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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forces involved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozafa_Fortress_and_the_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozafa_Fortress_and_the_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rozafa Fortress and the siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozafa_Fortress_and_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Shkodra_(1478-1479)" title="Siège de Shkodra (1478-1479) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Shkodra (1478-1479)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Shkodra" title="Pengepungan Shkodra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Shkodra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Scutari_(1478-1479)" title="Assedio di Scutari (1478-1479) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Scutari (1478-1479)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Shkodra&params=42.0465_N_19.4935_E_region:AL-SH_scale:50000_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°02′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°29′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.0465°N 19.4935°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.0465; 19.4935</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle during the First Ottoman-Venetian War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkod%C3%ABr_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Shkodër (disambiguation)">Siege of Shkodër</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Shkodra<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/300px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/450px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/600px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="788" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Lorenzo_Gatteri" title="Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri">Gatteri</a>'s 1860 etching of the 1478 siege</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May, 1478 – April 25, 1479</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Shkodra&params=42.0465_N_19.4935_E_region:AL-SH_scale:50000_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°02′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°29′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.0465°N 19.4935°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.0465; 19.4935</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Shkodra was ceded to the Ottoman Empire</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezhe" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Lezhe">League of Lezhe</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> resistance forces<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Lordship of Zeta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> (Until September 1478)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Davud_Pasha" title="Koca Davud Pasha">Koca Davud Pasha</a></li> <li>Mustafa Bey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Antonio Da Lézze</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Moneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Moneta">Nicholas Moneta</a></li> <li>Friar Bartholomew</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Ivan Crnojević">Ivan Crnojević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>Modern estimations: 62,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Contemporary Ottoman and Shkodran chronicles: 150,000–350,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> </p> 8,000–40,000 under Gedik Ahmet after sultan left the siege in September 1478<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,600 inside the garrison<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> <br /> Unknown number of forces outside the garrison<br /> 8,000 albanian warriors<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> At least 12,000 on July 22<br /> Allegedly one-third of the Ottoman forces on July 27<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Approximately 1,000 inside the garrison<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup><br /> 200 sailors and 2 galleys from Lezhë <br /> 300 captives from Drisht</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Medieval_Albanian–Ottoman_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Medieval_Albanian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Medieval_Albanian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_Albanian–Ottoman_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early Ottoman invasions and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">rule</a></b> <small>(1385–1443)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid#Middle_Ages" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> <small>(1375)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a> <small>(1385)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <small>(1389)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family#Ottoman_Empire_period" title="Muzaka family">Bayezid I's Campaign</a> <small>(1394)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ohrid_(1395)" title="Siege of Ohrid (1395)">Ohrid</a> <small>(1395)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family#Ottoman_period" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi War</a> <small>(1414–18)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketa_Thopia#Life" title="Niketa Thopia">Krujë</a> <small>(1415)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Ottoman_invasion" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka War</a> <small>(1415–17)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastriot#War_with_the_Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon Kastriot">Kastrioti War</a> <small>(1428–30)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%9336" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–36">Albanian Revolt</a> <small>(1432–36)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Revolt" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka Revolt</a> <small>(1437–38)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion#Background" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Arianiti Revolt</a> <small>(1443)</small></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's Rebellion</a></b> <small>(1443–1468)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion#Early_battles" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Svetigrad</a> <small>(1443)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a> <small>(1444)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Mokra</a> <small>(1445)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a> <small>(1446)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a> <small>(1448)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Oranik</a> <small>(1448)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Krujë</a> <small>(1450)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Mehmed II's first Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign#Battle_of_Modrič" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Modrica</a> <small>(1452)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign#Battle_of_Meçad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Meçad</a> <small>(1452)</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Pollog</a> <small>(1453)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a> <small>(1455)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Oranik</a> <small>(1456)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a> <small>(1457)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(castle)#During_Skanderbeg's_rebellion" title="Sati (castle)">Sati</a> <small>(1459)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(July_1462)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mokra (July 1462)">Mokra</a> <small>(1462)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Macedonian Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Mokra" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Mokra</a> <small>(1462)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Pollog" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Pollog</a> <small>(1462)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Livad" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Livad</a> <small>(1462)</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a> <small>(1464)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vajkal" title="Battle of Vajkal">Vajkal</a> <small>(1465)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a> <small>(1465)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Ballaban's fourth Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Vajkal" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Vajkal</a> <small>(1465)</small> • <a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Kashari" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Kashari</a> <small>(1465)</small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">Krujë</a> <small>(1466–67)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Krujë</a> <small>(1467)</small></li></ul> <p><i><b>Contemporaneous Campaigns</b></i> <small>(1447–1462)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Venetian War</a> <small>(1447–48)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humoj_family#Struggle_against_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Humoj family">Dukagjini Civil War</a> <small>(1456–57)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Italian Expedition</a> <small>(1460–62)</small></li></ul> <p><b>Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra</b> <small>(1468–1479)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himar%C3%AB#History" title="Himarë">Himarë</a> <small>(1473–79)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Shkodra</a> <small>(1474)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a> <small>(1477–78)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shkodra</a> <small>(1478–79)</small></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Albania" title="List of wars involving Albania">Wars involving Albania</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vues_iv41056.jpg" title="File:Vues iv41056.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Vues_iv41056.