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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Towards the siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towards_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_and_weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_and_weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tactics and weaponry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics_and_weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Armies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Siege subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Ottomans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Ottomans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arrival of the Ottomans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Ottomans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Fort_St._Elmo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Fort_St._Elmo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Capture of Fort St. Elmo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Fort_St._Elmo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Panic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Senglea_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Senglea_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The Senglea Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Senglea_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Michael_and_Birgu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Michael_and_Birgu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>St. Michael and Birgu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Michael_and_Birgu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_St._Michael_and_Mdina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_St._Michael_and_Mdina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Fort St. Michael and Mdina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_St._Michael_and_Mdina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gran_Soccorso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gran_Soccorso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span><i>Gran Soccorso</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gran_Soccorso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_historical_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_historical_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature and historical fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_historical_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Siege of Malta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="حصار مالطا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار مالطا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մալթայի Պաշարում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մալթայի Պաշարում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Malta_m%C3%BChasir%C9%99si" title="Böyük Malta mühasirəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Malta mühasirəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مالتا موحاصیره‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مالتا موحاصیره‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7" title="মাল্টার মহাঅবরোধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাল্টার মহাঅবরোধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B_(1565)" title="Аблога Мальты (1565) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аблога Мальты (1565)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B_(1565)" title="Аблога Мальты (1565) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аблога Мальты (1565)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_(1565)" title="Обсада на Малта (1565) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Малта (1565)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Malta_(1565)" title="Setge de Malta (1565) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_oble%C5%BEen%C3%AD_Malty" title="Velké obležení Malty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velké obležení Malty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Malta_(1565)" title="Belagerung von Malta (1565) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_piiramine" title="Malta piiramine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Malta piiramine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_(1565)" title="Πολιορκία της Μάλτας (1565) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία της Μάλτας (1565)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Malta_(1565)" title="Sitio de Malta (1565) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltako_setioa_(1565)" title="Maltako setioa (1565) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maltako setioa (1565)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="محاصره بزرگ مالت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره بزرگ مالت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte" title="Grand siège de Malte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand siège de Malte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9igear_M%C3%B3r_Mh%C3%A1lta" title="Léigear Mór Mhálta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Léigear Mór Mhálta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%ED%83%80_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84_(1565%EB%85%84)" title="몰타 공방전 (1565년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰타 공방전 (1565년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մալթայի պաշարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալթայի պաշարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Malte" title="Opsada Malte – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsada Malte" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Malta_(1565)" title="Pengepungan Malta (1565) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Malta_(1565)" title="Assedio di Malta (1565) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94" title="המצור הגדול על מלטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור הגדול על מלטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90" title="მალტის დიდი ალყა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალტის დიდი ალყა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidio_Melitensis" title="Obsidio Melitensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Obsidio Melitensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lta_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_ostroma" title="Málta török ostroma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Málta török ostroma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_(1565)" title="Опсада на Малта (1565) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Малта (1565)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedju_ta%27_Malta_(1565)" title="Assedju ta' Malta (1565) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Assedju ta' Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7_1565" title="حصار مالطا 1565 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حصار مالطا 1565" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Malta_(1565)" title="Pengepungan Malta (1565) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Malta_(1565)" title="Beleg van Malta (1565) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6_(1565%E5%B9%B4)" title="マルタ包囲戦 (1565年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルタ包囲戦 (1565年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_store_beleiringen_av_Malta_i_1565" title="Den store beleiringen av Malta i 1565 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den store beleiringen av Malta i 1565" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omleiringa_av_Malta_i_1565" title="Omleiringa av Malta i 1565 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Omleiringa av Malta i 1565" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%82_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="محاصرۂ مالٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محاصرۂ مالٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="د مالتا لویه کلابندي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مالتا لویه کلابندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Malty_(1565)" title="Oblężenie Malty (1565) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Malty (1565)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Malta" title="Cerco de Malta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Malta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Великая осада Мальты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая осада Мальты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assediu_di_Malta_(1565)" title="Assediu di Malta (1565) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Assediu di Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Опсада Малте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Малте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Malte" title="Opsada Malte – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Malte" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltan_piiritys" title="Maltan piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maltan piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Malta_(1565)" title="Belägringen av Malta (1565) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Malta (1565)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1565)" title="การล้อมมอลตา (ค.ศ. 1565) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การล้อมมอลตา (ค.ศ. 1565)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Malta Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malta Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8_(1565)" title="Велика облога Мальти (1565) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика облога Мальти (1565)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%82_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="محاصرۂ مالٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محاصرۂ مالٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B4_(1565%E5%B9%B4)" title="马耳他之围 (1565年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马耳他之围 (1565年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Siege_of_Malta&params=35_53_31_N_14_31_06_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°53′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°31′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.89194°N 14.51833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.89194; 14.51833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman Empire's invasion of Malta in 1565</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the siege in 1565. For other sieges of Malta, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Malta (disambiguation)">Siege of Malta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Great Siege of Malta</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png/300px-Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png/450px-Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png/600px-Dimostrazione_di_tutte_le_batterie.png 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span><br /><i>Dimostrazione di tutte le batterie</i>, fresco by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_P%C3%A9rez" title="Matteo Pérez">Matteo Pérez d'Aleccio</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster%27s_Palace_(Valletta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)">Grandmaster's Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 May – 8 September 1565<br />(3 months and 3 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbour" title="Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malta under the Order of Saint John">Malta</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Siege_of_Malta&params=35_53_31_N_14_31_06_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°53′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">14°31′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.89194°N 14.51833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.89194; 14.51833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Maltese–Spanish victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><br /><i>Ottoman Vassals:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Malta</a>:</li></ul> </div> <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Order of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Relief force:</b><sup id="cite_ref-paoletti2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paoletti2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li>Mustafa Pasha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piali_Pasha" title="Piali Pasha">Piali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_la_Cassi%C3%A8re" title="Jean de la Cassière">Jean de la Cassière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathurin_Romegas" title="Mathurin Romegas">Mathurin Romegas</a></li> <li>Gonzalo de Medrano <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li>Melchor de Robles <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> <p><b>Relief force:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Osorio" title="García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio">García Álvarez de Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Sande" title="Álvaro de Sande">Álvaro de Sande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Andrea_Doria" title="Giovanni Andrea Doria">Giovanni Andrea Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiappino_Vitelli" title="Chiappino Vitelli">Chiappino Vitelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 35,000–40,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>2,500 (6,100, including militia, servants, and galley slaves) </p> <ul><li>900 soldiers from the Spanish Empire</li> <li>800 soldiers from Italian states outside of the empire</li> <li>600 Knights Hospitaller</li> <li>200 unaffiliated soldiers from Sicily and Greece</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_Cassola_1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Cassola_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–35,000 killed in combat and from disease<sup id="cite_ref-SOM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giacomo_Bosio_1643-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> At least 2,500</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Hungary and the