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BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_(5900_BC–3850_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_period_(3850_BC–2350_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_period_(3850_BC–2350_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Temple period (3850 BC–2350 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_period_(3850_BC–2350_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_(2350_BC–700_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_(2350_BC–700_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronze Age (2350 BC–700 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_(2350_BC–700_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoenicians_and_Carthage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenicians_and_Carthage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Phoenicians and Carthage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenicians_and_Carthage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Byzantine rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Arab period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Norman Kingdom of Sicily rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospitaller_rule_(1530–1798)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitaller_rule_(1530–1798)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hospitaller rule (1530–1798)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hospitaller_rule_(1530–1798)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hospitaller rule (1530–1798) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hospitaller_rule_(1530–1798)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Great Siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>After the siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_occupation_(1798–1800)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_occupation_(1798–1800)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>French occupation (1798–1800)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_occupation_(1798–1800)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Malta_in_the_19th_and_early_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Malta_in_the_19th_and_early_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>British Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Malta_in_the_19th_and_early_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Malta_during_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Malta_during_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>British Malta during the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Malta_during_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_home_rule_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_home_rule_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>From home rule to independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_home_rule_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Malta_(since_1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Malta_(since_1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Independent Malta (since 1964)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independent_Malta_(since_1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independent Malta (since 1964) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independent_Malta_(since_1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalist_governments_(1964–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_governments_(1964–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Nationalist governments (1964–1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_governments_(1964–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_governments_(1971–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_governments_(1971–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Labour governments (1971–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_governments_(1971–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_British_presence_and_new_regional_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_British_presence_and_new_regional_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>End of British presence and new regional alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_British_presence_and_new_regional_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_crisis_in_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_crisis_in_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Constitutional crisis in the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_crisis_in_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_process_to_the_European_Union_(1987–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_process_to_the_European_Union_(1987–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Accession process to the European Union (1987–2004)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_process_to_the_European_Union_(1987–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta_in_the_European_Union_(2004–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta_in_the_European_Union_(2004–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Malta in the European Union (2004–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta_in_the_European_Union_(2004–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Malta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_Malta" title="Geskiedenis van Malta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis van Malta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="تاريخ مالطا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ مالطا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Malta" title="Historia de Malta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Malta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_tarixi" title="Malta tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malta tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Мальта тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мальта тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="История на Малта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Малта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Malta" title="Història de Malta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Malta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Malty" title="Dějiny Malty – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Malty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltas_historie" title="Maltas historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maltas historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="تاريخ د مالطا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاريخ د مالطا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Maltas" title="Geschichte Maltas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Maltas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Μάλτας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Μάλτας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Malta" title="Historia de Malta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Malta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Malto" title="Historio de Malto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Malto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltako_historia" title="Maltako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maltako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_Malte" title="Histoire de Malte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de Malte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Malta" title="Historia de Malta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Malta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մալթայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մալթայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Malte" title="Povijest Malte – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Malte" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Malta" title="Historio di Malta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Malta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של מלטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של מלטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მალტის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალტის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Malta" title="Historia ya Malta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Malta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Melitae" title="Historia Melitae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Melitae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltas_v%C4%93sture" title="Maltas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maltas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltos_istorija" title="Maltos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maltos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lta_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Málta történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Málta történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Историја на Малта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Малта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storja_ta%27_Malta" title="Storja ta' Malta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Storja ta' Malta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Malta" title="Geschiedenis van Malta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Malta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="マルタの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルタの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltas_historie" title="Maltas historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maltas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltesisk_historie" title="Maltesisk historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maltesisk historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مالٹا دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالٹا دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د مالتا تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مالتا تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Malty" title="Historia Malty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Malty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Malta" title="História de Malta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Malta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Maltei" title="Istoria Maltei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Maltei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B" title="История Мальты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Мальты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Malt%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Maltës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Maltës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Malta" title="Storia di Malta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Storia di Malta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_Malty" title="Dejiny Malty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Malty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Malte" title="Zgodovina Malte – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Malte" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Историја Малте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Малте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltan_historia" title="Maltan historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maltan historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltas_historia" title="Maltas historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maltas historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_tarihi" title="Malta tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malta tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Історія Мальти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Мальти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Malta" title="Lịch sử Malta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Malta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="马耳他历史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马耳他历史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="马耳他历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马耳他历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Malta" title="Category:History of Malta">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Malta</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="INSULARUM MELITAE Vulgo MALTAE et GOZAE"><img alt="INSULARUM MELITAE Vulgo MALTAE et GOZAE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg/150px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg/225px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg/300px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_087-INSULARUM_MELITAE_Vulgo_MALTAE_et_GOZAE.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4537" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7ar_Dalam_phase" title="Għar Dalam phase">Għar Dalam phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%A0gantija_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ġgantija phase (page does not exist)">Ġgantija phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saflieni_phase" title="Saflieni phase">Saflieni phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarxien_phase" title="Tarxien phase">Tarxien phase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phoenicians_and_Carthage">Phoenicians and Carthage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Roman_rule">Roman rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Byzantine Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arab period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_rule">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Knights Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Insurrection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gozo_(independent_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gozo (independent state)">independent Gozo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)">British Period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">British Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Question_(Malta)" title="Language Question (Malta)">Language Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#From_Home_Rule_to_independence">From home rule to independence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History_of_independent_Malta_(1964–)">Independent Malta</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Malta">Republic of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">European Union membership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maltese_history" title="Timeline of Maltese history">Timeline of Maltese history</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/16px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/24px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malta" title="Portal:Malta">Malta portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Malta" title="Special:EditPage/History of Malta">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Malta%22">"History of Malta"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Malta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Malta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Malta%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Malta%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Malta%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> has been inhabited since 5900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Farrugia-2020-03-19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrugia-2020-03-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first inhabitants were farmers; their agricultural methods degraded the soil until the islands became uninhabitable. The islands were repopulated around 3850 BC by a civilization that at its peak built the <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples</a>, which today are among the oldest surviving buildings in the world. Their civilization collapsed in around 2350 BC; the islands were repopulated by <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> warriors soon afterwards. </p><p>Malta's prehistory ends in around 700 BC, when the islands were colonized by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>. They ruled the islands until they <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">fell in 218 BC</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. The island was acquired by the Eastern Romans or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> in the 6th century AD, who were expelled by <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">siege in 870 AD</a>. Malta may have been sparsely populated for a few centuries until being repopulated by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in the 11th century. The islands were <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">invaded</a> by the Norman <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a> in 1091, and a gradual Christianization of the islands followed. At this point, the islands became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> and were dominated by successive feudal rulers, including the <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>. The islands were given to the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Order of St. John</a> in 1530, which <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">ruled them</a> as a vassal state of Sicily. In 1565, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> attempted to take the islands in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a>, but the invasion was repelled. The Order continued to rule Malta for over two centuries, and this period was characterized by a flourishing of the arts and architecture and an overall improvement in the social order [citation needed]. The Order was expelled after the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">invaded the islands</a> in 1798, marking the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation of Malta</a>. </p><p>After a few months of French rule, the Maltese <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">rebelled</a> and the French were expelled in 1800. Malta became a <a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">British protectorate</a>, becoming a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">colony</a> in 1813. The islands became an important naval base for the British, serving as the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a>. During the last quarter of the 19th century, there were advancements in technology and finance. In subsequent years, the Anglo-Egyptian Bank was established in 1882 and the Malta Railway began operating in 1883. In 1921, London granted self-government to Malta. This resulted in the establishment of a bicameral parliament consisting of a Senate (which was later eliminated in 1949) and an elected Legislative Assembly. The Crown Colony of Malta was self-governing in 1921–1933, 1947–1958, and 1962–1964. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> British forces in Malta were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">heavily attacked</a> by Italian and German air power, but the British held firm. In 1942 <a href="/wiki/Award_of_the_George_Cross_to_Malta" title="Award of the George Cross to Malta">the island was awarded</a> the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a>, which today appears on Malta's flag and coat of arms. </p><p>In 1964 Malta became an independent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a>, and in 1974 it became a republic while remaining in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. Since 2004 the country has been a member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> stands on an underwater ridge that extends from North Africa to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. At some time in the distant past, Malta was submerged, as shown by marine <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> embedded in rock in the highest points of Malta. As the ridge was pushed up and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">closed through tectonic activity</a>, the sea level was lower, and Malta was on a bridge of dry land that extended between the two <a href="/wiki/Continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Continents">continents</a>, surrounded by large lakes. Some caverns in Malta have revealed bones of <a href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippopotamuses">hippopotamuses</a>, and other large animals now found in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, while others have revealed animals native to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neolithic_(5900_BC–3850_BC)"><span id="Neolithic_.285900_BC.E2.80.933850_BC.29"></span>Neolithic (5900 BC–3850 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Neolithic (5900 BC–3850 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardium pottery culture">Cardium pottery culture</a></div> <p>While until recently, it was believed that Malta's first inhabitants arrived in the islands in 5700  BC, it has now been established that this occurred around 5900 BC, as is evidenced by studies of ancient soils.