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vues_iv41056.jpg/220px-Vues_iv41056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vues_iv41056.jpg/330px-Vues_iv41056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Vues_iv41056.jpg/440px-Vues_iv41056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Object of the siege: an ancient Albanian citadel on the <a href="/wiki/Buna_(Adriatic_Sea)" title="Buna (Adriatic Sea)">Buna River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>siege of Shkodra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i>) took place from May 1478 to April 1479 as a confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Venetian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Venetian">Venetians</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezhe" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Lezhe">League of Lezhe</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a> (Scutari in Italian) and its <a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa Castle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463-1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479)">First Ottoman-Venetian War</a> (1463–1479). Ottoman historian <a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Franz Babinger</a> called the siege "one of the most remarkable episodes in the struggle between the West and the Crescent".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363">: 363 </span></sup> A small force of approximately 1,600 Albanian and Italian men and a much smaller number of women<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–13">: 10–13 </span></sup> faced a massive Ottoman force containing artillery cast on site<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> and an army reported (though widely disputed) to have been as many as 350,000 in number.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Hammer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> The campaign was so important to <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> that he came personally to ensure triumph. After nineteen days of bombarding the castle walls, the Ottomans launched five successive general attacks which all ended in victory for the besieged. With dwindling resources, Mehmed attacked and defeated the smaller surrounding fortresses of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a" title="Žabljak Crnojevića">Žabljak Crnojevića</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drisht" title="Drisht">Drisht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lezha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezha">Lezha</a>, left a siege force to starve Shkodra into surrender, and returned to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. On January 25, 1479, Venice and Constantinople <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">signed a peace agreement</a> that among other concessions ceded Shkodra to the Ottoman Empire. The defenders of the citadel emigrated to Venice, whereas many Albanians from the region retreated into the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Shpuza_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shpuza-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shkodra then became a seat of the newly established Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Scutari" title="Sanjak of Scutari">Sanjak of Scutari</a>. The Ottomans held the city until <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> captured it in April 1913, after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari">six-month siege</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg/220px-Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg/330px-Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg/440px-Sultan_Mehmed_II_The_Conqueror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Sultan Mehmed II</a> went personally to lead the siege</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkodra">Shkodra</a>, also known as Shkodër or as Scutari, was both a strategic town and an important region of <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a>. After being held by the <a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a> since 1355, Shkodra was briefly taken by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> in 1393,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retaken by <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_II_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đurađ II Balšić">Đurađ II Balšić</a> in 1395, then ceded (along with the nearby fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Drivast" class="mw-redirect" title="Drivast">Drivast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagnum" title="Dagnum">Dagnum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0as" title="Šas">Šas</a>) to the Republic of Venice in 1405.<sup id="cite_ref-Prifti_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prifti-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>Sultan Mehmed II had already <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered Constantinople</a> in 1453, but now desired to dominate the Albanian coastline and be better poised to cross the Adriatic and march upon Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanderbeg">Scanderbeg</a> had thwarted Ottoman success in Albania for a quarter of a century; his <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezha</a>, a united front of Albanian forces which was formed in 1444 to resist the Ottomans,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had collapsed in 1468.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scanderbeg died in 1468; nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a> and some northern Albanian garrisons were still holding with Venetian support. </p><p>The Venetians and the Ottoman Empire had been <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Venetian_War_(1463-1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479)">at war since 1463</a>, the Ottoman Empire seeking expansion and the Venetians seeking to secure their trading colonies. Venice held and was arming a number of Albanian towns, including Shkodra, which it had taken in 1396<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> and renamed Scutari. By 1466 Venice considered Shkodra the heart and capital of Albania Veneta.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 531">: 531 </span></sup> </p><p>Shkodra was so important to the Empire's aims that, shortly after the siege, Ottoman chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ashik_Pashazade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashik Pashazade">Ashik Pashazade</a> called it "the hope of passage to the lands of Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans attempted to take Shkodra in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">siege of 1474</a>. Sultan Mehmed II's commander <a href="/wiki/Hadim_Suleiman_Pasha_(Beylerbey_of_Rumelia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Suleiman Pasha (Beylerbey of Rumelia)">Suleiman Pasha</a> failed; therefore the Ottomans retreated and the sultan planned a more powerful offensive. </p><p>Meanwhile, Mehmed II had demanded that Venice surrender Kruja, Shkodra, and other Albanian towns in exchange for peace, and added leverage to this demand by instructing Iskender Bey, the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak bey">sanjak bey</a> of Bosnia to invade <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>. Count Carlo da Braccio repulsed the invaders, but before returning to Bosnia, "the Turkish bands nevertheless did enormous damage and carried away large numbers of men and cattle." Despite these losses, Venice refused to yield to Mehmed II's demands to surrender Shkodra, being its "last bastion in the East".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 360–361">: 360–361 </span></sup> In 1477 the Ottomans captured most of the nearby territory of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> together with <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDabljak_Crnojevi%C4%87a" title="Žabljak Crnojevića">Žabljak</a> and defeated the main army of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Ivan Crnojević">Ivan Crnojević</a> late in 1477 or early 1478.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crnojević soon recovered Žabljak<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but held it only briefly while the Ottomans concentrated on their attack on Shkodra.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the population of Shkodra there were people who were suspected to be connected to the Ottomans and who supported the surrender of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces_involved">Forces involved</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forces involved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> was intent on defending Shkodra.<sup id="cite_ref-NadinSQ_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NadinSQ-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> Expecting the new Ottoman attack, the Venetians prepared vigorously, sending their expert engineers to reinforce the fortifications according to the most modern techniques<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 614">: 614 </span></sup> and maintaining a garrison of about 800 mercenaries in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1477, as the new Ottoman threat grew imminent, many Venetian mercenaries deserted Shkodra. Therefore, the Venetian Senate finally approved the locals' requests for arms and gave permission for the recruitment of warriors from the surrounding villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmitt_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 612">: 612 </span></sup> The city of Shkodra would be defended by its strong walls and a mixed garrison of locals and the remaining Venetian mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1478, Mehmed II dispatched both the beylerbey of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koca_Davud_Pasha" title="Koca Davud Pasha">Koca Davud Pasha</a>, and the new beylerbey of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, Mustafa Bey, to Shkodra with the armies under their control. In his eyewitness testimony (book), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Shkodra_(book)" title="The Siege of Shkodra (book)">The Siege of Shkodra</a></i>, Shkodran historian <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a> recorded that there may have been up to 350,000 Ottoman soldiers involved in the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> Ottoman chronicler Kivami wrote of 100,000 Ottoman soldiers in one attack alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Pulaha_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venice wanted to aid the besieged and sent their galleys up the <a href="/wiki/Bojana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojana River">Bojana River</a> from the Adriatic Sea, but they were prevented by an Ottoman blockade at Shirgj.