Balkans</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign</a> (1527–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War" title="Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War">Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War</a> (1527–1593)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_I%27s_campaign_of_1529" title="Suleiman I's campaign of 1529">Hungary</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars_in_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931568)" title="Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)">Little Wars in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1529%E2%80%931533" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1529–1533">(1529–1533)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1540%E2%80%931547" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1540–1547">(1540–1547)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1551%E2%80%931562" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1551–1562">(1551–1562)</a> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg%E2%80%93Ottoman_war_of_1565%E2%80%931568" title="Habsburg–Ottoman war of 1565–1568">(1565–1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gy%C5%91r_(1577)" title="Battle of Győr (1577)">Győr</a> (1577)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicske" title="Battle of Bicske">Bicske</a> (1578)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Turkish_War" title="Long Turkish War">Long War</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a> (1604–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1663%E2%80%931664)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1663–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> (1683–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716%E2%80%931718" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1716–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War</a> (1735–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War</a> (1788–91)</li></ul> <p><b>Mediterranean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Balearics</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">1st Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">2nd Algiers</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">3rd Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera" title="Battle of Formentera">Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Cherchell</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a> (1533–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">1st Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">2nd Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Girolata" title="Battle of Girolata">Girolata</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albor%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Alborán">Alborán</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">4th Algiers</a> (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">1st Mostaganem</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lipari" title="Sack of Lipari">Lipari</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Naples" title="Sack of Naples">Naples</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">2st Mostaganem</a> (1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Cullera" title="Sack of Cullera">Cullera</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Mahdia</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">1st Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Corsica</a> (1553–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Vieste" title="Sack of Vieste">Viste</a> (1554)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Béjaïa</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearics</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">3rd Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Orán and Mers-el-Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">1st Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Granada" title="Sack of Granada">Granada</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">2nd Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a> (1564)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tunis_(1569)" title="Capture of Tunis (1569)">3rd Tunis</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gozo_(1570)" title="Battle of Gozo (1570)">2nd Gozo</a> (1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Navarino_(1572)" title="Siege of Navarino (1572)">Navarino</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">4th Tunis</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">5th Tunis</a> (1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_September_1575" title="Action of 26 September 1575">Cadaqués</a> (1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lanzarote_(1586)" title="Sack of Lanzarote (1586)">Lanzarote</a> (1586)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chios_expedition_(1599)" title="Chios expedition (1599)">Chios</a> (1599)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Hammamet</a> (1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_June_1609" title="Action of 29 June 1609">1nd La Goulette</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Cape Corvo</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_May_1612" title="Action of May 1612">2nd La Goulette</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Malta</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a> (1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Constantinople" title="Raid on Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1616)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Great Siege of Malta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i>L-Assedju l-Kbir</i>) occurred in 1565 when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> attempted to conquer the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, then held by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. The siege lasted nearly four months, from 18 May to 8 September 1565. </p><p>The Knights Hospitaller had been <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">headquartered in Malta since 1530</a>, after being driven out of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, also by the Ottomans, in 1522, following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">siege of Rhodes</a>. The Ottomans first attempted to take Malta in 1551 but failed. In 1565, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the Ottoman Sultan, made a second attempt to take Malta. The Knights, who numbered around 500 together with approximately 6,000 footsoldiers, withstood the siege and repelled the invaders. </p><p>This victory became one of the most celebrated events of sixteenth-century Europe, to the point that <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> said: "Nothing is better known than the siege of Malta." It undoubtedly contributed to the eventual erosion of the European perception of Ottoman invincibility, although the Mediterranean continued to be contested between Christian coalitions and the Muslim Turks for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knights_of_Malta">Knights of Malta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Knights of Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John#Early_years" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malta under the Order of Saint John">History of Malta under the Order of Saint John § Early years</a></div> <p>By the end of 1522, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the Ottoman Sultan, had forcibly ejected the Knights from their base on <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> after the six-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">siege of Rhodes</a>. From 1523 to 1530 the Order lacked a permanent home. They became known as the Knights of Malta when, on 26 October 1530, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam" title="Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam">Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a> of the Knights, sailed into Malta's Grand Harbour with a number of his followers to lay claim to Malta and <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>, which had been granted to them by Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tribute_of_the_Maltese_Falcon" title="Tribute of the Maltese Falcon">in return for one falcon</a> sent annually to the Viceroy of Sicily and a solemn Mass to be celebrated on All Saints Day. Charles also required the Knights to garrison <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> on the North African coast, which was in territory that the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a>, allies of the Ottomans, controlled. The Knights accepted the offer reluctantly. Malta was a small, desolate island, and for some time, many of the Knights clung to the dream of recapturing Rhodes. </p><p>Nevertheless, the Order soon turned Malta into a naval base. The island's position in the centre of the Mediterranean made it a strategically crucial gateway between East and West, especially as the Barbary corsairs increased their forays into the western Mediterranean throughout the 1540s and 1550s. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png/240px-Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png/360px-Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png/480px-Jean_de_Valette_-Antoine_Favray.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In particular, the corsair <a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a> was proving to be a major threat to the Christian nations of the central Mediterranean. Dragut and the Knights were continually at loggerheads. In 1551, Dragut and the Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_(Ottoman_admiral)" title="Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)">Sinan</a> decided to take Malta and invaded the island with a force of about 10,000 men. After only a few days, however, Dragut broke off the siege and moved to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">island of Gozo</a>, where he bombarded the <a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Cittadella</a> for several days. The Knights' governor on Gozo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelatian_de_Sessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelatian de Sessa (page does not exist)">Gelatian de Sessa</a>, having decided that resistance was futile, threw open the doors to the Cittadella. The corsairs sacked the town and took virtually the entire population of Gozo (approximately 5,000 people) into captivity. Dragut and Sinan then sailed south to Tripoli, where they soon <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">seized the Knights' garrison there</a>. They initially installed a local leader, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aga_Morat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aga Morat (page does not exist)">Aga Morat</a>, as governor, but subsequently Dragut himself took control of the area. </p><p>Expecting another Ottoman invasion within a year, Grand Master of the Knights <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Homedes_y_Coscon" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Homedes y Coscon">Juan de Homedes</a> ordered the strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Angelo">Fort Saint Angelo</a> at the tip of <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a> (now Vittoriosa), as well as the construction of two new forts, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort Saint Michael</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a> promontory and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort Saint Elmo</a> at the seaward end of Mount Sciberras (now <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>). The two new forts were built in the remarkably short period of six months in 1552. All three forts proved crucial during the Great Siege. </p><p>The next several years were relatively calm, although the <i><a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a></i>, or <i>running battle</i>, between Muslims and Christians continued unabated. In 1557 the Knights elected <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a> Grand Master of the Order. He continued his raids on non-Christian shipping, and his private vessels are known to have taken some 3,000 Muslim and Jewish slaves during his tenure as Grand Master.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1559 Dragut was causing the Christian powers such distress, even raiding the coasts of Spain, that <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> organized the largest naval expedition in fifty years to evict the corsair from Tripoli. The Knights joined the expedition, which consisted of about 54 galleys and 14,000 men. This ill-fated campaign climaxed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> in May 1560, when Ottoman admiral <a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a> surprised the Christian fleet off the Tunisian island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, capturing or sinking about half the Christian ships. The battle was a disaster for the Christians and it marked the high point of Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_the_siege">Towards the siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Towards the siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg/220px-Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg/330px-Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg/440px-Fort_St_Angelo_in_Birgu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Fort St. Angelo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_(Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/220px-Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/330px-Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/440px-Sult%C3%A1n_Solim%C3%A1n_%28Palacio_del_Senado_de_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>Suleiman I</figcaption></figure> <p>After Djerba there could be little doubt that the Turks would eventually attack Malta again. Malta was of immense strategic importance to the Ottoman long-term plan to conquer more of Europe, since Malta was a stepping stone to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and Sicily in turn could be a base for an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1560, Jean de Valette sent a despatch to all the Order's priories ordering that their knights prepare to return to Malta as soon as a <i>citazione</i> (summons) was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Djerba, the Turks made a strategic error in not attacking