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farrugia-2020-03-19_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrugia-2020-03-19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These first <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> people have generally been assumed to have arrived from Sicily (about 80 kilometres or 50 miles north),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but DNA analysis shows that they originated from different parts of the Mediterranean, including both Europe and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were mainly farming and fishing communities, with some evidence of hunting activities. They apparently lived in caves and open dwellings. During the centuries that followed there is evidence of further contacts with other cultures, which left their influence on the local communities, evidenced by their pottery designs and colours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The farming methods degraded the soil; at the same time prolonged drought set in, and the islands became too dry to sustain agricultural practices. This occurred partly due to climate change and drought, and the islands were uninhabited for about a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research carried out as part of the FRAGSUS project, comprising analysis of soil cores from valleys, which contained ancient pollen and animal evidence from past environments, revealed that "climate change fluctuations made Malta uninhabitable in some periods of prehistory. There was a substantial break of around 1,000 years between the first settlers and the next group who settled permanently on the Maltese islands and eventually built the megalithic temples."<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple_period_(3850_BC–2350_BC)"><span id="Temple_period_.283850_BC.E2.80.932350_BC.29"></span>Temple period (3850 BC–2350 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Temple period (3850 BC–2350 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg/220px-Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg/330px-Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg/440px-Facade_Hagar_Qim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">megalithic temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG/220px-Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG/330px-Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG/440px-Tarxien_fat_lady.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>One of the so-called "fat ladies" of ancient Malta, at the <a href="/wiki/Tarxien_Temples" title="Tarxien Temples">Tarxien Temples</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG/220px-Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG/330px-Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG/440px-Malta_Valletta_BW_2011-10-07_15-08-04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Spiral motif from one of the megalithic temples, now at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Malta" title="National Museum of Archaeology, Malta">National Museum of Archaeology</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples of Malta</a></div> <p>A second wave of colonization arrived from Sicily in around 3850 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prof. <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Malone" title="Caroline Malone">Caroline Malone</a> has said: "Given the restricted land space of Malta, it is remarkable that the second colonisation survived for 1,500 years. This sort of settlement stability is unheard of in Europe and is impressive in terms of how they were able to live on an ever-degrading land for such a period of time."<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most notable periods of Malta's history is the temple period, starting around 3600 BC. The <a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> Temple in Gozo is one of the oldest free-standing buildings in the world. The name of the complex stems from the Maltese word <i>ġgant</i>, which reflects the magnitude of the temple's size. Many of the temples are in the form of five <a href="/wiki/Semicircular" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular">semicircular</a> rooms connected at the centre. It has been suggested that these might have represented the head, arms, and legs of a deity, since one of the commonest kinds of statue found in these temples comprises obese human figures, popularly termed "fat ladies" despite their ambiguity of gender, and often considered to represent fertility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The civilization which built the temples lasted for about 1,500 years until about 2350 BC, at which point the culture seems to have disappeared. There is speculation about what might have happened and whether they were completely wiped out or assimilated,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but it is thought that the collapse occurred due to climate conditions and drought.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prof. Malone has stated: "We can learn a lot from the mistakes made by the first Maltese. The lack of water, coupled with the destruction of soil that takes centuries to form, can cause the failure of a civilisation. The second group of inhabitants to Malta in 3850–2350 BC managed their resources adequately and harnessed soil and food for over 1,500 years. It was only when climate conditions and drought became so extreme that they failed."<sup id="cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2600 and 2400 BC, half of those who died were children.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age_(2350_BC–700_BC)"><span id="Bronze_Age_.282350_BC.E2.80.93700_BC.29"></span>Bronze Age (2350 BC–700 BC)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age (2350 BC–700 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Temple period came the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. From this period there are remains of a number of settlements and villages, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> — altar-like structures made out of very large slabs of stone. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. </p><p>It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity to the constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Piccolo-dolmens_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piccolo-dolmens-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One surviving <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a>, which was used to build temples, still stands at <a href="/wiki/Kirkop" title="Kirkop">Kirkop</a>; it is one of the few still in good condition. </p><p>Among the most interesting and mysterious remnants of this era are the so-called cart ruts as they can be seen at a place on Malta called <a href="/wiki/Misra%C4%A7_G%C4%A7ar_il-Kbir" title="Misraħ Għar il-Kbir">Misraħ Għar il-Kbir</a> (informally known as Clapham Junction). These are pairs of parallel channels cut into the surface of the rock, and extending for considerable distances, often in an exactly straight line. Their exact use is unknown. One suggestion is that beasts of burden used to pull carts along, and these channels would guide the carts and prevent the animals from straying. The society that built these structures eventually died out or at any rate disappeared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1400 BC and 1200 BC there was a Mycaenaean influence on the Malta, which is evidenced by presence of Mycaenaean artefacts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenicians_and_Carthage">Phoenicians and Carthage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phoenicians and Carthage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg/220px-Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg/330px-Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg/440px-Cippus_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Cippi_of_Melqart" title="Cippi of Melqart">Cippi of Melqart</a> which were discovered in Malta</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>—possibly from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>—began to <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician colonization">colonize</a> the islands around the early <span class="nowrap">8th century BC</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Malta#Dubious" title="Talk:History of Malta">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, using it as an outpost from which they expanded sea exploration and trade in the Mediterranean. They called the principal island Ann (<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>: <span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤀𐤍𐤍</span>, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ʾNN</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulican1992_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulican1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVella2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVella2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Necropolises have been found at <a href="/wiki/Rabat,_Malta" title="Rabat, Malta">Rabat</a> on Malta and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Gozo" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Gozo">Rabat</a> on Gozo, suggesting the main settlements were at present-day <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> on Malta and <a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Cittadella</a> on Gozo.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar53–55-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former settlement was also known as Ann,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulican1992_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulican1992-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting it served as the colony's seat of government. The principal port, meanwhile, was at <a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Harbor">Grand Harbor</a>. Known simply as Maleth (<span title="Phoenician-language text"><span lang="phn" dir="rtl">𐤌𐤋𐤈</span></span>, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MLṬ</span></span>, "The Port"), it was probably the namesake of the Greeks' and Romans' names for the entire island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVella2023_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVella2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maltese Islands fell under the hegemony of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> around the middle of 6th century BC,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> along with most other Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean. By the late 4th century BC, Malta had become a trading post linking southern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a>. This resulted in the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> features in architecture and pottery. It is not known if Malta was settled like a traditional Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">apoikia</i></span>, so some support that Malta was never a Greek colony.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hellenistic architectural features can be seen in the Punic temple at <a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_building,_%C5%BBurrieq" title="Punic building, Żurrieq">a tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBurrieq" title="Żurrieq">Żurrieq</a>. The Greek language also began to be used in Malta, as shown in the bilingual Phoenician and Greek inscriptions found on the <a href="/wiki/Cippi_of_Melqart" title="Cippi of Melqart">Cippi of Melqart</a>. In the 18th century, French scholar <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Jean-Jacques Barthélemy">Jean-Jacques Barthélemy</a> deciphered the extinct <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a> using the inscriptions on these cippi.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar53–55-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 255 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> raided Malta during the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, devastating much of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar53–55-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg/220px-Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg/330px-Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg/440px-Sudika_Rabat_Domus_Romana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Roman mosaics in the <i><a href="/wiki/Domvs_Romana" title="Domvs Romana">Domvs Romana</a></i> of ancient Melite</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Latin historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, the Maltese Islands passed into the hands of the Romans at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> in the year <span class="nowrap">218 BC.</span> Livy reports the commander of the Punic garrison on the Island <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">surrendered without resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Longus_(consul_218_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 218 BC)">Tiberius Sempronius Longus</a>, one of the two <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> for that year, who was on his way to North Africa. The archipelago—known to the Romans as Melita or Melite—became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, but by the 1st century it had its own local senate and people's assembly. By this time, both Malta and Gozo minted distinctive coins based on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman weight measurements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar56–57-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serving as the administrative hub of the islands, Mdina also became known as <a href="/wiki/Melita_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melita (ancient city)">Melita</a>. Its size grew to its maximum extent, occupying the entire area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Rabat,_Malta" title="Rabat, Malta">Rabat</a>, extending to what is now <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church_of_St_Paul,_Rabat" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate church of St Paul, Rabat">St Paul's Church</a>. Remains show that the city was surrounded by thick defensive walls and was also protected by a protective ditch that ran along the same line of St Rita Street, which was built directly above it. Remains hint that a religious centre with a number of temples was built on the highest part of the promontory. The remains of one impressive residence known as the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Domus Romana">Domus Romana</a> have been excavated, revealing well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian style</a> mosaics. This <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus</i></span> seems to have been the residence of a rich Roman aristocrat, and it is believed to have been built in the 1st century BC and abandoned in the 2nd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg/220px-Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg/330px-Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg/440px-Roman_columns_and_architecture_at_the_Malta_Maritime_Museum.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Greek-Roman remains at the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Maritime_Museum" title="Malta Maritime Museum">Malta Maritime Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The islands prospered under Roman rule, and were eventually distinguished as a <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">Municipium</a> and a Foederata <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">Civitas</a>. Many Roman antiquities still exist, testifying to the close link between the Maltese inhabitants and Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the period of Roman rule, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> became Malta's official language, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> was introduced in the islands. Despite this, the local Punic-Hellenistic culture and language is thought to have survived until at least the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar56–57-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 60, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> was shipwrecked on an island named Melite, which many Bible scholars and Maltese conflate with Malta; there is a tradition that the shipwreck took place on the shores of the aptly named "<a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Bay" title="St. Paul's Bay">St. Paul's Bay</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts 28</a>, Saint Paul is welcomed by the islanders who build him a fire. As Paul is gathering wood for the fire, a poisonous viper in the wood is driven out by the heat and bites Paul. Paul is unaffected by the bite, leading the people of Malta to believe he is a god. This assumption allows Paul the opportunity to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> to the island. </p><p>Malta remained part of the Roman Empire until the early 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cassar56–57-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> might have briefly occupied the islands in the 5th century,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no archaeological evidence to support this.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_rule">Byzantine rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Byzantine rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Byzantine Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg/440px-Malta_-_Marsaxlokk_-_Triq_Xrobb_l-Ghagin_-_Tas-Silg_08_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a Byzantine basilica at <a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a>, which was built on the site of earlier <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">megalithic</a> and Punic-Roman temples</figcaption></figure> <p>In 533, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> general <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> may have landed at Malta while on his way from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to North Africa, and by 535, the islands were integrated into the Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. During the Byzantine period, the main settlements remained the city of Melite on mainland Malta and the <a href="/wiki/Cittadella_(Gozo)" title="Cittadella (Gozo)">Citadel</a> on Gozo, while <a href="/wiki/Marsaxlokk" title="Marsaxlokk">Marsaxlokk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsaskala" title="Marsaskala">Marsaskala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsa,_Malta" title="Marsa, Malta">Marsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xlendi" title="Xlendi">Xlendi</a> are believed to have served as harbours. The relatively high quantity of Byzantine ceramics found in Malta suggests that the island might have had an important strategic role within the empire from the 6th to 8th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 7th century onward, the Mediterranean was being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim expansion</a>. At this point, the Byzantines probably improved the defences of Malta, as can be seen by defensive walls built around the basilica at <a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a> around the 8th century. The Byzantines might have also built the <a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">retrenchment</a> which reduced Melite to one-third of its original size.