقو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="টোগো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোগো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC" title="ཊོ་གོ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊོ་གོ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Togoland" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%DD%A3%D9%88" title="الطوݣو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الطوݣو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AF%DE%8E%DE%AF" title="ޓޯގޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓޯގޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Τόγκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόγκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togolando" title="Togolando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Togolando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togu" title="Togu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Togu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="توگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ga" title="Tóga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tóga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Togo" title="Yn Togo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Togo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2go" title="Tògo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tògo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B" title="ટોગો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટોગો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EA%B3%A0" title="토고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B8" title="Տոգո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոգո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="টোগো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টোগো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITogo" title="ITogo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITogo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3g%C3%B3" title="Tógó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tógó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="טוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A" title="ಟೊಗೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೊಗೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togu" title="Togu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Togu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ტოგო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოგო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoa" title="Togoa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Togoa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togum" title="Togum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Togum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togas" title="Togas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Togas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2go" title="Tògo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tògo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4g%C3%B4" title="Tôgô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tôgô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="ടോഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toko" title="Toko – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Toko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D" title="ტოგო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტოგო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88" title="توجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="توگو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توگو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯇꯣꯒꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯣꯒꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တိုဂိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုဂိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4" title="トーゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%95%DF%9C%DF%AD%DF%8F%DF%AB" title="ߕߜ߭ߏ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߕߜ߭ߏ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toogo" title="Toogo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Toogo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2go" title="Tògo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tògo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toogoo" title="Toogoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Toogoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B" title="ਟੋਗੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਗੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٹوگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹوگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%88" title="توګو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توګو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuogo" title="Tuogo – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tuogo" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2go" title="Tògo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tògo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugu" title="Tugu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tugu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="टोगो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टोगो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%C3%B6" title="Togö – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Togö" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱴᱳᱜᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱳᱜᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togu" title="Togu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Togu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D" title="ටෝගෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටෝගෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٽوگو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽوگو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThogo" title="IThogo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThogo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="تۆگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="டோகோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டோகோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACugu" title="Ṭugu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭugu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းထူဝ်းၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းထူဝ်းၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B" title="టోగో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టోగో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศโตโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโตโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8C%8E" title="ቶጎ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቶጎ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Того – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Того" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="ٹوگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹوگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="توگو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="توگو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo%C3%A4n" title="Togoän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Togoän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="多哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%C3%B3o" title="Togóo – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Togóo" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多哥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%92%D7%90" title="טאגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3g%C3%B2" title="Tógò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tógò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho" title="Toho – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Toho" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togs" title="Togs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Togs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%93%A5" title="多哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Southern Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Southern Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togot%C3%B2" title="Togotò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Togotò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4g%C3%B4" title="Tôgô – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Tôgô" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%93" title="ⵟⵓⴳⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵟⵓⴳⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q945#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Togo" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Togo"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Togo"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Togo" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Togo" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&oldid=1276632661" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Togo&id=1276632661&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTogo"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTogo"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Togo&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Togo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Togo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q945" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Togo&params=8_N_1_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°N</span> <span class="longitude">1°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8°N 1°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8; 1</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the African country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Togo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Togo (disambiguation)">Togo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Togolese Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République togolaise</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Togo"><img alt="Flag of Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/125px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/188px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/250px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_du_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Togo"><img alt="Coat of arms of Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/70px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/105px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/140px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Togo" title="Coat of arms of Togo"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Work, Liberty, Homeland"</span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Salut_%C3%A0_toi,_pays_de_nos_a%C3%AFeux" title="Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux">Terre de nos aïeux</a>"</span></span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Land of our ancestors"</span>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Togo's_national_anthem_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/0/03/Togo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Togo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Togo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATogo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATogo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATogo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_on_the_globe_(Africa_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg/220px-Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg/330px-Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg/440px-Togo_on_the_globe_%28Africa_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="797" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Togo&params=6_8_N_1_13_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°8′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°13′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.133°N 1.217°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.133; 1.217</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talensi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wasa_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; nobold"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">African</a> (94.4%)</span><sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Mina</a> (42.4%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a> (25.9%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a> (17.1%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kposo_people" title="Kposo people">Kposo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Akebu</a> (4.1%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ana-Ife</a> (3.2%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Other West African groups (1.7%)</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">non-African</a> (5.6%)<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">47.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">33.0% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">18.4% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Togo" title="Islam in Togo">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí faith">Baháʼí faith</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">others</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Togolese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Togo" title="List of presidents of Togo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Togo" title="List of prime ministers of Togo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victoire_Tomegah_Dogb%C3%A9" title="Victoire Tomegah Dogbé">Victoire Tomegah Dogbé</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Togo">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Togo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate (Togo) (page does not exist)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Togo)" title="National Assembly (Togo)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Independence</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">from <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">German Togoland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Togoland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Togoland Campaign">Togoland Campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6–26 August 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a> partitioned </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Autonomy within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence granted from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">56,785<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (21,925 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">123rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9,583,381<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">101st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,095,498<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">125.9/km<sup>2</sup> (326.