Malta at once, while the Spanish fleet lay in ruins, as the five-year delay allowed Spain to rebuild its forces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Knights continued to prey on Turkish shipping. In mid-1564, <a href="/wiki/Romegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Romegas">Romegas</a>, the Order's most notorious seafarer, captured several large merchantmen, including one that belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Chief Eunuch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglio</a>, and took numerous high-ranking prisoners, including the governor of Cairo, the governor of Alexandria, and the former nurse of Sultan Suleiman's daughter. Romegas' exploits gave the Turks a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i>, and by the end of 1564, Suleiman had resolved to wipe the Knights of Malta off the face of the earth. </p><p>By early 1565, Grand Master de Valette's network of spies in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> had informed him that the invasion was imminent. De Valette set about raising troops in Italy, laying in stores and finishing work on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Angelo">Fort Saint Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort Saint Michael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort Saint Elmo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics_and_weaponry">Tactics and weaponry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactics and weaponry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All known techniques of <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">siege warfare</a> were employed during the siege of Malta. Turkish forces had a huge <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege tower</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Sharpshooters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpshooters">sharpshooters</a> fired over the walls of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St. Angelo</a>. The tower was constructed to be resistant to fire with leather sheets kept moist from water tanks contained inside the tower. Despite this, Maltese masons had hidden <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> within the walls, leaving the outer masonry in place to conceal it from view. Concealed from sight, the defenders were able to move the cannon into position, loaded with <a href="/wiki/Chain_shot" title="Chain shot">chain shot</a>, without revealing its location to the Turks, who had already taken positions in the tower when it was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armies">Armies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Armies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Turkish armada, which set sail from Istanbul on 22 March, was by all accounts one of the largest assembled since antiquity. According to one of the earliest and most complete histories of the siege, that of the Order's official historian <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Bosio" title="Giacomo Bosio">Giacomo Bosio</a>, the fleet consisted of 193 vessels, which included 131 <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Galliots" class="mw-redirect" title="Galliots">galliots</a> (small galleys), and four <a href="/wiki/Galleasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleasses">galleasses</a> (large galleys), the remainder being transport vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giacomo_Bosio_1643-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary letters from <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">Don Garcia, the Viceroy of Sicily</a>, give similar numbers."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian mercenary <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Balbi_di_Correggio" title="Francisco Balbi di Correggio">Francisco Balbi di Correggio</a> (serving as an <a href="/wiki/Arquebusier" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusier">arquebusier</a> in the Spanish corps), gave the forces as:<sup id="cite_ref-SOM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>The Knights Hospitaller </th> <th>The Ottomans </th></tr> <tr> <td>500 Knights Hospitaller </td> <td>6,000 <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahis</a> (cavalry) </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 Spanish soldiers </td> <td>500 Sipahis from <a href="/wiki/Karamania" title="Karamania">Karamania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 Italian soldiers </td> <td>6,000 <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 soldiers from the galleys (Spanish Empire) </td> <td>400 adventurers from <a href="/wiki/Mytiline" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytiline">Mytiline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 Greek and Sicilian soldiers </td> <td>2,500 Sipahis from <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 soldiers of the garrison of Fort St. Elmo </td> <td>3,500 adventurers from Rumelia </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 servants of the knights </td> <td>4,000 "religious servants" </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 galley slaves </td> <td>6,000 other volunteers </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,000 soldiers drawn from the Maltese population </td> <td>Various corsairs from Tripoli and Algiers </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total: 6,100 </td> <td>Total: 28,500 from the East, 40,000 in all </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Balbi_(1567)_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francisco_Balbi_%281567%29_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png/220px-Francisco_Balbi_%281567%29_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Francisco_Balbi_%281567%29_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png/330px-Francisco_Balbi_%281567%29_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Francisco_Balbi_%281567%29_La_verdadera_relaci%C3%B3n_de_lo_sucedido_en_1565_en_la_Isla_de_Malta.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>First edition of Balbi's account of the siege of Malta, printed in <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a> in 1567.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Knight Hipolito Sans, in a lesser-known account, also lists about 48,000 invaders, although it is not clear how independent his work is from Balbi's.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_Cassola_1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Cassola_1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other contemporary authors give much lower figures. In a letter written to Philip II only four days after the siege began, de Valette himself says that "the number of soldiers that will make land is between 15,000 and 16,000, including seven thousand <a href="/wiki/Arquebusiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusiers">arquebusiers</a> or more, that is four thousand <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> and three thousand <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in a letter to the Prior of Germany a month after the siege, de Valette writes, "This fleet consisted of two hundred and fifty ships, triremes, biremes and other vessels; the nearest estimate we could make of the enemy's force was 40,000 fighting men."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, a letter written during the siege by the liaison with Sicily, Captain <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Anastagi" title="Vincenzo Anastagi">Vincenzo Anastagi</a>, states the enemy force was only 22,000 and several other letters of the time give similar numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bosio arrives at a total of about 30,000, which is consistent with Balbi's "named troops."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Knolles' history gives essentially the same figure.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Ottomans">Arrival of the Ottomans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Ottomans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Turks arrived, de Valette ordered the harvesting of all the crops, including unripened grain, to deprive the enemy of any local food supplies. Furthermore, the Knights <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">poisoned</a> all wells with bitter herbs and dead animals. </p><p>The Turkish armada arrived at dawn on Friday, 18 May, but did not at once make land.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fighting broke out on 19 May.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day later, the Ottoman fleet sailed up the southern coast of the island, turned around and finally anchored at <a href="/wiki/Marsaxlokk" title="Marsaxlokk">Marsaxlokk</a> (Marsa Sirocco) Bay, nearly 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) from the Grand Harbour region. According to most accounts, in particular Balbi's, a dispute arose between the leader of the land forces, the 4th <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_(Ottoman_rank)" title="Serdar (Ottoman rank)">serdar</a> Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the supreme naval commander, <a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a>, about where to anchor the fleet. Piyale wished to shelter it at <a href="/wiki/Marsamxett_Harbour" title="Marsamxett Harbour">Marsamxett Harbour</a>, just north of the Grand Harbour, in order to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">sirocco</a> and be nearer the action, but Mustafa disagreed, because to anchor the fleet there would require first reducing Fort St. Elmo, which guarded the entrance to the harbour. Mustafa intended, according to these accounts, to attack the poorly defended former capital <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>, which stood in the centre of the island, then attack Forts St. Angelo and Michael by land. If so, an attack on Fort St. Elmo would have been entirely unnecessary. Nevertheless, Mustafa relented, apparently believing only a few days would be necessary to destroy St. Elmo. After the Turks were able to emplace their guns, at the end of May they commenced a bombardment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_(1547-1616)_-_The_Siege_of_Malta,_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo,_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_Saint_Elmo%2C_27_May_1565_-_BHC0253_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Siege of St. Elmo on 27 May 1565</figcaption></figure> <p>It certainly seems true that Suleiman had seriously blundered in splitting the command three ways. He not only split command between Piyale and Mustafa, but he ordered both of them to defer to Dragut when he arrived from Tripoli. Contemporary letters from spies in Constantinople, however, suggest that the plan had always been to take Fort St. Elmo first.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, for the Turks to concentrate their efforts on it proved a critical mistake. </p><p>While the Ottomans were landing, the knights and Maltese made some last-minute improvements to the defences of Birgu and Senglea. The Ottomans set up their main camp in <a href="/wiki/Marsa,_Malta" title="Marsa, Malta">Marsa</a>, which was close to the Knights' fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following days, the Ottomans set up camps and batteries on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines" title="Santa Margherita Lines">Santa Margherita Hill</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Sciberras Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks on Birgu began on 21 May, while Senglea was first attacked a day later.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg/400px-Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg/600px-Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg/800px-Grand_Si%C3%A8ge_de_Malte-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Map of Malta at the time of the Great Siege. <i>Captions in French</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Fort_St._Elmo">Capture of Fort St. Elmo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capture of Fort St. Elmo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The darkness of the night then became as bright as day, due to the vast quantity of artificial fires. So bright was it indeed that we could see <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">St Elmo</a> quite clearly. The gunners of St Angelo... were able to lay and train their pieces upon the advancing Turks, who were picked out in the light of the fires.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Francisco Balbi, Spanish soldier<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the initial weeks of the siege, prior to the arrival of the small relief sent by <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo_y_Osorio" title="García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio">Garcia de Toledo</a>, two companies of veteran soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Tercio_of_Sicily" title="Tercio of Sicily">Tercio of Sicily</a> faced the Ottoman forces, led by three Spanish captains. These companies were dispatched from Sicily to Malta in the spring, anticipating the imminent Ottoman attack reported by spies. The companies included those of Captains Andrés Miranda and Juan de la Cerda. However, Captain Miranda was not present at the siege's outset, as he remained in Sicily, serving as a courier and military adviser for García de Toledo. His company was temporarily commanded by his <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>, Gonzalo de Medrano.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both companies played a crucial role in the early skirmishes against the Turks at the gates of <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a>. During one such engagement, Ensign Gonzalo de Medrano notably distinguished himself in front of his arquebusiers, gaining the attention of Grand Master La Valette. When the Ottomans targeted Fort San Telmo to secure their fleet in <a href="/wiki/Marsamxett_Harbour" title="Marsamxett Harbour">Marsamxett harbour</a>, the Grand Master’s first action was to send the two Spanish companies to San Telmo. Utilizing his authority as Captain General of the Island of Malta, granted by the King of Spain, he promoted Gonzalo de Medrano to <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">captain</a> and assigned him to lead Captain Miranda's <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At San Telmo, approximately 500 Spanish soldiers from the two companies of the Tercio Viejo de Sicilia were besieged, alongside their captains Juan de la Cerda and Gonzalo de Medrano, as well as around 100 knights and staff members, including Andrés de Miranda.