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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Queen_Regent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Queen_Regent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Queen Regent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Queen_Regent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedys_and_Boyds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedys_and_Boyds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kennedys and Boyds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedys_and_Boyds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_schemes_and_alliance_with_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_schemes_and_alliance_with_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foreign schemes and alliance with England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_schemes_and_alliance_with_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_of_the_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_of_the_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lord of the Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_of_the_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament,_Mar_and_Albany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament,_Mar_and_Albany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parliament, Mar and Albany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament,_Mar_and_Albany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>War with England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Restoration to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_death_at_Sauchieburn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_death_at_Sauchieburn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rebellion and death at Sauchieburn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_death_at_Sauchieburn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James III of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_III_Scotta_Cyning" title="Iacobus III Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus III Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس الثالث ملك إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس الثالث ملك إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Ceyms_(%C5%9Eotlandiya_kral%C4%B1)" title="III Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="اۆچونجو جیمز (ایسکاتلند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو جیمز (ایسکاتلند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_III_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Якаў III (кароль Шатландыі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў III (кароль Шатландыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_III_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс III (Шотландия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс III (Шотландия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_III_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Jaume III d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume III d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_III._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Jakub III. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub III. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_III,_brenin_yr_Alban" title="Iago III, brenin yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iago III, brenin yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_3._af_Skotland" title="Jakob 3. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob 3. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_III._(Schottland)" title="Jakob III. (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob III. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III" title="James III – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James III" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Γ΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Γ΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_III_de_Escocia" title="Jacobo III de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo III de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_3-a_(Skotlando)" title="Jakobo la 3-a (Skotlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la 3-a (Skotlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakue_III.a_Estuardo" title="Jakue III.a Estuardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakue III.a Estuardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="جیمز سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_III_(roi_d%27%C3%89cosse)" title="Jacques III (roi d'Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques III (roi d'Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_III,_R%C3%AD_na_nAlbanach" title="Séamas III, Rí na nAlbanach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séamas III, Rí na nAlbanach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas_III_Alba" title="Seumas III Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seumas III Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobe_III_de_Escocia" title="Xacobe III de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacobe III de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_3%EC%84%B8_(%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="제임스 3세 (스코틀랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 3세 (스코틀랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_III_(%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Ջեյմս III (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս III (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="जेम्स तृतीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स तृतीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_III.,_kralj_%C5%A0kotske" title="Jakov III., kralj Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov III., kralj Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_dari_Skotlandia" title="James III dari Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James III dari Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_III_di_Scozia" title="Giacomo III di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo III di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ג'יימס השלישי, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס השלישי, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_III_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჯეიმზ III (შოტლანდია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ III (შოტლანდია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="III Джеймс (Шотландия королі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="III Джеймс (Шотландия королі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_III_(rex_Scotiae)" title="Iacobus III (rex Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus III (rex Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Jakab_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Jakab skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Jakab skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس التالت ملك اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس التالت ملك اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3_III_de_Sc%C3%B3cia" title="Jacó III de Scócia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jacó III de Scócia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_III_van_Schotland" title="Jacobus III van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus III van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA3%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジェームズ3世 (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ3世 (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_III._(Skotlun)" title="Jaakob III. (Skotlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaakob III. (Skotlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_III_av_Skottland" title="Jakob III av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob III av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_III" title="Jakub III – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub III" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_III_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Jaime III da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime III da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_III_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Яков III (король Шотландии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яков III (король Шотландии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%A9" title="जेम्स ३ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स ३" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_o_Scotland" title="James III o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James III o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James III of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_III._(%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsko)" title="Jakub III. (Škótsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub III. (Škótsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_III_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Џејмс III од Шкотске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс III од Шкотске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="James III od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James III od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_III" title="Jaakko III – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakko III" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_III_av_Skottland" title="Jakob III av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob III av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 3 แห่งสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 3 แห่งสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._James_(%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya_kral%C4%B1)" title="III. James (İskoçya kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. James (İskoçya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_III_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Яків III (король Шотландії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яків III (король Шотландії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_III_c%E1%BB%A7a_Scotland" title="James III của Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James III của Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="占士三世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="占士三世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="詹姆斯三世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯三世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q222616#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Scots from 1460 to 1488</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">James III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James,_presented_by_St_Andrew_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="687" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">James III depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Altarpiece" title="Trinity Altarpiece">Trinity Altarpiece</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_van_der_Goes" title="Hugo van der Goes">Hugo van der Goes</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1460 – <span class="nowrap">11 June 1488</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1460</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a> (1460–1463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">James Kennedy,<br />Bishop of St Andrews</a><br />(1463–1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kennedy,_1st_Lord_Kennedy" title="Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy">Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy</a> (1465–1466)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd,_1st_Lord_Boyd" title="Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd">Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd</a> (1466–1469)<i></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 July 1451 or May 1452<br /><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1488-06-11</span>)</span>11 June 1488 (aged 36)<br />Sauchieburn, <a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Cambuskenneth_Abbey" title="Cambuskenneth Abbey">Cambuskenneth Abbey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="July 1469">1469</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="14 July 1486">1486</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James III</b> (10 July 1451/May 1452 – 11 June 1488) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> from 1460 until his death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a> in 1488. He inherited the throne as a child following the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">King James II</a>, at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a>. James III's reign began with a minority that lasted almost a decade, during which <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> was governed by a series of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> and factions who struggled for possession of the young king before his personal rule began in 1469. </p><p>James III was an unpopular and ineffective king and was confronted with two major rebellions during his reign. He was much criticised by contemporaries and later chroniclers for his promotion of unrealistic schemes to invade or take possession of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a> at the expense of his regular duties as king. While his reign saw Scotland reach its greatest territorial extent with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> through his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a>, James was accused of <a href="/wiki/Debasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Debasing">debasing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a>, hoarding money, failing to resolve feuds and enforce criminal justice, and pursuing an unpopular policy of alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. His preference for his own "low-born" favourites at court and in government alienated many of his bishops and nobles, as well as members of his own family, leading to tense relationships with his brothers, his wife, and his heir. In 1482, James's brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a>, attempted to usurp the throne with the aid of an <a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">invading English army</a>, which led to the loss of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> and a coup by a group of nobles which saw the king imprisoned for a time, before being restored to power. </p><p>James's reputation as Scotland's first <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> monarch has sometimes been exaggerated. The artistic legacy of his reign was slight when compared to that of his two immediate successors, and consists of the patronage of painters and musicians, coins that display realistic portraits of the king, the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Altarpiece" title="Trinity Altarpiece">Trinity Altarpiece</a>, and the King's Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Restalrig" title="Restalrig">Restalrig</a>. James III was killed at the Battle of Sauchieburn, following a rebellion in which his heir was the figurehead of the rebels, and succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Castle_1_(3604221101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg/320px-St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg/480px-St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg/640px-St_Andrews_Castle_1_%283604221101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a>, James III's probable birthplace</figcaption></figure> <p>James was the first surviving son born to <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">King James II</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold, Duke of Guelders</a>, and a great-niece of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>. The exact date and place of James's birth have been a matter of debate. Claims have been made that he was born in May 1452, or on 10 or 20 