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">60th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $25.103 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">151st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,767<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $9.621 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">157th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,004<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TG-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">170th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2015)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 43.1<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.547<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">low</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">163rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Togo" title="Telephone numbers in Togo">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Togo" title="Telephone numbers in Togo">+228</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TG" title="ISO 3166-2:TG">TG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tg" title=".tg">.tg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Such as <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gin_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gin language (page does not exist)">Mina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a>.</li><li value="2">Largest are the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, Mina, <a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Kotokoli Tem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabyè</a>.</li><li value="3">Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese.</li><li value="4">Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.</li><li value="5">Rankings based on 2017 figures (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/"><i>CIA World Factbook</i> – "Togo"</a>)</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Togo</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Togolese Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Ghana–Togo border">the west</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Benin–Togo border">the east</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Burkina Faso–Togo border">the north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> and extends south to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, where its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, is located.<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a small, tropical country, spanning 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 square miles)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of approximately 8 million,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it has a width of less than 115 km (71 mi) between <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and its eastern neighbour Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various peoples settled the boundaries of present day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>". In 1884, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> declared a region including a protectorate called <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, rule over Togo was transferred to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Togo gained independence from France in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> led a <a href="/wiki/1967_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Togolese coup d'état">successful military coup d'état</a> and became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. In 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities, and won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the "longest-serving leader in modern <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> history", having been president for 38 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, his son <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> was elected president. </p><p>Togo is a <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan</a> nation<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose economy depends mostly on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official language is French,<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other languages are spoken, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe family</a>. 47.8% of the population adhere to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, making it the largest religion in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Togo is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">History of Togo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Togo" title="Special:EditPage/Togo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> finds indicate that tribes were able to produce <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and process <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. The name Togo is translated from the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe language</a> as "behind the river". During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, tribes entered the region: the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewé</a> from the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Mina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Gun</a> from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togoland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/220px-Togoland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/330px-Togoland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/440px-Togoland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Togoland (<a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hellgrewe" title="Rudolf Hellgrewe">R. Hellgrewe</a>, 1908)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1884, a paper was signed at <a href="/wiki/Togoville" title="Togoville">Togoville</a> with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the German colony of <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>. The local population was <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced to work</a>, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay taxes. A <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93An%C3%A9ho_railway" title="Lomé–Aného railway">railway</a> and the port of <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced techniques of cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and developed the infrastructure. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Togoland was invaded by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. The Togoland Campaign involved the successful <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> invasion of the German colony of Togoland during the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Campaign (World War I)">West African Campaign</a> of the First World War. Following the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> invasion of the colony in August 1914, German forces were defeated, forcing the colony's surrender on 26 August 1914. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togoland was subsequently partitioned into British and French zones, creating the colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a>. On 20 July 1922, Great Britain received the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, these mandates became <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">UN Trust Territories</a>. The residents of British Togoland <a href="/wiki/1956_British_Togoland_status_plebiscite" title="1956 British Togoland status plebiscite">voted</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> as part of the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in 1957. French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> in 1959, while France retained the right to control defence, foreign relations, and finances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the <a href="/wiki/Togolese_general_election,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese general election, 1961">first presidential elections</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Togo">National Assembly of Togo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. He rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963 during which he was <a href="/wiki/Assassinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinate">assassinated</a> by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis93_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state of emergency was declared in Togo. The military handed over power to an interim government led by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a>. In May 1963, Grunitzky was elected President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system. </p><p>On 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Togolese_People" title="Rally of the Togolese People">Rally of the Togolese People Party</a>, banned activities of other political parties and introduced a 1-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in 1979 and 1986. In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in 1993, 1998 and 2003, as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and Togo on the resumption of cooperation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9,_Togo,_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg/220px-Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg/330px-Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg/440px-Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%2C_18_octobre_2017_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Togolese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Togolese protests">2017–18 Togolese protests</a> against the 50-year rule of the Gnassingbé family</figcaption></figure> <p>Eyadéma Gnassingbé died on Saturday, 5 February 2005. The military's installation of his son, <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as president provoked international condemnation, except from France. Some "democratically elected" African leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with EU which cut off <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. Up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the UN. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighbouring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in 2010 and 2015. </p><p>Togo became the first African nation to win an Olympic medal in canoeing at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> when <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boukpeti" title="Benjamin Boukpeti">Benjamin Boukpeti</a> won bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_slalom_K-1" title="Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's slalom K-1">K-1 slalom</a>. </p><p>In 2017, anti-government protests erupted. UN condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia's</a> foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Ousainou_Darboe" title="Ousainou Darboe">Ousainou Darboe</a>, had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the February 2020 presidential elections, <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Agb%C3%A9yom%C3%A9_Kodjo" title="Agbéyomé Kodjo">Agbeyome Kodjo</a> who had 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 May 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came after the re-elected <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> was sworn in for his fourth term. An investigation was opened for this case, resulting in Major General Kadangha Abalo Felix being prosecuted and tried for involvement in Madjoulba's assassination and 'conspiracy against the internal security of the state.' <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_the_Commonwealth">Joining the Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Joining the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Togo joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> in June 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to its admission at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dussey" title="Robert Dussey">Robert Dussey</a> said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide new export markets, funding for development projects and opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English and access new educational and cultural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Politics of Togo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/220px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/330px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/440px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a>, the first president of Togo from 1960 to 1963</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/170px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/255px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/340px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>, the fourth and current president since 2005.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo,_West_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg/170px-President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg/255px-President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg/340px-President_Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma_of_Republic_of_Togo%2C_West_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>, the third and longest-serving president from 1967 until his death in 2005. He was also the father of the current president.</figcaption></figure> <p>The president is elected by universal and direct suffrage for five years, and is the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">armed forces</a> and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>, who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Fambar%C3%A9_Ouattara_Natchaba" title="Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba">Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba</a>, should have become president of the country, pending a presidential election to be called within 60 days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togolese Armed Forces</a>, closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within 60 days and declared that Eyadema's son, <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>, would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, with international criticism of the succession.