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having correctly calculated that the Turks would seek to secure a disembarkation point for their fleet and would thus begin the campaign by attempting to capture Fort St Elmo, de Valette sent reinforcements and concentrated half of his heavy artillery within the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His intent was for them to hold out for a relief promised by Garcia de Toledo, Viceroy of Sicily. The unremitting bombardment of the fort from three dozen guns on the higher ground of Mt. Sciberras began on 27 May,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reduced the fort to rubble within a week, but de Valette evacuated the wounded nightly and resupplied the fort from across the harbour. After arriving in May, Dragut set up new batteries to imperil the ferry lifeline. On 3 June, a party of Turk <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a> managed to seize the fort's <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelin</a> and ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, by 8 June, the Knights sent Captain Gonzalo de Medrano with a message to the Grand Master that the Fort could no longer be held but were rebuffed with messages that St Elmo must hold until the reinforcements arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turks attacked the damaged walls on June 10 and 15, and made an all out assault on June 16, during which even the slave and hired galley oarsmen housed in St Elmo, as well as the native Maltese soldiers, reportedly fought and died "almost as bravely as the Knights themselves." Two days later, Dragut was seen in a trench cannon emplacement arguing with the Turkish gunners about their level of fire. At Dragut's insistence a cannon's aim was lowered, but the aim was too low, and when fired its ball detached part of the trench, which hit Dragut in the head, killing him,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although according to Bosio, it was a lucky shot from Fort St. Angelo that mortally wounded him).<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the siege, a Turk planted his standard (flag) on the <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">rampart</a>. However, it was taken away by Captain Gonzalo de Medrano, who cut down the Turk and at the same moment, received a mortal wound from an arquebuse to the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, on 23 June, the Turks seized what was left of Fort St. Elmo.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They killed all the defenders, totaling over 1,500 men, but spared nine Knights whom the Corsairs had captured. A small number of Maltese managed to escape by swimming across the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Turks did succeed in capturing St. Elmo, allowing Piyale to anchor his fleet in Marsamxett, the siege of Fort St. Elmo had cost the Turks at least 6,000 men, including half of their Janissaries.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mustafa had the bodies of the knights decapitated and their bodies floated across the bay on mock crucifixes. In response, de Valette beheaded all his Turkish prisoners, loaded their heads into his cannons, and fired them into the Turkish camp.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic">Panic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By this time, word of the siege was spreading. As soldiers and adventurers gathered in Sicily for Don Garcia's relief, panic spread as well. There can be little doubt that the stakes were high, perhaps higher than at any other time in the contest between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Europe. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> of England wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the Turks should prevail against the Isle of Malta, it is uncertain what further peril might follow to the rest of Christendom.</p></blockquote> <p>All contemporary sources indicate the Turks intended to proceed to the Tunisian fortress of <a href="/wiki/La_Goletta" class="mw-redirect" title="La Goletta">La Goletta</a> and wrest it from the Spaniards, and Suleiman had also spoken of invading Europe through Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, modern scholars tend to disagree with this interpretation of the siege's importance. H.J.A. Sire, a historian who has written a history of the Order, is of the opinion that the siege represented an overextension of Ottoman forces, and argues that if the island had fallen, it would have quickly been retaken by a massive Spanish counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-sire_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sire-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">Don Garcia</a> did not at once send the promised relief (troops were still being levied), he persuaded <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> to allow him to release an advance force of some 600 men under the command of Don Melchor de Robles, a Spanish knight. After several attempts, this <i>piccolo soccorso</i> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">small relief</i>) managed to land on Malta in early July and sneak into Birgu, raising the spirits of the besieged garrison immensely. However this relief force was too small to make any significant impact. </p><p>Don Garcia pleaded with Philip II to authorize a much larger relief force to be deployed, but the Spanish king was indecisive and fearful of risking his newly assembled fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Spanish council was gathered, some members still deemed a relief of Malta too dangerous, and proposed attacking <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> in an attempt to force the Turks to divide their forces. However, their captain-general Don <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" title="Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a> also called for relieving the siege, and eventually this was the decision adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Senglea_Peninsula">The Senglea Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Senglea Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael,_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Siege_of_Malta-_Siege_and_Bombardment_of_St_Michael%2C_28_June_1565_RMG_BHC0255.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4636" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>The siege of St Michael, showing the Christian Knights cut off from the sea and surrounded in their remaining fortresses of Birgu, St Angelo and St Michael. </figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 July, Mustafa ordered a double attack against the <a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a> peninsula. He had transported 100 small vessels across Mt. Sciberras to the Grand Harbour, thus avoiding the strong cannons of Fort St. Angelo, in order to launch a sea attack against the promontory using about 1,000 Janissaries, while the Corsairs attacked Fort St. Michael on the landward end. Luckily for the Maltese, a defector warned de Valette about the impending strategy and the Grand Master had time to construct a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> along the Senglea promontory, which successfully helped to deflect the attack. Nevertheless, the assault probably would have succeeded had the Turkish boats not come into point-blank range (less than 200 yards) of a sea-level <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of five cannons that had been constructed by Commander Chevalier de Guiral at the base of Fort St. Angelo with the sole purpose of stopping such an amphibious attack. Just two salvos sank all but one of the vessels, killing or drowning over 800 of the attackers. The land attack failed simultaneously when relief forces were able to cross to Ft. St. Michael across a floating bridge, with the result that Malta was saved for the day. </p><p>The Turks by now had ringed Birgu and Senglea with some 65 siege guns and subjected the town to what was probably the most sustained bombardment in history up to that time. (Balbi claims that 130,000 cannonballs were fired during the course of the siege.) Having largely destroyed one of the town's crucial <a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a>, Mustafa ordered another massive double assault on 7 August, this time against Fort St. Michael and Birgu itself. On this occasion, the Turks breached the town walls and it seemed that the siege was over, but unexpectedly the invaders retreated. As it happened, the cavalry commander Captain Vincenzo Anastagi, on his daily sortie from Mdina, had attacked the unprotected Turkish field hospital, killing everyone and beheading more than sixty Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Francisco_Balbi_1961_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francisco_Balbi_1961-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks, thinking the Christian relief had arrived from Sicily, broke off their assault. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Michael_and_Birgu">St. Michael and Birgu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: St. Michael and Birgu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the attack of 7 August, the Turks resumed their bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">St. Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a>, mounting at least one other major assault against the town on 19–21 August. What actually happened during those days of intense fighting is not entirely clear. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_(1547-1616)_-_The_Siege_of_Malta,_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights,_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-Matteo_Perez_d%27_Aleccio_%281547-1616%29_-_The_Siege_of_Malta%2C_Attack_on_the_Post_of_the_Castilian_Knights%2C_21_August_1565_-_BHC0257_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Attack on the post of the <a href="/wiki/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)" title="Langue (Knights Hospitaller)">Castilian knights</a> on 21 August 1565 </figcaption></figure> <p>Bradford's account of the climax of the siege has a mine exploding with a huge blast, breaching the town walls and causing stone and dust to fall into the ditch, with the Turks charging even as the debris was still falling. He also has the 70-year-old de Valette saving the day by leading towards the Turks some hundred troops that had been waiting in the Piazza of Birgu. Balbi, in his diary entry for 20 August, says only that de Valette was told the Turks were within the walls; the Grand Master ran to "the threatened post where his presence worked wonders. Sword in hand, he remained at the most dangerous place until the Turks retired."<sup id="cite_ref-Francisco_Balbi_1961_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francisco_Balbi_1961-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosio also has no mention of the successful detonation of a mine. Rather, in his report a panic ensued when the townspeople spied the Turkish standards outside the walls. The Grand Master ran there, but found no Turks. In the meantime, a cannonade atop Ft. St. Angelo, stricken by the same panic, killed a number of townsfolk with <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_St._Michael_and_Mdina">Fort St. Michael and Mdina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fort St. Michael and Mdina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situation was sufficiently dire that, at some point in August, the Council of Elders decided to abandon the town and retreat to Fort St. Angelo. De Valette, however, vetoed this proposal. If he guessed that the Turks were losing their will, he was correct. Although the bombardment and minor assaults continued, the invaders were stricken by an increasing desperation. Towards the end of August, the Turks attempted to take Fort St. Michael, first with the help of a <i>manta</i> (similar to a <a href="/wiki/Testudo_formation" title="Testudo formation">Testudo formation</a>), a small siege engine covered with shields, then by use of a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege tower</a>. In both cases, Maltese engineers tunneled out through the rubble and destroyed the constructions with point-blank salvos of <a href="/wiki/Chain_shot" title="Chain shot">chain shot</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of September, the weather was turning and Mustafa ordered a march on <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>, intending to winter there. However the attack failed to occur. The poorly defended and supplied city deliberately started firing its cannon at the approaching Turks at pointlessly long range; this bluff scared them away by fooling the already demoralised Turks into thinking the city had ammunition to spare.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 8 September, the Turks had embarked their artillery and were preparing to leave the island, having lost perhaps a third of their men to fighting and disease. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg/299px-Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg/448px-Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg/598px-Malta_Mdina_BW_2011-10-05_09-28-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Mdina (above) and map of the city's fortifications as they were in 1565 (below)"><img alt="View of Mdina (above) and map of the city's fortifications as they were in 1565 (below)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png/217px-Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png/325px-Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png/433px-Mdina_fortifications_map_1565.png 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> (above) and map of the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Mdina" title="Fortifications of Mdina">city's fortifications</a> as they were in 1565 (below)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gran_Soccorso"><i>Gran Soccorso</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gran Soccorso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 September, <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">Don Garcia</a> had, at last, landed about 8,000 men at St. Paul's Bay on the north end of the island. The so-called <i>Grande Soccorso</i> ("great relief") positioned themselves on the ridge of San Pawl tat-Tarġa on the 13th of September, waiting for the Ottoman assault. It is said that, when some hot-headed knights of the relief force saw the Ottoman retreat and the burning villages, in its wake, they charged without waiting for orders from <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_della_Corgna" title="Ascanio della Corgna">Ascanio della Corgna</a>. Della Corgna, seeing the troops in such spirits, had no choice but to order a general charge which resulted in the massacre of the retreating Ottoman force, who retreated from the islands on 13 September. </p><p>Malta had survived the Ottoman assault, and throughout Europe people celebrated what would turn out to be the last epic battle involving Crusader Knights. </p><p>The relief force consisted of mainly Spanish and Italian soldiers, sent by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paoletti2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paoletti2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg/350px-Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg/525px-Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg/700px-Levee_du_Siege_de_Malte_by_Charles_Philippe_Lariviere_1798_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption><i>Lifting of the Siege of Malta</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Larivi%C3%A8re" title="Charles-Philippe Larivière">Charles-Philippe Larivière</a> (1798–1876). <a href="/wiki/Salle_des_Croisades" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle des Croisades">Hall of the Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg/180px-Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg/270px-Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg/359px-Great_Siege_monument_Valletta_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_Monument" title="Great Siege Monument">Great Siege Monument</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sciortino" title="Antonio Sciortino">Antonio Sciortino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The number of casualties is in as much dispute as the number of invaders. Balbi gives 35,000 Turkish deaths,<sup id="cite_ref-SOM_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosio 30,000 casualties (including sailors).<sup id="cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giacomo_Bosio_1643-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other sources give about 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> lost a third of their number, and Malta lost a third of its inhabitants. Birgu and Senglea were essentially leveled. Still, 6,000 defenders had managed to withstand a siege of more than four months in the hot summer, despite enduring a bombardment of some 130,000 cannonballs. </p><p>Jean de Valette, Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, had a key influence in the victory against the Ottomans with his example and his ability to encourage and hold people together. This example had a major impact, bringing together the kings of Europe in an alliance against the previously seemingly invincible Ottomans; the result was the vast union of forces against the Ottomans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> six years later. Such was the gratitude of Europe for the knights' heroic defence that money soon began pouring into the island, allowing de Valette to construct a fortified city, <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, on Mt. Sciberras. His intent was to deny the position to any future enemies. De Valette himself died in <a href="/wiki/Buskett" class="mw-redirect" title="Buskett">Buskett</a> at a hunting accident next to the <a href="/wiki/Verdala_Palace" title="Verdala Palace">Verdala Palaces</a> in 1568. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_historical_fiction">In literature and historical fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In literature and historical fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Siege_of_Malta_in_literature_and_historical_fiction" title="The Great Siege of Malta in literature and historical fiction">The Great Siege of Malta in literature and historical fiction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Battle of Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_sieges_and_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman sieges and landings">List of Ottoman sieges and landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">List of sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">Siege of Rhodes (1480)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes (1522)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Bajada" title="Toni Bajada">Toni Bajada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbour_of_Malta_tornado" title="Grand Harbour of Malta tornado">Grand Harbour of Malta tornado</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At least two companies of Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercios</a></i> took part in the defence of Fort St Elmo. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCañete2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cañete, Hugo A. (3 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gehm.es/edad-moderna/la-leyenda-negra-del-fuerte-de-san-telmo-y-los-tres-capitanes-espanoles-del-tercio-viejo-de-sicilia-que-lo-defendieron-malta-1565/">"La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar"</a>. <i>Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grupo+de+Estudios+de+Historia+Militar&rft.atitle=La+leyenda+negra+del+fuerte+de+San+Telmo+y+los+tres+capitanes+espa%C3%B1oles+del+Tercio+Viejo+de+Sicilia+que+lo+defendieron+%28Malta+1565%29+%7C+Grupo+de+Estudios+de+Historia+Militar&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft.aulast=Ca%C3%B1ete&rft.aufirst=Hugo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gehm.es%2Fedad-moderna%2Fla-leyenda-negra-del-fuerte-de-san-telmo-y-los-tres-capitanes-espanoles-del-tercio-viejo-de-sicilia-que-lo-defendieron-malta-1565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paoletti2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paoletti2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paoletti2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaoletti2008" class="citation book cs1">Paoletti, Ciro (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz8eiwzEMHQC&pg=PA16"><i>A Military History of Italy</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275985059" title="Special:BookSources/9780275985059"><bdi>9780275985059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Italy&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780275985059&rft.aulast=Paoletti&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUz8eiwzEMHQC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_Cassola_1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Cassola_1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Cassola_1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Cassola, <i>The 1565 Great Siege of Malta and Hipolito Sans's</i> La Maltea (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SOM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SOM_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Balbi_di_Correggio_/_translated_by:_Ernle_Bradford1965" class="citation book cs1">Francesco Balbi di Correggio / translated by: Ernle Bradford (1965). <i>The Siege of Malta, 1565</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Malta%2C+1565&rft.place=London&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Francesco+Balbi+di+Correggio+%2F+translated+by%3A+Ernle+Bradford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giacomo_Bosio_1643-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giacomo_Bosio_1643_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giacomo Bosio, <i>Histoire des Chevaliers de l'ordre de S. Iean de Hierusalem</i>, edited by J. Baudoin (Paris, 1643).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fernand Braudel, <i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i>, vol. II (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbe de Vertot, <i>The History of the Knights of Malta</i> vol. II, 1728 (facsimile reprint Midsea Books, Malta, 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey Wettinger, <i>Slavery in the Islands of Malta and Gozo</i>, (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 2002), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). <i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571</i>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 854. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-162-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-162-0"><bdi>0-87169-162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=854&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-87169-162-0&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmel Testa, <i>Romegas</i> (Midsea Book: Malta, 2002), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, op cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201094625/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/malta-prepares-for-an-imminent-ottoman-invasion/">"Malta prepares for an imminent Ottoman invasion"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 17 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/malta-prepares-for-an-imminent-ottoman-invasion/">the original</a> on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Malta+prepares+for+an+imminent+Ottoman+invasion&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fmalta-prepares-for-an-imminent-ottoman-invasion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindley, G. (2009). <i>Medieval Sieges & Siegecraft</i>. United States: Skyhorse Publishing, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos Para La Historia de Espana</i>, vol. 29 (Madrid, 1856).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coleccion</i>, op. cit., p. 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celio Secondo Curione, <i>A New History of the War in Malta</i>, translated from the Latin by Emanuele F. Mizzi (Tipografia Leonina: Rome, 1928).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Bonello, Histories of Malta, Volume III, <i>Versions and Perversions</i> (Patrimonju Publishing Ltd: Malta, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coleccion</i>, op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giacomo Bosio, op. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Knolles, The <i>Generall Historie of the Turke</i> (London, 1603).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201140605/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/hostile-ottoman-fleet-anchored-in-malta-today/">"Hostile Ottoman fleet anchored in Malta today"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 18 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/hostile-ottoman-fleet-anchored-in-malta-today/">the original</a> on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Hostile+Ottoman+fleet+anchored+in+Malta+today&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fhostile-ottoman-fleet-anchored-in-malta-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204154317/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/rash-decision-ruins-the-day/">"Rash decision ruins the day"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 19 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/rash-decision-ruins-the-day/">the original</a> on 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Rash+decision+ruins+the+day&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Frash-decision-ruins-the-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aurel Decei <i>Istoria Imperiului Otoman</i>, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică, București 1978, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coleccion</i>, op. cit., pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206082039/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/ottoman-troops-land-in-malta/">"Ottoman troops land in Malta"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 20 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/ottoman-troops-land-in-malta/">the original</a> on 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Ottoman+troops+land+in+Malta&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fottoman-troops-land-in-malta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205005127/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/birgu-attacked-greek-betrays-order-of-st-john/">"Birgu attacked: Greek betrays Order of St John"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 21 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/birgu-attacked-greek-betrays-order-of-st-john/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Birgu+attacked%3A+Greek+betrays+Order+of+St+John&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fbirgu-attacked-greek-betrays-order-of-st-john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205060250/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/liberated-prisoners-enrolled-as-soldiers/">"Liberated prisoners enrolled as soldiers"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 24 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/liberated-prisoners-enrolled-as-soldiers/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Liberated+prisoners+enrolled+as+soldiers&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fliberated-prisoners-enrolled-as-soldiers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205010617/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/turks-planning-to-sabotage-fort-st-elmo/">"Turks planning to sabotage Fort St Elmo"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 22 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/turks-planning-to-sabotage-fort-st-elmo/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Turks+planning+to+sabotage+Fort+St+Elmo&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fturks-planning-to-sabotage-fort-st-elmo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2005" class="citation book cs1">Grant, R.G. (2005). <i>Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat</i>. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+a+Visual+Journey+Through+5000+Years+of+Combat&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=R.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gehm.es/edad-moderna/la-leyenda-negra-del-fuerte-de-san-telmo-y-los-tres-capitanes-espanoles-del-tercio-viejo-de-sicilia-que-lo-defendieron-malta-1565/">"La leyenda negra del fuerte de San Telmo y los tres capitanes españoles del Tercio Viejo de Sicilia que lo defendieron (Malta 1565) | Grupo de Estudios de Historia Militar"</a> (in Spanish). 2020-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+leyenda+negra+del+fuerte+de+San+Telmo+y+los+tres+capitanes+espa%C3%B1oles+del+Tercio+Viejo+de+Sicilia+que+lo+defendieron+%28Malta+1565%29+%7C+Grupo+de+Estudios+de+Historia+Militar&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gehm.es%2Fedad-moderna%2Fla-leyenda-negra-del-fuerte-de-san-telmo-y-los-tres-capitanes-espanoles-del-tercio-viejo-de-sicilia-que-lo-defendieron-malta-1565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2015" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Bruce Ware (2015-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG65CgAAQBAJ&dq=captain+medrano+malta&pg=PA131"><i>The Great Siege of Malta: The Epic Battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Knights of St. John</i></a>. University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-843-6"><bdi>978-1-61168-843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Siege+of+Malta%3A+The+Epic+Battle+between+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Knights+of+St.+John&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-843-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Ware&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeG65CgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcaptain%2Bmedrano%2Bmalta%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sire-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sire_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSire1993" class="citation book cs1">Sire, H. J. A. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightsofmalta00hjas/page/68">"5"</a></span>. <i>The Knights of Malta</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightsofmalta00hjas/page/68">68–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05502-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05502-1"><bdi>0-300-05502-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+Malta&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-300-05502-1&rft.aulast=Sire&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightsofmalta00hjas%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206181636/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/refugees-ordered-to-leave-fort-st-elmo/">"Refugees ordered to leave Fort St Elmo"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 25 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/refugees-ordered-to-leave-fort-st-elmo/">the original</a> on 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Refugees+ordered+to+leave+Fort+St+Elmo&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Frefugees-ordered-to-leave-fort-st-elmo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305000242/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/fort-st-elmo-under-fire-renegade-reveals-ottoman-plan/">"Fort St Elmo under fire: Renegade reveals Ottoman plan"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 27 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/fort-st-elmo-under-fire-renegade-reveals-ottoman-plan/">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Fort+St+Elmo+under+fire%3A+Renegade+reveals+Ottoman+plan&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Ffort-st-elmo-under-fire-renegade-reveals-ottoman-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002406/http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/ravelin-of-fort-st-elmo-taken-over-by-ottomans/">"Ravelin of Fort St Elmo taken over by Ottomans"</a>. <i>Heritage Malta</i>. 3 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagemalta.org/1565/ravelin-of-fort-st-elmo-taken-over-by-ottomans/">the original</a> on 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heritage+Malta&rft.atitle=Ravelin+of+Fort+St+Elmo+taken+over+by+Ottomans&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagemalta.org%2F1565%2Fravelin-of-fort-st-elmo-taken-over-by-ottomans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1984" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1984). <i>The papacy and the Levant</i>. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691620" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691620"><bdi>9780871691620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+papacy+and+the+Levant&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780871691620&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balbi, Verdadera Relacion, fol.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Ware_Allen2015" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Ware Allen (2015). <i>The Great Siege of Malta: The Epic Battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Knights of St. John</i>. University Press of New England. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-843-6"><bdi>978-1-61168-843-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Siege+of+Malta%3A+The+Epic+Battle+between+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Knights+of+St.+John&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-843-6&rft.au=Bruce+Ware+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1988" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby (1988). <i>The great siege: Malta 1565: with four illustrations</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-002106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-002106-6"><bdi>978-0-14-002106-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+siege%3A+Malta+1565%3A+with+four+illustrations&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-14-002106-6&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle+Dusgate+Selby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Pryor, <i>Elizabeth I: Her Life in Letters</i>, (University of California Press, 2003), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2008" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jUhAQAAIAAJ"><i>Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521–1580</i></a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23230-7"><bdi>978-0-571-23230-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Sea%3A+The+Final+Battle+for+the+Mediterranean%2C+1521%E2%80%931580&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23230-7&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jUhAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández-Palacios2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández-Palacios, Martín (2023). <i>Álvaro de Bazán: el mejor marino de Felipe II</i> (in Spanish). Rialp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-432-16519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-432-16519-1"><bdi>978-8-432-16519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%81lvaro+de+Baz%C3%A1n%3A+el+mejor+marino+de+Felipe+II&rft.pub=Rialp&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-8-432-16519-1&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Palacios&rft.aufirst=Mart%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francisco_Balbi_1961-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francisco_Balbi_1961_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francisco_Balbi_1961_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Balbi, <i>The Siege of Malta 1565</i>, translated by H.A. Balbi (Copenhagen, 1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosio, op. cit., p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrima2015" class="citation news cs1">Grima, Noel (15 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815144304/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-06-15/local-news/The-Mdina-siege-of-1429-was-greater-than-the-Great-Siege-6736137257">"The Mdina siege of 1429 was 'greater than the Great Siege' of 1565"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Malta_Independent" title="The Malta Independent">The Malta Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-06-15/local-news/The-Mdina-siege-of-1429-was-greater-than-the-Great-Siege-6736137257">the original</a> on 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malta+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Mdina+siege+of+1429+was+%27greater+than+the+Great+Siege%27+of+1565&rft.date=2015-06-15&rft.aulast=Grima&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.com.mt%2Farticles%2F2015-06-15%2Flocal-news%2FThe-Mdina-siege-of-1429-was-greater-than-the-Great-Siege-6736137257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Cassola, <i>The 1565 Ottoman Malta Campaign Register</i>, (Publishers Enterprise Group: Malta, 1998), p. 111.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Bruce Ware, <i>The Great Siege of Malta: The Epic Battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Knights of St. John</i>, Hanover N.H., ForeEdge 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1512601160" title="Special:BookSources/1512601160">1512601160</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford,_Ernle1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Bradford" title="Ernle Bradford">Bradford, Ernle</a> (1961). <i>The Great Siege: Malta 1565</i>. Wordsworth edition 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-206-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84022-206-9"><bdi>1-84022-206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Siege%3A+Malta+1565&rft.pub=Wordsworth+edition+1999&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=1-84022-206-9&rft.au=Bradford%2C+Ernle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bradford, Ernle, <i>The Sultan's Admiral: The Life of Barbarossa</i>, London, 1968.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorreggio1961" class="citation book cs1">Correggio, Francesco Balbi di (1961). <i>The Siege Of Malta 1565</i>. Copenhagen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+Of+Malta+1565&rft.pub=Copenhagen&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Correggio&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Balbi+di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancesco_Balbi_di_Correggio_(translated_Ernle_Bradford_in_1965)1568" class="citation book cs1">Francesco Balbi di Correggio (translated Ernle Bradford in 1965) (1568). "chapter II". <i>The Siege Of Malta 1565</i>. Penguin 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101202-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101202-1"><bdi>0-14-101202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+II&rft.btitle=The+Siege+Of+Malta+1565&rft.pub=Penguin+2003&rft.date=1568&rft.isbn=0-14-101202-1&rft.au=Francesco+Balbi+di+Correggio+%28translated+Ernle+Bradford+in+1965%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Siege+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Currey, E. Hamilton, <i>Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean</i>, London, 1910</li> <li>Pickles, Tim. <i>Malta 1565: Last Battle of the Crusades</i>; Osprey Campaign Series #50, <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, 1998.</li> <li>Rothman, Tony, "The Great Siege of Malta", in <i>History Today</i>, January 2007.</li> <li>Spiteri, Stephen C. <i>The Great Siege: Knights vs. Turks, 1565</i>. Malta, The Author, 2005.</li> <li>The Great Siege – 1565. Visit Malta. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.visitmalta.com/en/a/great-siege-1565/">https://www.visitmalta.com/en/a/great-siege-1565/</a></li> <li>Wolf, John B., <i>The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks</i>. New York, 1979; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01205-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01205-0">0-393-01205-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Siege_of_Malta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Governance" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Council of the Order of Malta">Sovereign Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_General_of_the_Order_of_Malta" title="Chapter General of the Order of Malta">Chapter General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">Grand Priories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">Commanderies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_(Knights_Hospitaller)" title="Langue (Knights Hospitaller)">Langues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Diplomatic missions to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_permanent_observers_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of permanent observers of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta to the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix-de-Malte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/15px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/23px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Croix-de-Malte.svg/30px-Croix-de-Malte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Malteser_International" title="Malteser International">Malteser International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Hospitalier.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/15px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/23px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cross_Hospitalier.svg/30px-Cross_Hospitalier.