<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>When the Ottomans approached Shkodra in May 1478,<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 362">: 362 </span></sup> Venetian commander Antonio da Lézze sent the women and children to the seaside villages,<sup id="cite_ref-Barleti_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barleti-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> but some women stayed behind to help the men. Approximately 2,000 people defended the castle from within,<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–13">: 10–13 </span></sup> whereas hundreds of Albanian men and youths from the region helped from without, making guerilla attacks on the Ottoman tent camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prifti_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prifti-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 470–471">: 470–471 </span></sup> Forces of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Ivan Crnojević">Ivan Crnojević</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> support, sailed over the lake and attacked Ottoman tents at night.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable figures in the defense of Shkodra were Friar Bartholomew of Epirus, who had fought alongside Scanderbeg before taking holy orders and gave rousing speeches to rally the defenders,<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Hammer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barleti_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barleti-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–58">: 52–58 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Moneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Moneta">Nicholas Moneta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozafa_Fortress_and_the_siege">Rozafa Fortress and the siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rozafa Fortress and the siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle,_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg/220px-Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg/330px-Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg/440px-Venetian_and_Illyrian_Gates_of_Shkodra_Castle%2C_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Venetian gate (outer), barbican, and original Illyrian gate (inner) at the northern face of the fortress</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rozafa_Castle" title="Rozafa Castle">Rozafa Fortress</a> was the focal point of the siege, the natural position and architectural reinforcements of which allowed the vastly outnumbered garrison to withstand bombardment and successive ground attacks by the besiegers. The castle (as it is sometimes called) was considered the central leg of a trivet (or <a href="/wiki/Tripod" title="Tripod">tripod</a>) including Zabljak, Drisht, and Lezhë.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Shkodra had been burned and rampaged by the Turks in 1467, so from that time the citizens had moved into the fortress for greater security.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortress was a natural bastion above <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Shkodra">Lake Shkodra</a>, three rivers (<a href="/wiki/Bojana_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojana River">Bojana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kir_(river)" title="Kir (river)">Kir</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>; it was esteemed to have been "a kind of <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> where the high mountains narrowed the passage between the lake and the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All faces of the fortress mount were recorded as being steep, but the northern face was least steep and more easily climbed.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman chroniclers reported the difficulties of ascending the fortress mount.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreseeing <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> warfare, in 1458, Venetian architects Andrea and Francesco Venier and Malchiore da Imola drew plans for the citadel's reinforcements and a cistern system designed to collect rain water.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamsi_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamsi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170">: 170 </span></sup> Additionally, the Venetians added a <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a> and extra gate to reinforce what they (correctly) forecast to be the main point of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamsi_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamsi-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> In the failed Ottoman siege of 1474, the outer walls were damaged significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 336">: 336 </span></sup> According to Barleti's <a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Shkodra_(book)" title="The Siege of Shkodra (book)">firsthand account</a>, the citizens rebuilt the walls, but when they sensed that the Ottomans were approaching again with an even stronger attack, they constructed secondary fortifications and redoubts made of wood and earth.<sup id="cite_ref-BarletiRrethimi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarletiRrethimi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_(sec._XV)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/220px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/330px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg/440px-Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_%28sec._XV%29_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A relief commemorating the siege from the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Scuola_degli_Albanesi" title="Scuola degli Albanesi">School of the Albanians in Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Spring of 1478, Mehmed II sent out advance scouts and then his commanders to march on Shkodra, inducing panic across the countryside. On May 14, the first soldiers arrived in Shkodra: 8,000 Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">akinci</a> led by Ali Bey, 4,000 horsemen led by Iskender Bey, and 3,000 horsemen led by Malkoch (Malkoçoğlu). The citizens intensified their work to fortify the citadel, adding secondary defenses in anticipation of seeing the outer walls demolished by the Ottoman cannonade. The Ottomans set fire to surrounding villages and many citizens of the Shkodra region fled to safer haven.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 361–362">: 361–362 </span></sup> </p><p>Five days later, the pasha of Rumelia, Davud Pasha, arrived and set up camp on the hill due north of the castle, known as "Pasha's Hill," where much of the Ottoman cannonade would be positioned (at approximately the same altitude as the fortress). The defenders were stationed on all sides but concentrated their resources on the main gate area where the Ottomans focused their attack.<sup id="cite_ref-BarletiRrethimi_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarletiRrethimi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54–56, 78">: 54–56, 78 </span></sup> </p><p>Around June 5, Davud Pasha climbed St. Mark's Mountain (today's Mt. Tarabosh, opposite the castle to the west) to survey the positions and strategize. Several days later, the pasha of Anatolia (Mustafa Bey) arrived bringing approximately 46,000 cavalry. On June 15, about 5,000 of the sultan's <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> came to prepare for Mehmed II's arrival on July 1. Mehmed was in Kruja to conclude <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Siege of Krujë">a year-long siege</a>. Those in Kruja, dying of hunger, were given the choice of staying and submitting to Ottoman rule or withdrawing safely with their possessions. They chose the latter, but instead were "mercilessly beheaded".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363">: 363 </span></sup> By June 16, 1478, Kruja was finally under Ottoman control. </p><p>Ottoman soldiers continued to flow into Shkodra throughout the latter half of June.<sup id="cite_ref-Barleti_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barleti-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–51">: 39–51 </span></sup> Around June 18, a small delegation of Ottoman leaders demanded the Shkodrans surrender, offering peace and rewards if they chose to comply and threatening torture and execution if they chose to resist. On behalf of all the Shkodrans, Peter Pagnanus refused the offer with threats of his own. </p><p>On June 22, the first two Ottoman cannons were installed and began to fire on the city. By July 11, eleven cannons were being employed, as well as two mortars whose projectiles exploded upon impact. Babinger records artillery of enormous caliber and "incendiary rockets, balls of rags impregnated with wax, sulfur, oil, and other inflammable materials" being "used for the first time".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363–64">: 363–64 </span></sup> The besieged also had cannons of their own. The Shkodran priest Marin Barleti recorded a daily tally of incoming cannon fire, with the total reaching over 3,200 shots. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Von Hammer</a> gives a figure of 2,534 total shots.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Hammer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 565–66">: 565–66 </span></sup> </p><p>On July 11, the sultan launched the first of five ground attacks. The climb proved difficult for the Ottoman soldiers, who were repulsed in every attack. On July 27, the Ottomans launched their fifth and final assault. Shkodran <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Moneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Moneta">Jacob Moneta</a> roused his ailing troops with a thrilling speech. The sultan climbed Pasha's Hill to observe the battle. Determined to triumph, the sultan ordered heavy artillery fire simultaneous to the ground assault, resulting in at least three instances of devastating "<a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>" upon the Ottomans. Incredibly, the Shkodran garrison held yet again. Barleti records that the arrows fired by the Ottoman archers were so copious that the Shkodrans used them for kindling to start fires—and needed no other kindling for an entire month.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetian historian <a href="/wiki/Sabellicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabellicus">Sabellicus</a> reported anecdotal accounts from eyewitnesses inside the castle, such as: "a miserable cat, scared from her hiding place by the war-cries, fell pierced by eleven [arrow] shafts at once"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 30, the sultan gathered his general council desiring to plan a sixth ground attack, but was persuaded to halt attacks on the Shkodrans who, according to Ottoman historian Kivami, were fighting "like tigers on the mountaintops".