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(PDF) Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="nwESI_bxnw6O0BQBrzpKYYX2QqHJQXfCXYuXmitw9d2a9RD3bbx56K6CS3BOo4MtxWSRnuJLLWLKwfYaEplDlw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2021/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="ArXiv" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rohit Sinha" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech intelligibility is distorted due to the deformation in their articulatory system. For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/171037510/171049423/161038609/s200_rohit.sinha.png" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech intelligibility is distorted due to the deformation in their articulatory system. For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://mithibai.academia.edu/RohitSinha" /> <meta name="description" content="The cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech intelligibility is distorted due to the deformation in their articulatory system. For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the" /> <title>(PDF) Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '259b03f5978aac23d5d9c4a8e9e3587432e4ebfd'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740746779000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740746779000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech intelligibility is distorted due to the deformation in their articulatory system. For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the articulation error and the nasalization distorts the intelligibility of a word. Consequently, modification of a specific phoneme may not always yield in enhanced entire word-level intelligibility. For such cases, it is important to identify and isolate the phoneme specific error based on the knowledge of acoustic events. Accordingly, the phoneme specific error modification algorithms can be exploited for transforming the specified errors and enhance the wordlevel intelligibility. Motivated by that, in this work, we combine some of salient phoneme specific enhancement approaches and demonstrate their effectiveness in improving the word-level intelligibility of CLP speech. The enhanced speech samples are evaluated using subjective and objective e...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rohit Sinha","url":"https://mithibai.academia.edu/RohitSinha","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/171037510/171049423/161038609/s200_rohit.sinha.png","sameAs":[]}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-02-19","dateModified":"2025-02-01","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81049205/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Engineering","Computer Science","Biology","arXiv"],"publication":"ArXiv","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"ArXiv"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"mithibai"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/81049205/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":71888081,"created_at":"2022-02-19T17:06:32.181-08:00","from_world_paper_id":196255543,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T03:21:07.939-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech intelligibility is distorted due to the deformation in their articulatory system. For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the articulation error and the nasalization distorts the intelligibility of a word. Consequently, modification of a specific phoneme may not always yield in enhanced entire word-level intelligibility. For such cases, it is important to identify and isolate the phoneme specific error based on the knowledge of acoustic events. Accordingly, the phoneme specific error modification algorithms can be exploited for transforming the specified errors and enhance the wordlevel intelligibility. Motivated by that, in this work, we combine some of salient phoneme specific enhancement approaches and demonstrate their effectiveness in improving the word-level intelligibility of CLP speech. The enhanced speech samples are evaluated using subjective and objective e...","publisher":"ArXiv","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing CLP Speech via Phoneme Modification","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"ArXiv"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [171037510]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;swp-splash-paper-cover&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:81049205,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;}"><img alt="First page of “Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/81049205/mini_magick20220219-17753-vr4g46.png?1645319232" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Processing Phoneme Specific Segments for Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Enhancement</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="171037510" href="https://mithibai.academia.edu/RohitSinha"><img alt="Profile image of Rohit Sinha" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/171037510/171049423/161038609/s65_rohit.sinha.png" />Rohit Sinha</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021, ArXiv</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 71888081; 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For addressing the same, a few previous works perform phoneme specific modification in CLP speech. In CLP speech, both the articulation error and the nasalization distorts the intelligibility of a word. Consequently, modification of a specific phoneme may not always yield in enhanced entire word-level intelligibility. For such cases, it is important to identify and isolate the phoneme specific error based on the knowledge of acoustic events. Accordingly, the phoneme specific error modification algorithms can be exploited for transforming the specified errors and enhance the wordlevel intelligibility. Motivated by that, in this work, we combine some of salient phoneme specific enhancement approaches and demonstrate their effectiveness in improving the word-level intelligibility of CLP speech. The enhanced speech samples are evaluated using subjective and objective e...