July 1451. The place of birth was either <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a> (the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of St Andrews">Bishop of St Andrews</a>), depending on the year. His most recent biographer, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Norman Macdougall</a>, argued strongly for late May 1452 at St Andrews. The infant <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> was born during the crisis which had seen his father stab <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas">William, Earl of Douglas</a> to death in <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>. This murder did not end the power of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Douglas" title="Clan Douglas">Douglases</a>, but created a state of intermittent <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> until James II struck a decisive blow against the Douglases in 1455 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkinholm" title="Battle of Arkinholm">Battle of Arkinholm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a> declared the extensive Douglas lands forfeit and permanently annexed them to the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James III ascended the throne following the death of his father at the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roxburgh_(1460)" title="Capture of Roxburgh (1460)">siege</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a> on 3 August 1460, and the new king was brought to <a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders" title="Kelso, Scottish Borders">Kelso</a> from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> with his mother. It was not considered possible to have the king journey to <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a> for a coronation at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a>, so James III was <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">crowned</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kelso_Abbey" title="Kelso Abbey">Kelso Abbey</a>, a week after James II's death, and two days after the fall of Roxburgh.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Queen_Regent">The Queen Regent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Queen Regent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early years of James III's reign, the government was led by the <a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">queen mother</a>, Mary of Guelders, as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, while James was educated by Archibald Whitelaw, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)" title="Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)">Secretary of State</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical</a> scholar who had taught at <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1461 the first parliament of the reign appointed a council of regency consisting of the <a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">Bishop of St Andrews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_de_Durisdeer" title="Andrew de Durisdeer">Bishop of Glasgow</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a> of <a href="/wiki/George_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Angus" title="George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus">Angus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_1st_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly">Huntly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Sinclair,_1st_Earl_of_Caithness" title="William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness">Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary of Guelders emerged as an astute and capable ruler, pursuing a pragmatic foreign policy during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> taking place in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrians</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Yorkists" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkists">Yorkists</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a> in March 1461, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> fled north across the border seeking refuge. They were received by Mary of Guelders and lodged at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a> and the Dominican friary in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lancastrians expected Mary to provide them with Scottish troops to help Henry VI recover the throne, but she had no intention of becoming involved in a war on their behalf. Mary sought to gain as much as she could from the Lancastrian fugitives while opening negotiations with the victorious Yorkists to explore the possibility of a truce.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return for a year's refuge in Scotland and loans that Mary of Guelders granted them, the Lancastrians surrendered <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> to the Scots in April 1461. </p><p>This period also saw disputes between Mary and <a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">James Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of St Andrews">Bishop of St Andrews</a> over who had control over the person of James III, and over foreign policy, with the bishop favouring an alliance with the Lancastrians, while Mary initially wanted to continue playing off the warring parties in England against each other, before eventually supporting the Yorkists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the sources for the period are vague, it is believed that Kennedy and his supporters mounted a coup in the autumn of 1462 by taking possession of the 10-year-old James III following an armed confrontation with Mary's supporters in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary of Guelders died in December 1463, leaving Bishop Kennedy in undisputed control of government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kennedys_and_Boyds">Kennedys and Boyds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kennedys and Boyds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishop Kennedy died at St Andrews in May 1465, and his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kennedy,_1st_Lord_Kennedy" title="Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy">Gilbert Kennedy, Lord Kennedy</a>, assumed custody of James III. Lord Kennedy's guardianship lacked the sanction of Parliament, and his advancement of the Kennedy kin, such as the appointment of his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Graham_(bishop)" title="Patrick Graham (bishop)">Patrick Graham</a>, as the new bishop of St Andrews, made his regime increasingly unpopular.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1466, James III was seized while hunting at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a> by a large armed group led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd,_1st_Lord_Boyd" title="Robert Boyd, 1st Lord Boyd">Robert, Lord Boyd</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boyd,_Earl_of_Arran" title="Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran">Thomas</a>, and was taken to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Boyd" title="Clan Boyd">Boyds</a> and their supporters mounted a coup to seize control of the government by gaining possession of the king during his minority.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilbert Kennedy was then imprisoned in Stirling Castle for a period. </p><p>The 14-year-old king was forced to declare before <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament</a> in October that he had not been offended by being taken from Linlithgow, and that it was his intention to appoint Lord Boyd as his governor, to serve until his twenty-first year.