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civilizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hindu-Buddhist civilizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarumanagara_and_Sunda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarumanagara_and_Sunda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tarumanagara and Sunda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarumanagara_and_Sunda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mataram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mataram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mataram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mataram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Srivijaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srivijaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Srivijaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srivijaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singhasari_and_Majapahit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singhasari_and_Majapahit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Singhasari and Majapahit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singhasari_and_Majapahit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Islamic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Islamic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Age of Islamic states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Age_of_Islamic_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Age of Islamic states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Islamic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spread of Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_of_Mataram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sultanate of Mataram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_of_Mataram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanate_of_Banten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanate_of_Banten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sultanate of Banten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanate_of_Banten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colonial era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East-India_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East-India_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dutch East-India Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East-India_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_British_interlude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_British_interlude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>French and British interlude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_British_interlude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_state_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_state_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dutch state rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_state_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emergence of Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_of_Indonesia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emergence of Indonesia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesian_National_Awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_National_Awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indonesian National Awakening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_National_Awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Japanese occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_National_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_National_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Indonesian National Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_National_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukarno's_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukarno's_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sukarno's presidency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sukarno's_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sukarno's presidency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sukarno's_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Democratic experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guided_Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guided_Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Guided Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guided_Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sukarno's_revolution_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sukarno's_revolution_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sukarno's revolution and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sukarno's_revolution_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New Order</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_Order-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New Order subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_New_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_New_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transition to the New Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_New_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_New_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_of_the_New_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Consolidation of the New Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_of_the_New_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_West_Irian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_West_Irian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Annexation of West Irian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_West_Irian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_East_Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_East_Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Annexation of East Timor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_East_Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Transmigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reform Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reform Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reform_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pro-democracy_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-democracy_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pro-democracy movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-democracy_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_crisis_and_Suharto's_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_crisis_and_Suharto's_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Economic crisis and Suharto's resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_crisis_and_Suharto's_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_1998_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_1998_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>May 1998 riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_1998_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_since_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_since_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Politics since 1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_since_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami_disaster_and_Aceh_peace_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami_disaster_and_Aceh_peace_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Tsunami disaster and Aceh peace deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami_disaster_and_Aceh_peace_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_and_plantation_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_and_plantation_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Forest and plantation fires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_and_plantation_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Indonesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ إندونيسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ إندونيسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_d%27Indonesia" title="Historia d'Indonesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia d'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya_tarixi" title="İndoneziya tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndoneziya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইন্দোনেশিয়ার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দোনেশিয়ার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE_le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Ìn-nî le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-nî le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia" title="Sejarah Indonesia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sejarah Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Индонезия тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индонезия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Інданезіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Інданезіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_d%27Indon%C3%A8sia" title="Història d'Indonèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història d'Indonèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Dějiny Indonésie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Indonesia" title="Hanes Indonesia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Indonesiens" title="Geschichte Indonesiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Indonesiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Indonesia" title="Historia de Indonesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiako_historia" title="Indonesiako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indonesiako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="تاریخ اندونزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ اندونزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Histoire de l'Indonésie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'Indonésie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="인도네시아의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Indonezije" title="Povijest Indonezije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Indonezije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojara_lo_Indonesia" title="Sojara lo Indonesia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Sojara lo Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Indonezia" title="Historio di Indonezia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Indonezia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia" title="Sejarah Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27Indonesia" title="Storia dell'Indonesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של אינדונזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של אינדונזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Sajarah Indonésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sajarah Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Indonesia" title="Historia ya Indonesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istwa_Endonezi" title="Istwa Endonezi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istwa Endonezi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Indonesiae" title="Historia Indonesiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Indonesiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijos_istorija" title="Indonezijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indonezijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9zia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Indonézia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indonézia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia" title="Sejarah Indonesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Indonesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Indonesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="インドネシアの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドネシアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_d%27Indonesia" title="Istòria d'Indonesia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria d'Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneziya_tarixi" title="Indoneziya tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indoneziya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="انڈونیشیا دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انڈونیشیا دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د اندونیزیا تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اندونیزیا تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Indonezji" title="Historia Indonezji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Indonezji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="História da Indonésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Indoneziei" title="Istoria Indoneziei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Indoneziei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Индонезии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Индонезии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێژووی ئیندۆنیزیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی ئیندۆنیزیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija_Indonezije" title="Istorija Indonezije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Istorija Indonezije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_historia" title="Indonesian historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indonesian historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="இந்தோனேசியாவின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தோனேசியாவின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezya_tarihi" title="Endonezya tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endonezya tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Індонезії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Індонезії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تاریخ انڈونیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ انڈونیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Indonesia" title="Lịch sử Indonesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaagi_han_Indonesia" title="Kaagi han Indonesia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaagi han Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="印度尼西亚历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度尼西亚历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Sejarah Indonésia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sejarah Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Dutch East Indies">History of the Dutch East Indies</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline of Indonesian history</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/260px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/390px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/520px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>As early as the 1st century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> CE.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/220px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/330px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg/440px-Nicolaes_Visscher_Indiae_Orientalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s-500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu kingdom">Melayu kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali kingdom">Bali kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Cirebon Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_the_Malay_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in the Malay Archipelago">Dutch East India Company</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1799</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em">1800–1942<br />1945–1949</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Indonesia</b> has been shaped by its geographic position, natural resources, a series of human migrations and contacts, wars and conquests, as well as by trade, economics and politics. <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagic</a> country of 17,000 to 18,000 islands stretching along the equator in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade; trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history. The area of Indonesia is populated by peoples of various migrations, creating a diversity of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">cultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Indonesia">ethnicities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">languages</a>. The archipelago's landforms and climate significantly influenced agriculture and trade, and the formation of states. The boundaries of the state of Indonesia match the 20th-century borders of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. </p><p>Fossilised remains of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>", and their tools suggest the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited at least 1.5 million years ago. <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a>, who form the majority of the modern population, are thought to have originally been from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and arrived in Indonesia around 2000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>. From the 7th century CE, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> naval kingdom flourished, bringing <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> influences with it. The agricultural Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a> dynasties subsequently thrived in inland Java. The last significant non-Muslim kingdom, the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom, flourished from the late 13th century, and its influence stretched over much of Indonesia. The <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">earliest evidence of Islamised populations</a> in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>; other Indonesian areas gradually adopted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which became the dominant religion in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sejarahkerajaanislam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sejarahkerajaanislam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences. </p><p>Europeans such as the Portuguese arrived in Indonesia from the 16th century seeking to monopolise the sources of valuable <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubeb">cubeb pepper</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>. In 1602, the Dutch established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (<i>Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i> or VOC) and became the dominant European power by 1610. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> under government control. By the early 20th century, Dutch dominance extended to the current boundaries. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Japanese invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">occupation in 1942–1945</a> during WWII ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> declared independence and became president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish its rule, but a <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">bitter armed and diplomatic struggle</a> ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">An attempted coup</a> in 1965 led to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66">a violent army-led anti-communist purge</a> in which over half a million people were killed. <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">General Suharto</a> politically outmanoeuvred President Sukarno, and became president in March 1968. His <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order administration</a> garnered the favour of the West, whose investment in Indonesia was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. In the late 1990s, however, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">East Asian financial crisis</a>, which led to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">popular protests</a> and Suharto's resignation on 21 May 1998. The <a href="/wiki/Reformation_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation (Indonesia)"><i>Reformasi</i></a> era following Suharto's resignation has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, the secession of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/2004_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2004 Indonesian presidential election">direct presidential election in 2004</a>. Political instability, social unrest, corruption, natural disasters, and terrorism remained problems in the 2000s, but the economy has performed strongly since 2007. Although relations between different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas. </p><p>Today, Indonesia, a nation with over 270 million people, is known for its diversity and multiculturalism, rooted in its rich history. Despite facing challenges such as political instability and economic crises, Indonesia has continued to develop its economy and plays a significant role in the Southeast Asian region. The country has also made notable contributions to global art, music, and cuisine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric Indonesia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:318px;max-width:318px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangiran_17-02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sangiran_17-02.JPG/160px-Sangiran_17-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sangiran_17-02.JPG/240px-Sangiran_17-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Sangiran_17-02.JPG/320px-Sangiran_17-02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The replica of <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a> skull, originally discovered in <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a>, Central Java</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/150px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/225px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg/300px-Pithecanthropus_erectus-PeterMaas_Naturalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Syntype" title="Syntype">syntype</a> fossils of Java Man (<i>H. e. erectus</i>), at <a href="/wiki/Naturalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalis">Naturalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2007, an analysis of cut marks on two bovid bones found in <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a>, showed them to have been made 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago by clamshell tools. This is the oldest evidence for the presence of early humans in Indonesia. Fossilised remains of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> in Indonesia, popularly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a>" were first discovered by the Dutch anatomist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinil" title="Trinil">Trinil</a> in 1891, and are at least 700,000 years old. Other <i>H. erectus</i> fossils of a similar age were found at <a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a> in the 1930s by the <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinrich_Ralph_von_Koenigswald" title="Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald">Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald</a>, who in the same time period also uncovered fossils at <a href="/wiki/Ngandong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngandong">Ngandong</a> alongside more advanced tools, re-dated in 2011 to between 550,000 and 143,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 another <i>H. erectus</i> skull was discovered at Sambungmacan.