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:81049205,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement&quot;}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:81049205,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/71888081/Processing_Phoneme_Specific_Segments_for_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Enhancement&quot;}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="71888081" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;signup-banner&quot;}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Interindividually, they vary a lot, showing typical articulation specifics such as nasal emission and shift of articulation and therefore a diminished intelligibility. Until now, an objective means to determine and quantify the intelligibility does not exist. Method: An automatic speech recognition system, a new method, was applied on recordings of a standard test to evaluate articulation disorders (psycholinguistic analysis of speech disorders of children PLAKSS) of 31 children at the age of 10.1 AE 3.8 years. Two had an isolated cleft lip, 20 a unilateral cleft lip and palate, 4 a bilateral cleft lip and palate, and 5 an isolated cleft palate. The speech recognition system was trained with adults and children without speech disorders and adapted to the speech of children with CLP. In this study, the automatic speech evaluation focussed on the word accuracy which represents the percentage of correctly recognized words. Results were confronted to a perceptive evaluation of intelligibility that was performed by a panel of three experts. Results: The automatic speech recognition yielded word accuracies between 1.2 and 75.8% (mean 48.0 AE 19.6%). The word accuracy was lowest for children with isolated cleft palate (36.9 AE 23.3) and highest for children with isolated cleft lip (72.8 AE 2.9). For children with unilateral cleft lip and palate it was 48.0 AE 18.6 and for children with bilateral cleft lip and palate 49.3 AE 9.4. The automatic evaluation complied with the experts&#39; subjective evaluation of intelligibility ( p &lt; 0.01). The multi-rater kappa of the experts alone differed only slightly from the multi-rater kappa of experts and recognizer.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Evaluation of speech intelligibility for children with cleft lip and palate by means of automatic speech recognition&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:46548527,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/11745708/Evaluation_of_speech_intelligibility_for_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate_by_means_of_automatic_speech_recognition&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11745708/Evaluation_of_speech_intelligibility_for_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate_by_means_of_automatic_speech_recognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="21184189" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184189/Intelligibility_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate_Evaluation_by_speech_recognition_techniques">Intelligibility of children with cleft lip and palate: Evaluation by speech recognition techniques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28829551" href="https://meduniwien.academia.edu/EmekaNkenke">Emeka Nkenke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may cause functional limitations even after adequate surgical and non-surgical treatment, speech disorder being one of them. Until now, an objective means to determine and quantify the intelligibility does not exist. An automatic speech recognition system was applied to 31 recordings of CLP children who spoke a German standard test for articulation disorders. The speech recognition system was trained with normal adult speakers&#39; and children&#39;s speech. A subjective evaluation of the intelligibility was performed by a panel of 3 experts and confronted to the automatic speech evaluation. The automatic speech recognition yielded word accuracies between 1.2 % and 75.8 % (48.0 % ± 19.6 %) with sufficient discrimination. It complied with experts&#39; rating of intelligibility. Thus we show that automatic speech recognition serves as a good means to objectify and quantify global speech outcome of children with CLP.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Intelligibility of children with cleft lip and palate: Evaluation by speech recognition techniques&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:41752285,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/21184189/Intelligibility_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate_Evaluation_by_speech_recognition_techniques&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184189/Intelligibility_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate_Evaluation_by_speech_recognition_techniques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="21184227" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184227/Fully_Automatic_Assessment_of_Speech_of_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Informatica_30_477_482">Fully Automatic Assessment of Speech of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate. Informatica 30:477–482</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28829551" href="https://meduniwien.academia.edu/EmekaNkenke">Emeka Nkenke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Informaticasi, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may cause functional limitations even after adequate surgical and non-surgical treatment, speech disorder being one of them. Until now, an automatic, objective means to determine and quantify the intelligibility did not exist. We have created an automatic evaluation system that assesses speech, based on the result of an automatic speech recognizer. It was applied to 35 recordings of children with CLP. A subjective evaluation of the intelligibility was performed by four experts and confronted to the automatic speech evaluation. It complied with experts&#39; rating of intelligibility. Furthermore we present the results obtained on a control group of 45 recordings of normal children and compare these results with those of the CLP children.