<sup id="cite_ref-Pulaha_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan accepted this counsel at the end of August and ordered his commanders to attack the smaller fortresses nearby who were aiding Shkodra. Žabljak, "where Ivan Crnojevic (1465–1490), 'lord of the Zeta,' had established his court, surrendered to the governor of Rumelia almost without a blow (not by Crnojević but by his cousin and small number of men).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drisht, however, ... resisted bravely,"<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> but the Ottomans captured it easily on 1 September 1478, using their artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 300 captives from Drisht were taken to Shkodra and executed in the sight of the besieged.<sup id="cite_ref-Barleti_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barleti-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> Then the Ottomans marched on <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a> but found it nearly completely abandoned; on the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin River</a> they captured two Venetian galleys with 200 sailors, who were taken near the walls of Shkodra and killed in front of the people of Shkodra.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmed II ordered bridges to be built on the Bojana River to prevent Venetian ships from coming to Shkodra's aid via the Adriatic Sea. He ordered a siege force to remain in Shkodra—led by <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a> and said to have contained between 10,000 and 40,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup>—to starve the city into surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 135">: 135 </span></sup> Then, "disappointed at the outcome of his Albanian campaign, Mehmed started the return journey" to Constantinople, "with 40,000 men".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1478, as the siege wore on and as the besieged had resorted to eating mice and rats, Antonio Da Lézze (the <a href="/wiki/Proveditore" class="mw-redirect" title="Proveditore">proveditore</a> of the city) continued to appeal for help to the <a href="/wiki/Signoria_of_Venice" title="Signoria of Venice">Signoria of Venice</a>, which decided to send forces to lift the siege; four days later, however, the decision was reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 365">: 365 </span></sup> On January 25, 1479,<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88–89">: 88–89 </span></sup> the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1479)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1479)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> which ceded Shkodra to Mehmed II on the condition that the citizens be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinross_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinross-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> Venice did not include its ally <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Ivan Crnojević">Ivan Crnojević</a> in this peace treaty; therefore Crnojević was forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> and find a haven in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was ratified in Venice on April 25, 1479.<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> The Shkodrans in the castle had to choose between emigrating to Venice or dwelling under the rule of their enemies. Marin Barleti records that every citizen chose emigration. Babinger records that, after the 1479 peace treaty, the old Albanian families "such as the Arianiti, the Dukagjins, the Castriotas, the Musachi, and the Topias were obliged to take refuge in Naples, Venice, or northern Italy".<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 372">: 372 </span></sup> Many Albanians, however, did remain in their fatherland. Some espoused Islam<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 372">: 372 </span></sup> and some retreated deeper into the mountains and organized occasional uprisings,<sup id="cite_ref-Shpuza_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shpuza-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maintaining a "rigorous resistance" against the Ottomans until well into the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the besieged and the besiegers acknowledged both victory and loss. The Shkodran garrison indeed withstood the military assault, but they eventually lost and left the city; whereas the Ottomans indeed gained the city, but only after failing to conquer it by military force and sustaining significant casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Franz Babinger</a> claims that the Ottomans lost "12,000 of their best troops" on the attack of July 22 alone, then describes a further one-third of the Ottoman army being lost on July 27; the Shkodran garrison is said to have lost 400 on July 22.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinger_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 364">: 364 </span></sup> Ottoman historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Kemal Pashazade</a> (1468–1534) recorded that "hundreds of the infidels and Muslims died each day and hundreds more escaped with wounded heads … swollen with lumps and craters like the surface of the moon."<sup id="cite_ref-Pulaha_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213–215">: 213–215 </span></sup> Another Ottoman historian, <a href="/wiki/Tursun_Beg" title="Tursun Beg">Tursun</a> (ca. 1426–1491), recorded "A great war unfolded and an unmerciful bloodshed that had never before been seen in history".<sup id="cite_ref-Pulaha_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a> recorded thousands of Ottoman casualties and hundreds of Shkodran casualties. Albanian historian Aleks Buda, in his analysis of Venetian chronicles of the event, concludes that of the approximately 1,600 Shkodran men and women who fought in the citadel, approximately 450 men and 150 women survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Buda_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of Shkodra in 1479, the Ottomans effectively controlled the entire territory of Albania and could focus on advancing to Italy. Ottoman chronicler Ashik Pashazade (ca. 1400–1481) claimed "Shkodra has been conquered, a fortress near land and sea ... the hope of passage to Italy!"<sup id="cite_ref-Pulaha_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> Indeed, the Ottomans would pass on to Italy in July, 1480, at the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of Otranto">invasion of Otranto</a>. So important was Albania to the Otranto invasion that Gedik Ahmet Pasha (the Ottoman army and navy commander) utilized it as a supply station and place of quick retreat. Goffman records a 1548 battle off the coast of Préveza in which an inferior Ottoman fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> routed <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>'s Catholic galleys largely because of the fresh reinforcements coming from the Ottoman-controlled Albanian shores. Thirty-six of Doria's vessels were captured, whereas Barbarossa lost none.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shkodra and other parts of northern Albania, the Ottomans transformed churches into mosques and promoted conversion to Islam. According to the Albanologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a>, an estimated thirty to fifty percent of the population of northern Albania eventually converted by the early seventeenth century. They "converted … mainly not for theological reasons, but primarily to have the right to bear weapons, to have access in the Ottoman state high ranks, to make career in the military and to avoid higher taxes". Franciscan missionary activity helped to stem this tide; nevertheless, conversions "continued unabated throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Albanian historian and Osmanolog Dritan Egro many high ranking Ottoman Albanians would push other Albanian to convert in Islam in order to fill Ottoman ranks and create an Albanian pyramid of power inside the Empire. It is not a confidence that the 2 Pashas that were send to take Shkodra, Ghedik Pasha and Davut Pasha were both Albanian. </p><p>Shkodra became an administrative and military center known as a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> and it was one of the main Ottoman cities in the Balkans. The city became famous for its artisan weapon manufacturing by the locals for the Albanian mercenaries to use in battle or show as a sign of power. </p><p>In between the 1750s to 1830s the city was the centre of the semi-independent Pashalluk of Shkodra led by the powerful Albanian <a href="/wiki/Bushati_family" title="Bushati family">Bushati family</a> who would expand its power in large areas of western Balkans. </p><p>In 1867 it merged with the sanjak of Skopje to form the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Shkod%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Shkodër">Vilayet of Shkodra</a>. In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albania declared independence</a> from the Ottoman Empire, procuring the favor of the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="London Conference of 1913">London Conference of Ambassadors</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg/220px-Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg/330px-Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg/440px-Paolo_Veronese_-_Siege_of_Scutari_-_WGA24944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese's</a> <i>Siege of Scutari</i> depicting a noblewoman being taken captive</figcaption></figure> <p>The siege of Shkodra is depicted in several works of European literature and art. The façade of the former <a href="/wiki/Scuola_degli_Albanesi" title="Scuola degli Albanesi">School of the Albanians</a> in Venice contains a relief<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created by an unknown sculptor and placed there in 1532 (it has been erroneously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a>). Sultan Mehmed II is depicted with his Grand Vizier below a cliff on which the Rozafa Castle is perched. The hero commanders of both the 1474 and 1478 battles — <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Loredan" title="Antonio Loredan">Antonio Loredan</a> and Antonio da Lézze—are honored by the inclusion of their coats-of-arms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin inscription means: “The people of Shkodra put up this everlasting monument of their outstanding loyalty toward the Republic of Venice and of the Venetian Senate's extraordinary beneficence.” </p><p>In 1503, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Be%C3%A7ikemi" title="Marin Beçikemi">Marin Becikemi</a> wrote and published a panegyric about the siege, in praise of the Republic of Venice. </p><p>In 1504, Marin Barleti's <a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Shkodra_(book)" title="The Siege of Shkodra (book)"><i>The Siege of Shkodra</i></a> (<i>De obsidione Scodrensi</i>) was published in Venice. It is a firsthand account the siege presented to the Venetian Senate. It was republished several times and translated into other European languages in the sixteenth century (and later into Albanian and English). In 2018 Venetian scholar Lucia Nadin discovered a manuscript of Marin Barleti, dated ca. 1500, presumed to be the original manuscript of <i>De obsidione Scodrensi</i> (scholars have begun to study this manuscript).