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_period">Arab period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">History of Islam in southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Islam in Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone,_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology,_Victoria,_Gozo_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/220px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/330px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg/440px-Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone%2C_Gozo_Museum_of_Archaeology%2C_Victoria%2C_Gozo_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maym%C5%ABnah_Stone" title="Maymūnah Stone">Maymūnah Stone</a>, a 12th-century marble tombstone believed to have been found in <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 870 AD, Malta was occupied by Muslims from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Himyar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Himyarī">Al-Himyarī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> led by Halaf al-Hādim <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">besieged the Byzantine city of Melite</a>, which was ruled by governor Amros (probably Ambrosios). Al-Hādim was killed in the fighting, and Sawāda Ibn Muḥammad was sent from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to continue the siege following his death. The duration of the siege is unknown, but it probably lasted for some weeks or months. After Melite fell to the invaders, the inhabitants were massacred, the city was destroyed and its churches were looted. Marble from Melite's churches was used to build the castle of <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-al-himayri_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-himayri-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Al-Himyarī, Malta remained almost uninhabited until it was resettled in around 1048 or 1049 by a Muslim community and their slaves, who rebuilt the city of Melite as Medina, making it "a finer place than it was before". However, archaeological evidence suggests that Melite/Medina was already a thriving Muslim settlement by the beginning of the 11th century, so Al-Himyarī's account might be unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1053–54, the Byzantines <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Medina (1053–54)">besieged Medina</a> but they were repelled by its defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-al-himayri_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-himayri-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their rule was relatively short, the Arabs left a significant impact on Malta. In addition to their language, <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Siculo-Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and many new techniques in irrigation were introduced. Some of these, like the <i>noria</i> (waterwheel), are still used, unchanged, today. Many place names in Malta date to this period. </p><p>A long historiographic controversy loomed over Medieval Muslim Malta. According to the "Christian continuity thesis", spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Abela" title="Giovanni Francesco Abela">Giovanni Francesco Abela</a> and still most present in popular narratives, the Maltese population continuously inhabited the islands from the early Christian Era up to today, and a Christian community persisted even during Muslim times. This was contested in the 1970s by the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Wettinger" title="Godfrey Wettinger">Godfrey Wettinger</a>, who claimed that nothing indicated the continuity of Christianity from the late 9th to the 11th century on the Maltese Islands – the Maltese must have integrated into the new Arab Islamic society. The Christian continuity thesis had a revival in 2010 following the publication of <i>Tristia ex Melitogaudo</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Fiorini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Fiorini (page does not exist)">Stanley Fiorini</a>, Horatio Vella and Joseph Brincat, who challenged Wettinger's interpretation based on a line of a Byzantine poem (which later appeared to have been mistranslated). Wettinger subsequently reaffirmed his thesis, based on sources from the Arab historians and geographers Al Baqri, <a href="/wiki/Al-Himyar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Himyarī">Al-Himyarī</a>, Ibn Hauqal, Qazwini, who all seemed to be in agreement that "the island of Malta remained after that a ruin without inhabitants" – thus ruling out any continuity whatsoever between the Maltese prior to 870 and after. This is also consistent with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Brincat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Brincat (page does not exist)">Joseph Brincat</a>’s finding of no further substrata beyond Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a>, a very rare occurrence which may only be explained by a drastic lapse between one period and the following. To the contrary, the few Byzantine words in Maltese language can be traced to the 400 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodians</a> coming with the knights in 1530, as well as to the influx of Greek rite Christians from Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_rule">Norman Kingdom of Sicily rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Norman Kingdom of Sicily rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion of Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG/220px-Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG/330px-Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG/440px-Mdina-palazzo-falzon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Falzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Falzon">Palazzo Falzon</a>, which was built between the late 15th and mid 16th centuries. It is the second oldest surviving building in <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Malta returned to Christian rule with the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest</a>. It was, with <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a> on the southern tip of Sicily, the last Arab stronghold in the region to be retaken by the resurgent Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1091, Count <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">invaded</a> Malta and turned the island's Muslim rulers into his vassals. In 1127, his son <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> fully established Norman rule in Malta, paving the way for the islands' Christianization.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malta was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> for nearly 440 years. During this period, Malta was sold and resold to various feudal lords and barons and was dominated successively by the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Anjou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> and Spain. Eventually, the Crown of Aragon, which then ruled Malta, joined with Castile in 1479, and Malta became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Malta's administration fell in the hands of local nobility who formed a governing body called the <i>Università</i>. </p><p>The islands remained largely Muslim-inhabited long after the end of Arab rule. The Arab administration was also kept in place<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Muslims were allowed to practise their religion freely until the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims continued to demographically and economically dominate Malta for at least another 150 years after the Christian conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1122, Malta experienced a Muslim uprising and in 1127 <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> reconquered the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even in 1175, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchard,_bishop_of_Strasbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchard, bishop of Strasbourg (page does not exist)">Burchard, bishop of Strasbourg</a>, an envoy of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, had the impression, based upon his brief visit to Malta, that it was exclusively or mainly inhabited by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1192, <a href="/wiki/Tancred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancred of Sicily">Tancred of Sicily</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi" title="Margaritus of Brindisi">Margaritus of Brindisi</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Malta" title="Count of Malta">Count of Malta</a>, perhaps for his unexpected success in capturing <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Constance, Queen of Sicily">Empress Constance</a> contender to the throne. Between 1194 and 1530, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> ruled the Maltese islands and a process of full <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">latinisation</a> started in Malta. The conquest of the Normans would lead to the gradual <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (historical)">Latinization</a> and subsequent firm establishment of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> in Malta, after previous Islamic domination.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daftary_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daftary-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1224, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, sent an expedition against Malta to establish royal control and prevent its Muslim population from helping a Muslim rebellion in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest</a>, the population of the Maltese islands kept growing mainly through immigration from the north (Sicily and Italy), with the exile to Malta of the entire male population of the town of <a href="/wiki/Celano" title="Celano">Celano</a> (Italy) in 1223, the stationing of a Norman and Sicilian garrison on Malta in 1240 and the settlement in Malta of noble families from Sicily between 1372 and 1450. As a consequence of this, Capelli et al. found in 2005 that "the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a report in 1240 or 1241 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gililberto_Abbate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gililberto Abbate (page does not exist)">Gililberto Abbate</a>, who was the royal governor of Frederick II of Sicily during the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Malta#Genoese_Period" title="Count of Malta">Genoese Period</a> of the County of Malta,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that year the islands of Malta and Gozo had 836 Muslim families, 250 Christian families and 33 Jewish families.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1249, some Maltese Muslims were sent to the Italian colony of <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a>, established for Sicilian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some historians, including Godfrey Wettinger, who follow on this <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, this event marked the end of Islam in Malta. According to Wettinger, "there is no doubt that by the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> times [i.e. shortly after 1249] no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island."<sup id="cite_ref-Wettinger-1999_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wettinger-1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> nevertheless survived – an indication that either a large number of Christians already spoke Maltese, or that many Muslims converted and remained behind. </p><p>In 1266, Malta was turned over in <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles of Anjou</a>, brother of France's King Louis IX, who retained it in ownership until 1283. Eventually, during Charles's rule religious coexistence became precarious in Malta, since he had a genuine intolerance of religions other than Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malta's links with Africa would still remain strong until the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese and Spanish rule</a> in 1283, following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </p><p>In September 1429, <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a> Saracens <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1429)" title="Siege of Malta (1429)">attempted to capture Malta</a> but were repelled by the Maltese. The invaders pillaged the countryside and took about 3,000 inhabitants as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 15th century, all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity and had to find ways to disguise their previous identities by Latinizing or adopting new surnames.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hospitaller_rule_(1530–1798)"><span id="Hospitaller_rule_.281530.E2.80.931798.29"></span>Hospitaller rule (1530–1798)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hospitaller rule (1530–1798)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deed_of_Donation,_1530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg/220px-Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg/330px-Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg/440px-Deed_of_Donation%2C_1530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Deed of Donation of the islands of Malta, Gozo and Tripoli to the Order of St. John by Emperor Charles V in 1530.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller Malta</a></div> <p>Malta was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Order of Saint John</a> as a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> from 1530 to 1798. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg/220px-Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg/330px-Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg/440px-Prise_de_Malte_en_1530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam" title="Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam">Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a> takes possession of the island of Malta, 26 October 1530</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9odore_Berthon" title="René Théodore Berthon">René Théodore Berthon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> started spreading over the region, reaching South East Europe. The Spanish king <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> feared that if Rome fell to the Turks, it would be the end of Christian Europe. In 1522, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a> drove the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> of St. John out of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. They dispersed to their commanderies in Europe. Wanting to protect Rome from invasion from the south, in 1530, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> handed over the island to these knights. </p><p>For the next 275 years, the "Knights of Malta" made the island their domain and made the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> official. They built towns, palaces, churches, gardens, and fortifications, they embellished the island with numerous works of art, and enhanced cultural heritage. </p><p>The order of the Knights of St. John was originally established to set up outposts along the route to the Holy Land, to assist pilgrims going in either direction. Owing to the many confrontations that took place, one of their main tasks was to provide medical assistance, and even today the eight-pointed cross is still in wide use in ambulances and first aid organisations. In return for the many lives they saved, the Order received many newly conquered territories that had to be defended. Together with the need to defend the pilgrims in their care, this gave rise to the strong military wing of the knights. Over time, the Order became strong and rich. From hospitallers first and military second, these priorities reversed. Since much of the territory they covered was around the Mediterranean region, they became notable seamen. </p><p>From Malta the knights resumed their seaborne attacks of Ottoman shipping, and before long the <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent</a> ordered a final attack on the Order. By this time the Knights had occupied the city of <a href="/wiki/Birgu" title="Birgu">Birgu</a>, which had excellent harbours to house their fleet. Birgu was one of the two major urban places at that time, the other most urban place being <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> the old capital city of Malta. The defences around Birgu were enhanced and new fortifications built on the other point where now there is <a href="/wiki/Senglea" title="Senglea">Senglea</a>. A small fort was built at the tip of the peninsula where the city of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> now stands and was named <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Elmo" title="Fort Saint Elmo">Fort Saint Elmo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Siege">Great Siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Great Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_malta_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Siege_of_malta_2.jpg/220px-Siege_of_malta_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Siege_of_malta_2.jpg/330px-Siege_of_malta_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Siege_of_malta_2.jpg/440px-Siege_of_malta_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Capture of St. Elmo, 1565</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 May 1565, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> laid siege to Malta. By the time the Ottoman fleet arrived the Knights were as ready as they could be. First, the Ottomans attacked the newly built fort of St. Elmo and after a whole month of fighting the fort was in rubble and the soldiers kept fighting until they were wiped out. After this the Turks started attacking Birgu and the fortifications at Senglea but to no gain. </p><p>After a protracted siege ended on 8 September of the same year, which became known in history as <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conceded defeat as the approaching winter storms threatened to prevent them from leaving. The Ottoman Empire had expected an easy victory within weeks. They had 40,000 men arrayed against the Knights' 9,000, most of them Maltese soldiers and simple citizens bearing arms. Their loss of thousands of men was very demoralising. The Ottomans made no further attempts to conquer Malta and the Sultan died in the next year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_siege">After the siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After the siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg/220px-Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg/330px-Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg/440px-Malta_250915_de_Valletta_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Memorial for <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The year after, the Order started work on a new city with fortifications like no other, on the Sciberras Peninsula which the Ottomans had used as a base during the siege. It was named <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> after <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parisot_de_Valette" title="Jean Parisot de Valette">Jean Parisot de Valette</a>, the Grand Master who had seen the Order through its victory. Since the Ottoman Empire never attacked again, the fortifications were never put to the test, and today remain one of the best-preserved fortifications of this period. </p><p>Unlike other rulers of the island, the Order of St. John did not have a "home country" outside the island. The island became their home, so they invested in it more heavily than any other power. Besides, its members came from noble families, and the Order had amassed considerable fortunes due to its services to those en route to the Holy Land. The architectural and artistic remains of this period remain among the greatest of Malta's history, especially in their "prize jewel" — the city of Valletta. </p><p>However, as their main <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/raison_d%27%C3%AAtre" class="extiw" title="wikt:raison d'être">raison d'être</a></i> had ceased to exist, the Order's glory days were over. In the last three decades of the eighteenth century, the Order experienced a steady decline. This was a result of a number of factors, including the bankruptcy that was a result of some lavish rule of the last Grand Masters, which drained the finances of the Order. Due to this, the Order also became unpopular with the Maltese. </p><p>Indeed, in 1775, a revolt known as the <a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_Priests" title="Rising of the Priests">Rising of the Priests</a> occurred. Rebels managed to capture Fort St Elmo and <a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Cavalier" title="Saint James Cavalier">Saint James Cavalier</a>, but the revolt was suppressed and some of the leaders were executed while others were imprisoned or exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_occupation_(1798–1800)"><span id="French_occupation_.281798.E2.80.931800.29"></span>French occupation (1798–1800)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: French occupation (1798–1800)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation of Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Siege of Malta (1798–1800)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_Malta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napoleon_Malta.png/220px-Napoleon_Malta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napoleon_Malta.png/330px-Napoleon_Malta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Napoleon_Malta.png/440px-Napoleon_Malta.