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Fully Automatic Assessment of Speech of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate. Informatica 30:477–482&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:41752303,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/21184227/Fully_Automatic_Assessment_of_Speech_of_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Informatica_30_477_482&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184227/Fully_Automatic_Assessment_of_Speech_of_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Informatica_30_477_482"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="21184153" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184153/Fully_automatic_assessment_of_speech_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate">Fully automatic assessment of speech of children with cleft lip and palate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28829551" href="https://meduniwien.academia.edu/EmekaNkenke">Emeka Nkenke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cleft lip and palate (CLP) may cause functional limitations even after adequate surgical and non-surgical treatment, speech disorder being one of them. Until now, an automatic, objective means to determine and quantify the intelligibility did not exist. We have created an automatic evaluation system that assesses speech, based on the result of an automatic speech recognizer. It was applied to 35 recordings of children with CLP. A subjective evaluation of the intelligibility was performed by four experts and confronted to the automatic speech evaluation. It complied with experts&#39; rating of intelligibility. Furthermore we present the results obtained on a control group of 45 recordings of normal children and compare these results with those of the CLP children.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Fully automatic assessment of speech of children with cleft lip and palate&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:41752265,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/21184153/Fully_automatic_assessment_of_speech_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21184153/Fully_automatic_assessment_of_speech_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="86535422" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86535422/Significance_of_Data_Augmentation_for_Improving_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Recognition">Significance of Data Augmentation for Improving Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Recognition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="171037510" href="https://mithibai.academia.edu/RohitSinha">Rohit Sinha</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ArXiv, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The automatic recognition of pathological speech, particularly from children with any articulatory impairment, is a challenging task due to various reasons. The lack of available domain specific data is one such obstacle that hinders its usage for different speech-based applications targeting pathological speakers. In line with the challenge, in this work, we investigate a few data augmentation techniques to simulate training data for improving the children speech recognition considering the case of cleft lip and palate (CLP) speech. The augmentation techniques explored in this study, include vocal tract length perturbation (VTLP), reverberation, speaking rate, pitch modification, and speech feature modification using cycle consistent adversarial networks (CycleGAN). Our study finds that the data augmentation methods significantly improve the CLP speech recognition performance, which is more evident when we used feature modification using CycleGAN, VTLP and reverberation based metho...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Significance of Data Augmentation for Improving Cleft Lip and Palate Speech Recognition&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:90964888,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/86535422/Significance_of_Data_Augmentation_for_Improving_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Recognition&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86535422/Significance_of_Data_Augmentation_for_Improving_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate_Speech_Recognition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="48904268" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48904268/Objective_assessment_of_cleft_lip_and_palate_speech_intelligibility_using_articulation_and_hypernasality_measures">Objective assessment of cleft lip and palate speech intelligibility using articulation and hypernasality measures</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48022019" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GirishKS1">Girish K S</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Assessment of intelligibility is required to characterize the overall speech production capability and to measure the speech outcome of different interventions for individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Researchers have found that articulation error and hypernasality have a significant effect on the degradation of CLP speech intelligibility. Motivated by this finding, the present work proposes an objective measure of sentence-level intelligibility by combining the information of articulation deficits and hypernasality. These two speech disorders represent different aspects of CLP speech. Hence, it is expected that the composite measure based on them may utilize complementary clinical information. The objective scores of articulation and hypernasality are used as features to train a regression model, and the output of the model is considered as the predicted intelligibility score. The Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient based analysis shows a significant correlation between the predicted and perceptual intelligibility scores (q ¼ 0.77, p &lt; 0.001).