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1585, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a> painted <i>The Siege of Scutari</i>, oil on canvas, which is located on the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace</a> in Venice. </p><p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Lorenzo_Gatteri" title="Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri">Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri</a> depicted the great battle of July 27 with an etching entitled <i><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" title="File:"I Turchi respinti da Scutari" Gatteri's Etching of the Siege of Shkodra.jpg">I Turchi respinti da Scutari</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShpuza1969" class="citation cs2">Shpuza, Gazmend (1969), <i><span></span></i>"Lufta per mbrojtjen e Shkodrës në vitet 1474 dhe 1478–1479"<i> in Konferenca e Dytë e Studimeve Albanologjike</i>, Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, p. 214, <q>Porse interesimi dhe angazhimi i Venedikut për mbrojtjen e Shkodrës përcaktoheshin vetëm nga interesat e ngushta të Republikës. Të vetmit që ishin të interesuar për ta mbrojtur deri në fund Shkodrën qenë shqiptarët."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Lufta+per+mbrojtjen+e+Shkodr%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+vitet+1474+dhe+1478%E2%80%931479%22+in+Konferenca+e+Dyt%C3%AB+e+Studimeve+Albanologjike&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Historis%C3%AB+dhe+i+Gjuh%C3%ABsis%C3%AB&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Shpuza&rft.aufirst=Gazmend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamputi1969" class="citation cs2">Zamputi, Injac (1969), <i>Dokumenta të sheullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë</i>, Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, pp. 33–34, <q>El se rosono de soa libera volonta ne la cita de Scutari 350 Albanesi del contado de la dicta terra i qual romaxeno nel assedio, tra i qual ne sono rimasti solamente 110 vivi, la probita, gagliardia, constantia, virilita e fede de i qual non e necessario explicar, che la esperientia ne ha ben dechiarita e mostrata (from Venetian Archive Arch. St. Ven., Sen. Mar, R° 11, c. 22).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dokumenta+t%C3%AB+sheullit+XV+p%C3%ABr+historin%C3%AB+e+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Historis%C3%AB+dhe+i+Gjuh%C3%ABsis%C3%AB&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Zamputi&rft.aufirst=Injac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{Fatih Sultan Mehemmed Han (Ciltli) İki Karanın Sultanı, İki Denizin Hakanı, Kayser-i Rum Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık | TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI KÜLTÜR YAYINLARI}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletius1504" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barletius, Marinus (1504). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bksh.al/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-DR--4----Doc---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-barleti--00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL2.2&d=HASH01faf102cea0ed51ce5ac67f.58"><i>De Obsidione Scodrensi</i></a> (in Latin). Venice: Bernardinus Venetus de Vitalibus. pp. 58–59. <q>Ex quo rerum periti, & qui alias cum ipso Meumethe militauerant, censuerunt ccc.[trecenta] & quinquaginta millia Barbarorum in castris fuisse. Quae tam innumera pene multitudo fidelissimos Christianos ad contemplationem & admirationem sui traxit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Obsidione+Scodrensi&rft.place=Venice&rft.pages=58-59&rft.pub=Bernardinus+Venetus+de+Vitalibus&rft.date=1504&rft.aulast=Barletius&rft.aufirst=Marinus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bksh.al%2Fgsdl%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary.exe%3Fe%3Dd-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-DR--4----Doc---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-barleti--00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00%26a%3Dd%26cl%3DCL2.2%26d%3DHASH01faf102cea0ed51ce5ac67f.58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBešić1970">Bešić 1970</a>, pp. 314, 315<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Говорећи о турским снагама, хроничари, по обичају, наводе огромне бројке, које достижу 150.000, па чак и 300.000 војника. Помињу и 10.000 камила. Може се претпоставити да је ту било неколико десетинахиљада бораца...Отприлике у исто вријеме султан је напустио бојиште. Повео је са собом већи дио војске, тако да је, према хроничарима, остало око 8.000 људи да чувају заузете положаје и наставе са опсадом</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babinger-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babinger_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Babinger, Franz. <i>Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</i>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buda-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buda_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buda, Aleks. "Hyrja" published in Barleti, Marin. <i>Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i>. Tiranë: Instituti i Historisë, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grand Turk John Freely</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Nadin, Migrazioni e integrazione. Il caso degli Albanesi a Venezia (1479-1552), Bulzoni, Contesti Adriatici</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives of Venetian Senate, Sen. Mar, Rº 11, c. 22, 08 May 1479. Documented in Zamputi, Injac. <i>Dokumenta të shekullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë</i>, vol. 4, pt. 1. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave të Shqipërisë, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemal Pashazade (ca. 1520) cited from <i>Ibn Kemal, Tevarih-i al-i 'osman</i>, def. VII (Ankara 1957), cited in Pulaha, Selami. <i>Lufta shqiptaro turke në shekullin XV: burime osmane</i>. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, 1968. p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinross-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinross_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinross_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinross_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinross_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinross, John Patrick Douglas Balfour. <i>The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire</i>. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Hammer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Hammer_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Hammer, Joseph. <i>Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, Grossentheils aus bisher unbenützten, Handschriften und Archiven.</i> Pest: C.A. Hartlenben's Verlage, 1828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shpuza-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shpuza_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shpuza_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shpuza, Gazmend. “La Lutte pour la défense de Shkodër dans années 1474 et 1478–1479,” in <i>Studia Albanica</i>, VI, 1968, pp. 181–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of Albania</i>. The Scarecrow Press. pp. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prifti-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prifti_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prifti_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prifti, Kristaq, et al. <i>Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime</i>, vol. 1. Tirana: Toena, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vickers, Miranda. <i>The Albanians: A Modern History</i>. pp. 8-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2009" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Oliver (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010144/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts21/AH2008_2.html"><i>Skanderbeg. Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan</i></a>. Verlag Friedrich Pustet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2229-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2229-0"><bdi>978-3-7917-2229-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts21/AH2008_2.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skanderbeg.+Der+neue+Alexander+auf+dem+Balkan&rft.pub=Verlag+Friedrich+Pustet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-7917-2229-0&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts21%2FAH2008_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pitcher, Donald Edward. <i>An historical geography of the Ottoman empire from earliest times to the end of the sixteenth century</i>. Leiden, Brill, 1972, [1973].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitt, Oliver (translated by Ardian Klosi). <i>Arbëria Venedike (1392-1479)</i>, Tirana: K&B, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashik Pashazade (ca. 1480) cited in Pulaha, Selami. <i>Lufta shqiptaro turke në shekullin XV: burime osmane</i>. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, 1968. p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation cs2">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=crnojevi%C4%87+skadar+1477&pg=PA600"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>, <q>The second Ottoman wave of 1477 overran much of Zeta, taking Žabljak and the late in 1477 or early 1478 meeting and defeating John Crnojevićs main army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26q%3Dcrnojevi%25C4%2587%2Bskadar%2B1477%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SphWAAAAYAAJ&q=%C5%BDabljak+1477"><i>Ukrainian Quarterly Volumes 46-47</i></a>, 1990, p. 72, <q>Ivan Crnojevic, a nephew of Scanderbeg, attacked Žabljak, which had fallen to the Ottomans in 1477, and recovered the fortress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Quarterly+Volumes+46-47&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSphWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25C5%25BDabljak%2B1477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation cs2">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&q=crnojevi%C4%87+skadar+1477&pg=PA600"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>, University of Michigan Press, p. 600, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>, <q>The Ottomans then concentrated their forces at Skadar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26q%3Dcrnojevi%25C4%2587%2Bskadar%2B1477%26pg%3DPA600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBešić1970">Bešić 1970</a>, p. 313<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Међу скадарским становништвом било је људи који су сматрали да град треба предати Турцима и на које се сумњало да с њима одржавају везе.