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Capitulation of Malta to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, the power of the knights declined; their reign ended in 1798 when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s expeditionary fleet stopped off there en route to his <a href="/wiki/French_Campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egyptian expedition</a>. Napoleon asked for safe harbour to resupply his ships, and when they refused to supply him with water, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> sent a division to scale the hills of Valletta. Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Hompesch</a> capitulated on 11 June. The following day a treaty was signed by which the order handed over sovereignty of the island of Malta to the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a>. In return the French Republic agreed to "employ all its credit at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">congress of Rastatt</a> to procure a principality for the Grand Master, equivalent to the one he gives up".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his very short stay (six days), Napoleon accomplished quite a number of reforms, notably the creation of a new administration with a Government Commission, the creation of twelve municipalities, the setting up of a public finance administration, the abolition of all feudal rights and privileges, the abolition of slavery and the granting of freedom to all Turkish slaves (2000 in all). On the judicial level, a family code was framed and twelve judges were nominated. Public education was organised along principles laid down by Bonaparte himself, providing for primary and secondary education. Fifteen primary schools were founded and the university was replaced by an ’Ecole centrale’ in which there were eight chairs, all very scientific in outlook: notably, arithmetic and stereometry, algebra and stereotomy, geometry and astronomy, mechanics and physics, navigation, chemistry, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then sailed for Egypt leaving a substantial garrison in Malta. Since the Order had also been growing unpopular with the local Maltese, the latter initially viewed the French with optimism. This illusion did not last long. Within months the French were closing convents and seizing church treasures, most notably the sword of Jean de Valette which has since been returned to Malta in 2017, after a century in Paris, and for many years exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The Maltese people rebelled, and the French garrison of General <a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois</a> retreated into Valletta. After several failed attempts by the locals to retake Valletta, the British were asked for their assistance. Rear Admiral Lord <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> decided on a total blockade in 1799. The French garrison surrendered in 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malta_in_the_British_Empire_(1800–1964)"><span id="Malta_in_the_British_Empire_.281800.E2.80.931964.29"></span>Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malta in the British Empire (1800–1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Crown Colony of Malta</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Malta_in_the_19th_and_early_20th_centuries">British Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British Malta in the 19th and early 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg/440px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_Triq_ir-Repubblika_-_Misrah_San_Gorg_-_Attorney_General_01_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The British coat of arms on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Guard_(Valletta)" title="Main Guard (Valletta)">Main Guard</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg/220px-Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg/330px-Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Malta_1922_One_Pound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Personification of <a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a> on a one-pound colonial-era stamp, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1800, Malta voluntarily became part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">protectorate</a>. Under the terms of the 1802 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> with France, Britain was supposed to evacuate the island, but failed to keep this obligation – one of several mutual cases of non-adherence to the treaty, which eventually led to its collapse and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">resumption of war</a> between the two countries. </p><p>Although initially the island was not given much importance, its excellent harbours became a prized asset for the British, especially after the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869. The island became a military and naval fortress, the headquarters of the British Mediterranean fleet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a> was refused to the Maltese until 1921 although a partly elected legislative council was created as early as 1849 (the first Council of Government under British rule had been held in 1835), and the locals sometimes suffered considerable poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due to the island being overpopulated and largely dependent on British military expenditure which varied with the demands of war. Throughout the 19th century, the British administration instituted several liberal constitutional reforms<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were generally resisted by the Church and the Maltese elite who preferred to cling to their feudal privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political organisations, like the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a>, were created or had as one of their aims, the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> in Malta. </p><p>In 1813 Malta was granted the Bathurst Constitution; in 1814 it was declared free of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, while the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> reaffirmed the British rule under the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Treaty of Paris</a>. In 1819, the local Italian-speaking <i>Università</i> was dissolved. </p><p>The year 1828 saw the revocation of the right of sanctuary, following the Vatican Church-State proclamation. Three years later, the See of Malta was made independent of the See of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. In 1839, press censorship was abolished, and the construction of St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral began. </p><p>Following the 1846 Carnival riots, in 1849 a Council of Government with elected members under British rule was set up. In 1870 a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> was held on ecclesiastics serving on Council of Government, and in 1881 an Executive Council under British rule was created; in 1887, the Council of Government was entrusted with "dual control" under British rule. A backlash came in 1903, with the return to the 1849 form of Council of Government under British rule. </p><p>The last quarter of the century saw technical and financial progress in line with the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>: The following years saw the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Bank" title="Anglo-Egyptian Bank">Anglo-Egyptian Bank</a> (1882) and the beginning of operation of the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Railway" title="Malta Railway">Malta Railway</a> (1883); the first definitive postage stamps were issued in 1885, and in 1904 tram service began. In 1886 Surgeon Major <a href="/wiki/David_Bruce_(microbiologist)" title="David Bruce (microbiologist)">David Bruce</a> discovered the microbe causing the <a href="/wiki/Malta_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Fever">Malta Fever</a>, and in 1905 <a href="/wiki/Themistocles_Zammit" title="Themistocles Zammit">Themistocles Zammit</a> discovered the fever's sources. Finally, in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Dun_Karm_Psaila" title="Dun Karm Psaila">Dun Karm Psaila</a> wrote his first poem in Maltese. </p><p>Between 1915 and 1918, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Malta became known as <i>the Nurse of the Mediterranean</i> due to the large number of wounded soldiers who were accommodated in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SetteGiugno2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg/220px-SetteGiugno2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg/330px-SetteGiugno2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/SetteGiugno2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sette_Giugno" title="Sette Giugno">Sette Giugno</a> monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg/220px-1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg/330px-1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg/440px-1930_elections_in_Malta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Voting document of Ernesto Laiviera for the later cancelled 1930 elections in Malta</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Italian irredentism in Malta</a></div> <p>In 1919, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sette_Giugno" title="Sette Giugno">Sette Giugno</a></i> (7 June) riots over the excessive price of bread led to greater autonomy for the locals during the 1920s. After Filippo Sciberras had convened a National Assembly, in 1921 self-government was granted under British rule. Malta obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">parliament</a> with a Senate (later abolished in 1949) and an elected Legislative Assembly. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howard_(Prime_Minister)" title="Joseph Howard (Prime Minister)">Joseph Howard</a> was named Prime Minister. In 1923 the <i><a href="/wiki/Innu_Malti" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu Malti">Innu Malti</a></i> was played for the first time in public, and the same year Francisco Buhagiar became Prime Minister, followed in 1924 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Pasquale_Mifsud" title="Ugo Pasquale Mifsud">Ugo Pasquale Mifsud</a> and in 1927 by Sir <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strickland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Strickland">Gerald Strickland</a>. </p><p>The 1930s saw a period of instability in the relations between the Maltese political elite, the Maltese Catholic church, and the British authorities; the 1921 Constitution was suspended twice. First in 1930–1932, when British authorities assumed that a free and fair election would not be possible following a clash between the governing <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Party_(Malta)" title="Constitutional Party (Malta)">Constitutional Party</a> and the Church<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the latter's subsequent imposition of mortal sin on voters of the party and its allies, thus making a free and fair election impossible. Again, in 1933 the Constitution was withdrawn over the Government's budgetary vote for the teaching of Italian in elementary schools, after just 13 months of a Nationalist administration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malta thus reverted to the Crown Colony status it held in 1813. </p><p>Before the arrival of the British, the official language since 1530 (and the one of the handful of educated elite) had been Italian, but this was downgraded by the increased use of English. In 1934 <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> was declared an official language, which brought the number up to three. Two years later, the Letters Patent of the 1936 constitution declared that Maltese and English were the only official languages, thereby legally settling the long-standing '<a href="/wiki/Language_Question_(Malta)" title="Language Question (Malta)">Language Question</a>' that had dominated Maltese politics for over half a century. In 1934, only about 15% of the population could speak Italian fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_P.113_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_P.113-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that out of 58,000 males qualified by age to be jurors, only 767 could qualify by language, as only Italian had until then been used in the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Luke_P.113_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luke_P.113-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936 the Constitution was revised to provide for the nomination of members to Executive Council under British rule (similar to the 1835 constitution) and in 1939 to provide again for a partly elected Council of Government under British rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Malta_during_the_Second_World_War">British Malta during the Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British Malta during the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta (World War II)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Herkules" title="Operation Herkules">Operation Herkules</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BombDamageMalta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BombDamageMalta.jpg/220px-BombDamageMalta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BombDamageMalta.jpg/330px-BombDamageMalta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BombDamageMalta.jpg/440px-BombDamageMalta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Service personnel and civilians clear up debris on the heavily bomb-damaged <a href="/wiki/Strada_Reale" class="mw-redirect" title="Strada Reale">Strada Reale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> on 1 May 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Before World War II, Valletta was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/British_Mediterranean_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a>'s headquarters. However, despite <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s objections,<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p36_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p36-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the command was moved to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, in April 1937 fearing it was too susceptible to air attacks from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p36_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p36-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElliottP--pxx_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElliottP--pxx-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the time of the Italian declaration of war (10 June 1940), Malta had a garrison of less than four thousand soldiers and about five weeks of food supplies for the population of about three hundred thousand. In addition, Malta's air defences consisted of about forty-two <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> guns (thirty-four "heavy" and eight "light") and four <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Gladiators</a>, for which three pilots were available. </p><p>Being a British colony, situated close to Sicily and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a> shipping lanes, Malta was bombarded by the Italian and German air forces. Malta was used by the British to launch attacks on the Italian navy and had a submarine base. It was also used as a listening post, reading German radio messages including <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigma (machine)">Enigma</a> traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-CP-p42-44_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP-p42-44-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first air raids against Malta occurred on 11 June 1940; there were six attacks that day. The island's <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplanes</a> ability to defend the island was limited due to the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Luqa" title="RAF Luqa">Luqa Airfield</a> being unfinished;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (June 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, the airfield was ready by the seventh attack. Initially, the Italians would fly at about 5,500 m, then they dropped down to three thousand metres (in order to improve the accuracy of their bomb-aiming). <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Strickland" title="Mabel Strickland">Mabel Strickland</a> spoke of the Italian bombing efforts as such: "The Italians decided they didn't like [the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gladiators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">AA</a> guns], so they dropped their bombs twenty miles off Malta and went back."<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these words, the accuracy of Italian bombers improved after repeated attempts, causing a great deal of devastation to both military and civilian infrastructure in Malta. However, these raids proved ineffective to the Axis siege efforts, as any damage incurred was eventually repaired before a new wave of bombers could launch bombing runs over the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker-2003_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of August, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricanes</a> which had arrived via <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argus_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Argus (1917)">HMS <i>Argus</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first five months of combat, the island's aircraft destroyed or damaged about thirty-seven Italian aircraft, while suffering even greater losses than the Italians. Italian <a href="/wiki/Fighter_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter plane">fighter</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cavalera" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Cavalera">Francisco Cavalera</a> observed, "Malta was really a big problem for us—very well-defended.".