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African Union described the takeover as a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> International pressure also came from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover <a href="/wiki/2005_Togo_protests_and_riots" title="2005 Togo protests and riots">culminated in riots</a> in which between 400 and 500 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were uprisings in cities and towns mainly in the southern part of the country. In the town of <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A9ho" title="Aného">Aného</a> reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a massacre by government troops. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold <a href="/wiki/Togo_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Togo presidential election, 2005">elections</a> and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, and afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebow_Godwin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Bob-Akitani" title="Emmanuel Bob-Akitani">Emmanuel Bob-Akitani</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_des_Forces_du_Changement" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des Forces du Changement">Union des Forces du Changement</a> (UFC). Electoral fraud was suspected due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament designated Deputy President, <a href="/wiki/Bonfoh_Abbass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfoh Abbass">Bonfoh Abbass</a>, as interim president until the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebow_Godwin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 May 2005, <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair". The Nigerian president and Chair of AU, <a href="/wiki/Olus%E1%BA%B9gun_%E1%BB%8Cbasanj%E1%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ">Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ</a>, sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, and rejected an AU Commission appointment of former <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambian</a> president, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, as special AU envoy to Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Edem_Kodjo" title="Edem Kodjo">Edem Kodjo</a> as the prime minister. </p><p>In October 2007, after postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president-backed party <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Togolese_People" title="Rally of the Togolese People">Rally of the Togolese People</a> (RPT) won a majority with UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Vote rigging accusations were levelled at RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. With the presence of an EU observer mission, cancelled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. On 3 December 2007 <a href="/wiki/Komlan_Mally" title="Komlan Mally">Komlan Mally</a> of RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. On 5 September 2008, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fabre" title="Jean-Pierre Fabre">Jean-Pierre Fabre</a> from UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periodic <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Protests against Faure Gnassingbé">protests against Faure Gnassingbé</a> followed the election.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2010, opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Gilchrist_Olympio" title="Gilchrist Olympio">Gilchrist Olympio</a> announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides UFC with eight ministerial posts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20120614_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20120614-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> July 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters20120712_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters20120712-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean-Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, President Faure Gnassingbé was re-elected for a third term.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was again re-elected for his fourth presidential term. The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since 1967, meaning it is Africa's longest lasting dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_Constitutional_Reform">2024 Constitutional Reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2024 Constitutional Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2024, President Faure Gnassingbé presented a new constitution. One of the constitutional changes in the new constitution has Togo go from being under a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> to being under a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary one</a>, as well as weakening the power of the president, it becoming a mostly ceremonial role, strengthening the power of parliament, and strengthening the power of <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Togo" title="List of prime ministers of Togo">prime minister</a> and renaming the office "President of the Council of Ministers" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Président du Conseil des Ministres</i></span>). The term of the new office will be six years, renewable indefinitely, whereas the term of the president is lowered to four from the previous five, renewable once. In April 2024, the Togolese parliament voted in favour of the new constitution and the new constitution was officially adopted on 6 May 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Regions of Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Togo" title="Prefectures of Togo">Prefectures of Togo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo-karte-politisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Togo-karte-politisch.png/220px-Togo-karte-politisch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Togo-karte-politisch.png/330px-Togo-karte-politisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Togo-karte-politisch.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Map of Togo featuring the country's five regions and their capitals</figcaption></figure> <p>Togo is divided into 5 regions which are subdivided in turn into 39 <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefectures</a>. From north to south the regions are <a href="/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara_Region" title="Kara Region">Kara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Togo" title="Foreign relations of Togo">Foreign relations of Togo</a></div> <p>While Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organizations. It is particularly active in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> regional affairs and in the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. </p><p>In 2017, Togo signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Togo joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>, Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In joining the Commonwealth, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dussey" title="Robert Dussey">Robert Dussey</a> told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a><i>,</i> the country sought to expand its "diplomatic, political and economic network" and to "forge closer ties with the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">anglophone world</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togolese Armed Forces</a></div> <p>FAT (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Forces armées togolaises</i></span>, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>. Total military expenditures during the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military bases exist in <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, Temedja, <a href="/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niamtougou" title="Niamtougou">Niamtougou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fat_organisation_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fat_organisation-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General Staff</a> is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-fat_tetedefat_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fat_tetedefat-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air force is equipped with <a href="/wiki/Dassault/Dornier_Alpha_Jet" title="Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet">Alpha jets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Human rights in Togo</a></div> <p>Togo was labelled "Not Free" by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> from 1972 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> report based on conditions in 2010, human rights problems include "security force use of excessive force, including <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedoms of press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Assembly">assembly</a>, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>; and forced labour, including by children."<sup id="cite_ref-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Togo,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Geography of Togo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/151px-Ghana_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/227px-Ghana_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/302px-Ghana_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="931" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ghana-Togo <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>−<a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:To-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/To-map.png/163px-To-map.png" decoding="async" width="163" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/To-map.png/245px-To-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/To-map.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Togo</div></div></div></div></div> <p>It has an area equal to 56,785 km<sup>2</sup> (21,925 sq mi). It borders the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a> in the south; <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> lies to the west; <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to the east; and to the north, it is bound by <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. North of the equator, it lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°</a> and <a href="/wiki/11th_parallel_north" title="11th parallel north">11°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">0°</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_meridian_east" title="2nd meridian east">2°E</a>. </p><p>The coast of Togo in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> is 56 km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a rolling <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> in contrast to the centre of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">savanna and woodland plateau</a> which reaches a coastal plain with lagoons and marshes. The highest mountain of the country is the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Agou" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Agou">Mont Agou</a> at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mono_River" title="Mono River">Mono River</a> with a length of 400 km (250 miles). It runs from north to south. </p><p>The climate is "generally tropical"<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with average temperatures ranging from 23 °C (73 °F) on the coast to about 30 °C (86 °F) in the northernmost regions, with a drier climate and characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savanna</a>. </p><p>Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guinean_forests" title="Eastern Guinean forests">Eastern Guinean forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coast of Togo is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a>. The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.88/10, ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least five parks and reserves have been established: <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Faunal_Reserve" title="Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve">Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazao_Malfakassa_National_Park" title="Fazao Malfakassa National Park">Fazao Malfakassa National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosse_aux_Lions_National_Park" title="Fosse aux Lions National Park">Fosse aux Lions National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koutammakou" title="Koutammakou">Koutammakou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9ran_National_Park" title="Kéran National Park">Kéran National Park</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Togo" title="Wildlife of Togo">Wildlife of Togo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Economy of Togo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in Togo">List of companies based in Togo</a></div> <p>The country possesses <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> deposits<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an export sector based on agricultural products such as <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa bean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton is a cash crop.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Some crops are <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">jasmine rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Some other sectors are <a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industry. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and 2000s had a negative effect on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed country</a> group. It serves as a regional commercial and trade centre. The government's decade-long efforts supported by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investments, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted economic activities in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Togo was ranked 117th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It imports <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, equipment, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> products, and food. Its main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, re-export of goods, <a href="/wiki/Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. "Major export partners" are <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (9.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (7.4%). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/220px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/330px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/440px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Fishermen</figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of structural reforms, it has made progress in the <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> of the economy, namely in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and port activities. The privatization program of the cotton sector, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and water supply has stalled. </p><p>On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> is the "backbone" of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shortage of funds for the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> equipment and <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a> has reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficient">self-sufficient</a> in food production. <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> production is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Cattle_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle breeding">cattle breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo's gold production in 2015 is 16 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Togo has the fourth-largest <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. There are reserves of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. Industry provides 20.4% of Togo's national income, as it consists of light industries and builders. Some reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Togo" title="Transport in Togo">Transport in Togo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Togo" title="Special:EditPage/Togo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Togo has a road network of 7,520 km (4,670 mi) as of 2000, with no updated data as of 2023. It has only two major highways, Highway N1 and N2, connecting the capital, Lomé with the city of <a href="/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a>, where it gets diverged northwards to <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and from there north-west to <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and north-east to <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. N1 is the longest highway of Togo, at a length of 613 km (381 mi). N2 connects Lomé with <a href="/wiki/Aneho" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneho">Aneho</a>. The extension of N2 is Highway RNIE1, or the <a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93West_African_Coastal_Highway" title="Trans–West African Coastal Highway">Trans–West African Coastal Highway</a>, from Aneho to <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>. Other roads and highways are local and regional roads in the rest of the country, also passing through borders with the neighbouring countries. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> to the west. Once the construction in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> part gets completed, the highway will continue west to seven other <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a> (ECOWAS) nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railways_in_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Railways_in_Togo.svg/220px-Railways_in_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Railways_in_Togo.svg/330px-Railways_in_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Railways_in_Togo.svg/440px-Railways_in_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Railway network of Togo</figcaption></figure> <p>Togo has a railway network of 568 km (353 mi) as of 2008, with no further updates in the network as of 2023. It follows a <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (<a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">narrow gauge</a>) Trains are operated by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Togolais</i></span> (SNCT), which was established as a result of the restructuring and renaming of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Réseau des Chemins de Fer du Togo</i></span> from 1997 to 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-JWR0506_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JWR0506-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between Hahotoé and the port of Kpémé, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin</i></span> (CTMB) operated phosphate trains.<sup id="cite_ref-JWR0506_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JWR0506-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg/220px-Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg/330px-Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg/440px-Togo_Eisenbahn_086_1990-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A train from <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kpalim%C3%A9" title="Kpalimé">Kpalimé</a>, at an intermediate station</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are the railway networks present in the country: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93An%C3%A9ho_railway" title="Lomé–Aného railway">Lomé–Aného railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93Blitta_railway" title="Lomé–Blitta railway">Lomé–Blitta railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93Kpalim%C3%A9_railway" title="Lomé–Kpalimé railway">Lomé–Kpalimé railway</a></li> <li>Hahotoé–Kpémé railway (operated by CTMB)<sup id="cite_ref-JWR0506_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JWR0506-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG/220px-2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG/330px-2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG/440px-2014-06-16_17-21-49_Togo_Maritime_-_Station_M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93Tokoin_International_Airport" title="Lomé–Tokoin International Airport">Lomé–Tokoin International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Togo has a total of eight airports, as of 2012, out of which two are <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a> and six are <a href="/wiki/Domestic_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic airports">domestic airports</a>. The only major airport of the country is <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9%E2%80%93Tokoin_International_Airport" title="Lomé–Tokoin International Airport">Lomé–Tokoin International Airport</a> serving the capital, Lomé, and another <a href="/wiki/Niamtougou_International_Airport" title="Niamtougou International Airport">Niamtougou International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niamtougou" title="Niamtougou">Niamtougou</a>, serving the country's northern part. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9placement_de_containers_au_port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Port of Lomé</figcaption></figure> <p>Togo, in terms of water transport, is only 50 km (31 mi) navigable, mostly seasonally on the <a href="/wiki/Mono_River" title="Mono River">Mono River</a>, depending on rainfall, as of 2011. Togo has only one large container port for carrying trade operations in and out of the country, the Port of Lomé, in the capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Demographics of Togo</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census; in 2022 the Togo population was 8,680,832.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Données_de_Recensement-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of 8,644,829 (as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Données_de_Recensement-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> </p> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Togo</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Togo" title="List of cities in Togo">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartier_des_administrations_(Lom%C3%A9,_Togo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lomé"><img alt="Lomé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/120px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/180px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/240px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sokodé"><img alt="Sokodé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/120px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/180px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/240px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9" title="Sokodé">Sokodé</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,477,658 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kara,_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kara"><img alt="Kara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/120px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/180px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/240px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kpalime.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kpalimé"><img alt="Kpalimé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/120px-Kpalime.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/180px-Kpalime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/240px-Kpalime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="303" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Kpalim%C3%A9" title="Kpalimé">Kpalimé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9" title="Sokodé">Sokodé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,811 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kara_Region" title="Kara Region">Kara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kpalim%C3%A9" title="Kpalimé">Kpalimé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atakpam%C3%A9" title="Atakpamé">Atakpamé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,071 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ts%C3%A9vi%C3%A9" title="Tsévié">Tsévié</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ani%C3%A9" title="Anié">Anié</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nots%C3%A9" title="Notsé">Notsé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cinkass%C3%A9" title="Cinkassé">Cinkassé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,926 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/220px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/330px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/440px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>People in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are <a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Kotokoli or Tem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tchamba" title="Tchamba">Tchamba</a> in the centre and the <a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye people</a> in the north (22%). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouatchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouatchi (page does not exist)">Ouatchis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waci_(peuple)" class="extiw" title="fr:Waci (peuple)">fr</a>]</span> are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, while the French who studied both groups considered them different people.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ethnic groups include the Mina, <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Religion in Togo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1277954990">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend li .l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style="width: min-content;flex-direction: column-reverse;"> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"><div class="smooth-pie-caption">Religion in Togo (Arda 2020 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Blue;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 47.84 (47.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Yellow;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional faiths</a> 33.43 (33.1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Green;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> 18.36 (18.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Grey;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> 0.23 (0.23%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Black;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other 1.14 (1.13%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:Yellow;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">0 (0.00%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fc8d59;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">0 (0.00%)</span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#fc8d59;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="0 (0.00%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000" title="Christianity 47.84 (47.4%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Blue;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.224turn)" title="Christianity 47.84 (47.4%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.474turn)" title="Traditional faiths 33.43 (33.1%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:Yellow;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.555turn)" title="Traditional faiths 33.43 (33.1%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.805turn)" title="Islam 18.36 (18.2%)"></div> <div class="pie12-5" style="background:Green;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.861turn)" title="Islam 18.36 (18.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.986turn); background:Grey;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 1.25670321% 0%, 0 100%)" title="No religion 0.23 (0.23%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.989turn); background:Black;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.92253007% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Other 1.14 (1.13%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kpalime.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/220px-Kpalime.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/330px-Kpalime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/440px-Kpalime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Church in <a href="/wiki/Kpalime" class="mw-redirect" title="Kpalime">Kpalime</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population were traditional animists, 28% were Roman Catholic, 20% Sunni Muslim, 9% Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report noted that "many" Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> stated that 42.3% of the population was Christian and 14% Muslim, with 36.9% being followers of indigenous beliefs, less than one percent being <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and followers of other religions, and 6.2% being <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">unaffiliated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> missionaries. Germans introduced <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema", a corruption of the word "<a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>". After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewe_Evangelical_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewe Evangelical Church (page does not exist)">Ewe Evangelical Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Freedom House rated Togo's religious freedom as 3 out of 4,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting that religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected in practice. Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism are recognised by the state; other groups must register as religious associations to receive similar benefits. The registration process has been subject to long delays with almost 900 applications pending at the beginning of 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Languages of Togo</a></div> <p>According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, some of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 39 languages, the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is French.<sup id="cite_ref-iccia.com_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccia.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> in 1975: <a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewé</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>: <i lang="ee">Èʋegbe</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Evé</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabiyé language">Kabiyé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iccia.com_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccia.com-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not native to most groups, French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, <a href="/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a> and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. <a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a> functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. Others are Gen, Aja, Moba, Ntcham, and Ife. In joining the Commonwealth, the Togolese government has anticipated opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Togo is fulfilling 73.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Togo achieves 93.8% of what is expected based on its current income.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 88.2% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37.3% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">life expectancy at birth</a> was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4% of women in Togo have undergone <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>. </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 100, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWMY_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400-6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100-7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100,000 (73,000-130,000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37-67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500-1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30-55%) had suppressed viral loads.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">AFD</a> is working to enhance living conditions in <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, the coastal city with a population of 1.4 million, by modernizing <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">solid waste management services.</a> The project involves enhancing garbage collection through the construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> that meets international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:111_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:111-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, a Universal Health Insurance program was launched, covering 800,000 people within six months and implemented through the National Social Security Fund and the National Health Insurance Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Education in Togo</a> is compulsory for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%. The education system has "suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates".<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Culture of Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Music of Togo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/220px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/330px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/440px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Taberma houses</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture reflects the influences of ethnic groups, the largest of which are the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mina_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mina people (page does not exist)">Mina</a>, Tem, Tchamba and <a href="/wiki/Kabre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabre">Kabre</a>. Some people follow native <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> practices and beliefs. </p><p>Ewe statuary is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Statuettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuettes">statuettes</a> which illustrate the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">ibeji</a>. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the "more ubiquitous" African masks. The wood-carvers of <a href="/wiki/Kloto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloto">Kloto</a> has their "chains of marriage": Two characters are connected by rings whittled from one piece of wood. </p><p>The dyed fabric <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batiks</a> of the artisanal centre of Kloto represent stylized and coloured scenes of ancient everyday life. There are loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the "immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind", and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ahyi" title="Paul Ahyi">Paul Ahyi</a> practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is Togo's "second most practiced sport".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Togo featured a national team in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CAVB_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a> in the men's section.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Togo" title="Mass media in Togo">Mass media in Togo</a> includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agence_Togolaise_de_Presse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence Togolaise de Presse (page does not exist)">Agence Togolaise de Presse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_togolaise_de_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Agence togolaise de presse">fr</a>]</span> news agency began in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Europ2003_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europ2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.<sup id="cite_ref-Europ2003_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europ2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Television" title="Togolese Television">Togolese Television</a> is the state-owned service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Togo" title="Outline of Togo">Outline of Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Togo" title="Horses in Togo">Horses in Togo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7e\/En-us-Togo.ogg\/En-us-Togo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Togo.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7e/En-us-Togo.ogg/En-us-Togo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Togo.ogg" title="File:En-us-Togo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TOH</span>-goh</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[toɡo]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République togolaise</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo">"Constitution of Togo"</a>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo">the original</a> on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Togo&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanlegislaturesproject.org%2Fcontent%2Fconstitution-togo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/">"Togo"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftogo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c">"National Profiles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D221c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781">"Togo country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 24 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo+country+profile&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14106781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyage.gouv.tg/">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoyage.gouv.tg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo">"Togo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/">"Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH"</a>. <i>Icilome</i>. 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Icilome&rft.atitle=Togo-Les+r%C3%A9sultats+d%C3%A9finitifs+du+5e+RGPH&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficilome.com%2F2023%2F04%2Ftogo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.TG-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TG_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=742,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Togo)"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030063211/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=742,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Togo%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D742%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/">"Gini Index"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a></i>. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. <span class="nowrap">274–</span>277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075007/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORT+2023-24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isdb.org/togo">"Republic of Togo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>. 18 November 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Togo&rft.pub=Islamic+Development+Bank&rft.date=1998-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isdb.org%2Ftogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icye.org-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icye.org_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/">"Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange"</a>. <i>International cultural youth exchange</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+cultural+youth+exchange&rft.atitle=Togo+%28Partner%29+%E2%80%93+International+Cultural+Youth+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icye.org%2Ficye-in-the-world%2Ftogo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obituary-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obituary_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm">"Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103151609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm">Archived</a> 3 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (5 February 2005). <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society">"Togo"</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society">archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Togo&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftogo%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190520/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/">"Togo"</a>. <i>Ujamaa Live</i>. 26 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/">the original</a> on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ujamaa+Live&rft.atitle=Togo&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fujamaalive.africa%2Fencyclomedia%2Ftogo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis93-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ellis93_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Stephen (1993). "Rumour and Power in Togo". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>63</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">462–</span>476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1161002">10.2307/1161002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1161002">1161002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145261033">145261033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Rumour+and+Power+in+Togo&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E462-%3C%2Fspan%3E476&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145261033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1161002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1161002&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage.org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.org_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.org_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510041736/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo">"Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption"</a>. <i>www.heritage.org</i>. Archived from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.org&rft.atitle=Togo+Economy%3A+Population%2C+GDP%2C+Inflation%2C+Business%2C+Trade%2C+FDI%2C+Corruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Findex%2Fcountry%2Ftogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.co.uk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781">BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013061606/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781">Archived</a> 13 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarge2017" class="citation news cs1">Farge, Emma (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7">"Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Thomson Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111748/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Gambian+ministry+says+up+to+Togo+to+resolve+crisis&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Farge&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-togo%2Ftogos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results">"Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 24 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224070458/https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+President+Faure+Gnassingb%C3%A9+wins+fourth+term&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html">"Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224081816/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Togo+President+Faure+Gnassingbe+wins+fourth+term+in+landslide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2Ftogo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200506-togo-une-enqu%C3%AAte-ouverte-apr%C3%A8s-la-mort-violente-colonel-bitala-madjoulba">"Togo: une enquête ouverte après la mort du colonel Bitala Madjoulba"</a> (in French). Radio France Internationale. 6 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228202422/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20200506-togo-une-enqu%C3%AAte-ouverte-apr%C3%A8s-la-mort-violente-colonel-bitala-madjoulba">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+une+enqu%C3%AAte+ouverte+apr%C3%A8s+la+mort+du+colonel+Bitala+Madjoulba&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20200506-togo-une-enqu%25C3%25AAte-ouverte-apr%25C3%25A8s-la-mort-violente-colonel-bitala-madjoulba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://togonyigba.tg/togo-assassinat-de-madjoulba-bitala-le-general-abalo-kadangha-dement-toutes-accusations">"Togo: Assassinat du colonel Madjoulba Bitala : le général Kadangha Abalo dément toutes accusations"</a> (in French). Togo Nyigba. 