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Objective assessment of cleft lip and palate speech intelligibility using articulation and hypernasality measures&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:67309586,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/48904268/Objective_assessment_of_cleft_lip_and_palate_speech_intelligibility_using_articulation_and_hypernasality_measures&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48904268/Objective_assessment_of_cleft_lip_and_palate_speech_intelligibility_using_articulation_and_hypernasality_measures"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="69547585" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69547585/Speech_intelligibility_after_repair_of_cleft_lip_and_palate">Speech intelligibility after repair of cleft lip and palate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32626235" href="https://iums.academia.edu/NahidJalilevand">Nahid Jalilevand</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We know that the surgery solely cannot solve the intelligibility problem in children with cleft lip and palate, and a combination of surgery as well as SLP services is recommended. →What this article adds: All participants with cleft lip and palate received the surgery but not the SLP services. The relationship between Percentage Intelligible Words and Percentage Consonants Correct showed that those children who could produce more words with correct consonants had higher speech intelligibility. More than 50% of children had compensatory error that could be treated by speech therapy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Speech intelligibility after repair of cleft lip and palate&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:79601606,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/69547585/Speech_intelligibility_after_repair_of_cleft_lip_and_palate&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69547585/Speech_intelligibility_after_repair_of_cleft_lip_and_palate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="13215402" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13215402/Towards_a_language_independent_intelligibility_assessment_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate">Towards a language-independent intelligibility assessment of children with cleft lip and palate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32467757" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasBocklet">Tobias Bocklet</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32672818" href="https://uni-erlangen.academia.edu/kriedhammer">Korbinian Riedhammer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Child, Computer and Interaction, WOCCI &#39;09, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We describe a novel evaluation system for the intelligibility assessment of children with CLP on standardized tests. The system is solely based on standard cepstral features in form of MFCCs. No other information like word alignments is used. So the system can be easily adapted to other languages. For each child one GMM is created by adaptation of a UBM to the speaker-specific MFCCs. The components of this GMM are concatenated in order to create a so-called GMM supervector. These GMM supervectors are then used as meta features for an SVR. We evaluated our languageindependent system on two different datasets of children suffering from CLP. One dataset contains recordings of 35 German children, where the children named different pictograms. The other dataset contains recordings of 14 Italian speaking children, who repeated standardized sentences. On both datasets we achieved high correlations: up to 0.81 for the German dataset and 0.83 for the Italian dataset.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Towards a language-independent intelligibility assessment of children with cleft lip and palate&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:45584985,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/13215402/Towards_a_language_independent_intelligibility_assessment_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13215402/Towards_a_language_independent_intelligibility_assessment_of_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2964441" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2964441/Towards_a_Language_independent_Intelligibility_Assessment_o_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate">Towards a Language-independent Intelligibility Assessment o Children with Cleft Lip and Palate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3462384" href="https://uni-erlangen.academia.edu/ElmarN%C3%B6th">Elmar Nöth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We describe a novel evaluation system for the intelligibility assessment of children with CLP on standardized tests. The system is solely based on standard cepstral features in form of MFCCs. No other information like word alignments is used. So the system can be easily adapted to other languages. For each child one GMM is created by adaptation of a UBM to the speaker-specific MFCCs. The components of this GMM are concatenated in order to create a so-called GMM supervector. These GMM supervectors are then used as meta features for an SVR. We evaluated our languageindependent system on two different datasets of children suffering from CLP. One dataset contains recordings of 35 German children, where the children named different pictograms. The other dataset contains recordings of 14 Italian speaking children, who repeated standardized sentences. On both datasets we achieved high correlations: up to 0.81 for the German dataset and 0.83 for the Italian dataset.