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NadinSQ-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NadinSQ_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadin, Lucia. <i>Shqiptarët në Venedik: Mërgim e integrim 1479–1552</i>. Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "55", 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrejović1981">Srejović 1981</a>, p. 409<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Млечани су очекивали нов турски напад на своје градове у северној Албанији. У међувремену су поправљали зидине и набављали нове залихе хране, а у Скадар слали нове најамнике у жељи да их у сваком тренутку буде око осам стотина.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2010" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, Oliver (2010). Ben Andoni (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistamapo.com/lexo.php?id=774">"Skënderbeu duhet ri-interpretuar"</a>. Revista MAPO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2012</span>. <q>Shkodra nuk ishte shembulli i një qyteti, që e ruante garnizoni venedikas, por është mbrojtur nga vetë popullsia lokale dhe nga mercenarët venedikas. (Shkodra was not an example of a city that was guarded by the Venetian garrison, but it was defended by the local population itself and by Venetian mercenaries).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sk%C3%ABnderbeu+duhet+ri-interpretuar&rft.pub=Revista+MAPO&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistamapo.com%2Flexo.php%3Fid%3D774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulaha-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaha_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaha_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaha_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaha_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulaha_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulaha, Selami (ed.). <i>Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV</i>. Burime osmane. Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barleti-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barleti_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barleti_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barleti_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barleti_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barleti, Marin. <i>Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i>. Tiranë: Instituti i Historisë, 1967,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrejović1981">Srejović 1981</a>, p. 410<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Уз помоћ Дубровчана људи Ивана Црнојевића су крстарили језером и ноћу нападали турске шаторе. Иванов син је у свом завештању из 1499. године навео како је његов отац "цара против себе разјаривао и храну му отимао"</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kivami (Ottoman Chronicler, ca. 1426–1491), cited in Pulaha, Selami (ed.). <i>Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime osmane.</i> Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamsi, Vili. "Shtrirja e qytetit të Shkodrës në kohën e lashtë dhe të mesme" in <i>Monumentet: materialet e sesionit III të institutit të monumenteve të kulturës</i>, 11. Tirana: Instituti i Monumenteve të Kulturës, 1967. p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceka, Neritan. <i>The Illyrians to the Albanians in the Dawn of Albanian History</i>. Tiranë: Migjeni, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletius1967" class="citation cs2">Barletius, Marinus (1967), <i>Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i>, Tirana: Instituti i Historisë, pp. 63, 140, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/556839252">556839252</a>, <q>Dhe në të vërtetë kjo qytezë, për natyrë që ka, bie krejt thik nga të katër anët me pëijashtim të asaj ane që asht nga veriu, aty zbret si të thuesh me nji farë pjerrësie dhe aty afer, me distancë sa hjedh nji shigjetë, ndodhet nji kodër plot vneshta e ullishta ... Pastaj ne na mbron vetë pozicioni i vendit që vjen shumë nalt e thik. Atyne, tue u ngjitë përpjetë, do t'u dridhen e do t'u kputen kambët, do t'u dalë shpirti, do t'i kapë frika sikur të ishin fëmijë, do të heqin mundim të madh për të ardhë këtu nalt, sepse kodra asht mjaft e rrëpinët.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rrethimi+i+Shkodr%C3%ABs&rft.pages=63%2C+140&rft.pub=Tirana%3A+Instituti+i+Historis%C3%AB&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F556839252&rft.aulast=Barletius&rft.aufirst=Marinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tursun (ca. 1426-1491), text cited in Pulaha, Selami. <i>Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime Osmane</i>. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror, 1962, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamsi-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamsi_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamsi_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamsi, Vili. “Kështjella e Shkodrës dhe Restaurimi i Saj” in <i>Monumentet</i>, 1 (ed. Gani Strazimiri). Tiranë: Ministria e Arsimit dhe e Kulturës, 1971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarletiRrethimi-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BarletiRrethimi_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BarletiRrethimi_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barleti, Marin (trans. Henrik Lacaj). <i>Rrethimi i Shkodrës</i>. Tirana: Instituti i Historisë, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletius1504" class="citation cs2">Barletius, Marinus (1504), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bksh.al/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-DR--4----Doc---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-barleti--00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&d=HASH01faf102cea0ed51ce5ac67f.1&cl=CL2.2&gp=122=false"><i>De obsidione Scodrensi</i></a>, Venice: Bernardino de Vitalibus, p. 122, <q><i>... prae sagittis infixis cernebantur: adeo, ut Scodrenses per integru mensem nullis aliis lignis ad conficiendos ignes usi sint...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+obsidione+Scodrensi&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Venice%3A+Bernardino+de+Vitalibus&rft.date=1504&rft.aulast=Barletius&rft.aufirst=Marinus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bksh.al%2Fgsdl%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary.exe%3Fe%3Dd-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-DR--4----Doc---0-1l--11-en-50---20-about-barleti--00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00%26d%3DHASH01faf102cea0ed51ce5ac67f.1%26cl%3DCL2.2%26gp%3D122%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmedley1832" class="citation cs2">Smedley, Edward (1832), <i><span></span></i>Sketches from Venetian History<i><span></span></i>, New York: J. & J. Harper, pp. 134–135</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+Venetian+History&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=New+York%3A+J.+%26+J.+Harper&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Smedley&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBešić1970">Bešić 1970</a>, p. 315<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Сулејман је повео чамцима преко језера јаничаре и азапе на Жабљак. Тамо нису ни затекли Ивана Црнојевића. Тврђаву је бранио неки његов рођак с малим бројем људи, који нису ни помишљали да се одупру турској сили.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBešić1970">Bešić 1970</a>, p. 315<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Анадолски беглербег Мустафа кренуо је најприје на Дриваст,који је пред артиљеријском ватром 1. септембра 1478. год. лако пао.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBešić1970">Bešić 1970</a>, p. 315<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Затим је узео Љеш, у коме више готово никога није ни било. На Дриму је заробио двије млетачке галије, покупио с њих двјеста морнара, довео их под скадарске зидине и наредио да се ту сасијеку пред очима уплашених Скадрана.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBožić1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Božić, Ivan (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnkBAAAAMAAJ&q=1479"><i>Nemirno pomorje XV veka</i></a> (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, p. 129, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5845972">5845972</a>, <q>...После турско-млетачког рата који је имао за последицу и предају Скадра Турцима 1479, Млечани су се морали сложити са губицима и жртвовати савезника Ивана Црнојевића. Он није ни укључен у мир па је напустио Зету и склонио се у Италију."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nemirno+pomorje+XV+veka&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Srpska+knji%C5%BEevna+zadruga&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5845972&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnkBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulaha, Selami, ed. <i>Defteri i regjistrimit të Sanxhakut të Shkodrës i vitit 1485</i>. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e R. P. të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, 1974. pp. 3, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Daniel. <i>The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsie, Robert. <i>A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture.</i> London: Hurst & Company, 2001, pp. 51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_-_Ex_Scola_degli_albanesi_(sec._XV)_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Aug-2007_-_11_-_Maometto_II_assedia_Scutari.jpg#Summary_Summary" title="File:Venezia - Ex Scola degli albanesi (sec. XV) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 12-Aug-2007 - 11 - Maometto II assedia Scutari.jpg">File:Venezia - Ex Scola degli albanesi (sec. XV) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 12-Aug-2007 - 11 - Maometto II assedia Scutari.jpg#Summary Summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Patricia Fortini. <i>Venetian Narrative Painting in the Age of Carpaccio</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapo.al/permbyset-historia-e-rrethimit-te-shkodres-lucia-nadin-zbulon-ne-paris-doreshkrimin-me-te-hershem-te-barletit/">"Përmbyset historia e "Rrethimit të Shkodrës": Luçia Nadin zbulon në Paris dorëshkrimin më të hershëm të Barletit"</a>. MAPO. 23 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%C3%ABrmbyset+historia+e+%22Rrethimit+t%C3%AB+Shkodr%C3%ABs%22%3A+Lu%C3%A7ia+Nadin+zbulon+n%C3%AB+Paris+dor%C3%ABshkrimin+m%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+hersh%C3%ABm+t%C3%AB+Barletit&rft.pub=MAPO&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapo.al%2Fpermbyset-historia-e-rrethimit-te-shkodres-lucia-nadin-zbulon-ne-paris-doreshkrimin-me-te-hershem-te-barletit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Babinger, Franz</a> (1992) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC"><i>Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</i></a>. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6"><bdi>0-691-09900-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/716361786">716361786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Bollingen+Series+96&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F716361786&rft.isbn=0-691-09900-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBešić1970" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bešić, Zarij M. (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/82440321/Grupa-Autora-Istorija-Crne-Gore-2-tom-2"><i>Istorija Črne Gore, Volume 2, Part 2</i></a> (in Serbian), Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Črne Gore<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+%C4%8Crne+Gore%2C+Volume+2%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Titograd&rft.pub=Redakcija+za+istoriju+%C4%8Crne+Gore&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Be%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zarij+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F82440321%2FGrupa-Autora-Istorija-Crne-Gore-2-tom-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulaha1968" class="citation book cs1">Pulaha, Selami. (1968). <i><span></span></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/015301329">Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV. Burime Osmane</a><i> [Albanian-Turkish Wars in the Fifteenth Century: Ottoman Sources]</i>. Tirana: Universiteti Shtetëror.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F015301329+Lufta+shqiptaro-turke+n%C3%AB+shekullin+XV.+Burime+Osmane%5D+%5BAlbanian-Turkish+Wars+in+the+Fifteenth+Century%3A+Ottoman+Sources%5D&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Universiteti+Shtet%C3%ABror&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pulaha&rft.aufirst=Selami.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|title=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC"><i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century</i></a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrejović1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Srejovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Srejović">Srejović, Dragoslav</a> (1981), <i>Istorija srpskog naroda. Knj. 1, Od najstarijih vremena do maričke bitke (1371)</i> [<i>History of Serbs, Book 1, From earliest times to Battle of Marica (1371)</i>] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Srpska književna zadruga, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456125379">456125379</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+srpskog+naroda.+Knj.+1%2C+Od+najstarijih+vremena+do+mari%C4%8Dke+bitke+%281371%29&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Srpska+knji%C5%BEevna+zadruga&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456125379&rft.aulast=Srejovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragoslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Hammer1828" class="citation book cs1">Von Hammer, Joseph. (1828). <i><span></span></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jy0BEfHRBloC">Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, Grossentheils aus bisher unbenützten, Handschriften und Archiven</a><i><span></span></i>. Pest: C.A. Hartlenben's Verlage. pp. 154–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_jy0BEfHRBloC+Geschichte+des+osmanischen+Reiches%2C+Grossentheils+aus+bisher+unben%C3%BCtzten%2C+Handschriften+und+Archiven%5D&rft.place=Pest&rft.pages=154-171&rft.pub=C.A.+Hartlenben%27s+Verlage&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Von+Hammer&rft.aufirst=Joseph.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|title=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Barletius, Marinus</a>. <i>De obsidione Scodrensi</i> [The Siege of Shkodra]. Venice: B. de Vitalibus, 1504.</li> <li>Barleti, Marin (trans. David Hosaflook). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/798159013">The Siege of Shkodra</a></i>. Tirana: Onufri Publishing House, 2012.</li> <li>A. Pashazade, Tursun, et al., in Pulaha, Selami (ed.). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cL-cQAACAAJ">Lufta shqiptaro-turke në shekullin XV: Burime osmane</a></i> [Albanian-Turkish Wars in the Fifteenth Century: Ottoman Sources] (a compendium of Ottoman chronicles including Kivami, Bidlisi, Tursun, A. Pashazade, K. Pashazade, etc., in both the original languages and Albanian translations). Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1968.</li> <li>Zamputi, Injac (ed.). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTwvkgAACAAJ&q=bibliogroup:%22Dokumenta+t%C3%AB+shekullit+XV+p%C3%ABr+historin%C3%AB+e+shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB%22">Dokumenta të shekullit XV për historinë e Shqipërisë v. IV (1479-1506)</a></i> [Documents of the Fifteenth Century about the History of Albania, v. IV (1479–1506)] (containing archival documents). Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe Gjuhësisë, 1967.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Jens Schmitt">Schmitt, Oliver Jens</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKKS3u7iPWcC"><i>Das venezianische Albanien (1392-1479)</i></a>, München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56569--9" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56569--9"><bdi>3-486-56569--9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+venezianische+Albanien+%281392-1479%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg+Verlag+GmbH+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-486-56569--9&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKKS3u7iPWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Shkodra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albanians_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Albanians under the Ottoman Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Background</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Rebellion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Italian expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Macedonian campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_uprisings_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Albanian uprisings in the Ottoman Empire">Albanian revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%931436" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–1436">1432 – 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">1843 – 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">1912</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Albanian–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina#Downfall" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Ballaban's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Mehmed II's campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_revolt_of_1453%E2%80%931454" title="Morea revolt of 1453–1454">Morea revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Bushatli#History" title="Mustafa Pasha Bushatli">Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_De%C3%A7iq" title="Battle of Deçiq">Deçiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Lopate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Martinići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Mokra I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(July_1462)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mokra (July 1462)">Mokra II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Murino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Oranik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Oranik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Polog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vaikal">Vaikal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Congregations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Dib%C3%ABr" title="Congress of Dibër">Dibër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Dibra" title="Convention of Dibra">Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Dukagjin" title="Convention of Dukagjin">Dukagjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Elbasan" title="Congress of Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frash%C3%ABr_Assembly_(1880)" title="Frashër Assembly (1880)">Frashër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Ku%C3%A7i" title="Convention of Kuçi">Kuçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Manastir I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Manastir" title="Second Congress of Manastir">Manastir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mat" title="Convention of Mat">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Peja" title="League of Peja">Peja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Preveza" title="Assembly of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">Prizren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Krujë <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">1450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">1466 – 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">1477 – 78</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a></li> <li>Shkodër <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">1474</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1478 – 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">1912 – 13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatoles" title="Armatoles">Armatoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Bashi-Bazouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja" title="Mësonjëtorja">Mësonjëtorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Albania" title="Partition of Albania">Partition of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li>Principalities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Dukagjini" title="Principality of Dukagjini">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Kastrioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Muzaka" title="Principality of Muzaka">Muzaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Skanderbeg" title="Myth of Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Spahiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eyalets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Pashaliks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat" title="Pashalik of