6 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154649/https://togonyigba.tg/togo-assassinat-de-madjoulba-bitala-le-general-abalo-kadangha-dement-toutes-accusations/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Assassinat+du+colonel+Madjoulba+Bitala+%3A+le+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+Kadangha+Abalo+d%C3%A9ment+toutes+accusations&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftogonyigba.tg%2Ftogo-assassinat-de-madjoulba-bitala-le-general-abalo-kadangha-dement-toutes-accusations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2022" class="citation news cs1">Turner, Camilla (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/06/22/togo-gabon-become-newest-members-commonwealth-week/">"Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627070129/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/06/22/togo-gabon-become-newest-members-commonwealth-week/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Togo+and+Gabon+to+become+newest+members+of+Commonwealth+this+week&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F06%2F22%2Ftogo-gabon-become-newest-members-commonwealth-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawson2022" class="citation news cs1">Lawson, Alice (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/togo-sees-commonwealth-entry-pivot-english-speaking-world-2022-06-24/">"Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104101232/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/togo-sees-commonwealth-entry-pivot-english-speaking-world-2022-06-24/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Togo+sees+Commonwealth+entry+as+pivot+to+English-speaking+world&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Ftogo-sees-commonwealth-entry-pivot-english-speaking-world-2022-06-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243477.stm">"Togo: Africa's democratic test case"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402161341/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243477.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Africa%27s+democratic+test+case&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4243477.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm">"Togo leader sworn in amid protest"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo+leader+sworn+in+amid+protest&rft.date=2005-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4243629.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm">"Togo succession 'coup' denounced"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327210443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo+succession+%27coup%27+denounced&rft.date=2005-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4241001.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/500-killed-in-togo-electoral-violence-un-254481">"500 killed in Togo electoral violence – UN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Online_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Online (South Africa)">Independent Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>. 26 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217053210/https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/500-killed-in-togo-electoral-violence-un-254481">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Online&rft.atitle=500+killed+in+Togo+electoral+violence+%E2%80%93+UN&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F500-killed-in-togo-electoral-violence-un-254481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebow_Godwin-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGodwin,_Ebow2010" class="citation web cs1">Godwin, Ebow (8 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL">"Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency"</a>. Associated Press (via SF Gate). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL">the original</a> on 6 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo+Leader+to+Step+Down%2C+Seek+Presidency&rft.pub=Associated+Press+%28via+SF+Gate%29&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft.au=Godwin%2C+Ebow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029123632/http://www.scidev.net/en/sub-suharan-africa/opinions/technological-shutdowns-as-tools-of-oppression.html">"Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression"</a>. SciDev.net. 20 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1">the original</a> on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technological+shutdowns+as+tools+of+oppression&rft.pub=SciDev.net&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2Fgateways%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dreaditem%26rgwid%3D4%26item%3DOpinions%26itemid%3D401%26language%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html">"Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy"</a>. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo%3A+African+Union+in+Row+Over+Appointment+of+Special+Envoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200506060694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html">"Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy"</a>. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo%3A+African+Union+in+Row+Over+Appointment+of+Special+Envoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200507040093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. AllAfrica.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlotti" class="citation web cs1">Carlotti, Marie-Arlette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212684/Election_report_Togo_14_October_2007.pdf">"Delegation for the Observation of the Parliamentary Election in Togo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Parliament. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224005607/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/212684/Election_report_Togo_14_October_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delegation+for+the+Observation+of+the+Parliamentary+Election+in+Togo&rft.pages=3&rft.aulast=Carlotti&rft.aufirst=Marie-Arlette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fcmsdata%2F212684%2FElection_report_Togo_14_October_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/togos-president-reelected-electoral-agency-20100307-pq0l.html">"Togo's president re-elected: electoral agency"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 7 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+president+re-elected%3A+electoral+agency&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.smh.com.au%2Fbreaking-news-world%2Ftogos-president-reelected-electoral-agency-20100307-pq0l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm">"Togo opposition vows to challenge election result"</a>. BBC. 7 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Togo+opposition+vows+to+challenge+election+result&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8554145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306">"Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 6 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207113350/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Togo+leader+Gnassingbe+re-elected+in+disputed+poll&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201004120240.html">"Togo: 4,000 demonstrators protest Togo election results"</a>. AllAfrica.com. 11 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo%3A+4%2C000+demonstrators+protest+Togo+election+results&rft.pub=AllAfrica.com&rft.date=2010-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201004120240.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087">"Togo opposition 'to join coalition government'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 27 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403150839/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo+opposition+%27to+join+coalition+government%27&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10177087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024">"Togo profile"</a>. BBC. 11 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404205237/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo+profile&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14107024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC20120614-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC20120614_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872">"Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest"</a>. BBC. 14 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404183708/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo+protest%3A+Lome+rocked+by+electoral+reform+unrest&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-18439872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters20120712-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters20120712_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715055119/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE86B03R20120712">"Togo PM, govt quit to widen leadership before vote"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 12 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE86B03R20120712">the original</a> on 15 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Togo+PM%2C+govt+quit+to+widen+leadership+before+vote&rft.date=2012-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFJOE86B03R20120712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Huge-rally-in-Togo-20120722">"Huge rally in Togo"</a>. news24.com. 22 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725001146/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Huge-rally-in-Togo-20120722">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huge+rally+in+Togo&rft.pub=news24.com&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FAfrica%2FNews%2FHuge-rally-in-Togo-20120722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32512615">"Togo's Faure Gnassingbe wins third term as president"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519065908/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32512615">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+Faure+Gnassingbe+wins+third+term+as+president&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-32512615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/togo-president-gnassingb%C3%A9-wins-re-election/a-52494760">"Togo President Gnassingbé wins re-election | DW | 24.02.2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231132047/https://www.dw.com/en/togo-president-gnassingb%C3%A9-wins-re-election/a-52494760">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Togo+President+Gnassingb%C3%A9+wins+re-election+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+24.02.2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ftogo-president-gnassingb%25C3%25A9-wins-re-election%2Fa-52494760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ips-journal.eu/regions/africa/togos-dynasty-lives-on-4111/">"Togo's dynasty lives on"</a>. <i>IPS</i>. 28 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207192212/https://www.ips-journal.eu/regions/africa/togos-dynasty-lives-on-4111/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPS&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+dynasty+lives+on&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ips-journal.eu%2Fregions%2Fafrica%2Ftogos-dynasty-lives-on-4111%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/togo-has-adopted-major-constitutional-changes-to-give-parliament-more-power-how-it-will-work-228944">"Togo has adopted major constitutional changes to give parliament more power: how it will work"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Togo+has+adopted+major+constitutional+changes+to+give+parliament+more+power%3A+how+it+will+work&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ftogo-has-adopted-major-constitutional-changes-to-give-parliament-more-power-how-it-will-work-228944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XXVI%3A+Disarmament+%E2%80%93+No.+9+Treaty+on+the+Prohibition+of+Nuclear+Weapons&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-9%26chapter%3D26%26clang%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fat_organisation-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fat_organisation_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316193353/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33">"Organisation des Forces Armées"</a>. www.forcesarmees.tg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33">the original</a> on 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organisation+des+Forces+Arm%C3%A9es&rft.pub=www.forcesarmees.tg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforcesarmees.tg%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D13%26Itemid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fat_tetedefat-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fat_tetedefat_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140008/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100">"Un Nouveau Chef à la Tête des FAT"</a>. www.forcesarmees.tg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100">the original</a> on 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+Nouveau+Chef+%C3%A0+la+T%C3%AAte+des+FAT&rft.pub=www.forcesarmees.tg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforcesarmees.tg%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27460%3Atogolese-air-force-acquires-cn235&catid=35%3AAerospace&Itemid=107">"Togolese Air Force acquires CN235"</a>. defenceweb.co.za. 29 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180153/https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/togolese-air-force-acquires-cn235/?catid=35%3AAerospace&Itemid=107">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togolese+Air+Force+acquires+CN235&rft.pub=defenceweb.co.za&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceweb.co.za%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D27460%253Atogolese-air-force-acquires-cn235%26catid%3D35%253AAerospace%26Itemid%3D107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm">"2010 Human Rights Report: Togo"</a>. <i>US Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017055530/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Faf%2F154374.