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Military_Corps" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Military Corps</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_SMOM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/15px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/23px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roundel_of_SMOM.svg/30px-Roundel_of_SMOM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#Air_force" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Air Force</a> <i>(Historically: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/15px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/23px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg/30px-Naval_Flags_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Navy of the Order of Saint John">Navy</a>)</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="List of ships of the line of the Order of Saint John">Ships of the line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Flag and coat of arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Flag and coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Crux_Alba" title="Ave Crux Alba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta_passport" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta passport">Passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_scudo" title="Maltese scudo">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Postal system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">History</a>,<br />including<br />major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Hospitaller_sites" title="List of Knights Hospitaller sites">sites</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Commanderies_of_the_Order_of_Saint_John" title="Commanderies of the Order of Saint John">commanderies</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_and_fortifications_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller">premises</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">capital</a></i>) (1869)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Priorato_di_Malta" title="Villa del Priorato di Malta">Villa del Priorato di Malta</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Malta</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Birgu" title="Fortifications of Birgu">Birgu</a> (<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Angelo" title="Fort St. Angelo">Fort St Angelo</a> (2001))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Senglea" title="Fortifications of Senglea">Senglea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Michael" title="Fort Saint Michael">Fort St Michael</a>)<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Mdina" title="Fortifications of Mdina">Mdina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Valletta" title="Fortifications of Valletta">Valletta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort St Elmo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Cittadella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriana_Lines" title="Floriana Lines">Floriana Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Margherita_Lines" title="Santa Margherita Lines">Santa Margherita Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_Lines" title="Cottonera Lines">Cottonera Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ricasoli" title="Fort Ricasoli">Fort Ricasoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Manoel" title="Fort Manoel">Fort Manoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chambray" title="Fort Chambray">Fort Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tign%C3%A9" title="Fort Tigné">Fort Tigné</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications_in_Malta" title="List of fortifications in Malta">others</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandmaster%27s_Palace_(Valletta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)">Grand Master's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhena_Palace" title="Vilhena Palace">Vilhena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdala_Palace" title="Verdala Palace">Verdala Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Anton_Palace" title="San Anton Palace">San Anton Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Co-Cathedral" title="Saint John's Co-Cathedral">St John (Conventual Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Liesse" title="Church of Our Lady of Liesse">Our Lady of Liesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Pilar,_Valletta" title="Church of Our Lady of Pilar, Valletta">Our Lady of Pilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Victory_(Valletta)" title="Church of Our Lady of Victory (Valletta)">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Barbara,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Barbara, Valletta">St Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Catherine_of_Italy,_Valletta" title="Church of Saint Catherine of Italy, Valletta">St Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_Saint_Lawrence,_Vittoriosa" title="Collegiate Church of Saint Lawrence, Vittoriosa">St Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auberges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Allemagne, Birgu">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Angleterre" title="Auberge d'Angleterre">Angleterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Aragon, Birgu">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne_et_Provence" title="Auberge d'Auvergne et Provence">Auvergne et Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille_et_Portugal" title="Auberge de Castille et Portugal">Castille et Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France,_Birgu" title="Auberge de France, Birgu">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie,_Birgu" title="Auberge d'Italie, Birgu">Italie</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Allemagne" title="Auberge d'Allemagne">Allemagne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Aragon" title="Auberge d'Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Auvergne" title="Auberge d'Auvergne">Auvergne</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Auberge de Bavière">Bavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Castille" title="Auberge de Castille">Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_France" title="Auberge de France">France</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_d%27Italie" title="Auberge d'Italie">Italie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auberge_de_Provence" title="Auberge de Provence">Provence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller Rhodes">Rhodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Rhodes" title="Fortifications of Rhodes">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes" title="Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes">Palace of the Grand Master</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Saint John d'Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Belvoir Fortress">Belvoir Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastel_Rouge" title="Chastel Rouge">Chastel Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Ein_Karem,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem, Jerusalem">Church of Saint John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Germans" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Germans">Church of Saint Mary of the Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Heitersheim" title="Principality of Heitersheim">Principality of Heitersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military<br />history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">9th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Category:Battles involving the Knights Hospitaller">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem (1187)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310)</a></li> <li>Sieges of Rhodes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1444)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1444)">1444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">1522</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli (1551)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Siege of Malta (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Damietta_(1732)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Damietta (1732) (page does not exist)">Battle of Damietta (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Loss of Malta (1798)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Extant <i><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a></i> (with year of proclamation)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO"><img alt="UNESCO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_*"><b><a href="#ref_*">^</a></b></span> Demolished or sparse remains</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Template talk:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_Ottoman_sieges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major Ottoman sieges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Major_sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_besieged_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of cities besieged by the Ottoman Empire">Major sieges</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> by century</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th-14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1285</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kulaca_Hisar" title="Siege of Kulaca Hisar">Kulaca Hisar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1326</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bursa" title="Siege of Bursa">Bursa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1328–1331</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(1328%E2%80%931331)" title="Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1333–1337</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicomedia" title="Siege of Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1360s</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1385</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sofia" title="Siege of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1393</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1394–1402</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1394–1402)">Constantinople</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1411</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1411)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1411)">Constantinople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1422</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1422)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1422)">Constantinople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1422–1430</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thessalonica_(1422%E2%80%931430)" title="Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1428</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golubac" title="Siege of Golubac">Golubac</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1440</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1440–41</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo_(1440%E2%80%9341)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–41)">Novo Brdo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1448</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1450</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1453</span> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1455</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1456</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1461</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Trebizond</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1462</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Lesbos" title="Ottoman conquest of Lesbos">Mytilene</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1463</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce" title="Siege of Jajce">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1464</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jajce_(1464)" title="Siege of Jajce (1464)">Jajce</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1466–67</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1467</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Krujë</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1470</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1470)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1470)">Negroponte</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1474</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Scutari</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1477–78</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1478–79</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Scutari</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1480</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1480)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1480)">Rhodes</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1481</span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">Otranto</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1484</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chilia_(1484)" title="Siege of Chilia (1484)">Chilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1500</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Saint_George" title="Siege of the Castle of Saint George">Cephalonia</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1517</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cairo_(1517)" title="Capture of Cairo (1517)">Cairo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1521</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1522</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knin" title="Siege of Knin">Knin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1522</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1529</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Peñón of Algiers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1529</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1531</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">Diu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1532</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C5%91szeg" title="Siege of Kőszeg">Güns (Kőszeg)</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1532</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maribor_(1532)" title="Siege of Maribor (1532)">Maribor</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1533–34</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coron_(1533%E2%80%931534)" title="Siege of Coron (1533–1534)">Coron</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1534</span> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1534</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1534)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1534)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1537</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Klis" title="Siege of Klis">Klis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1537</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Corfu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1538</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">Diu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1539</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1541</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1541)" title="Siege