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, stone tools were discovered on Flores, dating from 1 million years ago. These are the earliest remains implying human seafaring technology.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence of artistic activity ever found, in the form of diagonal etchings made with the use of a shark's tooth, was detected in 2014 on a 500,000-year-old fossil of a clam found in Java in the 1890s, associated with <i>H. erectus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, fossils of a 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall hominid dated between 74,000 and 13,000 years old were discovered, much to the surprise of the scientific community. This newly discovered hominid was named the "<a href="/wiki/Flores_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Flores Man">Flores Man</a>", or <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" title="Phylogenetic comparative methods">phylogenetic analysis</a> published in 2017 suggests that <i>H. floresiensis</i> was descended from the same ancestor as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>H. floresiensis</i> would thus represent a previously unknown and very <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Africa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Africa I">early migration out of Africa</a>. The <i>Homo floresiensis</i> skeletal material is dated from 60,000 to 100,000 years ago; <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> recovered alongside the skeletal remains were from <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(archaeological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon (archaeological)">archaeological horizons</a> ranging from 50,000 to 190,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Megalitisch_beeld_bij_Tegoerwangi_TMnr_10025807.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic statue found in Tegurwangi, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, 1500 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indonesian archipelago was formed during the thaw after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. Early humans travelled by sea and spread from mainland <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> eastward to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> reached the region by around 45,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, evidence was uncovered in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, showing that 42,000 years ago, these early settlers had high-level maritime skills, and by implication the technology needed to make ocean crossings to reach Australia and other islands, as they were catching and consuming large numbers of big deep sea fish such as tuna.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave,_Maros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg/200px-Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg/300px-Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg/400px-Pig-deer_print_paintings_in_Pettakere_Cave%2C_Maros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cave paintings depicting a wild boar hunt in the <a href="/wiki/Caves_in_the_Maros-Pangkep_karst" title="Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst">Maros-Pangkep karst</a> of Sulawesi are estimated to be at least 43,900 years old. This finding was recognized as "the oldest known depiction of <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a> and the earliest instance of figurative art in human history.”</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maros_hunting_scene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maros_hunting_scene.png/180px-Maros_hunting_scene.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maros_hunting_scene.png/270px-Maros_hunting_scene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Maros_hunting_scene.png/360px-Maros_hunting_scene.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2239" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Redrawing of hunting scene from the Caves in the Maros-Pangkep karst</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg/220px-Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg/330px-Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg/440px-Leang_Tedongnge_rock_art_panel_credit_AA_Oktaviana-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4427" data-file-height="3879" /></a><figcaption>In 2021, researchers discovered cave art in Leang Tedongnge, estimated to be at least 45,500 years old, making it the world’s oldest known representational artwork.</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of <a href="/wiki/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h" title="Lubang Jeriji Saléh">Lubang Jeriji Saléh</a> on the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20181107-cz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20181107-cz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20181107_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20181107-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the cave paintings is important within human cultural history, as it adds to the view that cave art was created simultaneously in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francesco d'Errico, an expert in prehistoric art at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux" title="University of Bordeaux">University of Bordeaux</a>, described the investigation as a "major archaeological discovery".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 December 2019, a team of researchers led by Dr. Maxime Aubert announced the discovery of the oldest hunting scenes in prehistoric art in the world which is more than 44,000 years old from the <a href="/wiki/Solutional_cave" title="Solutional cave">limestone cave</a> of Leang Bulu' Sipong 4. Archaeologists determined the age of the depiction of hunting a pig and buffalo thanks to the calcite 'popcorn', different isotope levels of radioactive <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An elaborate 4.5 m long <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia#Rock_art" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">rock art</a> panel in a limestone cave at Leang Bulu' in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> is currently considered the earliest figurative artwork in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It portrays several figures hunting wild pigs and dwarf bovids. This rock art was dated to at least 43,900 years ago on the basis of uranium-series analysis of overlying <a href="/wiki/Speleothem" title="Speleothem">speleothems</a>. A painted hand stencil from Leang Timpuseng, which has a minimum age of 39,900 years, is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discoveries in 2021 revealed that another cave, Leang Tedongnge, has cave art with a minimum age of 45,500 years old, which makes it the earliest known representational work of art in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 3, 2024, the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> published research findings indicating that the cave paintings which depict <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> figures interacting with a pig and measure 36 by 15 inches (91 by 38 cm) in <a href="/wiki/Karampuang_cave" title="Karampuang cave">Leang Karampuang</a> are approximately 51,200 years old, establishing them as the oldest known paintings in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a> form the majority of the modern population. They may have arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE and are thought to have originated in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, parts of Indonesia participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, with outlets in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> which existed for 3,000 years between 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a> spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet-field rice cultivation</a>, ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> practises, and <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> weaving methods. Some of these practices remain in areas including the <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> areas of Sumatra, <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> in Sulawesi, and several islands in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a>. Early Indonesians were animists who honoured the spirits of the dead believing their souls or life force could still help the living. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/220px-Bali_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/330px-Bali_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/440px-Bali_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">rice terraces</a> in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet-field rice cultivation</a> as early as the 8th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the 1st century CE. These kingdoms (little more than collections of villages subservient to petty chieftains) evolved with their own ethnic and tribal religions. Java's hot and even temperature, abundant rain and volcanic soil, was perfect for wet rice cultivation. Such agriculture required a well-organized society, in contrast to the society based on <a href="/wiki/Upland_rice" title="Upland rice">dry-field rice</a>, which is a much simpler form of cultivation that does not require an elaborate social structure to support it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a> clay pottery flourished in coastal northern <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> around 400 BCE to 100 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Zahorka-2007_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahorka-2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buni culture was probably the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a> kingdom, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia, producing numerous inscriptions and marking the beginning of the historical period in Java. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations">Hindu-Buddhist civilizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hindu-Buddhist civilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_kingdoms">Early kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasasti_tugu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Prasasti_tugu.jpg/170px-Prasasti_tugu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Prasasti_tugu.jpg/255px-Prasasti_tugu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Prasasti_tugu.jpg/340px-Prasasti_tugu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>1600-year-old stone inscription from the era of Purnawarman, king of <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, founded in Tugu sub-district of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of Indonesia, like much of Southeast Asia, were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Becoming_Indian_p.125_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becoming_Indian_p.125-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 2nd century, through the Indian dynasties like the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a> in the succeeding centuries up to the 12th century, Indian culture spread across all of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Becoming_Indian_p.125_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becoming_Indian_p.125-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to the Dvipantara or <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Yawadvipa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> appear in Sanskrit writings from 200 BCE. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s earliest epic, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a>, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> text Manimekalai Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest archaeological relic discovered in Indonesia is from the Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, where an early <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> estimated from the 1st century CE was found on the summit of Mount Raksa in <a href="/wiki/Panaitan" title="Panaitan">Panaitan</a> island. There is also archaeological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a> in West Java dating from the 2nd-century, and <a href="/wiki/Jiwa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiwa Temple">Jiwa Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Batujaya_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Batujaya Archaeological Site">Batujaya</a>, Karawang, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> was probably built around this time. South Indian culture was spread to Southeast Asia by the south Indian <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> in the 4th and 5th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 5th century, stone inscriptions written in Pallava scripts were found in Java and Borneo. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> states flourished and then declined across Indonesia. Seven rough plinths dating from the beginning of the 4th century CE were found in <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Mahakam_River" title="Mahakam River">Mahakam River</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABpa#Yūpa_inscription_in_Indonesia" title="Yūpa">Yupa inscription</a> or "Mulavarman Inscription" believed to be one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world" title="Sanskrit inscriptions in the Malay world">Sanskrit inscriptions of Indonesia</a>, the plinths were written by <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language using the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> of India recalling of a generous king by the name of <a href="/wiki/Mulavarman" title="Mulavarman">Mulavarman</a> who donated a huge amount of <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> to Brahmin priests in his kingdom, the kingdom was known as the <a href="/wiki/Kutai#History" title="Kutai">Kutai Martadipura Kingdom</a> located in present <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> Province, believed to be the oldest and first Hindu kingdom of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tarumanagara_and_Sunda">Tarumanagara and Sunda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tarumanagara and Sunda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarumanagara Kingdom">Tarumanagara Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a></div> <p>One such early kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, which flourished between 358 and 669 CE. Located in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> close to modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, its 5th-century king, <a href="/wiki/Purnawarman" title="Purnawarman">Purnawarman</a>, established the earliest known inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Java_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java island">Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ciaruteun_inscription" title="Ciaruteun inscription">Ciaruteun inscription</a> located near <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>. And other inscriptions called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasir_Awi_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasir Awi inscription (page does not exist)">Pasir Awi inscription</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muncul_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muncul inscription (page does not exist)">Muncul inscription</a>. On this monument, King Purnawarman inscribed his name and made an imprint of his footprints, as well as his elephant's footprints. The accompanying inscription reads, "Here are the footprints of King Purnavarman, the heroic conqueror of the world". This inscription is written in Pallava script and in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and is still clear after 1500 years. Purnawarman apparently built a canal that changed the course of the Cakung River, and drained a coastal area for agriculture and settlement purpose. In his stone inscriptions, Purnawarman associated himself with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> ritually secured the hydraulic project.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg/220px-Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg/330px-Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg/440px-Panoramic_views_of_Borobudur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>8th-century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Buddhist monument, <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> dynasty, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the same period, in the 6th to 7th centuries (501–700 CE), the <a href="/wiki/Kalingga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga Kingdom">Kalingga Kingdom</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> northern coast, mentioned in Chinese account.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of this kingdom was derived from ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a>, which suggest the ancient link between India and Indonesia. </p><p>The political history of Indonesian archipelago during the 7th to 11th (601–1100 CE) around centuries was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> based in Sumatra and <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> that dominated southeast Asia based in Java and constructed <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, the largest Buddhist monument in the world. The history prior of the 14th and 15th centuries (1301–1500 CE) is not well known due to the scarcity of evidence. By the 15th century (1401–1500 CE), two major states dominated this period; <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> in East Java, the greatest of the pre-Islamic Indonesian states, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> on the west coast of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, arguably one of the greatest of the Muslim trading empires,<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_p._15_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_p._15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this marked the rise of Muslim states in the Indonesian archipelago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mataram">Mataram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mataram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Temple,_around_sunrise,_23_November_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/220px-Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/330px-Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/440px-Prambanan_Temple%2C_around_sunrise%2C_23_November_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> was built during the <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a>; it is one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in Southeast Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram Empire</a>, sometimes referred to as Mataram Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdom</a> based in Central Java around modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> between the 8th and 10th centuries. The kingdom was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sailendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailendra">Sailendra</a> dynasty, and later by the <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Sanjaya dynasty</a>. The centre of the kingdom was moved from central Java to East Java by <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Sindok" title="Mpu Sindok">Mpu Sindok</a>. An eruption of the volcano <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> in 929, and political pressure from Sailendrans based in the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a> may have caused the move. </p><p>The first king of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sanjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sanjaya">Sri Sanjaya</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Canggal_inscription" title="Canggal inscription">inscriptions in stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holing_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holing-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monumental Hindu temple of <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in the vicinity of Yogyakarta was built by <a href="/wiki/Rakai_Pikatan" title="Rakai Pikatan">Pikatan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dharmawangsa" title="Dharmawangsa">Dharmawangsa</a> ordered the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> into <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> in 996. </p><p>In the period 750 CE – 850 CE, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture. A rapid increase in <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">temple construction</a> occurred across the landscape of its heartland in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Mataram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kewu_Plain" title="Kewu Plain">Kewu Plain</a>). The most notable temples constructed in Mataram are <a href="/wiki/Kalasan" title="Kalasan">Kalasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Sewu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>. The Empire had become the supreme power not only in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> but also over <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligor">southern Thailand</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> kingdoms, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south,_23_November_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/220px-Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/330px-Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg/440px-Candi_Sewu_viewed_from_the_south%2C_23_November_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sewu" title="Sewu">Sewu</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later in its history, the dynasty divided into two dynasties based on their own religion, the <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Shivaist</a> dynasties. Civil war was unavoidable and the outcome was Mataram Empire divided into two powerful kingdom based on region and religion. The <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya_dynasty" title="Sanjaya dynasty">Shivaist dynasty</a> of Mataram kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Rakai_Pikatan" title="Rakai Pikatan">Rakai Pikatan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Buddhist dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Balaputradewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaputradewa">Balaputradewa</a>. The hostility between them didn't end until in 1006 when the Sailendran based in Srivijaya kingdom incited rebellion by Wurawari, vassal of Mataram kingdom and sacked Shivaist dynasty's capital in <a href="/wiki/Jombang_Regency" title="Jombang Regency">Watugaluh</a>, Java. Srivijaya kingdom rose into undisputed hegemonic Empire in the era as the result. Yet the Shivaist dynasty survived and successfully reclaimed the east Java in 1019 then descended to <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan kingdom</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Udayana" title="Udayana">Udayana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Srivijaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> was a kingdom on Sumatra which influenced much of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. From the 7th century, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Srivijaya was centred in the coastal trading centre of present-day <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>. Srivijaya was not a "state" in the modern sense with defined boundaries and a centralised government to which the citizens own allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_19_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_19-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather Srivijaya was a confederacy form of society centred on a royal heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_19_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_19-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> and did not extend its influence far beyond the coastal areas of the islands of Southeast Asia. Trade was the driving force of Srivijaya just as it is for most societies throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Srivijayan navy controlled the trade that made its way through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Srivijayan_Expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif/185px-Srivijayan_Expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="185" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif/278px-Srivijayan_Expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Srivijayan_Expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The territory of the Srivijaya empire. Historically, Srivijaya was one of the largest kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg/105px-Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg/158px-Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg/210px-Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The depiction of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa_of_Srivijaya" title="Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya">Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa</a>, the first king of Srivijaya</div></div></div></div></div> <p>By the 7th century, the harbours of various vassal states of Srivijaya lined both coasts of the Straits of Melaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_12-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, Srivijaya had established <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over large areas of Sumatra, western Java, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominating the Malacca and <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda straits</a>, the empire controlled both the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Route">Spice Route</a> traffic and local trade.