<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Italian bombing campaign was causing serious damage to the island's infrastructure and the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to operate effectively in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker-2003_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  60–67">(pp 60–67)</span></sup> </p><p>On Malta, 330 people had been killed and 297 were seriously wounded from the war's inception until December 1941. In January 1941, the German <a href="/wiki/10th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Air Corps (Germany)">X. <i>Fliegerkorps</i></a> arrived in Sicily as the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. Over the next four months 820 people were killed and 915 seriously wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg/220px-Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg/330px-Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg/440px-Malta-_the_Harbour_Barrage_from_the_Upper_Barracca_Art.IWMARTLD3551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the bomb-damaged <a href="/wiki/Upper_Barrakka_Gardens" title="Upper Barrakka Gardens">Upper Barrakka Gardens</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 April 1942, <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">King George VI</a> awarded the <a href="/wiki/George_Cross_(Malta)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cross (Malta)">George Cross</a> (the highest civilian award for gallantry) "to the island fortress of Malta — its people and defenders".<sup id="cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJandCS-p38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> arrived on 8 December 1943, and presented a United States Presidential Citation to the people of Malta on behalf of the people of United States. He presented the scroll on 8 December but dated it 7 December for symbolic reasons. In part it read: "Under repeated fire from the skies, Malta stood alone and unafraid in the centre of the sea, one tiny bright flame in the darkness – a beacon of hope for the clearer days which have come."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The complete citation now stands on a plaque on the wall of the Grand Master's Palace on Republic Street, in the town square of Valletta.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In 1942, a convoy code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a> was sent to relieve Malta. Five ships, including the tanker <a href="/wiki/SS_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Ohio">SS <i>Ohio</i></a>, managed to arrive in the Grand Harbour, with enough supplies for Malta to survive. In the following year Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill visited Malta. George VI also arrived in Grand Harbour for a visit. </p><p>During the Second World War, <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Mifsud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugo Mifsud">Ugo Mifsud</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Borg_Olivier" title="George Borg Olivier">George Borg Olivier</a> were the only remaining Nationalist members of parliament of Malta. Mifsud fainted after delivering a very passionate defence against the deportation to concentration camps in <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Mizzi" title="Enrico Mizzi">Enrico Mizzi</a> and 49 other <a href="/wiki/Italian_Maltese" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Maltese">Italian Maltese</a> accused of pro-Italian political activities. He died a few days later. </p><p>In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> coordinated the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lascaris_War_Rooms" title="Lascaris War Rooms">Lascaris War Rooms</a> in Valletta. Following the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> later in 1943, a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian Navy</a> surrendered to the British in Malta. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malta_Conference_(1945)" title="Malta Conference (1945)">Malta Conference</a> was held in 1945, in which Churchill and Roosevelt met prior to the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. </p><p>The 1946 National Assembly resulted in a new constitution in 1947. This restored Malta's self-government, with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Boffa" title="Paul Boffa">Paul Boffa</a> as Prime Minister. On 5 September 1947, universal suffrage for <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malta" title="Women in Malta">women in Malta</a> was granted. That year, <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Barbara" title="Agatha Barbara">Agatha Barbara</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maltese_General_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Maltese General Elections">first woman elected</a> as a Maltese Member of Parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_home_rule_to_independence">From home rule to independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: From home rule to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg/220px-MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg/330px-MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg/440px-MLT_1948_MiNr0201_pmB002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>1947 stamp with <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> commemorating self-government</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Second World War, the islands achieved self-rule, with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta Labour Party</a> (MLP) of <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a> seeking either full integration with the UK or else "self-determination" (independence) and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Partit Nazzjonalista</a> (PN) of <a href="/wiki/George_Borg_Olivier" title="George Borg Olivier">George Borg Olivier</a> favouring independence, with the same "dominion status" that Canada, Australia and New Zealand enjoyed. </p><p>The 1953 Coronation incident (where, initially, no invitation was sent for a Maltese delegation to attend the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II), temporarily united Maltese politicians. After the MLP's electoral victory in 1955, in December Round Table Talks were held in London, on the future of Malta, namely the Integration proposal put forward by Mintoff. It was attended by the new Prime Minister Dom Mintoff, Borg Olivier, and other Maltese politicians, along with the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a>. The British government agreed to offer the islands their own representation in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>, with three seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> taking over responsibility for Maltese affairs from the Colonial Office.<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the proposals, the Maltese Parliament would retain authority over all affairs except defence, foreign policy, and taxation. The Maltese were also to have social and economic parity with the UK, to be guaranteed by the British Ministry of Defence (MoD) the islands' main source of employment. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/1956_Maltese_United_Kingdom_integration_referendum" title="1956 Maltese United Kingdom integration referendum">UK integration referendum</a> was held on 11 and 12 February 1956, in which 77.02% of voters were in favour of the proposal,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but owing to a boycott by the Nationalist Party and the Church, only 59.1% of the electorate voted, thereby rendering the result inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also concerns expressed by British MPs that the representation of Malta at Westminster would set a precedent for other colonies, and influence the outcome of general elections.<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs,_possibly_on_Kings_Street,_Valetta,_Malta_(5074435957).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg/220px-A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg/330px-A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg/440px-A_view_of_shops_with_anti-British_and_pro-Independence_signs%2C_possibly_on_Kings_Street%2C_Valetta%2C_Malta_%285074435957%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Malta Labour Party club in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> with anti-British and pro-Independence signs in the late 1950s</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, the decreasing strategic importance of Malta to the Royal Navy meant that the British government was increasingly reluctant to maintain the naval dockyards. Following a decision by the Admiralty to dismiss 40 workers at the dockyard, Mintoff declared that "representatives of the Maltese people in Parliament declare that they are no longer bound by agreements and obligations toward the British government" (the 1958 <i>Caravaggio incident</i>). In response, the Colonial Secretary sent a cable to Mintoff, stating that he had "recklessly hazarded" the whole integration plan.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under protest, Dom Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister along with all the MLP deputies on 21 April 1958. Georgio Borg Olivier was offered to form an alternative government by Governor Laycock but refused. This led to the Governor declaring a state of emergency thus suspending the constitution and Malta was placed under direct colonial administration from London. The MLP had now fully abandoned support for integration (when Mintoff's demands for financial guarantees were not accepted) and now advocated full independence from Britain. In 1959, an Interim Constitution provided for an Executive Council under British rule. </p><p>While France had implemented a similar policy in its colonies, some of which became <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments">overseas departments</a>, the status offered to Malta from Britain constituted a unique exception. Malta was the only <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">British colony</a> where integration with the UK was seriously considered, and subsequent British governments have ruled out integration for remaining overseas territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1959 Malta's British governor started to pursue a plan of economic development based on promoting <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_competition" title="Tax competition">tax competition</a>, offering very low tax rates on pensions, royalties and dividends to attract British (referred to as ‘sixpenny settlers’) and former colonial pensioners. Malta saw a large influx of Britons from <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> after 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood Commission (page does not exist)">Blood Commission</a> provided for a new constitution allowing for a measure of self-government and recognising the "State" of Malta. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Borg_Olivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgio Borg Olivier">Giorgio Borg Olivier</a> became Prime Minister the following year, when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolper_report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stolper report (page does not exist)">Stolper report</a> was delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Malta_(since_1964)"><span id="Independent_Malta_.28since_1964.29"></span>Independent Malta (since 1964)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Independent Malta (since 1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_governments_(1964–1971)"><span id="Nationalist_governments_.281964.E2.80.931971.29"></span>Nationalist governments (1964–1971)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nationalist governments (1964–1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Malta_Independence_Act_1964"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Malta Independence Act 1964</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/140px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/210px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg/280px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28variant_1%2C_1952-2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to make provision for, and in connection with, the attainment by Malta of fully responsible status within the Commonwealth.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_1964" title="List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1964">1964</a> c. 86</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1964</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffffcc;">Status: Amended</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1964/86/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Malta+Independence+Act+1964">Text of the Malta Independence Act 1964</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_(M1204)_-_Msida_Creek,_Malta_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg/220px-Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg/330px-Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg/440px-Ton-class_minesweeper_-_HMS_Stubbington_%28M1204%29_-_Msida_Creek%2C_Malta_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Ton-class minesweeper HMS <i>Stubbington</i> (M1204) moored in Msida Creek, Malta. The ship, seen on 21 September 1964, is decorated in honour of Malta's independence.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg/220px-Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg/330px-Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg/440px-Denkmal_an_die_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeit_Maltas_in_Valletta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the independence of Malta in <a href="/wiki/Floriana" title="Floriana">Floriana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the passage of the Malta Independence Act 1964 (c. 86) by the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> and the approval of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Maltese constitution</a> by 54.5% of voters in a <a href="/wiki/1964_Maltese_constitutional_referendum" title="1964 Maltese constitutional referendum">referendum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">Stat ta’ Malta</i>) was formed on 21 September 1964 as an independent <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Queen of Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The date continues to be celebrated annually as Independence Day (<a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: <i lang="mt">Jum l-Indipendenza</i>), a national holiday in Malta. On 1 December 1964, Malta was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>In the first two post-independence electoral rounds, in <a href="/wiki/1962_Maltese_general_election" title="1962 Maltese general election">1962</a> and <a href="/wiki/1966_Maltese_general_election" title="1966 Maltese general election">1966</a> the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a> emerged as the largest party, gaining a majority of the Parliamentary seats. In these years, <a href="/wiki/Italy-Malta_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy-Malta relations">relations with Italy</a> were of the utmost importance to secure independence and establish linkages with continental Europe. Malta signed four cooperation agreements with Italy in 1967, during a visit of <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> to the island. </p><p>In 1965 Malta joined the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and in 1970, Malta signed an Association Treaty with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_governments_(1971–1987)"><span id="Labour_governments_.281971.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Labour governments (1971–1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Labour governments (1971–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg/220px-Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg/330px-Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg/440px-Proclamation-de-la-R%C3%A9publiq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mamo" title="Anthony Mamo">Anthony Mamo</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a> at the proclamation of the Republic of Malta, 13 December 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1971_Maltese_general_election" title="1971 Maltese general election">elections of 1971</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Labour Party</a> (MLP) under <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Dom Mintoff</a> win by just over 4,000 votes. The Labour government immediately set out to re-negotiate the post-Independence <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and financial agreements with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The government also undertook <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> programmes and the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment law">Employment laws</a> were updated with <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> being introduced in salary pay. Concerning civil law, <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> was introduced and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> were decriminalised (1973); <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> was abolished in 1971. The following year, Malta entered into a Military Base Agreement with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries, after mediation by Italy's <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a>. </p><p>Through a package of constitutional reforms, Malta became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> on 13 December 1974, with the last Governor-General, Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mamo" title="Anthony Mamo">Anthony Mamo</a>, as its first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Xirka_%C4%A0ie%C4%A7_ir-Repubblika" title="Xirka Ġieħ ir-Repubblika"><i>Ġieħ ir-Repubblika</i> Act</a>, promulgated the following year, abolished all titles of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> in Malta and mandated that they cease to be recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Party was confirmed in office in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Maltese_general_election" title="1976 Maltese general election">1976 elections</a>. Between 1976 and 1981 Malta went through difficult times and the Labour government demanded that the Maltese tighten their belts in order to overcome the difficulties Malta was facing. There were shortages of essential items; water and electricity supplies were systematically suspended for two or three days a week. Political tensions increased, notably on <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(Malta)" title="Black Monday (Malta)">Black Monday</a>, when following an attempted assassination of the Prime Minister, the premises of the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i> were burned and the house of the Leader of Opposition was attacked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_British_presence_and_new_regional_alliances">End of British presence and new regional alliances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: End of British presence and new regional alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Libya–Malta relations">Libya–Malta relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy-Malta_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy-Malta relations">Italy-Malta relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_667881_US_president_George_Bush_and_General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union,_Chairman_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RIAN_archive_667881_US_president_George_Bush_and_General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union%2C_Chairman_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/310px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RIAN_archive_667881_US_president_George_Bush_and_General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union%2C_Chairman_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/465px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RIAN_archive_667881_US_president_George_Bush_and_General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union%2C_Chairman_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_Mikhail_Gorbachev.jpg/620px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and USSR leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> in December 1989.