Berat">Berat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Yanina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sanjaks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Avlona" title="Sanjak of Avlona">Avlona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Delvina" title="Sanjak of Delvina">Delvina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Dibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Elbasan" title="Sanjak of Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_G%C3%B6rice" title="Sanjak of Görice">Görice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ioannina" title="Sanjak of Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Monastir" title="Sanjak of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ohrid" title="Sanjak of Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Scutari" title="Sanjak of Scutari">Scutari</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vilayets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_nobility" title="Category:Albanian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Albanian people from the Ottoman Empire">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:15th-century Albanian people">15th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:16th-century Albanian people">16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:17th-century Albanian people">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:18th-century Albanian people">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:19th-century Albanian people">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Albanian_people" title="Category:20th-century Albanian people">20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_Grand_Viziers_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Albanian Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albanian_nobility" title="Category:Ottoman Albanian nobility">Ottoman – Albanian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_Pashas" title="Category:Albanian Pashas">Pashas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:right;;width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Albanians in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Croatia" title="Albanians of Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace" title="Albanians of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Syria" title="Albanians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albania" title="Category:Ottoman Albania">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Albanians" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Albanians" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Albanians"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Albanians" title="Template talk:Wars and battles involving Albanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Albanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Albanians"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_and_battles_involving_Albanians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Albania" title="List of wars involving Albania">Wars and battles involving Albanians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Medieval Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid#Middle_Ages" title="Ohrid">Siege of Ohrid (1375)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Preljubovi%C4%87#Life" title="Thomas Preljubović">Epirote-Albanian War (1381-1384)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family#Ottoman_Empire_period" title="Muzaka family">Bayezid I's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid#Middle_Ages" title="Ohrid">Siege of Ohrid (1395)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family#Ottoman_period" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi-Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketa_Thopia#Life" title="Niketa Thopia">Capture of Krujë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Ottoman_invasion" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka-Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastriot#War_with_the_Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon Kastriot">Kastrioti-Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%931436" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–1436">Albanian revolt of 1432–1436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Revolt" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Albanian–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humoj_family#Struggle_against_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Humoj family">Dukagjini Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Skanderbeg's Italian expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara#Ottoman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara Uprising (1473-1479)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Siege of Shkodra (1474)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Siege of Krujë (1478)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Shkodra (1478-1479)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastriot_II#The_return_of_Gjon_II_Kastrioti_in_Albania_(1481-1484)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon Kastriot II">Albanian Landings (1481-1484)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Crnojevi%C4%87#Return_to_Zeta" title="Ivan Crnojević">Liberation of Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara#Ottoman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara Uprising (1488)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara#Ottoman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara Uprising (1494-1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pal_Dukagjini#Legacy" title="Nicholas Pal Dukagjini">Dukagjini Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mirdita#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Mirdita">Mirdita Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi_(tribe)#Ottoman" title="Kelmendi (tribe)">Kelmendi Uprising (1538)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi_(tribe)#Ottoman" title="Kelmendi (tribe)">Malësia Uprising (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)#History" title="Bua (tribe)">Epirus & Acarnania Revolt (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mat" title="Convention of Mat">Convention of Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597" title="Serb uprising of 1596–1597">Palabardhi Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Dukagjin" title="Convention of Dukagjin">Convention of Dukagjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi_(tribe)#Ottoman" title="Kelmendi (tribe)">Kelmendi & Dukagjin Uprising (1609)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelmendi_(tribe)#Ottoman" title="Kelmendi (tribe)">Kelmendi Uprising (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Ku%C3%A7i" title="Convention of Kuçi">Convention of Kuçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelopavli%C4%87i#History" title="Bjelopavlići">Siege of Kotor (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C4%8Di_(tribe)#Ottoman" title="Kuči (tribe)">Seven-fold barjak Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun#Early_modern" title="Medun">Siege of Medun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasojevi%C4%87i#17th_century" title="Vasojevići">Malësia & Brda Uprising (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Muhammad Ali's seizure of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina#Fall_(1820-22)" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Yanina-Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Bushatli#History" title="Mustafa Pasha Bushatli">Bushati-Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising of 1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karpenisi" title="Battle of Karpenisi">Battle of Karpenisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Missolonghi" title="Second siege of Missolonghi">Second siege of Missolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1831%E2%80%931833)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)">First Egyptian–Ottoman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833-39" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolts of 1833-39">Uprisings of 1833-39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara#Actions_in_Dibër" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising in Dibër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">Uprising of 1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">Uprising of 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brda_(Montenegro)#History" title="Brda (Montenegro)">Montenegrin Civil War of 1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bib_Dod_Pasha#Activities_against_Albanian_rebels" title="Bib Dod Pasha">Uprising of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_against_Mehmed_Ali_Pasha" title="Attack against Mehmed Ali Pasha">Battle of Gjakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren#Military_resistance" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren's Seccessionist War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanian_revolt_of_1909&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanian revolt of 1909 (page does not exist)">Uprising of 1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Uprising of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">Uprising of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Uprising of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&oldid=1259377740">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Shkodra&oldid=1259377740</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_the_Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_Wars" title="Category:Sieges of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars">Sieges of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venetian_period_in_the_history_of_Albania" title="Category:Venetian period in the history of Albania">Venetian period in the history of Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_campaigns_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Military campaigns involving the Ottoman Empire">Military campaigns involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albania" title="Category:Ottoman Albania">Ottoman Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1478_in_Europe" title="Category:1478 in Europe">1478 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1479_in_Europe" title="Category:1479 in Europe">1479 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1478" title="Category:Conflicts in 1478">Conflicts in 1478</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1479" title="Category:Conflicts in 1479">Conflicts in 1479</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Category:History of Shkodër">History of Shkodër</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire">Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a 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