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained a formidable sea power until the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spread the ethnic Malay culture throughout Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and western <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, Srivijaya attracted pilgrims and scholars from other parts of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation between Srivijaya and the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> of south India was friendly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Raja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Raja Chola I">Raja Raja Chola I</a> but during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> the Chola Empire attacked Srivijaya cities.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of Chola raids in the 11th century weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms based, like Kediri, on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Srivijayan influence waned by the 11th century. The island was in frequent conflict with the Javanese kingdoms, first <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>. Islam eventually made its way to the <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> region of Sumatra, spreading its influence through contacts with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> traders. By the late 13th century, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Pasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasai">Pasai</a> in northern Sumatra converted to Islam. The last inscription dates to 1374, where a crown prince, Ananggavarman, is mentioned. Srivijaya ceased to exist by 1414, when <a href="/wiki/Parameswara_(sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameswara (sultan)">Parameswara</a>, the kingdom's last prince, fled to Temasik, then to Malacca. Later his son converted to Islam and founded the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a> on the Malay peninsula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singhasari_and_Majapahit">Singhasari and Majapahit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Singhasari and Majapahit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:213px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wringin_Lawang,_Trowulan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg/153px-Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg/230px-Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg/306px-Wringin_Lawang%2C_Trowulan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="793" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:004_View_from_Side,_Candi_Brahu_(40386286462).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg/153px-004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg/230px-004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg/306px-004_View_from_Side%2C_Candi_Brahu_%2840386286462%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg/153px-Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg/230px-Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg/306px-Candi_Tikus_3210033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Archaeological remains in <a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a>, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:331px;max-width:331px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Majapahit_Expansion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Majapahit_Expansion.gif/225px-Majapahit_Expansion.gif" decoding="async" width="225" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Majapahit_Expansion.gif/338px-Majapahit_Expansion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Majapahit_Expansion.gif/450px-Majapahit_Expansion.gif 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Expansion of the Majapahit empire extended to much of the Indonesian archipelago until it receded and fell in the early 16th century.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG/98px-TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG/147px-TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG/196px-TC_223_Majapahit_terracotta_head_of_Gajah_Mada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern illustration of <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, a powerful military leader, credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Majapahit was the most dominant of Indonesia's pre-Islamic states.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_p._15_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_p._15-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under <a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a> it experienced what is often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">golden age</a> in Indonesian history,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when its influence extended to much of southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali<sup id="cite_ref-Cribb_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cribb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from about 1293 to around 1500. </p><p>The founder of the Majapahit Empire, <a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertarajasa">Kertarajasa</a>, was the son-in-law of the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> kingdom, also based in Java. After Singhasari drove Srivijaya out of Java in 1290, the rising power of Singhasari came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> in China and he sent emissaries demanding tribute. <a href="/wiki/Kertanagara" title="Kertanagara">Kertanagara</a>, ruler of the Singhasari kingdom, refused to pay tribute and the Khan sent a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> which arrived off the coast of Java in 1293. By that time, a rebel from <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri (historical kingdom)">Kediri</a>, Jayakatwang, had killed Kertanagara. The Majapahit founder allied himself with the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> against Jayakatwang and, once the Singhasari kingdom was destroyed, turned and forced his Mongol allies to withdraw in confusion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gajah_Mada" title="Gajah Mada">Gajah Mada</a>, a Majapahit prime minister and regent from 1331 to 1364, extended the empire's rule to the surrounding islands. A few years after Gajah Mada's death, the Majapahit navy captured Palembang, putting an end to the Sriwijaya kingdom. Although the Majapahit rulers extended their power over other islands and destroyed neighbouring kingdoms, their focus seems to have been on controlling and gaining a larger share of the commercial trade that passed through the archipelago. About the time Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and <a href="/wiki/Proselytise" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytise">proselytisers</a> began entering the area. After its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power began to decline and was unable to control the rising power of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a>. Dates for the end of the Majapahit Empire range from 1478 to 1520. A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royal family moved east to the island of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> at the end of Majapahit power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Islamic_states">Age of Islamic states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Age of Islamic states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_Islam">Spread of Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spread of Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia">The spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_and_the_China_Sea_was_engraved_in_1728_by_Ibrahim_M%C3%BCteferrika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Map of Indonesia; 1674–1745 by Khatib Çelebi, a geographer from the Ottoman Turks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest accounts of the Indonesian archipelago date from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, according to those early accounts the Indonesian archipelago were famous among early <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> sailors mainly due to its abundance of precious <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> commodities such as <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">galangal</a> and many other spices.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Muslim traders first travelled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the <a href="/wiki/The_spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia_(1200_to_1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600)">spread of Islam</a> among the inhabitants of the Indonesian archipelago dates to the 13th century in northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is known that the spread of Islam began in the west of the archipelago, the fragmentary evidence does not suggest a rolling wave of conversion through adjacent areas; rather, it suggests the process was complicated and slow.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spread of Islam was driven by increasing trade links outside of the archipelago; in general, traders and the royalty of major kingdoms were the first to adopt the new religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, making it the dominant religion in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and Sumatra by the end of the 7th until 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sejarahkerajaanislam_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sejarahkerajaanislam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> retained a Hindu majority. In the eastern archipelago, both Christian and Islamic missionaries were active in the 16th and 17th centuries, and, currently, there are large communities of both religions on these islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_of_Mataram">Sultanate of Mataram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sultanate of Mataram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mataram">Sultanate of Mataram</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg/220px-Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg/330px-Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg/440px-Gapura_Masjid_Agung_Kotagede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Gate of <a href="/wiki/Kotagede" title="Kotagede">Masjid Agung Kotagede</a> Mosque</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sultanate of Mataram was the third Sultanate in Java, after the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">Sultanate of Demak Bintoro</a> and the Sultanate of Pajang.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Javanese records, Kyai <a href="/wiki/Gedhe_Pamanahan_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedhe Pamanahan of Mataram">Gedhe Pamanahan</a> became the ruler of the Mataram area in the 1570s with the support of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Pajang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajang">Pajang</a> to the east, near the current site of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> (Solo). Pamanahan was often referred to as Kyai Gedhe Mataram after his ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pamanahan's son, Panembahan <a href="/wiki/Senapati_of_Mataram" title="Senapati of Mataram">Senapati</a>, replaced his father on the throne around 1584. Under Senapati the kingdom grew substantially through regular military campaigns against Mataram's neighbours. Shortly after his accession, for example, he conquered his father's patrons in Pajang.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The reign of Panembahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seda_ing_Krapyak_of_Mataram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seda ing Krapyak of Mataram (page does not exist)">Seda ing Krapyak</a> (Suhusunan Anyakrawati) (<i>c.</i> 1601–1613), the son of Senapati, was dominated by further warfare, especially against powerful <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, already a major centre in East Java. The first contact between Mataram and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) occurred under Krapyak. Dutch activities at the time were limited to trading from limited coastal settlements, so their interactions with the inland Mataram kingdom were limited, although they did form an alliance against Surabaya in 1613. Krapyak died that year.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg/220px-Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg/330px-Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg/440px-Ruine_van_de_Dalam_van_Bantam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4236" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Sultanate of Banten Palace in 1859</figcaption></figure><p>Krapyak was succeeded by his son, who is known simply as <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung</a> ("Great <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>") in Javanese records. Agung was responsible for the great expansion and lasting historical legacy of Mataram due to the extensive military conquests of his long reign from 1613 to 1646. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanate_of_Banten">Sultanate of Banten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sultanate of Banten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Sultanate_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sultanate of Banten">The Sultanate of Banten</a></div> <p>In 1524–25, Sunan Gunung Jati from Cirebon, together with the armies of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a>, seized the port of Banten from the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a>, and established <a href="/wiki/The_Sultanate_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sultanate of Banten">The Sultanate of Banten</a>. This was accompanied by Muslim preachers and the adoption of Islam amongst the local population. At its peak in the first half of the 17th century, the Sultanate lasted from 1526 to 1813 AD. The Sultanate left many archaeological remains and historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg/220px-Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg/330px-Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg/440px-Andries_Beeckman_-_The_Castle_of_Batavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7222" data-file-height="5134" /></a><figcaption>Dutch settlement in the East Indies. <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, c. 1665 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 16th century, successive waves of Europeans—the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, Spanish, Dutch and English—sought to dominate the spice trade at its sources in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the 'Spice Islands' (<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>) of Indonesia. This meant finding a way to Asia to cut out Muslim merchants who, with their <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> outlet in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, monopolised spice imports to Europe. Astronomically priced at the time, spices were highly coveted not only to preserve and make poorly preserved meat palatable, but also as medicines and magic potions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of Europeans in South East Asia is often regarded as the watershed moment in its history. Other scholars consider this view untenable,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that European influence during the times of the early arrivals of the 16th and 17th centuries was limited in both area and depth. This is in part due to Europe not being the most advanced or dynamic area of the world in the early 15th century. Rather, the major expansionist force of this time was Islam; in 1453, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, while Islam continued to spread through Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. European influence, particularly that of the Dutch, would not have its greatest impact on Indonesia until the 18th and 19th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Portuguese">The Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese colonialism in Indonesian history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg/170px-Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg/255px-Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg/340px-Myristica_fragrans_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> plant is native to Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a>. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newfound Portuguese expertise in navigation, shipbuilding and weaponry allowed them to make daring expeditions of exploration and expansion. Starting with the first exploratory expeditions sent from newly conquered <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Indonesia, and sought to dominate the sources of valuable spices<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to extend the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic Church's missionary</a> efforts. The Portuguese turned east to Maluku and through both military conquest and alliance with local rulers, they established trading posts, forts, and missions on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a> among others. The height of Portuguese missionary activities, however, came in the latter half of the 16th century. Ultimately, the Portuguese presence in Indonesia was reduced to Solor, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor</a> in modern-day Nusa Tenggara, following defeat at the hands of indigenous Ternateans and the Dutch in Maluku, and a general failure to maintain control of trade in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLER_XV_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLER_XV-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with the original Portuguese ambition to dominate Asian trade, their influence on Indonesian culture was small: the romantic <i><a href="/wiki/Keroncong" class="mw-redirect" title="Keroncong">keroncong</a></i> guitar ballads; a number of Indonesian words which reflect <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese's</a> role as the <i>lingua franca</i> of the archipelago alongside <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>; and many family names in eastern Indonesia such as da Costa, Dias, de Fretes, Gonsalves, etc. The most significant impacts of the Portuguese arrival were the disruption and disorganisation of the trade network mostly as a result of their conquest of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, and the first significant plantings of Christianity in Indonesia. There have continued to be Christian communities in eastern Indonesia through to the present, which has contributed to a sense of shared interest with Europeans, particularly among the Ambonese.