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 April 1979 the last British forces left the island after the end of the economic pact to stabilise the Maltese economy. This is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Day_(Malta)" title="Freedom Day (Malta)">Freedom Day</a> (<i>Jum Il-Ħelsien</i>) on 31 March. Celebrations start with a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Floriana" title="Floriana">Floriana</a> near the <a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_(Floriana)" title="War Memorial (Floriana)">War Memorial</a>. A popular event on this memorable day is the traditional regatta. The regatta is held at the Grand Harbour and the teams taking part in it give it their best shot to win the much coveted aggregate Regatta Shield. </p><p>Under Mintoff's premiership, Malta began establishing close cultural and economic ties with <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TimeMag-1972-01-17_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeMag-1972-01-17-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as diplomatic and military ties with <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Dom_Mintoff" title="Dom Mintoff">Mintoff</a> years, Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeMag-1972-01-17_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeMag-1972-01-17-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These closer ties with Libya meant a dramatic new (but short-lived) development in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta appeared to be turning its back on <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, and Europe generally.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History books were published that began to spread the idea of a disconnection between the Italian and Catholic populations, and instead tried to promote the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa. This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991: "The Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malta and Libya had entered into a <i>Friendship and Cooperation Treaty</i>, in response to repeated overtures by <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> for a closer, more formal union between the two countries<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>; and, for a brief period, Arabic had become a compulsory subject in Maltese secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 the <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Al-Batool_Mosque" title="Mariam Al-Batool Mosque">Mariam Al-Batool Mosque</a> was officially opened by Muammar Gaddafi in Malta, two years after its completion. </p><p>In 1980 an oil rig of the Italian company <a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a> commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> to drill on behalf of the Maltese government 68 nautical miles south-east of Malta had to stop operations after being threatened by a Libyan gunboat. Both Malta and Libya claimed economic rights to the area and this incident raised tensions. The matter was referred to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in 1982 but the court's ruling in 1985 dealt only with the delineation of a small part of the contested territory.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Malta signed a <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">neutrality</a> agreement with <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, under which Malta agreed not to enter into any alliance and Italy agreed to guarantee Malta's neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malta's relations with Italy have been described as "generally excellent".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_crisis_in_the_1980s">Constitutional crisis in the 1980s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Constitutional crisis in the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strait_street,_Valletta,_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg/330px-Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg/495px-Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg/660px-Strait_street%2C_Valletta%2C_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>A "Vote PN" graffiti in Strait street, Valletta, 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1981_Maltese_general_election" title="1981 Maltese general election">1981 general elections</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a> (NP) gaining an absolute majority of votes, yet the Labour winning the majority of parliamentary seats under the <a href="/wiki/Single_Transferable_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Transferable Vote">Single Transferable Vote</a> and Mintoff remained Prime Minister, leading to a political crisis. The Nationalists, now led by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Eddie Fenech Adami</a>, refused to accept the electoral result and also refused to take their seats in Parliament for the first years of the legislature, mounting a campaign demanding that Parliament should reflect the democratic will of the people. Despite this, the Labour government remained in power for the full five-year term. Mintoff resigned as Prime Minister and Party leader and appointed <a href="/wiki/Karmenu_Mifsud_Bonnici" title="Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici">Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici</a> as his successor in 1984. </p><p>The Mifsud Bonnici years were characterised by political tensions and violence. After a five-year debate, Fenech Adami, through the intervention of Dom Mintoff, reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Karmenu_Mifsud_Bonnici" title="Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici">Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici</a> to improve the constitution. Constitutional amendments were made voted and made effective in January 1987 which guaranteed that the party with an absolute majority of votes would be given a majority of parliamentary seats in order to govern. This paved the way for the return of the Nationalist Party to government later that year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_process_to_the_European_Union_(1987–2004)"><span id="Accession_process_to_the_European_Union_.281987.E2.80.932004.29"></span>Accession process to the European Union (1987–2004)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Accession process to the European Union (1987–2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg/150px-Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg/225px-Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg/300px-Edward_Fenech_Adami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="4488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami" title="Eddie Fenech Adami">Eddie Fenech Adami</a>, Prime Minister of Malta 1987–96 and 1998–2004, and President of Malta 2004–09</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1987_Maltese_general_election" title="1987 Maltese general election">general elections that followed in 1987</a> saw the Nationalist Party achieve such a majority of votes. The new Nationalist administration of Edward Fenech Adami sought to improve Malta's ties with <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a> advocated Malta's membership in the European Union presenting an application on 16 July 1990. This became a divisive issue, with <a href="/wiki/Malta_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Labour Party">Labour</a> opposing membership. </p><p>A wide-ranging programme of liberalisation and public investments meant the confirmation in office of the Nationalists with a larger majority in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Maltese_general_election" title="1992 Maltese general election">1992 elections</a>. In 1993, local councils were re-established in Malta. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1996_Maltese_general_election" title="1996 Maltese general election">General elections were held in Malta on 26 October 1996</a>; although <a href="/wiki/Malta_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Labour Party">Labour</a> received the most votes, the Nationalists won the most seats. The 1987 constitutional amendments had to be used for the second time, and the Labour Party was awarded an additional four seats to ensure they had a majority in Parliament. Malta's EU application was subsequently frozen. A split in the Labour Party in 1998, between the PM Sant and the former PM Mintoff (died in 2012) resulted in the government losing the majority. Notwithstanding the President of the Republic's preference for a negotiated solution, all attempts proved futile, and he had no other option but to accept Sant and his government's resignation and a call for early elections. </p><p>On being returned to office in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Maltese_general_election" title="1998 Maltese general election">1998 elections</a> with a wide 13,000 vote margin, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a> reactivated the EU membership application. Malta was formally accepted as a candidate country at the Helsinki European Council of December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> was abolished also from the military code of Malta. </p><p>EU accession negotiations were concluded late in 2002 and a <a href="/wiki/2003_Maltese_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum">referendum on membership in 2003</a> saw 90.86% casting a valid vote of which 53.65% were "yes" votes. <a href="/wiki/Malta_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Labour Party">Labour</a> stated that it would not be bound by this result were it returned to power in the following general election that year.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the circumstances, elections were called and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta)" title="Nationalist Party (Malta)">Nationalist Party</a>, led by Prime minister Fenech Adami, <a href="/wiki/2003_Maltese_general_election" title="2003 Maltese general election">won another mandate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2004, Eddie Fenech Adami was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President of Malta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gonzi" title="Lawrence Gonzi">Lawrence Gonzi</a> succeeded him as Prime Minister and the leader of the Nationalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accession treaty was signed and ratified and Malta joined the EU on 1 May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A consensus on membership was subsequently achieved with <a href="/wiki/Malta_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Labour Party">Labour</a> saying it would respect this result. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Borg" title="Joe Borg">Joe Borg</a> was appointed as first Maltese <a href="/wiki/European_commissioner" title="European commissioner">European commissioner</a> in the first <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta_in_the_European_Union_(2004–present)"><span id="Malta_in_the_European_Union_.282004.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Malta in the European Union (2004–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Malta in the European Union (2004–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Malta's accession to the European Union in 2004 had important implications for the state's foreign policy. Notably, Malta was required to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> of which the state had been an active member since 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome-Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Welcome-Europe.jpg/220px-Welcome-Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Welcome-Europe.jpg/330px-Welcome-Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Welcome-Europe.jpg/440px-Welcome-Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Angelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Saint Angelo">Fort Saint Angelo</a> commemorating Malta's entry into the EU in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of EU membership, Malta joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> on 1 January 2008;<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/2008_Maltese_general_election" title="2008 Maltese general election">2008 election</a> confirmed Gonzi in the premiership,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 2009 <a href="/wiki/George_Abela" title="George Abela">George Abela</a> became President of Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 May 2011, the Maltese voted 'yes' in the consultative <a href="/wiki/2011_Maltese_divorce_referendum" title="2011 Maltese divorce referendum">divorce referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Malta was one of only three countries in the world, along with the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, in which divorce was not permitted. As a consequence of the referendum outcome, a law allowing divorce under certain conditions was enacted in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a corruption scandal <a href="/wiki/John_Dalli" title="John Dalli">John Dalli</a> had to resign and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Tonio_Borg" title="Tonio Borg">Tonio Borg</a> as Maltese commissioner in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/2013_Maltese_general_election" title="2013 Maltese general election">snap election was called for March 2013</a> after the Gonzi government lost the Parliamentary majority. The Nationalist Party lost the election after having governed Malta more than 15 years since 1987 (except for a period from 1996 to 1998).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Joseph Muscat</a> was elected as Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, the parliament elected <a href="/wiki/George_Vella" title="George Vella">George Vella</a> as the 10th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President of the Republic of Malta</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Coleiro_Preca" title="Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca">Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 October 2017, Maltese <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> and anti-corruption activist <a href="/wiki/Daphne_Caruana_Galizia" title="Daphne Caruana Galizia">Daphne Caruana Galizia</a> was assassinated in a car bomb near her residence in <a href="/wiki/Bidnija" title="Bidnija">Bidnija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her murder caused an uproar of criticism for the Labour government and the judicial system on the islands. Following evidence of implication between Joseph Muscat's close circle and the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Yorgen_Fenech" title="Yorgen Fenech">Yorgen Fenech</a>, a long series of protests on the islands and international criticism precipitated the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Maltese_protests" title="2019–2020 Maltese protests">2019–2020 political crisis</a>. This resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Joseph Muscat</a>, Minister <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Mizzi" title="Konrad Mizzi">Konrad Mizzi</a>, and Prime Minister's Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Keith_Schembri" title="Keith Schembri">Keith Schembri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An internal election on 11 January 2020 within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Maltese Labour party</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Robert_Abela" title="Robert Abela">Robert Abela</a>, son of former president George Abela, as party leader, and Prime Minister of Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malta became the first country in the European Union to legalize <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">recreational use of cannabis</a> on 14 December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, the ruling Labour party, led by Prime Minister Robert Abela, won its third successive <a href="/wiki/2022_Maltese_general_election" title="2022 Maltese general election">election</a>. It gained even bigger victory than in 2013 and in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Culture of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">History of the Jews in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="List of heads of state of Malta">List of heads of state of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maltese_history" title="Timeline of Maltese history">Timeline of Maltese history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Of greater cultural significance, the demographic and economic dominance of Muslims continued for at least another century and a half after which forced conversions undoubtedly permitted many former Muslims to remain."<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The establishment of an Italian colony for Sicilian Muslims at <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> on the Italian Peninsula beginning in 1223 has led to much speculation that there must have been a general expulsion of all Muslims from Malta in 1224. However, it is virtually impossible to reconcile this viewpoint with a report of 1240 or 1241 by Gilibert to Frederick II of Sicily to the effect that in that year Malta and Gozo had 836 families that were Saracen or Muslim, 250 that were Christian, and 33 that were Jewish. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> is on record as stating that some Maltese Muslims were sent to the Italian colony of Lucera around 1249.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ibn Khaldun puts the expulsion of Islam from the Maltese Islands to the year 1249. It is not clear what actually happened then, except that the Maltese language, derived from Arabic, certainly survived. Either the number of Christians was far larger than Giliberto had indicated, and they themselves already spoke Maltese, or a large proportion of the Muslims themselves accepted baptism and stayed behind. <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bresc" title="Henri Bresc">Henri Bresc</a> has written that there are indications of further Muslim political activity on Malta during the last <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Suabian</a> years. Anyhow there is no doubt that by the beginning of Angevin times no professed Muslim Maltese remained either as free persons or even as serfs on the island."<sup id="cite_ref-Wettinger-1999_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wettinger-1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though by the end of the fifteenth century all Maltese Muslims would be forced to convert to Christianity, they would still be in the process of acquiring surnames as required in European tradition. Ingeniously, they often used their father's personal Arabic names as the basis of surnames, though there was a consistent cultural avoidance of extremely obvious Arabic and Muslim names, such as Muhammed and Razul. Also, many families disguised their Arabic names, such as <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Karwan</a> (the city in Tunisia), which became Caruana, and some derived family names by translating from Arabic into a Roman form, such as Magro or Magri from Dejf."<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Farrugia-2020-03-19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrugia-2020-03-19_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrugia-2020-03-19_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarrugia2018" class="citation news cs1">Farrugia, Claire (19 March 2018) [2018-03-18]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/first-inhabitants-arrived-700-years-earlier-than-thought.673783.amp">"First inhabitants arrived 700 years earlier than thought"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Malta" title="Times of Malta">Times of Malta</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=First+inhabitants+arrived+700+years+earlier+than+thought&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Farrugia&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2Ffirst-inhabitants-arrived-700-years-earlier-than-thought.673783.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimesMalta-2018-03-16-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimesMalta-2018-03-16_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498">"700 years added to Malta's history"</a>. <i>Times of Malta</i>. 