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvery2019" class="citation news cs1">Avery, Daniel (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974">"71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=71+Countries+Where+Homosexuality+is+Illegal&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFItaborahy2013" class="citation web cs1">Itaborahy, Lucas Paoli (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085454/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf">"State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State-sponsored+Homophobia%3A+A+world+survey+of+laws+prohibiting+same-sex+activity+between+consenting+adults&rft.pub=The+International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+Association&rft.date=2013-05&rft.aulast=Itaborahy&rft.aufirst=Lucas+Paoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.ilga.org%2FStatehomophobia%2FILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">534–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020" class="citation journal cs1">Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 5978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5978G">2020NatCo..11.5978G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3">10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057">7723057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293507">33293507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+modification+of+forests+means+only+40%25+of+remaining+forests+have+high+ecosystem+integrity+-+Supplementary+Material&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5978&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5978G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33293507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-19493-3&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Grantham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+A.&rft.au=Evans%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Jones%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+H.+L.&rft.au=Schuster%2C+R.&rft.au=Walston%2C+J.&rft.au=Ray%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Callow%2C+M.&rft.au=Clements%2C+T.&rft.au=Costa%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=DeGemmis%2C+A.&rft.au=Elsen%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Ervin%2C+J.&rft.au=Franco%2C+P.&rft.au=Goldman%2C+E.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+S.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.&rft.au=Hofsvang%2C+E.&rft.au=Jantz%2C+P.&rft.au=Jupiter%2C+S.&rft.au=Kang%2C+A.&rft.au=Langhammer%2C+P.&rft.au=Laurance%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+S.&rft.au=Linkie%2C+M.&rft.au=Malhi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+S.&rft.au=Mendez%2C+M.&rft.au=Mittermeier%2C+R.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.&rft.au=Radachowsky%2C+J.&rft.au=Saatchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Samper%2C+C.&rft.au=Silverman%2C+J.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Strassburg%2C+B.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+T.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+E.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.&rft.au=Tear%2C+T.&rft.au=Tizard%2C+R.&rft.au=Venter%2C+O.&rft.au=Visconti%2C+P.&rft.au=Wang%2C+S.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7723057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140/">"Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507091944/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Koutammakou%2C+the+Land+of+the+Batammariba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1140%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefactfile.org/togo-facts/">"The Fact File"</a>. <i>factfile.org</i>. 19 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180208/https://thefactfile.org/togo-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factfile.org&rft.atitle=The+Fact+File&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthefactfile.org%2Ftogo-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britannica.com/place/Togo#toc55354">"Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240508155423/https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo#toc55354">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.org&rft.atitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritannica.com%2Fplace%2FTogo%23toc55354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/"><i>Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</i></a>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_66-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/">"Togo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo&rft.series=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftogo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoelle_Businger" class="citation web cs1">Joelle Businger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/getting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way">"Getting Togo's Agriculture Back on Track, and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002224128/https://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/getting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+Togo%27s+Agriculture+Back+on+Track%2C+and+Lifting+Rural+Families+Out+of+Poverty+Along+the+Way&rft.au=Joelle+Businger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fnasikiliza%2Fgetting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table">"Gold production"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table">the original</a> on 29 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Gold+production&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fgold-production%3Ftab%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo">"Togo | Location, History, Population, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407192402/https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Togo+%7C+Location%2C+History%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JWR0506-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JWR0506_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JWR0506_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JWR0506_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ken, ed. (2005). <i>Jane's World Railways 2005-2006</i> (47th ed.). Jane's Information Group. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-2710-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-2710-6"><bdi>0-7106-2710-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+World+Railways+2005-2006&rft.pages=464&rft.edition=47th&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7106-2710-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.humandatas.com/pays/Togo">"Population Togo - evolution population Togo - Pyramide des âges - age median - demographie - chiffres"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104091410/https://en.humandatas.com/pays/Togo">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Togo+-+evolution+population+Togo+-+Pyramide+des+%C3%A2ges+-+age+median+-+demographie+-+chiffres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.humandatas.com%2Fpays%2FTogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[RGPH4 Recensement Général de la Population 2010]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Données_de_Recensement-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43&Itemid=96">Données de Recensement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026150747/http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43&Itemid=96">Archived</a> 26 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/togo/cities/">"Togo"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805142020/http://citypopulation.de/en/togo/cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Ftogo%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan,_M._AliSherieff,_A.Balakishan,_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Khan, M. Ali; Sherieff, A.; Balakishan, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUwr1BpOCooC&pg=PA255"><i>Encyclopedia of world geography</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-773-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-773-2"><bdi>978-81-7625-773-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182153/https://books.google.com/books?id=GUwr1BpOCooC&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+geography&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-773-2&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.+Ali&rft.au=Sherieff%2C+A.&rft.au=Balakishan%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGUwr1BpOCooC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c">"Religions in Togo | Arda"</a>. <i>www.globalreligiousfutures.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalreligiousfutures.org&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Togo+%26%23124%3B+Arda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D221c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Togo_2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Togo_2012_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208418.pdf">"Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2009-2017 Archive for the U.S. Department of State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>. 2012. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303004947/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208418.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2009-2017+Archive+for+the+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Togo+2012+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F208418.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecalo1996" class="citation book cs1">Decalo, Samuel (1996). <i>Historical Dictionary of Togo</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810830738" title="Special:BookSources/9780810830738"><bdi>9780810830738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Togo&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780810830738&rft.aulast=Decalo&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/togo/freedom-world/2022">"Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517135624/https://freedomhouse.org/country/togo/freedom-world/2022">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+House%2C+Retrieved+2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Ftogo%2Ffreedom-world%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TG">"Languages of Togo"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075952/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TG">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Languages+of+Togo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iccia.com-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iccia.com_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iccia.com_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iccia.com/?q=countryprofile/home/code&code=tg">"Country Profile | The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA)"</a>. <i>iccia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418214950/https://iccia.com/?q=countryprofile/home/code&code=tg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iccia.com&rft.atitle=Country+Profile+%7C+The+Islamic+Chamber+of+Commerce+%2C+Industry+and+Agriculture+%28ICCIA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficcia.com%2F%3Fq%3Dcountryprofile%2Fhome%2Fcode%26code%3Dtg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG">"Togo"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417113622/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"</a>. <i>humanrightsmeasurement.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308173546/https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humanrightsmeasurement.org&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+Measurement+Initiative+%E2%80%93+The+first+global+initiative+to+track+the+human+rights+performance+of+countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanrightsmeasurement.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Togo_-_HRMI_Rights_Tracker_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightstracker.org/">"Togo - HRMI Rights Tracker"</a>. <i>rightstracker.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519142734/https://rightstracker.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightstracker.org&rft.atitle=Togo+-+HRMI+Rights+Tracker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightstracker.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf">UNICEF 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf">Archived</a> 5 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWMY-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOWMY_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">"The State Of The World's Midwifery"</a>. United Nations Population Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184853/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+Of+The+World%27s+Midwifery&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsowmy%2Freport%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo">"Togo"</a>. <i>www.unaids.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731160404/https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unaids.org&rft.atitle=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fregionscountries%2Fcountries%2Ftogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:111-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:111_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBank2023" class="citation web cs1">Bank, European Investment (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative">"The Clean Oceans Initiative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223145820/https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Clean+Oceans+Initiative&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F20230014-the-clean-oceans-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afd.fr/en/the-clean-oceans-initiative">"Clean Oceans Initiative"</a>. <i>www.afd.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224075540/https://www.afd.fr/en/the-clean-oceans-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.afd.fr&rft.atitle=Clean+Oceans+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afd.fr%2Fen%2Fthe-clean-oceans-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFirst" class="citation web cs1">First, Togo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.togofirst.com/en/social/1207-14440-togos-universal-health-insurance-covers-800-000-people-in-first-six-months">"Togo's Universal Health Insurance Covers 800,000 People in First Six Months"</a>. <i>www.togofirst.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.togofirst.com&rft.atitle=Togo%27s+Universal+Health+Insurance+Covers+800%2C000+People+in+First+Six+Months&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.togofirst.com%2Fen%2Fsocial%2F1207-14440-togos-universal-health-insurance-covers-800-000-people-in-first-six-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilab-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Togo.htm">"Togo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm">Archived</a> 2 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKayi_Lawson2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kayi Lawson (28 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-basketball-une-discipline-en-qu%C3%AAtes-de-moyen-et-de-vocations-au-togo/5907971.html">"Le basketball, une discipline en quêtes de moyen et de vocations au Togo"</a>. <i>VOA Afrique</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104103533/https://www.voaafrique.com/a/le-basketball-une-discipline-en-qu%C3%AAtes-de-moyen-et-de-vocations-au-togo/5907971.