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_East-India_Company">Dutch East-India Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dutch East-India Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in Indonesia">Dutch East India Company in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java-Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Java-Map.jpg/220px-Java-Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Java-Map.jpg/330px-Java-Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Java-Map.jpg/440px-Java-Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>An early 18th-century Dutch map from a time when only the north coastal ports of Java were well known to the Dutch</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1602, the Dutch parliament awarded the VOC a monopoly on trade and colonial activities in the region at a time before the company controlled any territory in Java. In 1619, the VOC conquered the West Javan city of Jayakarta, where they founded the city of Batavia (present-day <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>). The VOC became deeply involved in the internal politics of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> in this period, and fought in a number of wars involving the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>. </p><p>The Dutch followed the Portuguese aspirations, courage, brutality, and strategies but brought better organisation, weapons, ships, and superior financial backing. Although they failed to gain complete control of the Indonesian spice trade, they had much more success than the previous Portuguese efforts. They exploited the factionalisation of the small kingdoms in Java that had replaced Majapahit, establishing a permanent foothold in Java, from which grew a land-based colonial empire which became one of the richest colonial possessions on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-17th century, Batavia, the headquarter of VOC in Asia, had become an important trade centre in the region. It had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">repelled attacks</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram kingdom</a>. In 1641, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">captured Malacca</a> from the Portuguese, thus weakened Portuguese position in Asia. The Dutch defeated the Sulawesi city of <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> in 1667 thus bringing its trade under VOC control. Sumatran ports were also brought under VOC control and the last of the Portuguese were expelled in 1660. In return for monopoly control over the pepper trade and the expulsion of the English, the Dutch helped the son of the ruler of Banten overthrow his father in 1680. By the 18th century, the VOC has established themselves firmly in Indonesian archipelago, controlling inter-island trade as part of their Asian business which includes India, Ceylon, Formosa, and Japan. VOC has established their important bases in some ports in Java, Maluku, and parts of Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_British_interlude">French and British interlude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French and British interlude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_Great_Post_Road.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/220px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/330px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Java_Great_Post_Road.svg/440px-Java_Great_Post_Road.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>The Java <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a>, commissioned by Daendels</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> in 1800, there were profound changes in the European colonial administration of the East Indies. The company's assets in East Indies were nationalised as the Dutch colony, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1806 oversaw the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>, which was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>, a French puppet kingdom ruled by Napoleon's third brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> (Lodewijk Napoleon). The East Indies were treated as a proxy French colony, administered through a Dutch intermediary. </p><p>In 1806, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Lodewijk</a> of the Netherlands sent one of his generals, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a>, to serve as governor-general of the East Indies, based in Java. Daendels was sent to strengthen Javanese defences against a predicted British invasion. Since 1685, the British had had a presence in <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> on the western coast of Sumatra, as well as several posts north of the Malaccan straits. Daendels was responsible for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Post_Road" title="Great Post Road">Great Post Road</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Jalan Raya Pos</i>) across northern <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anyer" title="Anyer">Anjer</a> to <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">Panaroecan</a>. The thousand-kilometre road was meant as to ease logistics across Java and was completed in only one year, during which thousands of Javanese forced labourers died.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1811, Java was captured by the British, becoming a possession of the British Empire, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stamford_Raffles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stamford Raffles">Thomas Stamford Raffles</a> was appointed as the island's governor. Raffles launched several military expeditions against local Javanese princes; such as the assault on <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Kraton_(Indonesia)" title="Kraton (Indonesia)">kraton</a> on 21 June 1812, and the military expedition against Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Badaruddin_II" title="Mahmud Badaruddin II">Mahmud Badaruddin II</a> of Palembang, along with giving orders to seize the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his administration, numbers of <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">ancient monuments</a> in Java were rediscovered, excavated and systematically catalogued for the first time, the most important one being the rediscovery of <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> Buddhist temple in Central Java.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffles was an enthusiast of the island's history, as he wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Java" title="The History of Java">The History of Java</a></i> published later in 1817. In 1816, under the administration of British governor <a href="/wiki/John_Fendall_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Fendall Jr.">John Fendall</a>, Java was returned to control of the Netherlands as per the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_state_rule">Dutch state rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dutch state rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg/220px-Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg/330px-Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg/440px-Batavia_tea_warehouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavian (Jakarta)</a> tea factory in the 1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>After the VOC was dissolved in 1800 following bankruptcy,<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the end of British rule under Raffles' governorship, the Dutch state took over the VOC possessions in 1816. A Javanese uprising was crushed in the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a> of 1825–1830. After 1830, a system of forced cultivations and indentured labour was introduced on Java, the <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_System" title="Cultivation System">Cultivation System</a> (in Dutch: <i>cultuurstelsel</i>). This system brought the Dutch and their Indonesian allies enormous wealth. The cultivation system tied peasants to their land, forcing them to work in government-owned plantations for 60 days of the year. The system was abolished in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Period_(Dutch_East_Indies)" title="Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies)">a more liberal period</a> after 1870. In 1901, the Dutch adopted what they called the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ethical_Policy_and_Indonesian_National_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Ethical Policy and Indonesian National Revival">Ethical Policy</a>, which included somewhat increased investment in indigenous education, and modest political reforms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg/170px-1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg/255px-1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg/340px-1916_Dutch_East_Indies_-_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>Dutch imperial painting depicting the Dutch East Indies as "our most precious gem" (1916)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch colonials formed a privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers, and pioneers. They lived together with the "natives", but at the top of a rigid social and racial <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch East Indies had two legal classes of citizens; European and indigenous. A third class, Foreign Easterners, was added in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upgrading the infrastructure of ports and roads was a high priority for the Dutch, with the goal of modernising the economy, pumping wages into local areas, facilitating commerce, and speeding up military movements. By 1950, Dutch engineers had built and upgraded a road network with 12,000 km of asphalted surface, 41,000 km of metalled road area and 16,000 km of gravel surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the Dutch built 7,500 kilometres (4,700 mi) of railways, bridges, irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares (5,400 sq mi) of rice fields, several harbours, and 140 public drinking water systems. These Dutch constructed public works became the economic base of the colonial state; after independence, they became the basis of the Indonesian infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over its territories in the Indonesian archipelago was tenuous. In some cases, Dutch police and military actions in parts of Indonesia were quite cruel. Recent discussions, for example, of Dutch cruelty in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> have encouraged renewed research on these aspects of Dutch rule.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in the early 20th century, three centuries after the first Dutch trading post, that the full extent of the colonial territory was established and direct colonial rule exerted across what would become the boundaries of the modern Indonesian state.<sup id="cite_ref-dutch_explanation_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dutch_explanation-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, now <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, remained under Portuguese rule until 1975 when it was <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded by Indonesia</a>. The Indonesian government declared the territory <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">an Indonesian province</a> but relinquished it in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_Indonesia">Emergence of Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Emergence of Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_National_Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesian National Awakening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soekarno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/170px-Soekarno.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/255px-Soekarno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Soekarno.jpg/340px-Soekarno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Sukarno, Indonesian Nationalist leader, and later, first president of Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1908, the first nationalist movement was formed, <a href="/wiki/Budi_Utomo" title="Budi Utomo">Budi Utomo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 September 1912, the first nationalist mass movement was formed: <a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2003_119_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2003_119-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 1912, Sarekat Islam had 93,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2003_119_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2003_119-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch responded after the First World War with repressive measures. The nationalist leaders came from a small group of young professionals and students, some of whom had been educated in the Netherlands. In the post–World War I era, the Indonesian communists who were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a> started to usurp the nationalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression of the nationalist movement led to many arrests, including Indonesia's first president, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> (1901–70), who was imprisoned for political activities on 29 December 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also arrested was <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, first vice-president of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Sutan Sjahrir, who later became the first Prime Minister of Indonesia, was arrested on this date.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1914 the exiled Dutch socialist <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Indies_Social_Democratic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies Social Democratic Association">Indies Social Democratic Association</a>. Initially a small forum of Dutch socialists, it would later evolve into the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post–World War I era, the Dutch strongly repressed all attempts at change. This repression led to a growth of the PKI. By December 1924, the PKI had a membership of 1,140.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One year later in 1925, the PKI had grown to 3,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_84-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1926 to 1927, there was a PKI-led revolt against Dutch colonialism and the harsh repression of strikes of urban workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_86-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the strikes and the revolt was put down by the Dutch with some 13,000 nationalists and communists leaders were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_86-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 4,500 were given prison sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahin_86-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sukarno was released from prison in December 1931 <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was re-arrested on 1 August 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation">Japanese occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japanese occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg/220px-Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg/330px-Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Japanese_troops_move_through_Java.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_infantry" title="Bicycle infantry">bicycle infantry</a> move through <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> during their <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies campaign">Japanese invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">subsequent occupation</a> during World War II interrupted Dutch rule<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. In May 1940, early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> occupied the Netherlands, but the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a> initially continued to control the Dutch East Indies from its base in London. The Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and in July 1940 redirected exports intended for Japan to the US and Britain. Negotiations with the Japanese aimed at securing supplies of aviation fuel collapsed in June 1941, and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same month, factions from Sumatra sought Japanese assistance for a revolt against the Dutch wartime government. The Japanese military defeated last Dutch forces in the East Indies in March 1942. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_de_haven_van_Kupang_(Timor)_luisteren_de_Japanse_bevelhebber_kolonel_Kaida_Tatuichi_en_zijn_stafcommandant_majoor_Muiosu_Slioji_aan_dek_van_H_TMnr_10001519.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_de_haven_van_Kupang_%28Timor%29_luisteren_de_Japanse_bevelhebber_kolonel_Kaida_Tatuichi_en_zijn_stafcommandant_majoor_Muiosu_Slioji_aan_dek_van_H_TMnr_10001519.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_de_haven_van_Kupang_%28Timor%29_luisteren_de_Japanse_bevelhebber_kolonel_Kaida_Tatuichi_en_zijn_stafcommandant_majoor_Muiosu_Slioji_aan_dek_van_H_TMnr_10001519.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_In_de_haven_van_Kupang_%28Timor%29_luisteren_de_Japanse_bevelhebber_kolonel_Kaida_Tatuichi_en_zijn_stafcommandant_majoor_Muiosu_Slioji_aan_dek_van_H_TMnr_10001519.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Japanese commanders in the Dutch East Indies during the surrender</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1942, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> accepted Japan's offer to rally the public in support of the Japanese war effort. Sukarno and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> were decorated by the Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, experience of the Japanese occupation of Dutch East Indies varied considerably, depending upon where one lived and one's social position. Many who lived in areas considered important to the war effort experienced <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex slavery">sex slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a> and execution, and other <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. Thousands taken away from Indonesia as war labourers (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmusha" title="Rōmusha">romusha</a>) suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation. People of Dutch and mixed <a href="/wiki/Indo_(Eurasian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo (Eurasian)">Dutch-Indonesian</a> descent were particular targets of the Japanese occupation. </p><p>In March 1945, the Japanese established the <a href="/wiki/Investigating_Committee_for_Preparatory_Work_for_Independence" title="Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence">Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence</a> (BPUPK) as the initial stage of the establishment of independence for the area under the control of the Japanese 16th Army.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its first meeting in May, <a href="/wiki/Soepomo" title="Soepomo">Soepomo</a> spoke of national integration and against personal individualism, while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new nation should claim <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, and all the pre-war territories of the Dutch East Indies. The committee drafted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">1945 Constitution</a>, which remains in force, though now much amended. On 9 August 1945 Sukarno, Hatta, and <a href="/wiki/Rajiman_Wediodiningrat" title="Rajiman Wediodiningrat">Radjiman Wediodiningrat</a> were flown to meet Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hisaichi_Terauchi" title="Hisaichi Terauchi">Hisaichi Terauchi</a> in Vietnam. They were told that Japan intended to announce Indonesian independence on 24 August. After <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">the Japanese surrender</a>, however, Sukarno unilaterally proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian independence">Indonesian independence</a> on 17 August. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_National_Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indonesian National Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/220px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/330px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/440px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian flag raising shortly after the declaration of independence</figcaption></figure> <p>Under pressure from radical and politicised <i>pemuda</i> ('youth') groups, Sukarno and Hatta on behalf of the Nation proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Declaration of Independence">Indonesian independence</a> on 17 August 1945 from colonialism by foreign nations two days after the Japanese Emperor's <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">surrender in the Pacific</a>, and made this nation an independent state, which has the right to govern its people and nation in accordance with the philosophy, character and spirit of the Indonesia nation itself.<sup id="cite_ref-prankerajaannusantara_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prankerajaannusantara-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) declared Sukarno <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> and Hatta <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice-President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bidien_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidien-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word of the proclamation spread by shortwave and fliers while the Indonesian war-time military (PETA), youths, and others rallied in support of the new republic, often moving to take over government offices from the Japanese. In December 1946 the United Nations acknowledged<sup id="cite_ref-decolon_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decolon-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Netherlands had advised the United Nations that the "Netherlands Indies" was a non-self-governing territory (colony) for which the Netherlands had a legal duty to make yearly reports and to assist towards "a full measure of self-government" as required by the <i><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter">Charter of the United Nations article 73</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukarno_speaking_on_podium,_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia,_p8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg/360px-Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg/540px-Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg/720px-Sukarno_speaking_on_podium%2C_Impressions_of_the_Fight_..._in_Indonesia%2C_p8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> speaking at the <i>Rapat Akbar</i> (grand meeting) on 19 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch, initially backed by the British, tried to re-establish their rule,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a bitter armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dutch formally recognised Indonesian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidien_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidien-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch efforts to re-establish complete control met resistance. At the end of World War II, a power vacuum arose, and the nationalists often succeeded in seizing the arms of the demoralised Japanese. A period of unrest with city guerrilla warfare called the <a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a> period ensued. Groups of Indonesian nationalists armed with improvised weapons (like bamboo spears) and firearms attacked returning Allied troops. 