16 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316111529/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180316/life-features/700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=700+years+added+to+Malta%27s+history&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20180316%2Flife-features%2F700-years-added-to-maltas-history.673498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Irwin, Aisling (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2019-07-island-cores-unravel-mysteries-ancient.html">"Island cores unravel mysteries of ancient Maltese civilisation"</a>. <i>Horizon Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horizon+Magazine&rft.atitle=Island+cores+unravel+mysteries+of+ancient+Maltese+civilisation&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Aisling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2019-07-island-cores-unravel-mysteries-ancient.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piccolo-dolmens-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piccolo-dolmens_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo,_SalvatoreDarvill,_Timothy2013" class="citation book cs1">Piccolo, Salvatore; Darvill, Timothy (2013). <i>Ancient Stones, The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i>. Abingdon, GB: Brazen Head Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956510624" title="Special:BookSources/9780956510624"><bdi>9780956510624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stones%2C+The+Prehistoric+Dolmens+of+Sicily&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+GB&rft.pub=Brazen+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780956510624&rft.au=Piccolo%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Darvill%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, P. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/ItalySicani.htm">"Kingdoms of Italy - Sicani"</a>. <i>www.historyfiles.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfiles.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+Italy+-+Sicani&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsEurope%2FItalySicani.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulican1992-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulican1992_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulican1992_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulican1992">Culican (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiligheddu2006_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiligheddu2006">Filigheddu (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVella2023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVella2023_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVella2023_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVella2023">Vella (2023)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassar53–55-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassar53–55_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassar2000">Cassar 2000</a>, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonanno1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bonanno, Anthony (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204(1983)1/01.pdf">"The Tradition of an Ancient Greek Colony in Malta"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hyphen</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyphen&rft.atitle=The+Tradition+of+an+Ancient+Greek+Colony+in+Malta&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bonanno&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FHyphen%2FHyphen.%25204%281983%291%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassar56–57-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassar56–57_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassar2000">Cassar 2000</a>, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepasqualeCardona2005" class="citation book cs1">Depasquale, Suzannah; Cardona, Neville Juan (2005). <i>Site Catalogue: The Domvs Romana – Rabat Malta</i>. <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: Heritage Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9993270318" title="Special:BookSources/9993270318"><bdi>9993270318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Site+Catalogue%3A+The+Domvs+Romana+%E2%80%93+Rabat+Malta&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9993270318&rft.aulast=Depasquale&rft.aufirst=Suzannah&rft.au=Cardona%2C+Neville+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonanno1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bonanno, Anthony (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/25571/Hyphen%20Vol(7),%20no.3%201995.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Underwater Archeology: A New Turning-Point in Maltese Archeology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hyphen</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 109, 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hyphen&rft.atitle=Underwater+Archeology%3A+A+New+Turning-Point+in+Maltese+Archeology&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=109%2C+110&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bonanno&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F25571%2FHyphen%2520Vol%287%29%2C%2520no.3%25201995.PDF%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107182214/http://maltahistory.info/index.php/roman-218-bc-870-ad">"Roman (218 BC-870 AD)"</a>. <i>A Lawyer's History of Malta</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maltahistory.info/index.php/roman-218-bc-870-ad">the original</a> on 7 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Lawyer%27s+History+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Roman+%28218+BC-870+AD%29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaltahistory.info%2Findex.php%2Froman-218-bc-870-ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix2013" class="citation book cs1">Rix, Juliet (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzeTVgOkeRQC&pg=PA9"><i>Malta and Gozo</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841624525" title="Special:BookSources/9781841624525"><bdi>9781841624525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+and+Gozo&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781841624525&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFzeTVgOkeRQC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlouet2007">Blouet 2007</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassar2000">Cassar 2000</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiteri2004–2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spiteri, Stephen C. (2004–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113200/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf">"The 'Castellu di la Chitati' the medieval castle of the walled town of Mdina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification</i> (1–4): 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arx+%E2%80%93+Online+Journal+of+Military+Architecture+and+Fortification&rft.atitle=The+%27Castellu+di+la+Chitati%27+the+medieval+castle+of+the+walled+town+of+Mdina&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004%2F2007&rft.aulast=Spiteri&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryarchitecture.com%2FArx%2Farx1_4_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-himayri-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-himayri_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-himayri_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrincat" class="citation web cs1">Brincat, Joseph M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095600/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20Malta%20870-1054%20by%20J.M.%20Brincat.pdf">"New Light on the Darkest Age in Malta's History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>melitensiawth.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20Malta%20870-1054%20by%20J.M.%20Brincat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=melitensiawth.com&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Darkest+Age+in+Malta%27s+History&rft.aulast=Brincat&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FThe%2520Arabs%2520in%2520Malta%2F1995proc%2520Malta%2520870-1054%2520by%2520J.M.%2520Brincat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlouet2007">Blouet 2007</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosanne Vella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/comment/blogs/54769/wettinger_has_been_vindicated_but_why_do_historians_still_disagree#.WKt8GVPhDIX">Wettinger has been vindicated, but why do historians still disagree?</a>, <i>Malta Today</i>, 7 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Previt%C3%A9-Orton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Previté-Orton">Previté-Orton</a> (1971), pg. 507-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettinger1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wettinger, Godfrey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208003533/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20The%20Norman%20Heritage%20of%20Malta%20by%20G.%20Wettinger.pdf">"The 'Norman' Heritage of Malta : GODFREY WETTINGER sifts the evidence surrounding Count Roger's visit in 1091"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Treasures of Malta</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 34–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/The%20Arabs%20in%20Malta/1995proc%20The%20Norman%20Heritage%20of%20Malta%20by%20G.%20Wettinger.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Treasures+of+Malta&rft.atitle=The+%27Norman%27+Heritage+of+Malta+%3A+GODFREY+WETTINGER+sifts+the+evidence+surrounding+Count+Roger%27s+visit+in+1091&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=34-39&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wettinger&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FThe%2520Arabs%2520in%2520Malta%2F1995proc%2520The%2520Norman%2520Heritage%2520of%2520Malta%2520by%2520G.%2520Wettinger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Borja1959" class="citation journal cs1">de Borja, Zeininger (January–March 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418033347/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20%28Malta%29/Scientia.%2025%281959%291%28Jan.-Mar.%29/01.pdf">"Counts of Malta in Greece"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientia</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Scientia%20(Malta)/Scientia.%2025(1959)1(Jan.-Mar.)/01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia&rft.atitle=Counts+of+Malta+in+Greece&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1959-01%2F1959-03&rft.aulast=de+Borja&rft.aufirst=Zeininger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FScientia%2520%28Malta%29%2FScientia.%252025%281959%291%28Jan.-Mar.%29%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaul, Simon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fevix8jSqg0C&dq=Andrea+belli+palazzo+parisio&pg=PA104"><i>Malta, Gozo and Comino</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. New Holland Publishers. p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860113656" title="Special:BookSources/1860113656">1860113656</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger1969" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Hilmar C. (1969). "Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade: B. The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095". In Baldwin, M. W. (ed.). <i>A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Hundred Years</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 40–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conflict+in+the+Mediterranean+before+the+First+Crusade%3A+B.+The+Italian+Cities+and+the+Arabs+before+1095&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+vol.+I%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Madison&rft.pages=40-53&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Hilmar+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baheyeldin.com/writings/culture/arab-heritage-in-malta.html">"Arab Heritage in Malta - The Baheyeldin Dynasty"</a>. <i>baheyeldin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baheyeldin.com&rft.atitle=Arab+Heritage+in+Malta+-+The+Baheyeldin+Dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaheyeldin.com%2Fwritings%2Fculture%2Farab-heritage-in-malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin-2002-ch2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin-2002-ch2_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Stefan (2002). "2. Islam and Realignments". <i>Malta, Mediterranean Bridge</i> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780897898201" title="Special:BookSources/9780897898201"><bdi>9780897898201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Islam+and+Realignments&rft.btitle=Malta%2C+Mediterranean+Bridge&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780897898201&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf,_Uwe_JensBerg,_Warren_G.2010" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. (27 April 2010). "Chronology". <i>Historical Dictionary of Malta</i> (2 (illustrated) ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810873902" title="Special:BookSources/9780810873902"><bdi>9780810873902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Malta&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.edition=2+%28illustrated%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.isbn=9780810873902&rft.au=Rudolf%2C+Uwe+Jens&rft.au=Berg%2C+Warren+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoud,_Graham_A.Metcalfe,_Alex2002" class="citation book cs1">Loud, Graham A.; Metcalfe, Alex (1 January 2002). "Religious Toleration in the South Italian Peninsula". <i>The Society of Norman Italy</i> (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004125414" title="Special:BookSources/9789004125414"><bdi>9789004125414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+Toleration+in+the+South+Italian+Peninsula&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Norman+Italy&rft.pages=337&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9789004125414&rft.au=Loud%2C+Graham+A.&rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>a Saracenis habitata, et est sub dominio regis Sicilie</i> (inhabited by Saracens, and under the dominion of the King of Sicily).<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236800272">"Tristia ex Melitogaudo: Lament in Greek Verse of a XIIth-century Exile on Gozo"</a>. <i>Parergon</i> (review). <b>27</b> (1): 197–199. January 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpgn.0.0208">10.1353/pgn.0.0208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143863224">143863224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parergon&rft.atitle=Tristia+ex+Melitogaudo%3A+Lament+in+Greek+Verse+of+a+XIIth-century+Exile+on+Gozo&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=197-199&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpgn.0.0208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143863224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236800272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_M._Setton_1956_pp._1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Setton, "The Byzantine Background to the Italian Renaissance" in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 100:1 (24 February 1956), pp. 1–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daftary_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1990" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ismlstheirhistor0000daft"><i>The Ismāʻı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37019-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37019-1"><bdi>0-521-37019-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-37019-1&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fismlstheirhistor0000daft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Dalli" class="citation book cs1">Charles Dalli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821054137/http://www.cliohres.net/books/3/Dalli.pdf"><i>From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 161. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Islam+to+Christianity%3A+the+Case+of+Sicily&rft.pages=161&rft.au=Charles+Dalli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliohres.net%2Fbooks%2F3%2FDalli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/capelli2005.pdf">C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828233152/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/capelli2005.pdf">Archived</a> 28 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>, 69, 1–20, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_R._Zammit_389-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_R._Zammit_389_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZammit,_Martin_R.2012" class="citation book cs1">Zammit, Martin R. (12 October 2012). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/english/Life_Nap_Chap12.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Napoleonic+Society&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+%E2%80%93+The+Egyptian+Campaign+of+1798&rft.aulast=Weider&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleonicsociety.com%2Fenglish%2FLife_Nap_Chap12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttard1988">Attard 1988</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuke1949">Luke 1949</a>, Ch. VIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttard1988">Attard 1988</a>, p. 64, <a href="#CITEREFLuke1949">Luke 1949</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalea2014" class="citation news cs1">Galea, Michael (16 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206134215/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141116/life-features/Malta-earns-the-title-nurse-of-the-Mediterranean-.544455">"Malta earns the title 'nurse of the Mediterranean'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Times of Malta</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20141116/life-features/Malta-earns-the-title-nurse-of-the-Mediterranean-.544455">the original</a> on 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Malta+earns+the+title+%27nurse+of+the+Mediterranean%27&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft.aulast=Galea&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20141116%2Flife-features%2FMalta-earns-the-title-nurse-of-the-Mediterranean-.544455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221193721/http://www.doi.gov.mt/EN/islands/prime_ministers/strickland_gerald.asp">"Strickland, Gerald"</a>. <i>doi.gov.mt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doi.gov.mt/en/islands/prime_ministers/strickland_gerald.asp">the original</a> on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doi.gov.mt&rft.atitle=Strickland%2C+Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doi.gov.mt%2Fen%2Fislands%2Fprime_ministers%2Fstrickland_gerald.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729004840/https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Sir-Gerald-Strickland.aspx">"Lord Gerald Strickland (1924–1932)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malta" title="Government of Malta">Government of Malta</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/Government%20of%20Malta/Prime%20Ministers%20of%20Malta/Pages/Sir-Gerald-Strickland.aspx">the original</a> on 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Lord+Gerald+Strickland+%281924%E2%80%931932%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mt%2Fen%2FGovernment%2FGovernment%2520of%2520Malta%2FPrime%2520Ministers%2520of%2520Malta%2FPages%2FSir-Gerald-Strickland.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdizzone" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ardizzone, Pietro. "Le iniziative culturali italiane negli anni '30 per Malta e per le comunità maltesi all'estero". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905231020/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ITA2413/_P6.HTM"><i>Studi maltesi – Lotte per l'egemonia culturale e politica a Malta: aspetti linguistici ed istituzionali</i></a> (in Italian). pp. 69–101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ITA2413/_P6.HTM">the original</a> on 5 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Le+iniziative+culturali+italiane+negli+anni+%E2%80%9930+per+Malta+e+per+le+comunit%C3%A0+maltesi+all%E2%80%99estero&rft.btitle=Studi+maltesi+%E2%80%93+Lotte+per+l%27egemonia+culturale+e+politica+a+Malta%3A+aspetti+linguistici+ed+istituzionali&rft.pages=69-101&rft.aulast=Ardizzone&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FITA2413%2F_P6.