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+Afrique&rft.atitle=Le+basketball%2C+une+discipline+en+qu%C3%AAtes+de+moyen+et+de+vocations+au+Togo&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft.au=Kayi+Lawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voaafrique.com%2Fa%2Fle-basketball-une-discipline-en-qu%25C3%25AAtes-de-moyen-et-de-vocations-au-togo%2F5907971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FIVB" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB">FIVB</a></i>. 22 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIVB&rft.atitle=Continental+Cup+Finals+start+in+Africa&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fivb.com%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-cup-finals-start-in-africa%3Fid%3D94414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europ2003-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europ2003_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europ2003_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEuropa2003" class="citation book cs1">"Togo: Directory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2003</i></a>. Regional Surveys of the World. <a href="/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2003. p. 1106+. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431315" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431315"><bdi>9781857431315</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3896">0065-3896</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518182153/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Directory&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2003&rft.series=Regional+Surveys+of+the+World&rft.pages=1106%2B&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0065-3896&rft.isbn=9781857431315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KBP7QbalX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bullock, A L C, <i>Germany's Colonial Demands</i> (Oxford University Press, 1939).</li> <li>Gründer, Horst, <i>Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien</i>, 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995).</li> <li>Mwakikagile, Godfrey, <i>Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Science Publishers, Inc.">Nova Science Publishers, Inc.</a>, 2001).</li> <li>Packer, George, <i>The Village of Waiting</i> (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988).</li> <li>Piot, Charles, <i>Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2010).</li> <li>Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, <i>German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies</i> (George Allen & Unwin, 1926).</li> <li>Sebald, Peter, <i>Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen</i> (Berlin, 1987).</li> <li>Seely, Jennifer, <i>The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).</li> <li>Zurstrassen, Bettina, <i>"Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914</i> (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Togo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Togo</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Togo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="c:Togo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Togo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Togo">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Togo" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Togo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="voy:Togo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republicoftogo.com/">Official website</a></span></span>, Republic of Togo <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/">National Assembly of Togo</a> official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Togo">Togo</a> profile from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781">Country Profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Togo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Togo">Wikimedia Atlas of Togo</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192782">Togo</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/where/togo/">News headline links</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/togo">Togo</a>, Democracy Now!</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newint.org/regions/togo">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo">Togo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Togo_articles361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Togo_topics" title="Template:Togo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Togo_topics" title="Template talk:Togo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Togo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Togo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Togo_articles361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atakpam%C3%A9" title="Battle of Atakpamé">Battle of Atakpamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Togo" title="List of colonial governors of Togo">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I#West_Africa" title="African theatre of World War I">West Africa Campaign <span style="font-size:85%;">(World War I)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pya-Hodo_Massacre" title="Pya-Hodo Massacre">Pya-Hodo Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Togolese coup d'état">1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Togolese coup d'état">1967 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Togolese_coup_attempt" title="1986 Togolese coup attempt">1986 coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Togo" title="Coat of arms of Togo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/80px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/120px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/160px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Togo" title="Template:Borders of Togo">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Togo" title="List of cities in Togo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Togo" title="Prefectures of Togo">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Togo" title="List of rivers of Togo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Togo" title="Wildlife of Togo">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Togo" title="Elections in Togo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Togo" title="Foreign relations of Togo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Togo" title="List of political parties in Togo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Togo" title="List of presidents of Togo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Togo" title="List of prime ministers of Togo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Togo" title="Trade unions in Togo">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Togo" title="Transport in Togo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Togo" title="Category:Society of Togo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Togo" title="Child marriage in Togo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Togo" title="Human trafficking in Togo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Togo">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Togo" title="Mass media in Togo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Togo" title="Prostitution in Togo">Prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Togo" title="Outline of Togo">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Togo" title="Category:Togo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Education,_Science,_Technology_and_Innovation" title="African Union Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation">Department of Education, Science, Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Political_Affairs,_Peace_and_Security" title="African Union Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security">Department of Political Affairs, Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Infrastructure_and_Energy" title="African Union Department of Infrastructure and Energy">Department of Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Health,_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Social_Development" title="African Union Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development">Department of Health, Humanitarian Affairs and Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Agriculture" title="African Union Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, and Blue Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Department_of_Economic_Development,_Trade,_Tourism,_Industry,_Mining" title="African Union Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining">Department of Economic Development, Trade, Tourism, Industry, Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_African_Union" title="Agencies of the African Union">Specialised agencies and institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Civil_Aviation_Commission" title="African Civil Aviation Commission">African Civil Aviation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Energy_Commission" title="African Energy Commission">African Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afripol" title="Afripol">Afripol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-African_Highway_network" title="Trans-African Highway network">Trans-African Highway network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121576744">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130758453">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208739/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJ9MX8bPGRjrCY8VYpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060344-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061115">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865648s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865648s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573158">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Togo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131088&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455474">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548185605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9a4a20b1-eff0-364a-a157-dc709b07eadc">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/44db4a3c-2d73-454a-9f73-ca03ab515983">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/glYVKNWu">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026402343">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003470">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046283">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Togo&params=8_N_1_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°N</span> <span class="longitude">1°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8°N 1°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8; 1</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&oldid=1276632661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&oldid=1276632661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Togo" title="Category:Togo">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Togo" title="Category:1960 establishments in Togo">1960 establishments in Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Category:Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:French-speaking countries and territories">French-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries" title="Category:Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Category:Member states of the African Union">Member states of the African Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1960" title="Category:States and territories established in 1960">States and territories established in 1960</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_African_countries" title="Category:West African countries">West African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_German_colonies" title="Category:Former German colonies">Former German colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1960 establishments in Africa">1960 establishments in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2017">Use dmy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2024">Articles needing additional references from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ewe-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ewe-language text">Articles containing Ewe-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 23:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Togo&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Togo</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>242 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-f468649f7-8k9wx","wgBackendResponseTime":259,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.891","walltime":"2.269","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13139,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":485649,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":95446,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":53,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":407992,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1892.353 1 -total"," 29.70% 562.112 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.59% 427.543 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 16.13% 305.156 59 Template:Cite_web"," 6.70% 126.713 1 Template:Togo_topics"," 6.60% 124.802 1 Template:Country_topics"," 5.43% 102.719 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 5.34% 100.984 1 Template:Native_name"," 4.84% 91.534 3 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 4.14% 78.266 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.153","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21359304,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"value too small\t0\t0 (0.00%)\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","19.7"],["?","220","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","80","6.1"],["type","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.0"],["(for generator)","40","3.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.0"],["[others]","260","19.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.migration-5554787cc5-czdlv","timestamp":"20250228014633","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Togo","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Togo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q945","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q945","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-30T01:43:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T23:40:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/68\/Flag_of_Togo.svg","headline":"country in West Africa"}</script> </body> </html>