3,500 Europeans were killed and 20,000 were missing, meaning there were more European deaths in Indonesia after the war than during the war. After returning to Java, Dutch forces quickly re-occupied the colonial capital of Batavia (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>), so the city of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> in central Java became the capital of the nationalist forces. Negotiations with the nationalists led to two major truce agreements, but disputes about their implementation, and much mutual provocation, led each time to renewed conflict. Within four years the Dutch had recaptured almost the whole of Indonesia, but guerrilla resistance persisted, led on Java by commander <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Nasution</a>. On 27 December 1949, after four years of sporadic warfare and fierce criticism of the Dutch by the UN, the Netherlands officially recognised Indonesian sovereignty under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a> structure of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> (RUSI). With the unification of all the kingdoms in the archipelago On 17 August 1950, exactly five years after the proclamation of independence, the last of the federal states were dissolved and Sukarno proclaimed a single unitary Republic of Indonesia until now.<sup id="cite_ref-VICKERS_xiii_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICKERS_xiii-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prankerajaannusantara_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prankerajaannusantara-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sukarno's_presidency"><span id="Sukarno.27s_presidency"></span>Sukarno's presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sukarno's presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_experiment">Democratic experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Democratic experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy period in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png/220px-1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png/330px-1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png/440px-1955_Indonesian_Election_Posters.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Campaign posters for the 1955 Indonesian election</figcaption></figure> <p>With the unifying struggle to secure Indonesia's independence over, divisions in Indonesian society began to appear. These included regional differences in customs, religion, the impact of Christianity and Marxism, and fears of Javanese political domination. Following colonial rule, Japanese occupation, and war against the Dutch, the new country suffered from severe poverty, a ruinous economy, low educational and skills levels, and authoritarian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenges to the authority of the Republic included the militant <i><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></i> who waged a guerrilla struggle against the Republic from 1948 to 1962; the declaration of an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">Republic of South Maluku</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambonese</a> formerly of the Royal Dutch Indies Army; and rebellions in Sumatra and Sulawesi between 1955 and 1961. </p><p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">1945 Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_1950" title="Provisional Constitution of 1950">1950 constitution</a> mandated a parliamentary system of government, an executive responsible to parliament, and stipulated at length constitutional guarantees for human rights, drawing heavily on the 1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights">United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proliferation of political parties dealing for shares of cabinet seats resulted in a rapid turnover of coalition governments including 17 cabinets between 1945 and 1958. The long-postponed parliamentary elections were held in 1955; although the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party" title="Indonesian National Party">Indonesian National Party</a> (PNI)—considered Sukarno's party—topped the poll, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI) received strong support, no party garnered more than a quarter of the votes, which resulted in short-lived coalitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guided_Democracy">Guided Democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Guided Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_Pancasila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Garuda_Pancasila.jpg/220px-Garuda_Pancasila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Garuda_Pancasila.jpg/330px-Garuda_Pancasila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Garuda_Pancasila.jpg/440px-Garuda_Pancasila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>National emblem of the Republic of Indonesia, adopted in 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1956, Sukarno was openly criticising parliamentary democracy, stating that it was "based upon inherent conflict" which ran counter to Indonesian notions of harmony as being the natural state of human relationships. Instead, he sought a system based on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, under the guidance of village elders. He proposed a threefold blend of <i>nasionalisme</i> ('nationalism'), <i>agama</i> ('religion'), and <i>komunisme</i> ('communism') into a co-operative '<a href="/wiki/Nasakom" title="Nasakom">Nas-A-Kom</a>' government. This was intended to appease the three main factions in Indonesian politics — the army, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed in February 1957 a system of '<a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_(1957-1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided Democracy (1957-1965)">Guided Democracy</a>', and proposed a cabinet representing all the political parties of importance (including the PKI).<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US tried and failed to secretly overthrow the president, even though Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a> declared before Congress that "we are not interested in the internal affairs of this country."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sukarno abrogated the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_1950" title="Provisional Constitution of 1950">1950 Constitution</a> on 9 July 1959 by a <a href="/wiki/President_Sukarno%27s_1959_Decree" title="President Sukarno's 1959 Decree">decree</a> dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly of Indonesia">Constitutional Assembly</a> and restoring the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elected parliament was replaced by one appointed by, and subject to the will of, the president. This dissolution of the constitutional assembly caused Sukarno to ban the <a href="/wiki/Masyumi_Party" title="Masyumi Party">Masyumi Party</a> in August 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another non-elected body, the Supreme Advisory Council, was the main policy development body, while the National Front was set up in September 1960 and presided over by the president to "mobilise the revolutionary forces of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western-style parliamentary democracy was thus finished in Indonesia until the 1999 elections of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformasi (Indonesia)">Reformasi</a></i> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_26_28_111-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_26_28-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sukarno's_revolution_and_nationalism"><span id="Sukarno.27s_revolution_and_nationalism"></span>Sukarno's revolution and nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sukarno's revolution and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charismatic Sukarno spoke as a romantic revolutionary, and under his increasingly authoritarian rule, Indonesia moved on a course of stormy nationalism. Sukarno was popularly referred to as <i>bang</i> ("older brother"), and he painted himself as a man of the people carrying the aspirations of Indonesia and one who dared take on the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_28_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_28-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He instigated a number of large, ideologically driven infrastructure projects and monuments celebrating Indonesia's identity, which were criticised as substitutes for real development in a deteriorating economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_28_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_28-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> had been part of the Dutch East Indies, and Indonesian nationalists had thus <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea_dispute" title="West New Guinea dispute">claimed it</a> on this basis. Indonesia was able to instigate a diplomatic and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trikora" title="Operation Trikora">military confrontation</a> with the Dutch over the territory following an Indonesian-Soviet arms agreement in 1960. It was, however, United States pressure on the Netherlands that led to an Indonesian takeover in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_29_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_29-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1963, Indonesia commenced <i><a href="/wiki/Konfrontasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfrontasi">Konfrontasi</a></i> with the new state of Malaysia. The northern states of Borneo, formerly British <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, had wavered in joining Malaysia, whilst Indonesia saw itself as the rightful ruler of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> and supported an unsuccessful revolution attempt in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_29_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_29-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviving the glories of the Indonesian National Revolution, Sukarno increased the anti-British sentiment in his rhetoric and mounted military offensives along the Indonesia-Malaysia border in Borneo. As the PKI rallied in Jakarta streets in support, the West became increasingly alarmed at Indonesian foreign policy and the United States withdrew its aid to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_29_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_29-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In social policy, Sukarno's time in office witnessed substantial reforms in health and education,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the passage of various pro-labour measures.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Indonesia's economic position deteriorated under Sukarno; by the mid-1960s, the cash-strapped government had to scrap critical public sector subsidies, inflation was at 1,000%, export revenues were shrinking, infrastructure crumbling, and factories were operating at minimal capacity with negligible <a href="/wiki/Investment#Economics" title="Investment">investment</a>. Severe poverty and hunger were widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Witton_29_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witton_29-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Order">New Order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (Indonesia)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_the_New_Order">Transition to the New Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transition to the New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/170px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/255px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/340px-Logo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>During the mid-20th century. It was the largest non-ruling communist party in the world before its eradication in 1965 and ban the following year.</figcaption></figure> <p>Described as the great <i>dalang</i> ("puppet master"), Sukarno's position depended on balancing the opposing and increasingly hostile forces of the army and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">PKI</a>. Sukarno's anti-imperialist ideology saw Indonesia increasingly dependent on Soviet and then communist China. By 1965, the PKI was the largest communist party in the world outside the Soviet Union or China. Penetrating all levels of government, the party increasingly gained influence at the expense of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 September 1965, six of the most senior generals within the military and other officers were assassinated in an attempted coup. The insurgents, known later as the <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">30 September Movement</a>, backed a rival faction of the army and took up positions in the capital, later seizing control of the national radio station. They claimed they were acting against a plot organised by the generals to overthrow Sukarno. Within a few hours, <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Major General Suharto</a>, commander of the Army Strategic Reserve (<a href="/wiki/Kostrad" title="Kostrad">Kostrad</a>), mobilised counteraction, and by the evening of 1 October, it was clear that the coup, which had little co-ordination and was largely limited to Jakarta, had failed. <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement#Theories_about_the_30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">Complicated and partisan theories</a> continue to this day over the identity of the attempted coup's organisers and their aims. According to the Indonesian army, the PKI were behind the coup and used disgruntled army officers to carry it out, and this became the official account of Suharto's subsequent <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> administration. Although there is not broad agreement on who bears ultimate responsibility for the coup or even if there was really a single mastermind controlling all events, modern evidence has suggested at least a role played by Western intelligence agencies including the American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PKI was blamed for the coup, and anti-communists, initially following the army's lead, went on a violent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">anti-communist purge</a> across much of the country. The PKI was effectively destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most widely accepted estimates are that between 500,000 and 1 million were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friend_113_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friend_113-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence was especially brutal in Java and Bali. The PKI was outlawed and possibly more than 1 million of its leaders and affiliates were imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Friend_113_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friend_113-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and other Western powers facilitated and supported the purge.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1965–66 period, President Sukarno attempted to restore his political position and shift the country back to its pre-October 1965 position but his Guided Democracy balancing act was destroyed with the PKI's demise. Although he remained president, the weakened Sukarno was forced to transfer key political and military powers to <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">General Suharto</a>, who by that time had become head of the armed forces. In March 1967, the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) named General Suharto acting president. Suharto was formally appointed president in March 1968. Sukarno lived under virtual house arrest until his death in 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_of_the_New_Order">Consolidation of the New Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consolidation of the New Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Suharto,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/170px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/255px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg/340px-President_Suharto%2C_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> was the military president of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the aftermath of Suharto's rise, hundreds of thousands of people were killed or imprisoned by the military and religious groups in a backlash against alleged communist supporters, with direct support from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suharto's administration is commonly called the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></i> era.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suharto invited major foreign investment, which produced substantial, if uneven, economic growth. However, Suharto enriched himself and his family through business dealings and widespread corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_of_West_Irian">Annexation of West Irian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Annexation of West Irian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Western New Guinea Dispute">Western New Guinea Dispute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trikora" title="Operation Trikora">Operation Trikora</a></div> <p>At the time of independence, the Dutch retained control over the western half of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">West Irian</a>), and permitted steps towards self-government and a declaration of independence on 1 December 1961. After negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the territory into Indonesia failed, an Indonesian paratroop invasion 18 December preceded armed clashes between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961 and 1962. In 1962 the United States pressured the Netherlands into secret talks with Indonesia which in August 1962 produced the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Agreement" title="New York Agreement">New York Agreement</a>, and Indonesia assumed administrative responsibility for West Irian on 1 May 1963. </p><p>Rejecting UN supervision, the Indonesian government under Suharto decided to settle the question of West Irian, the former Dutch New Guinea, in their favour. Rather than a referendum of all residents of West Irian as had been agreed under Sukarno, an '<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Free_Choice" title="Act of Free Choice">Act of Free Choice</a>' was conducted in 1969 in which 1,025 Papuan representatives of local councils were selected by the Indonesians. They were warned to vote in favour of Indonesian integration with the group unanimously voting for integration with Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsequent UN General Assembly resolution confirmed the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. </p><p>West Irian was renamed <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a> ('glorious Irian') in 1973. Opposition to Indonesian administration of Irian Jaya (later known as <a href="/wiki/Papua_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua (Indonesian province)">Papua</a>) gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">guerrilla activity</a> in the years following Jakarta's assumption of control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_of_East_Timor">Annexation of East Timor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Annexation of East Timor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timor_Timur_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Timor_Timur_women.jpg/220px-Timor_Timur_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Timor_Timur_women.jpg/330px-Timor_Timur_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Timor_Timur_women.jpg/440px-Timor_Timur_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Timorese women with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> national flag</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in Portugal caused authorities there to announce plans for decolonisation of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, the eastern half of the island of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> whose western half was a part of the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a>. In the East Timorese elections held in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Fretilin" title="Fretilin">Fretilin</a>, a left-leaning party, and <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Democratic_Union" title="Timorese Democratic Union">UDT</a>, aligned with the local elite, emerged as the largest parties, having previously formed an alliance to campaign for independence from Portugal. <a href="/wiki/Timorese_Popular_Democratic_Association" title="Timorese Popular Democratic Association">Apodeti</a>, a party advocating integration with Indonesia, enjoyed little popular support. </p><p>Indonesia alleged that Fretilin was communist, and feared that an independent East Timor would influence separatism in the archipelago. Indonesian military intelligence influenced the break-up of the alliance between Fretilin and UDT, which led to a coup by the UDT on 11 August 1975 and the start of a <a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_civil_war" title="East Timorese civil war">month-long civil war</a>. During this time, the Portuguese government effectively abandoned the territory and did not resume the decolonisation process. On 28 November, Fretilin <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilaterally declared independence</a>, and proclaimed the 'Democratic Republic of East Timor'. Nine days later, on 7 December, Indonesia <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded East Timor</a>, eventually annexing the tiny country of (then) 680,000 people. Indonesia was supported materially and diplomatically by the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, who regarded Indonesia as an anti-communist ally. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">1998 resignation of Suharto</a>, the people of East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_Special_Autonomy_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum">a UN-sponsored referendum</a> held on 30 August 1999. About 99% of the eligible population participated; more than three quarters chose independence despite months of attacks by the Indonesian military and its militia. After the result was announced, elements of the Indonesian military and its militia retaliated by killing approximately 2,000 East Timorese, displacing two-thirds of the population, raping hundreds of women and girls, and destroying much of the country's infrastructure. In October 1999, the Indonesian parliament (MPR) revoked the decree that annexed East Timor, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Administration_in_East_Timor" title="United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor">United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor</a> (UNTAET) assumed responsibility for governing East Timor until it officially became an independent state in May 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmigration">Transmigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transmigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">Transmigration program</a></div> <p>The Transmigration program (<i>Transmigrasi</i>) was a National Government initiative to move landless people from densely populated areas of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>) to less populous areas of the country including <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. The stated purpose of this program was to reduce the considerable poverty and overpopulation on Java, to provide opportunities for <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">hard-working</a> poor people, and to provide a workforce to better utilise the resources of the outer islands. The program, however, has been controversial, with critics accusing the Indonesian Government of trying to use these migrants to reduce the proportion of native populations in destination areas to weaken separatist movements. The program has often been cited as a major and ongoing factor in controversies and even conflict and violence between settlers and indigenous populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform_Era">Reform Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reform Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Suharto era">Post-Suharto era</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">Indonesian Revolution of 1998</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-democracy_movement">Pro-democracy movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pro-democracy movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg/220px-May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg/330px-May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg/440px-May_1998_Trisakti_incident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>University students and police forces clash in May 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, Suharto undertook efforts to pre-empt a challenge to the New Order government. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party" title="Indonesian Democratic Party">Indonesian Democratic Party</a> (PDI), a legal party that had traditionally propped up the regime, had changed direction and began to assert its independence. Suharto fostered a split over the leadership of PDI, backing a co-opted faction loyal to deputy speaker of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">People's Representative Council</a> Suryadi against a faction loyal to <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and the PDI's chairperson. </p><p>After the Suryadi faction announced a party congress to sack Megawati would be held in <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> on 20–22 June, Megawati proclaimed that her supporters would hold demonstrations in protest. The Suryadi faction went through with its sacking of Megawati, and the demonstrations manifested themselves throughout Indonesia. This led to several confrontations on the streets between protesters and security forces, and recriminations over the violence. The protests culminated in the military allowing Megawati's supporters to take over PDI headquarters in Jakarta, with a pledge of no further demonstrations. </p><p>Suharto allowed the occupation of PDI headquarters to go on for almost a month, as attentions were also on <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> due to a set of high-profile <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> meetings scheduled to take place there. Capitalizing on this, Megawati supporters organised "democracy forums" with several speakers at the site. On 26 July, officers of the military, Suryadi, and Suharto openly aired their disgust with the forums.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 July, police, soldiers, and persons claiming to be Suryadi supporters stormed the headquarters. Several Megawati supporters were killed, and over two hundred people were arrested and tried under the Anti-Subversion and Hate-Spreading laws. The day would become known as "Black Saturday" and mark the beginning of a renewed crackdown by the New Order government against supporters of democracy, now called the "<a href="/wiki/Reformasi_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformasi (Indonesia)">Reformasi</a>" or Reform movement.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_crisis_and_Suharto's_resignation"><span id="Economic_crisis_and_Suharto.27s_resignation"></span>Economic crisis and Suharto's resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Economic crisis and Suharto's resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">Fall of Suharto</a></div> <p>In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had dire consequences for the Indonesian economy and society, as well as Suharto's presidency. At the same time, the country suffered a severe drought and some of the largest forest fires in history burned in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">rupiah</a>, the Indonesian currency, took a sharp dive in value. Suharto came under scrutiny from international lending institutions, chiefly the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and the United States, over longtime embezzlement of funds and some <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies. In December, Suharto's government signed a letter of intent to the IMF, pledging to enact <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures, including cuts to public services and removal of <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a>, in return for aid from the IMF and other donors. Prices for goods such as kerosene and rice, as well as fees for public services including education, rose dramatically. The effects were exacerbated by widespread corruption. The <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures approved by Suharto had started to erode domestic confidence with the New Order<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolution_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolution of 1998">popular protests</a>. </p><p>Suharto stood for re-election by parliament for the seventh time in March 1998, justifying it on the grounds of the necessity of his leadership during the crisis. The parliament approved a new term. This sparked protests and riots throughout the country, now termed the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_1998_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian 1998 Revolution">Indonesian 1998 Revolution</a>. Dissent within the ranks of his own <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> party and the military finally weakened Suharto, and on 21 May he stood down from power.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by his deputy, Vice President <a href="/wiki/B.J._Habibie" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Habibie">B.J. Habibie</a>. </p><p>President Habibie quickly assembled a cabinet. One of its main tasks was to re-establish <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and donor community support for an economic stabilisation program. He moved quickly to release political prisoners and lift some controls on freedom of speech and association. <a href="/wiki/1999_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1999 Indonesian legislative election">Elections for the national, provincial, and sub-provincial parliaments</a> were held on 7 June 1999. In the elections for the national parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party-Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a> (PDI-P, led by Sukarno's daughter <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a>) won 34% of the vote; <a href="/wiki/Golkar" title="Golkar">Golkar</a> (Suharto's party, formerly the only legal party of government) 22%; <a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party">United Development Party</a> (PPP, led by <a href="/wiki/Hamzah_Haz" title="Hamzah Haz">Hamzah Haz</a>) 12%; and <a href="/wiki/National_Awakening_Party" title="National Awakening Party">National Awakening Party</a> (PKB, led by <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>) 10%. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1998_riots">May 1998 riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: May 1998 riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a></div> <p>The May 1998 riots of Indonesia also known as the 1998 tragedy or simply the 1998 event, were incidents of mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest of a racial nature that occurred throughout Indonesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_since_1999">Politics since 1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Politics since 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png/220px-Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png/330px-Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png/440px-Indonesia2009PresElectBallotPaper.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian 2009 election ballot. Since 2004, Indonesians are able to vote their president directly.</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 1999, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), which consists of the 500-member Parliament plus 200 appointed members, elected <a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid" title="Abdurrahman Wahid">Abdurrahman Wahid</a>, commonly referred to as "Gus Dur", as President, and Megawati Sukarnoputri as Vice-President, both for five-year terms. Wahid named his first Cabinet in early November 1999 and a reshuffled, second Cabinet in August 2000. President Wahid's government continued to pursue democratisation and to encourage renewed economic growth under challenging conditions. In addition to continuing economic malaise, his government faced regional, interethnic, and interreligious conflict, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, and Irian Jaya. In <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a>, the problems of displaced East Timorese and violence by pro-Indonesian East Timorese militias caused considerable humanitarian and social problems. An increasingly assertive Parliament frequently challenged President Wahid's policies and prerogatives, contributing to a lively and sometimes rancorous national political debate. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p>During the People's Consultative Assembly's first annual session in August 2000, President Wahid gave an account of his government's performance. On 29 January 2001, thousands of student protesters stormed parliament grounds and demanded that President Abdurrahman Wahid resign due to alleged involvement in corruption scandals. Under pressure from the Assembly to improve management and co-ordination within the government, he issued a presidential decree giving Vice-President Megawati control over the day-to-day administration of government. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati Sukarnoputri</a> assumed the presidency on 23 July. <a href="/wiki/Susilo_Bambang_Yudhoyono" title="Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono">Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono</a> won Indonesia's first direct presidential election <a href="/wiki/2004_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2004 Indonesian presidential election">in 2004</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was reelected <a href="/wiki/2009_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2009 Indonesian presidential election">in 2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a>, the PDI-P candidate, was elected president <a href="/wiki/2014_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2014 Indonesian presidential election">in 2014</a>. Having previously served as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Governor of Jakarta">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, he is the first Indonesian president without a high-ranking political or military background.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his opponent <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto_Djojohadikusumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo">Prabowo Subianto</a> disputed the outcome and withdrew from the race before the count was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-PresidentWidodo_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PresidentWidodo-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jokowi was reelected <a href="/wiki/2019_Indonesian_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Indonesian presidential election">in 2019</a>, again defeating Prabowo Subianto.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, Prabowo Subianto, nationalist former general, won the presidential <a href="/wiki/2024_Indonesian_presidential_election" title="2024 Indonesian presidential election">election</a>, meaning he became Indonesia’s next president with his running mate <a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a>, son of outgoing President Joko Widodo, as new vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October 2024, Prabowo Subianto was sworn in as Indonesia's eighth president along with Vice President Gibran Rakabuming Raka.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Terrorism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Indonesia" title="Terrorism in Indonesia">Terrorism in Indonesia</a></div> <p>As a multi-ethnic and multicultural democratic country with a Muslim-majority population, Indonesia faces the challenge of dealing with <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> linked to global militant Islamic movements. <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a> (JI), a militant Islamic organisation that aspires for the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah<sup id="cite_ref-pupji_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pupji-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across Southeast Asia, is responsible for a series of terrorist attacks in Indonesia. This terrorist organisation, linked to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali bombings in 2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_Bali_bombings" title="2005 Bali bombings">2005</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/2003_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="2003 Marriott Hotel bombing">Jakarta bombings in 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Australian_embassy_bombing_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Australian embassy bombing in Jakarta">2004</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2009_Jakarta_bombings" title="2009 Jakarta bombings">2009</a>. The Indonesian government and authorities have tried to crack down on terrorist cells in Indonesia. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">14 January 2016</a>, suicide bombers and gunmen initiated a terror attack in Jakarta, resulting in the death of eight people: three Indonesian civilians, a Canadian and four of the attackers. Twenty people were wounded during the attack. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> claimed responsibility for the incident. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsunami_disaster_and_Aceh_peace_deal">Tsunami disaster and Aceh peace deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tsunami disaster and Aceh peace deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Indonesia" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia">Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia</a></div> <p>On 26 December 2004, a massive <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">earthquake and tsunami</a> devastated parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>. Partly as a result of the need for co-operation and peace during the recovery from the tsunami in Aceh, peace talks between the Indonesian government and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a> (GAM) were restarted. Accords signed in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> created a framework for military de-escalation in which the government has reduced its military presence, as members of GAM's armed wing decommission their weapons and apply for amnesty. The agreement also allows for local parties to be established, and other autonomy measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_and_plantation_fires">Forest and plantation fires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Forest and plantation fires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></div> <p>Since 1997 Indonesia has been struggling to contain forest fires, especially on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>. Haze occurs annually during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> and is largely caused by illegal agricultural fires due to <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> practices in Indonesia, especially in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> on Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> island, and <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> on Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOB_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOB-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The haze that occurred in <a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997</a> was one of the most severe; dense hazes occurred again in <a href="/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze" title="2005 Malaysian haze">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2009 Southeast Asian haze">2009</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2013 Southeast Asian haze">2013</a>, and the worst was in <a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015</a>, killing dozens of Indonesians as a result of respiratory illnesses and road accidents due to poor visibility. Another 10 people were killed due to smog from forest and land fires.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2014, Indonesia ratified the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Agreement_on_Transboundary_Haze_Pollution" title="ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution">ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution</a>, becoming the last ASEAN country to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2024, There was an election between the candidates <a href="/wiki/Anies_Baswedan" title="Anies Baswedan">Anies Baswedan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a>, And <a href="/wiki/Ganjar_Pranowo" title="Ganjar Pranowo">Ganjar Pranowo</a>. And the candidates <a href="/wiki/Muhaimin_Iskandar" title="Muhaimin Iskandar">Muhaimin Iskandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibran_Rakabuming_Raka" title="Gibran Rakabuming Raka">Gibran Rakabuming Raka</a>, And <a href="/wiki/Mahfud_MD" title="Mahfud MD">Muhammad Mahfud MD</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></p><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul><p>See Also: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">History of Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List of presidents of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Museums</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Jakarta History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burhanudin, Jajat, and Kees van Dijk, eds. <i>Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations</i> (Amsterdam University Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2013) 279 pages; scholarly articles</li> <li>Dijk, Kees van. 2001. <i>A country in despair. Indonesia between 1997 and 2000.</i> <a href="/wiki/KITLV" class="mw-redirect" title="KITLV">KITLV</a> Press, Leiden, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6718-160-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6718-160-9">90-6718-160-9</a></li> <li>Schwarz, Adam. 1994. <i>A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia's Search for Stability</i>. 2nd Edition. St Leonards, NSW : Allen & Unwin.</li> <li>van Zanden J. L. <i>An Economic History of Indonesia: 1800–2010</i> (Routledge, 2012)</li> <li>Tagliacozzo, Eric, ed. <i>Producing Indonesia: The State of the Field of Indonesian Studies</i> (Cornell Modern Indonesia Project) (2014) Essays by 27 scholars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20230619171810-199-963898/jumlah-pulau-resmi-di-ri-capai-17024-masih-ada-yang-tanpa-identitas/amp">"Jumlah Pulau Resmi di RI Capai 17.024, Masih Ada yang Tanpa Identitas"</a>. <i>cnnindonesia.com</i> (in Indonesian). 20 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628094859/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20230619171810-199-963898/jumlah-pulau-resmi-di-ri-capai-17024-masih-ada-yang-tanpa-identitas/amp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cnnindonesia.com&rft.atitle=Jumlah+Pulau+Resmi+di+RI+Capai+17.024%2C+Masih+Ada+yang+Tanpa+Identitas&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fteknologi%2F20230619171810-199-963898%2Fjumlah-pulau-resmi-di-ri-capai-17024-masih-ada-yang-tanpa-identitas%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jumlah_Pulau_di_indonesia2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kemlu.go.id/vancouver/en/pages/indonesia_at_a_glance/2016/etc-menu">"Indonesia at a Glance"</a>. <i>kemlu.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119030737/https://kemlu.go.id/vancouver/en/pages/indonesia_at_a_glance/2016/etc-menu">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=kemlu.com&rft.atitle=Indonesia+at+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkemlu.go.id%2Fvancouver%2Fen%2Fpages%2Findonesia_at_a_glance%2F2016%2Fetc-menu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sejarahkerajaanislam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sejarahkerajaanislam_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sejarahkerajaanislam_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/sejarah-kerajaan-islam-di-sumatera/">"Sejarah Kerajaan Islam di Sumatera"</a>. 15 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928091743/https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/sejarah-kerajaan-islam-di-sumatera/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Kerajaan+Islam+di+Sumatera&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramedia.com%2Fliterasi%2Fsejarah-kerajaan-islam-di-sumatera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Finding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html">"Finding showing human ancestor older than previously thought offers new insights into evolution"</a>. Terradaily.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127124833/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Finding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+showing+human+ancestor+older+than+previously+thought+offers+new+insights+into+evolution&rft.pub=Terradaily.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terradaily.com%2Freports%2FFinding_showing_human_ancestor_older_than_previously_thought_offers_new_insights_into_evolution_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1988" class="citation journal cs1">Pope, G. G. (1988). 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Varma p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapurKamlesh2023" class="citation book cs1">Kapur; Kamlesh (11 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&dq=Yawadvipa+is+mentioned+in+India%27s+earliest+epic%2C+the+Ramayana&pg=PA465"><i>History of Ancient India Kapur, Kamlesh</i></a>. 