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luke_P.113-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luke_P.113_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luke_P.113_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuke1949">Luke 1949</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bierman-Smith-2002-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman-Smith-2002_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bierman-Smith-2002_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermanSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier"><i>The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II</i></a></span>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03040-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03040-8"><bdi>978-0-670-03040-8</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Alamein%3A+Turning+Point%2C+World+War+II&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03040-8&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofalameint00bier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BJandCS-p36-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p36_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p36_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierman & Smith (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman-Smith-2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-Smith-2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier/page/36">36</a> </span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier/page/36"><i>page 36 online</i></a></span>. Viking. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670030408" title="Special:BookSources/9780670030408"><bdi>9780670030408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=page+36+online&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780670030408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofalameint00bier%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitterton2002" class="citation book cs1">Titterton, G.A. (2002). <i>The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean</i>. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. p. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">xiii</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5179-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%3B%22%3Exiii%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5179-8&rft.aulast=Titterton&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElliottP--pxx-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElliottP--pxx_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1980" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Peter (1980). <i>The Cross and the Ensign: A Naval History of Malta, 1798-1979</i>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-926-9"><bdi>978-0-87021-926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+Ensign%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Malta%2C+1798-1979&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-926-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-p42-44-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CP-p42-44_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressi1981" class="citation book cs1">Calvocoressi, Peter (1981). <i>Top Secret Ultra</i>. Ballantine Espionage Intelligence Library. Vol. 10 (reprint ed.). Ballantine Books. pp. 42, 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-30069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-30069-0"><bdi>978-0-345-30069-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+Secret+Ultra&rft.series=Ballantine+Espionage+Intelligence+Library&rft.pages=42%2C+44&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-345-30069-0&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BJandCS-p38-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJandCS-p38_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierman & Smith (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-Bierman-Smith-2002_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bierman-Smith-2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-2003-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker-2003_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker-2003_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ian W. (2003). <i>Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa</i>. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-646-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-646-4"><bdi>1-86126-646-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3B+Mussolini%27s+elite+armoured+divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Ramsbury%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86126-646-4&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankland,_PeterHunter,_Anthony1961" class="citation book cs1">Shankland, Peter; Hunter, Anthony (1961). <i>Malta Convoy</i>. I. Washburn. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+Convoy&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=I.+Washburn&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Shankland%2C+Peter&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mr. Roosevelt gives scroll to people on isle Of Malta". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gettysburg_Times" title="The Gettysburg Times">The Gettysburg Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 10 December 1943. pp. 1, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gettysburg+Times&rft.atitle=Mr.+Roosevelt+gives+scroll+to+people+on+isle+Of+Malta&rft.pages=1%2C+4&rft.date=1943-12-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf,_Uwe_JensBerg,_Warren_G.2010" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, Warren G. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vassallomalta.com/Referenda.htm#1956%20Integration%20Referendum">the original</a> on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vassallomalta.com&rft.atitle=Referenda+in+Malta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vassallomalta.com%2FReferenda.htm%231956%2520Integration%2520Referendum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302023516/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C862830%2C00.html">"Penny-wise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 13 January 1958. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862830,00.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Penny-wise&rft.date=1958-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C862830%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1976/aug/03/gibraltar">"Gibraltar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. H.C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Malta%3A+Robert+Abela+elected+new+PM+after+crisis+over+journalist%27s+murder&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-51080574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBubola2021" class="citation news cs1">Bubola, Emma (15 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/europe/malta-eu-marijuana-legalize.html">"Malta Becomes First E.U. Country to Legalize Marijuana"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Malta+Becomes+First+E.U.+Country+to+Legalize+Marijuana&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bubola&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F12%2F15%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmalta-eu-marijuana-legalize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/27/malta-elections-ruling-labour-party-claims-victory">"Labour Party claims victory in Malta elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 27 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Labour+Party+claims+victory+in+Malta+elections&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F27%2Fmalta-elections-ruling-labour-party-claims-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassar2000" class="citation book cs1">Cassar, Carmel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3nJnQEACAAJ"><i>A Concise History of Malta</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Msida" title="Msida">Msida</a>: Mireva Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1870579526" title="Special:BookSources/1870579526"><bdi>1870579526</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Malta&rft.place=Msida&rft.pub=Mireva+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1870579526&rft.aulast=Cassar&rft.aufirst=Carmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3nJnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttard1988" class="citation book cs1">Attard, Joseph (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwMtPAAACAAJ"><i>Britain and Malta: The story of an era</i></a>. Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990900583" title="Special:BookSources/9789990900583"><bdi>9789990900583</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Malta%3A+The+story+of+an+era&rft.place=Malta&rft.pub=Publishers+Enterprises+Group&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789990900583&rft.aulast=Attard&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwMtPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Baldoli, Claudia. "The ‘Northern Dominator’ and the Mare Nostrum: Fascist Italy's ‘Cultural War’ in Malta." <i>Modern Italy</i> 13.1 (2008): 5-20.</li> <li>Bishku, Michael B. "The Middle Eastern Relations of Cyprus and Malta: From Independence to Nonalignment to the European Union." <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i> 26.2 (2015): 42–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/583422/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlouet2007" class="citation book cs1">Blouet, Brian W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PgsjAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Story of Malta</i></a>. Allied Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990930818" title="Special:BookSources/9789990930818"><bdi>9789990930818</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Malta&rft.pub=Allied+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789990930818&rft.aulast=Blouet&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPgsjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bulmer, William Elliot. "Constrained majoritarianism: Westminster constitutionalism in Malta." <i>Commonwealth & Comparative Politics</i> 52.2 (2014): 232–253.</li> <li>Buttigieg, Emanuel. "Childhood and adolescence in early modern Malta (1565-1632)." <i>Journal of Family History</i> 33.2 (2008): 139–155.</li> <li>Castillo, Dennis. <i>The Santa Marija Convoy: Faith and Endurance in Wartime Malta, 1940–1942</i> (Lexington Books, 2011).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimont1955" class="citation magazine cs1">Dimont, Charles (August 1955). "Malta and the British Connexion". <i>History Today</i>. Vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 545–553.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Malta+and+the+British+Connexion&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=545-553&rft.date=1955-08&rft.aulast=Dimont&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulican1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Culican" title="William Culican">Culican, William</a> (1992), "Phoenicia and Phoenician Colonization", <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press, pp. 461–546</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phoenicia+and+Phoenician+Colonization&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=461-546&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Culican&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiligheddu2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Filigheddu, Paolo (2007), "Die Ortsnamen des Mittelmeerraums in der Phönizischen und Punischen Überlieferung", <i>Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas</i>, vol. <span class="nowrap"> </span> 38 2006, Munster: Ugarit Verlag, pp. 149–266</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Ortsnamen+des+Mittelmeerraums+in+der+Ph%C3%B6nizischen+und+Punischen+%C3%9Cberlieferung&rft.btitle=Ugarit-Forschungen%3A+Internationales+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+die+Altertumskunde+Syrien-Pal%C3%A4stinas&rft.place=Munster&rft.pages=149-266&rft.pub=Ugarit+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Filigheddu&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Harwood, Mark. <i>Malta in the European Union</i> (Routledge, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tailieudientu.lrc.tnu.edu.vn/Upload/Collection/brief/Brief_72649_20181203141542_20181121083544-LegislativeApproximationandApplicationofEULawintheEasternNeighbourhoodoftheEuropeanUnion.pdfonline">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Heraclidou, Antigone. "Politics of education and language in Cyprus and Malta during the inter-war years." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 75–88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/303/article/671427/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Katsourides, Yiannos, and Antigone Heraclidou. "Nationalism and Decolonisation in the Mediterranean: Cyprus and Malta Compared, 1918–1964." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 1–7.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Luke" title="Harry Luke">Luke, Harry</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_5AAAAAYAAJ"><i>Malta: An Account and an Appreciation</i></a>. UK: Harrap – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta%3A+An+Account+and+an+Appreciation&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_5AAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rudolf, Uwe Jens. <i>Historical dictionary of Malta</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Charles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsQ1CdqvyqUC"><i>The Fortifications of Malta 1530–1945</i></a>. UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782007067" title="Special:BookSources/9781782007067"><bdi>9781782007067</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortifications+of+Malta+1530%E2%80%931945&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781782007067&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsQ1CdqvyqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVella2023" class="citation cs2">Vella, John (January 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.athensjournals.gr/mediterranean/2023-9-1-2-Vella.pdf">"Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i>, vol. 9, pp. 25–52</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Words+in+Maltese+Harbour+Toponymy&rft.btitle=Athens+Journal+of+Mediterranean+Studies&rft.pages=25-52&rft.date=2023-01&rft.aulast=Vella&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.athensjournals.gr%2Fmediterranean%2F2023-9-1-2-Vella.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Malta" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Yiangou, Anastasia. "The Political Impact of World War II on Cyprus and Malta." <i>Journal of Mediterranean Studies</i> 23.1 (2014): 101–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/38481779/8_Anastasia_Yiangou.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Malta&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Index of Malta-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maltese_history" title="Timeline of Maltese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malta_(218_BC)" title="Capture of Malta (218 BC)">Invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Malta" title="Byzantine Malta">Byzantine rule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arab_period">Arab Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">Aghlabid invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">Byzantine invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Malta" title="Norman invasion of Malta">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malta" title="Battle of Malta">Battle of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1429)" title="Siege of Malta (1429)">Hafsid invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Malta" title="Hospitaller Malta">Hospitaller rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_Priests" title="Rising of the Priests">Rising of the Priests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Malta" title="French occupation of Malta">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Gozo (1798–1800)">Independent Gozo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">British Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">British Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Question_(Malta)" title="Language Question (Malta)">Language Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_exiles" title="Malta exiles">Exiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_of_the_George_Cross_to_Malta" title="Award of the George Cross to Malta">Award of the George Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">State of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/80px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/120px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/160px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malta" title="Geography of Malta">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_Malta" title="Category:Caves of Malta">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malta" title="Climate of Malta">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Malta" title="Fortifications of Malta">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Malta" title="Geology of Malta">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Malta" title="Category:Islands of Malta">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Malta" title="List of localities in Malta">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Malta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Malta">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malta" title="Politics of Malta">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Commander of the Armed Forces of Malta">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Malta)" title="Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs (Malta)">Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_for_foreign_affairs_of_Malta" title="List of ministers for foreign affairs of Malta">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malta" title="List of heads of state of Malta">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malta">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Malta" title="Local councils of Malta">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malta" title="Parliament of Malta">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malta" title="List of political parties in Malta">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Malta" title="List of prime ministers of Malta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_to_the_Prime_Minister_(Malta)" title="Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister (Malta)">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Stock_Exchange" title="Malta Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Malta" title="Category:Trade unions in Malta">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malta" title="Transport in Malta">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malta" title="Category:Society of Malta">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malta" title="Demographics of Malta">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Malta" title="Emigration from Malta">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malta" title="Healthcare in Malta">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malta" title="Immigration to Malta">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Malta" title="Architecture of Malta">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Carnival" title="Maltese Carnival">Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malta" title="Coat of arms of Malta">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cross" title="Maltese cross">Maltese cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malta" title="Flag of Malta">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_folklore" title="Maltese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_literature" title="Maltese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Malta" title="National symbols of Malta">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malta" title="Public holidays in Malta">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Malta" title="Sport in Malta">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malta" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Malta">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malta" title="Outline of Malta">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a 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title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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