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Towards a Language-independent Intelligibility Assessment o Children with Cleft Lip and Palate&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:30921957,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/2964441/Towards_a_Language_independent_Intelligibility_Assessment_o_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2964441/Towards_a_Language_independent_Intelligibility_Assessment_o_Children_with_Cleft_Lip_and_Palate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35167983" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35167983/Automated_Speech_Recognition_For_Children_With_Cleft_Lip_And_Palate_Issues">Automated Speech Recognition For Children With Cleft Lip And Palate Issues</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58555115" href="https://cmb.academia.edu/dherath10">Daminda S Herath</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">— It is common for children who are born with a cleft lip and palate issues. Therefore they have speech problems at some time in their lives. Over half of them will require speech therapy at some point during childhood. The speech language pathologist has to access child&#39;s speech production and language development and make appropriate therapy recommendation. Once the palate has been repaired, child may be able to learn more consonant sounds and say more words but speech may still be delayed and difficulties in making certain sound. Therefore those children are treated by speech therapist clinic. The children with parents has to come to clinic and get the speech therapy. It is a continues process. During the therapy period, children&#39;s&#39; speech may be understandable, but some sound may be distorted. To address the issue a biometric solution can be implemented. Speech recognition is used to identify the speak by the children. The speech recognition aims at understanding and comprehending WHAT is spoken. In this research, automated speech recognition system is proposed to identifying certain sound from the child then extract this sound and match with correct sound. Final stage, the comparison and decision making are taken place.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Automated Speech Recognition For Children With Cleft Lip And Palate Issues&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:55029965,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/35167983/Automated_Speech_Recognition_For_Children_With_Cleft_Lip_And_Palate_Issues&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35167983/Automated_Speech_Recognition_For_Children_With_Cleft_Lip_And_Palate_Issues"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:81049205,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:81049205,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_81049205" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="65295815" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65295815/Relationships_of_Speech_Related_and_Nonspeech_Variables_to_Speech_Intelligibility_of_Children_with_Palatal_and_Lip_Anomalies_Liens_entre_les_variables_orales_et_non_orales_et_lintelligibilit%C3%A9_de_la_parole_des_enfants_ayant_des_anomalies_aux_l%C3%A8vres_et_palatales">Relationships of Speech-Related and Nonspeech Variables to Speech Intelligibility of Children with Palatal and Lip Anomalies Liens entre les variables orales et non orales et l&#39;intelligibilité de la 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href="https://www.academia.edu/65295815/Relationships_of_Speech_Related_and_Nonspeech_Variables_to_Speech_Intelligibility_of_Children_with_Palatal_and_Lip_Anomalies_Liens_entre_les_variables_orales_et_non_orales_et_lintelligibilit%C3%A9_de_la_parole_des_enfants_ayant_des_anomalies_aux_l%C3%A8vres_et_palatales"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="86682142" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86682142/Automatic_evaluation_of_characteristic_speech_disorders_in_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate">Automatic evaluation of characteristic speech disorders in children with cleft lip and palate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1193469" href="https://uni-erlangen.academia.edu/ElmarNoeth">Elmar Noeth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Interspeech 2008, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Automatic evaluation of characteristic speech disorders in children with cleft lip and palate&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:91078231,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/86682142/Automatic_evaluation_of_characteristic_speech_disorders_in_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86682142/Automatic_evaluation_of_characteristic_speech_disorders_in_children_with_cleft_lip_and_palate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="81889929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81889929/Speech_intelligibility_after_primary_palatoplasty_listener_perception">Speech intelligibility after primary palatoplasty : listener perception</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50257480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvyKiemleTrindadeSuedam">Ivy Kiemle Trindade Suedam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Speech intelligibility after primary palatoplasty : listener perception&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:87775922,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/81889929/Speech_intelligibility_after_primary_palatoplasty_listener_perception&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://iums.academia.edu/farhadTorabinezhad">farhad Torabinezhad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Function and Disability Journal</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Analyzing Acoustic Characteristics of Voice for Children With Cleft Palate With and Without Compensatory Error Compared to Normal Children&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:99979515,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/98699023/Analyzing_Acoustic_Characteristics_of_Voice_for_Children_With_Cleft_Palate_With_and_Without_Compensatory_Error_Compared_to_Normal_Children&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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