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(2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02032-3_8#citeas">Volcanic Disaster and the Decline of Mataram Kingdom in the Central Java, Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801235040/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-02032-3_8#citeas">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: Wasowski J., Dijkstra T. (eds) Recent Research on Engineering Geology and Geological Engineering. GeoMEast 2018. Sustainable Civil Infrastructures. Springer, Cham</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holing-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holing_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._J._van_der_Meulen1977" class="citation journal cs1">W. J. van der Meulen (1977). "In Search of "Ho-Ling"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>23</b> (23): 87–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350886">10.2307/3350886</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350886">3350886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+%22Ho-Ling%22&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=87-112&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=W.+J.+van+der+Meulen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1">978-0-8248-0368-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2003">Taylor (2003)</a>, pp. 22–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs_19-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_19_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_19_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs_12-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_12_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeekins1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seekins, Donald M. (1993). "Indianized empires". In Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011038834"><i>Indonesia: a country study</i></a>. Area handbook series1057-5294 (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844407906" title="Special:BookSources/9780844407906"><bdi>9780844407906</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209105017/https://lccn.loc.gov/2011038834">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indianized+empires&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+handbook+series1057-5294&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780844407906&rft.aulast=Seekins&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F2011038834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072349">"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"</a>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 315–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000169">10.1017/S0022463401000169</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4634">0022-4634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072349">20072349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62886471">62886471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114163756/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072349">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+%27Origins%27+of+Melayu&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-330&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0022-4634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62886471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20072349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000169&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20072349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Lewis1982" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Lewis (1982). "The next great empire". <i>Futures</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 47–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-3287%2882%2990071-4">10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Futures&rft.atitle=The+next+great+empire&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-61&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-3287%2882%2990071-4&rft.au=Peter+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cribb-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cribb_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2013" class="citation book cs1">Cribb, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&q=nature+of+majapahit+influence&pg=PA87"><i>Historical Atlas of Indonesia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136780578" title="Special:BookSources/9781136780578"><bdi>9781136780578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033854/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ki8COnr7H0MC&q=nature+of+majapahit+influence&pg=PA87#v=snippet&q=nature%20of%20majapahit%20influence&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136780578&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKi8COnr7H0MC%26q%3Dnature%2Bof%2Bmajapahit%2Binfluence%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/spice_geo.html#asia_southeast">"Geographic Spice Index"</a>. Gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024548/http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/spice_geo.html#asia_southeast">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographic+Spice+Index&rft.pub=Gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com%2Fengl%2Fspice_geo.html%23asia_southeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_3_to_14_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 3–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-islam-came-to-dominate-indonesia-39182">"How Islam came to dominate Indonesia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081003/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-islam-came-to-dominate-indonesia-39182">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Islam+came+to+dominate+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trtworld.com%2Fmagazine%2Fhow-islam-came-to-dominate-indonesia-39182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_12–14_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤusain,_MuẓaffarAkhtar,_Syed_SaudUsmani,_B._D.2011" class="citation book cs1">Ḥusain, Muẓaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. 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New Delhi. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789382573470" title="Special:BookSources/9789382573470"><bdi>9789382573470</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868069299">868069299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Islam&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=336&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868069299&rft.isbn=9789382573470&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4usain%2C+Mu%E1%BA%93affar&rft.au=Akhtar%2C+Syed+Saud&rft.au=Usmani%2C+B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs,_M._C._(Merle_Calvin)1981" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. 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Macmillan. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333243781" title="Special:BookSources/0333243781"><bdi>0333243781</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8205362">8205362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Indonesia%2C+c.+1300+to+the+present&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8205362&rft.isbn=0333243781&rft.au=Ricklefs%2C+M.+C.+%28Merle+Calvin%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillot1990" class="citation book cs1">Guillot, Claude (1990). <i>The Sultanate of Banten</i>. Gramedia Book Publishing Division. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Banten&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Gramedia+Book+Publishing+Division&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/SPICES1.htm">"Spices and Their Costs in Medieval Europe"</a>. <i>www.economics.utoronto.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030163425/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/SPICES1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.economics.utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=Spices+and+Their+Costs+in+Medieval+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.utoronto.ca%2Fmunro5%2FSPICES1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, pp. 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MILLER_XV-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MILLER_XV_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, George, ed. (1996). <i>To The Spice Islands and Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3099-8"><bdi>978-967-65-3099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+The+Spice+Islands+and+Beyond%3A+Travels+in+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-967-65-3099-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs_1991,_pages_22_to_26_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, pp. 22–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pramoedya sheds light on dark side of Daendels' highway. <i>The Jakarta Post</i> 8 January 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs, M. C. <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200</i>, 4th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carey, Peter, The Power of Prophecy: Prince Dipanagara and the End of an Old Order in Java, 1785–1855, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoltie2009" class="citation book cs1">Noltie, Henry (2009). <i>Raffles' Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collection of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles</i>. London & Edinburgh: British Library & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. pp. 19–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raffles%27+Ark+Redrawn%3A+Natural+History+Drawings+from+the+Collection+of+Sir+Thomas+Stamford+Raffles&rft.place=London+%26+Edinburgh&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=British+Library+%26+Royal+Botanic+Garden+Edinburgh&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Noltie&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kern, H., (1917), <i>Steen van den berg Pananggungan (Soerabaja), thans in’t India Museum te Calcutta</i>, Verspreide Gescriften VII, 85–114, Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1950" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, H. R. C. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2590770">"The Anglo-Dutch Dispute in the East, 1814–1824"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 229–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2590770">10.2307/2590770</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590770">2590770</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110033953/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2590770?origin=crossref">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Dutch+Dispute+in+the+East%2C+1814%E2%80%931824&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-239&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2590770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2590770&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2590770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannigan2012" class="citation book cs1">Hannigan, Tim (2012). <i>Raffles and the British invasion of Java</i> (4th ed.). Singapore: Monsoon Books Pte Ltd. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4358-85-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4358-85-9"><bdi>978-981-4358-85-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raffles+and+the+British+invasion+of+Java&rft.pages=229&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Singapore%3A+Monsoon+Books+Pte+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4358-85-9&rft.aulast=Hannigan&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVickers2005">Vickers (2005)</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1974">Reid (1974)</a>, pp. 170–171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelis2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornelis, Willem, Jan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tongtong.nl/indische-school/contentdownloads/tjiook_09web.pdf"><i>De Privaatrechterlijke Toestand: Der Vreemde Oosterlingen Op Java En Madoera </i>(Don't know how to translate this, the secret? private? hinterland. Java and Madoera)<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). Bibiliobazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-23498-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-23498-9"><bdi>978-0-559-23498-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170817/http://www.tongtong.nl/indische-school/contentdownloads/tjiook_09web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Privaatrechterlijke+Toestand%3A+Der+Vreemde+Oosterlingen+Op+Java+En+Madoera+%28Don%27t+know+how+to+translate+this%2C+the+secret%3F+private%3F+hinterland.+Java+and+Madoera%29&rft.pub=Bibiliobazaar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-559-23498-9&rft.aulast=Cornelis&rft.aufirst=Willem%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tongtong.nl%2Findische-school%2Fcontentdownloads%2Ftjiook_09web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTen_Horn-van_NispenRavesteijn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ten Horn-van Nispen, Marie-Louise; Ravesteijn, Wim (2009). "The road to an empire: Organisation and technology of road construction in the Dutch East Indies, 1800–1940". <i>Journal of Transport History</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 40–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FTJTH.30.1.5">10.7227/TJTH.30.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110005354">110005354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transport+History&rft.atitle=The+road+to+an+empire%3A+Organisation+and+technology+of+road+construction+in+the+Dutch+East+Indies%2C+1800%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-57&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FTJTH.30.1.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110005354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ten+Horn-van+Nispen&rft.aufirst=Marie-Louise&rft.au=Ravesteijn%2C+Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavesteijn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ravesteijn, Wim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/comparative_technology_transfer_and_society/v005/5.1ravesteijn.html">"Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 1800–1950"</a>. <i>Comparative Technology Transfer and Society</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 32–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fctt.2007.0017">10.1353/ctt.2007.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-3404">1543-3404</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145543172">145543172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Technology+Transfer+and+Society&rft.atitle=Between+Globalization+and+Localization%3A+The+Case+of+Dutch+Civil+Engineering+in+Indonesia%2C+1800%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-64&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145543172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-3404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fctt.2007.0017&rft.aulast=Ravesteijn&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcrossref%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative_technology_transfer_and_society%2Fv005%2F5.1ravesteijn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linawati Sidarto, 'Images of a grisly past', <i>The Jakarta Post: Weekender</i>, July 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627150918/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html">"Grisly Images | the Jakarta Post"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/23/grisly-images.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grisly+Images+%26%23124%3B+the+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F06%2F23%2Fgrisly-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dutch_explanation-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dutch_explanation_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch troops were constantly engaged in quelling rebellions both on and off Java. The influence of local leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Diponegoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Diponegoro">Prince Diponegoro</a> in central Java, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bonjol" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Bonjol">Imam Bonjol</a> in central Sumatra and <a href="/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura">Pattimura</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, and a bloody <a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">thirty-year war in Aceh</a> weakened the Dutch and tied up the colonial military forces. (Schwartz 1999, pages 3–4) Despite major internal political, social and sectarian divisions during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution</a>, Indonesians, on the whole, found unity in their fight for independence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2003_119-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2003_119_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2003_119_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Hartley Grattan, <i>The Southwest Pacific since 1900</i> (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1963) p. 452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahin_84-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_84_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahin1952">Kahin (1952)</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahin_86-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kahin_86_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahin1952">Kahin (1952)</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2003">Brown (2003)</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGert_Oostindie_and_Bert_Paasman1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/dutch-attitudes-towards-colonial-empires-indigenous-cultures-and-slaves(c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092).html">"Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves"</a>. <i>Eighteenth-Century Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 349–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021">10.1353/ecs.1998.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11755%2Fc467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092">20.500.11755/c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161921454">161921454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219162307/https://pure.knaw.nl/portal/en/publications/dutch-attitudes-towards-colonial-empires-indigenous-cultures-and-slaves(c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092).html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Studies&rft.atitle=Dutch+Attitudes+towards+Colonial+Empires%2C+Indigenous+Cultures%2C+and+Slaves&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-355&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11755%2Fc467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161921454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021&rft.au=Gert+Oostindie+and+Bert+Paasman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.knaw.nl%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdutch-attitudes-towards-colonial-empires-indigenous-cultures-and-slaves%28c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klemen, L. 1999–2000, <i>The Netherlands East Indies 1941–42</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">Archived</a> 26 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusumaElson2011" class="citation cs2">Kusuma, A.B.; Elson, R.E. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:273574/UQ273574_OA.pdf">"A note on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>, <b>167</b> (2–3): 196–209, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003589">10.1163/22134379-90003589</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422134305/https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_273574/UQ273574_OA.pdf?Expires=1524464538&Signature=L7n~f5jz9q0h741ZL~vNRd~QtUAtS1InYrFAZUb19ckLhWAYjThRguUCnuhKxD6zey3TKO1Fo~yB0pEYRDuxNVvOhd~Iu3lqDxqJ6sznapxJqLFT3S8Cz4Tz2W6tQyAlEKsHQinSGyNNkF5DcSUGPCvYjKSCuw3aFzFfqU7~2Zynwq1ChMPUaq7ZBkpLslgSFRZEcwhBIuOncmnP55TWpnrZz5zFVMqAQ7HTx-~eR5hUAxa8xlb3d27F-cuXlf-7eYFW1ltIjPFUfRUj7Cb-w5xQO0oaxEabBSMVK3ChYS~NYZ2xQAPE8hjJYO65GQMFU3PrrtlKdtuqQdYABlmoJQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+sources+for+the+1945+constitutional+debates+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=196-209&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003589&rft.issn=0006-2294&rft.aulast=Kusuma&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Elson%2C+R.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A273574%2FUQ273574_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Cited in: Dower, John W. <i>War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War</i> (1986; Pantheon; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-75172-8">0-394-75172-8</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prankerajaannusantara-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prankerajaannusantara_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prankerajaannusantara_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kagama.co/2022/11/09/peran-kerajaan-nusantara-dalam-proklamasi-kemerdekaan-indonesia/">https://kagama.co/2022/11/09/peran-kerajaan-nusantara-dalam-proklamasi-kemerdekaan-indonesia/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054244/https://kagama.co/2022/11/09/peran-kerajaan-nusantara-dalam-proklamasi-kemerdekaan-indonesia/">Archived</a> 22 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (April 2023)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1993">Ricklefs (1993)</a>, p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._J._Van_Mook1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_Johannes_van_Mook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubertus Johannes van Mook">H. J. Van Mook</a> (1949). 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Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-635-0"><bdi>978-1-86373-635-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+in+Waiting%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1990s&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-635-0&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationinwaitingi00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiner, Tim.