of Buda (1541)">Buda</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1543</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice" title="Siege of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1543</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1543)" title="Siege of Esztergom (1543)">Esztergom</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1548</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">Aden</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1548</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Van_(1548)" title="Siege of Van (1548)">Van</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1551</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Tripoli</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">Muscat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_campaign_against_Hormuz" title="Ottoman campaign against Hormuz">Hormuz</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesv%C3%A1r_(1552)" title="Siege of Temesvár (1552)">Temesvár</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1552</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">Eger</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1556</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Oran</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1559</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahrain" title="Siege of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1563</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Oran</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1565</span> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1566</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Siege of Szigetvár">Szigetvar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1570–71</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Famagusta" title="Siege of Famagusta">Famagusta</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1574</span> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1578</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gvozdansko" title="Siege of Gvozdansko">Gvozdansko</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1592</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1592)" title="Siege of Bihać (1592)">Bihać</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1593</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Sisak</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1596</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1596)" title="Siege of Eger (1596)">Eger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1601</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nagykanizsa" title="Siege of Nagykanizsa">Nagykanizsa</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1621</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Khotyn</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1638</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Baghdad_(1638)" title="Capture of Baghdad (1638)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1663</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1663)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1663)">Uyvar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1664</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novi_Zrin_(1664)" title="Siege of Novi Zrin (1664)">Novi Zrin</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1648–1669</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1672</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamenets" title="Siege of Kamenets">Kamenets</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1683</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Vienna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1684</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1684)" title="Siege of Buda (1684)">Buda</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1684</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santa_Maura_(1684)" title="Siege of Santa Maura (1684)">Santa Maura</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1685</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1685)" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1685)">Érsekújvár</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1686</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Buda_(1686)" title="Siege of Buda (1686)">Buda</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1686</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="Siege of Pécs">Pécs</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1688</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1688)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1688)">Negroponte</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1688</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1690</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1695</span> <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1696</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)#The_first_Azov_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1711</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign#Siege_of_Brăila" title="Pruth River Campaign">Brăila</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1715</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nauplia_(1715)" title="Siege of Nauplia (1715)">Nauplia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1716</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1716)" title="Siege of Corfu (1716)">Corfu</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1716</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Teme%C5%9Fvar_(1716)" title="Siege of Temeşvar (1716)">Temeşvar</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1717</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1733</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1733)" title="Siege of Baghdad (1733)">Baghdad</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1734–35</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1734)" title="Siege of Ganja (1734)">Ganja</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1737</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">Ochakov</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1739</span> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belgrade_(1739)" title="Capture of Belgrade (1739)">Belgrade</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1788</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1788)">Ochakov</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1788</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khotin_(1788)" title="Siege of Khotin (1788)">Khotin</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1789</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1789)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1789)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1789–90</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Izmail</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Siege of El Arish">El Arish</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Jaffa</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1799</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Acre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1801</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1806</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patras_(1821)" title="Siege of Patras (1821)">Patras</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821–22</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1821%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1821–22)">Acropolis</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1821</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripolitsa" title="Siege of Tripolitsa">Tripolitsa</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1822</span> <i><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1823</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1825–26</span> <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Missolonghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1826–27</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Acropolis_(1826%E2%80%9327)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Acropolis (1826–27)">Acropolis</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1828</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars_(1828)" title="Siege of Kars (1828)">Kars</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1828</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna" title="Siege of Varna">Varna</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calafat" title="Siege of Calafat">Calafat</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Silistra">Silistra</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1854–55</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1855</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">Kars</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1877</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–13</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–13)">Scutari</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1912–13</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)">Adrianople</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1915</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Van_(1915)" title="Defense of Van (1915)">Van</a></i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1915–16</span> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Kut</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1916–1919</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Medina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ottoman defeats shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output 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title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Byzantine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Arab_period" title="History of Malta">Arab Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">Aghlabid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">Byzantine invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malta" title="Battle of Malta">Battle of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1429)" title="Siege of Malta (1429)">Hafsid invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_Priests" title="Rising of the Priests">Rising of the Priests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Independent Gozo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">British Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Question_(Malta)" title="Language Question (Malta)">Language Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_of_the_George_Cross_to_Malta" title="Award of the George Cross to Malta">Award of the George Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/80px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/120px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/160px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_Malta" title="Category:Caves of Malta">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malta" title="Climate of Malta">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Malta" title="Geology of Malta">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Malta" title="Category:Islands of Malta">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Malta" title="List of localities in Malta">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Malta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Malta">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Commander of the Armed Forces of Malta">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Malta)" title="Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs (Malta)">Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Malta" title="List of ministers for foreign affairs of Malta">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="List of heads of state of Malta">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malta">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Malta" title="Local councils of Malta">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malta" title="List of political parties in Malta">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Malta" title="List of prime ministers of Malta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Prime_Minister_(Malta)" title="Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Malta)">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Stock_Exchange" title="Malta Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Malta" title="Category:Trade unions in Malta">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malta" title="Transport in Malta">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malta" title="Category:Society of Malta">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malta" title="Demographics of Malta">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Malta" title="Emigration from Malta">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malta" title="Healthcare in Malta">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malta" title="Immigration to Malta">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Malta" title="Architecture of Malta">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malta" title="Coat of arms of Malta">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malta" title="Flag of Malta">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_folklore" title="Maltese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_literature" title="Maltese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Malta" title="National symbols of Malta">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malta" title="Public holidays in Malta">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malta" title="Sport in Malta">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malta" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malta">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malta" title="Outline of Malta">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Malta-related_articles" title="Index of Malta-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malta" title="Category:Malta">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malta" title="Portal:Malta">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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