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komododreamland.com/">"Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbarzadehSaeed2003" class="citation book cs1">Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8a8wefN4bd8C&q=political+islam+sukarno&pg=PA160"><i>Islam and Political Legitimacy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38056-5"><bdi>978-1-134-38056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Political+Legitimacy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38056-5&rft.aulast=Akbarzadeh&rft.aufirst=Shahram&rft.au=Saeed%2C+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8a8wefN4bd8C%26q%3Dpolitical%2Bislam%2Bsukarno%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witton_28-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_28_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_28_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitton2003">Witton (2003)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witton_29-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_29_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_29_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_29_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witton_29_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitton2003">Witton (2003)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wqYZXyvCp8C&q=Sukarno+Reforms+Health">History in Literature: A Reader's Guide to 20th Century History and the Literature It Inspired</a> By Edward Quinn. Google books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BU9sU7sG3DoC&dq=sukarno+worker+protections&pg=PA214">Globalization, Wages, and the Quality of Jobs: Five Country Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110034356/https://books.google.com/books?id=BU9sU7sG3DoC&dq=sukarno+worker+protections&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q=sukarno%20worker%20protections&f=false">Archived</a> 10 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> edited by Raymond Robertson. Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), pages 52–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Lovell, <i>Maoism: A Global History</i> (2019) pp 151–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1985" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Peter Dale (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758262">"The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965–1967"</a>. <i>Pacific Affairs</i>. <b>58</b> (2): 239–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2758262">10.2307/2758262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758262">2758262</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105210848/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758262">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Overthrow+of+Sukarno%2C+1965%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-264&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2758262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2758262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Peter+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2758262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2017" class="citation web cs1">Bevins, Vincent (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">"What the United States Did in Indonesia"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190633/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda/543534/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2021" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Paul Lashmar, Nicholas Gilby and James (17 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/slaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war">"Slaughter in Indonesia: Britain's secret propaganda war"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227084505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/17/slaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Slaughter+in+Indonesia%3A+Britain%27s+secret+propaganda+war&rft.date=2021-10-17&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Paul+Lashmar%2C+Nicholas+Gilby+and+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Foct%2F17%2Fslaughter-in-indonesia-britains-secret-propaganda-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriend2003">Friend (2003)</a>, pp. 107–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). <i>Shadowplay</i> (Television documentary). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"the U.S. was part and parcel of the operation, strategizing with the Indonesian army and encouraging them to go after the PKI." – historian John Roosa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+the+United+States+Did+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthe-indonesia-documents-and-the-us-agenda%2F543534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2017" class="citation web cs1">Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/">"Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide"</a>. <i>Indonesia at Melbourne</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208113040/https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/telegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be untrue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+at+Melbourne&rft.atitle=Telegrams+confirm+scale+of+US+complicity+in+1965+genocide&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au%2Ftelegrams-confirm-scale-of-us-complicity-in-1965-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Library Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesiaphoto.com/content/view/102/46/">"History of Indonesia #10"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618231312/http://www.indonesiaphoto.com/content/view/102/46/">Archived</a> 18 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parapundit.com/archives/002017.html">"Suharto Of Indonesia Embezzled Most Of Any Modern Leader"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021010216/http://www.parapundit.com/archives/002017.html">Archived</a> 21 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/features/1999/11/05/free/">"Breaking Free From Betrayal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></i>. 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BBC. 21 May 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219061205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/indonesia/latest_news/97848.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Suharto+resigns&rft.date=1998-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Findonesia%2Flatest_news%2F97848.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnantaArifinSuryadinata2005" class="citation book cs1">Ananta, Aris; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya & Suryadinata, Leo (2005). <i>Emerging Democracy in Indonesia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SBY-Boediono+Presiden-Wapres+Terpilih+2009&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antaranews.com%2Fberita%2F151347%2Fsby-boediono-presiden-wapres-terpilih-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2014" class="citation news cs1">Cochrane, Joe (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/23/world/asia/joko-widodo-populist-governor-is-named-winner-in-indonesian-election.html?_r=0">"A Child of the Slum Rises as President of Indonesia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729004750/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/23/world/asia/joko-widodo-populist-governor-is-named-winner-in-indonesian-election.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Child+of+the+Slum+Rises+as+President+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjoko-widodo-populist-governor-is-named-winner-in-indonesian-election.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PresidentWidodo-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PresidentWidodo_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020050428/http://www.indonesianews.net/index.php/sid/224021039/scat/f9295dc05093c851/ht/Jakarta-governor-Widodo-wins-Indonesian-presidential-election">"Jakarta governor Widodo wins Indonesian presidential election"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jakarta+governor+Widodo+wins+Indonesian+presidential+election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesianews.net%2Findex.php%2Fsid%2F224021039%2Fscat%2Ff9295dc05093c851%2Fht%2FJakarta-governor-Widodo-wins-Indonesian-presidential-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48331879">"Indonesia election: Joko Widodo re-elected as president"</a>. 21 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227041552/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48331879">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+election%3A+Joko+Widodo+re-elected+as+president&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-48331879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/20/indonesia-election-commission-confirms-prabowo-subianto-wins-presidency">"Indonesia's Prabowo Subianto wins presidency, elections body confirms"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515225820/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/20/indonesia-election-commission-confirms-prabowo-subianto-wins-presidency">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+Prabowo+Subianto+wins+presidency%2C+elections+body+confirms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F3%2F20%2Findonesia-election-commission-confirms-prabowo-subianto-wins-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/indonesia-ex-general-prabowo-subianto-sworn-in-as-president/a-70544838">"Indonesia: Ex-general Prabowo Subianto sworn in as president – DW – 10/20/2024"</a>. <i>dw.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Ex-general+Prabowo+Subianto+sworn+in+as+president+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+10%2F20%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Findonesia-ex-general-prabowo-subianto-sworn-in-as-president%2Fa-70544838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pupji-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pupji_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Pavlova" class="citation web cs1">Elena Pavlova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605131713/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/publications/WorkingPapers/WP117.pdf">"From Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiah According to Pupji, p. 11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Minister+blasts+execs+of+firm+that+denied+burning+forest&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.aulast=Soeriaatmadja&rft.aufirst=Wahyudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fminister-blasts-execs-of-firm-that-denied-burning-forest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34265922">"Indonesia haze: Why do forests keep burning?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 16 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003010304/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34265922">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Indonesia+haze%3A+Why+do+forests+keep+burning%3F&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34265922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/southeast-asias-haze-whats-behind-annual-outbreaks">"Southeast Asia's haze: what's behind the annual outbreaks?"</a>. <i>AsiaOne</i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>. 17 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115222927/https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/southeast-asias-haze-whats-behind-annual-outbreaks">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AsiaOne&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia%27s+haze%3A+what%27s+behind+the+annual+outbreaks%3F&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2Fsingapore%2Fsoutheast-asias-haze-whats-behind-annual-outbreaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/24/haze-kills-10-people-leaves-503874-with-respiratory-ailments-agency.html">"Haze kills 10 people, leaves 503,874 with respiratory ailments: Agency"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i>. 24 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114201156/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/24/haze-kills-10-people-leaves-503874-with-respiratory-ailments-agency.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Haze+kills+10+people%2C+leaves+503%2C874+with+respiratory+ailments%3A+Agency&rft.date=2015-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F24%2Fhaze-kills-10-people-leaves-503874-with-respiratory-ailments-agency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanda_Haruddin_Tanjung2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Banda Haruddin Tanjung (18 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/09/18/340/1217052/gara-gara-kabut-asap-biker-tewas-tabrak-mobil-pemadam">"Gara-Gara Kabut Asap, Biker Tewas Tabrak Mobil Pemadam"</a> (in Indonesian). Okezone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921053940/http://news.okezone.com/read/2015/09/18/340/1217052/gara-gara-kabut-asap-biker-tewas-tabrak-mobil-pemadam">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gara-Gara+Kabut+Asap%2C+Biker+Tewas+Tabrak+Mobil+Pemadam&rft.pub=Okezone&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.au=Banda+Haruddin+Tanjung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.okezone.com%2Fread%2F2015%2F09%2F18%2F340%2F1217052%2Fgara-gara-kabut-asap-biker-tewas-tabrak-mobil-pemadam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151008165216/http://www.balikpapanpos.co.id/berita/detail/173903-akibat-kabut-asap-dua-tewas.html">"Akibat Kabut Asap, Dua Tewas (Laka Tunggal, Tabrak Tiang Listrik)"</a> (in Indonesian). Balikpapan Pos. 29 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balikpapanpos.co.id/berita/detail/173903-akibat-kabut-asap-dua-tewas.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akibat+Kabut+Asap%2C+Dua+Tewas+%28Laka+Tunggal%2C+Tabrak+Tiang+Listrik%29&rft.pub=Balikpapan+Pos&rft.date=2015-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balikpapanpos.co.id%2Fberita%2Fdetail%2F173903-akibat-kabut-asap-dua-tewas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangun_Santoso2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bangun Santoso (14 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.liputan6.com/read/2317496/tewas-akibat-tercekik-asap">"Tewas Akibat 'Tercekik' Asap"</a> (in Indonesian). Liputan 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915140731/http://news.liputan6.com/read/2317496/tewas-akibat-tercekik-asap">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tewas+Akibat+%27Tercekik%27+Asap&rft.pub=Liputan+6&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.au=Bangun+Santoso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.liputan6.com%2Fread%2F2317496%2Ftewas-akibat-tercekik-asap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAMS2015" class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">AMS (4 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006071337/http://video.metrotvnews.com/play/2015/10/04/437506/ini-daftar-korban-tewas-akibat-kabut-asap"><i>Ini Daftar Korban Tewas Akibat Kabut Asap</i></a> (video) (in Indonesian). Metro TV News. Event occurs at 10:24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.metrotvnews.com/play/2015/10/04/437506/ini-daftar-korban-tewas-akibat-kabut-asap">the original</a> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ini+Daftar+Korban+Tewas+Akibat+Kabut+Asap&rft.pub=Metro+TV+News&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft.au=AMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.metrotvnews.com%2Fplay%2F2015%2F10%2F04%2F437506%2Fini-daftar-korban-tewas-akibat-kabut-asap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920063146/http://www.menlh.go.id/indonesia-meratifikasi-undang-undang-tentang-pengesahan-asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-persetujuan-asean-tentang-pencemaran-asap-lintas-batas/">"Indonesia Meratifikasi Undang-Undang Tentang Pengesahan Asean Agreement On Transboundary Haze Pollution (Persetujuan Asean Tentang Pencemaran Asap Lintas Batas)"</a> (in Indonesian). Ministry of Environment, Indonesia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menlh.go.id/indonesia-meratifikasi-undang-undang-tentang-pengesahan-asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-persetujuan-asean-tentang-pencemaran-asap-lintas-batas/">the original</a> on 20 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+Meratifikasi+Undang-Undang+Tentang+Pengesahan+Asean+Agreement+On+Transboundary+Haze+Pollution+%28Persetujuan+Asean+Tentang+Pencemaran+Asap+Lintas+Batas%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Environment%2C+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menlh.go.id%2Findonesia-meratifikasi-undang-undang-tentang-pengesahan-asean-agreement-on-transboundary-haze-pollution-persetujuan-asean-tentang-pencemaran-asap-lintas-batas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Indonesia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Colin (2003). <i>A Short History of Indonesia</i>. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cribb, Robert. <i>Historical atlas of Indonesia</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Crouch, Harold. <i>The army and politics in Indonesia</i> (Cornell UP, 2019).</li> <li>Drakeley, Steven. <i>The History Of Indonesia</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfIndonesiaTheGreenwoodHistoriesOfTheModernNations">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Windsor_Earl" title="George Windsor Earl">Earl, George Windsor</a> (1850). "On the Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations". <i>Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA)</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Archipelago+and+Eastern+Asia+%28JIAEA%29&rft.atitle=On+the+Leading+Characteristics+of+the+Papuan%2C+Australian+and+Malay-Polynesian+Nations&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Earl&rft.aufirst=George+Windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elson, Robert Edward. <i>The idea of Indonesia: A history. Vol. 1</i> (Cambridge UP, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo"><i>Indonesian Destinies</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01137-3&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesiandestin00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gouda, Frances. <i>American Visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia: US Foreign Policy and Indonesian Nationalism, 1920-1949</i> (Amsterdam University Press, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/123062166/american-visions-of-the-netherlands-east-indies-indonesia">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200121012525/https://www.questia.com/read/123062166/american-visions-of-the-netherlands-east-indies-indonesia">Archived</a> 21 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=340274">another copy online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719232802/http://oapen.org/download?type=document&docid=340274">Archived</a> 19 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hindley, Donald. <i>The Communist Party of Indonesia, 1951–1963</i> (U of California Press, 1966).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin1952" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). <i>Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Revolution+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2018" class="citation book cs1">Melvin, Jess (2018). <i>The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138574694" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138574694"><bdi>978-1138574694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+the+Indonesian+Genocide%3A+Mechanics+of+Mass+Murder&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1138574694&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Jess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1974" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (1974). <i>The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950</i>. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-71046-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-71046-7"><bdi>978-0-582-71046-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+National+Revolution+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Longman+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-582-71046-7&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj5yQgAACAAJ"><i>War, Culture and Economy in Java, 1677–1726: Asian and European Imperialism in the Early Kartasura Period</i></a>. Sydney: Asian Studies Association of Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-380-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-380-9"><bdi>978-1-86373-380-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Economy+in+Java%2C+1677%E2%80%931726%3A+Asian+and+European+Imperialism+in+the+Early+Kartasura+Period&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Asian+Studies+Association+of+Australia&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-380-9&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDj5yQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). <i>The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400888863" title="Special:BookSources/9781400888863"><bdi>9781400888863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965-66&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781400888863&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean"><i>Indonesia</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10518-6"><bdi>978-0-300-10518-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10518-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54262-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54262-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54262-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54262-3&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittenSoeriaatmadjaSuraya1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, T.; Soeriaatmadja, R. E.; Suraya, A. A. (1996). <i>The Ecology of Java and Bali</i>. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Soeriaatmadja%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Suraya%2C+A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2003). <i>Indonesia</i>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-154-2"><bdi>1-74059-154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-154-2&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Indonesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woodward, Mark R. <i>Islam in Java: Normative Piety and Mysticism in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta</i> (1989)</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations">Hinduism-Buddhism era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era (1512–1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era (1603–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era (1806–1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation (1942–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">National Revolution (1945–49)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era (1950–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy (1959–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional period (1965–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order (1966–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i> (since 1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies & Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">History of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="History of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Fiji" title="History of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kiribati" title="History of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau" title="History of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="History of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solomon_Islands" title="History of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuvalu" title="History of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="History of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norfolk_Island" title="History of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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