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Boyd faction made itself unpopular, especially with the king, through self-aggrandizement such as the creation of Lord Boyd's son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boyd,_Earl_of_Arran" title="Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran">Thomas</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Arran_(Scotland)" title="Earl of Arran (Scotland)">earl of Arran</a>, and Arran's marriage to the king's 13-year-old sister, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary</a> in 1467, which antagonised the king and considerable sections of the <a href="/wiki/Three_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three estates">three estates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg/220px-James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg/330px-James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/James_III_and_Margaret_of_Denmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>James III and Margaret of Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>The Boyds sought to maintain power by gaining diplomatic success, and in August 1468 an embassy was sent to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to secure a royal marriage. The ambassadors' negotiations resulted in a treaty which provided for an alliance between Scotland and Denmark, and James III's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret</a>, the only daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian I of Denmark and Norway">Christian I of Denmark and Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Margaret's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> was 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_guilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish guilder">Rhenish guilders</a>, 10,000 of which were to be paid before the Scottish embassy left Denmark. </p><p>However, Christian I was unable to raise more than 2,000 of the promised 10,000 guilders, and in May 1469, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> were <a href="/wiki/Pledge_(law)" title="Pledge (law)">pledged</a> by him, as king of Norway, to James III as security until the outstanding amount of Margaret's dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, James had no intention of allowing the Danes to redeem their rights in Orkney and Shetland, and would quickly acquire full sovereignty over the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boyds' misuse of power to enrich themselves with lands and offices had made them many enemies, and in April 1468 there was an attempt by the king's half-uncles, the <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl">Earl of Atholl</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">James Stewart of Auchterhouse</a>, and his younger brother, the Duke of Albany, to seize Edinburgh Castle and free the king from the Boyds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impending marriage of the now seventeen-year-old James III signalled an appropriate moment for him to bring his minority to an end, and the king began to plot his revenge against the Boyds in the summer of 1469, while Lord Boyd was on an embassy to the English court, and the earl of Arran was one of the ambassadors in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_rule">Personal rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the fleet bearing Margaret of Denmark and the Scottish ambassadors arrived in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>, the king's sister, Mary, wife of the Earl of Arran, informed her husband that the king was planning to have him arrested, and the couple fled together to Denmark by sea, and then to <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, where they were soon joined by Lord Boyd, who fled there from England. At a Parliament held in November, Lord Boyd, his brother, Sir Alexander, and the Earl of Arran, were all found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and their peerages were forfeited. Sir Alexander was condemned to death and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James III married 13-year-old Margaret of Denmark in July 1469 at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, in a service overseen by Archibald Crawford, the <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Holyrood" title="Abbot of Holyrood">Abbot of Holyrood</a>. The marriage produced three sons: <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James, Duke of Rothesay</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a>. </p><p>James III began his personal rule in 1469, yet his exercise of royal power was affected by the fact that he was one of the few Stewart monarchs who had to contend with the problem of an adult, legitimate brother. In 1469 James had two surviving younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a>, then aged fourteen and about twelve, and three Stewart half-uncles (the earls of <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl">Atholl</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">Buchan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stewart_(bishop_of_Moray)" title="Andrew Stewart (bishop of Moray)">Bishop of Moray</a>), and each of them would complicate the politics of the reign. From the positive beginnings after his assumption of active control of government in 1469, James III's relationship with Parliament would lead to opposition, criticism, and outright confrontation over his foreign and domestic policies. The failure of the king to listen to the grievances raised by the three estates, or to abide by the concessions he made to them, were significant causes of the two major rebellions in 1482–1483 and 1488.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_schemes_and_alliance_with_England">Foreign schemes and alliance with England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign schemes and alliance with England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James's policies during the early 1470s revolved primarily around ambitious continental schemes to emphasize the prestige of the king and the Stewart dynasty, expand the territory under James's rule, and agree to an alliance with England. The main business of the parliament James III called in 1471 was the granting of a tax to fund an embassy to the continent to allow him to act as arbitrator between <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> of France. The embassy would also seek a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundian</a> or French marriage for the king's sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1472, James's second continental scheme saw him ask Parliament to fund his plan to lead an army of 6,000 men to assert his tenuous claim to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a>, which derived from his aunt, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella</a>. Parliament granted a tax of £5,000 to fund the sending of this army to the continent as part of a Franco-Scottish invasion against <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>, though protests by the clergy about the king leading an army abroad while he had no issue to succeed him eventually led to James abandoning his plans for an invasion of Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year James also acted as an intermediary in negotiations between Denmark and France.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1473, the battle of succession for <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> between James's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold, Duke of Guelders</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Adolf, Duke of Guelders">Adolf</a>, provided the king with another continental scheme. The deposition of Arnold by his son in 1465, and his reinstatement at the hands of Charles the Bold in 1471, had left Arnold wishing to alter the succession to prevent the duchy falling to either his son or the Duke of Burgundy, and in 1472 he asked James or one of his brothers to travel to Guelders and take possession of the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke Arnold died in February 1473, and with him, any serious likelihood of putting his succession plans into effect, but James III was undaunted and sent an ambassador to Charles the Bold to press his claim. James also sent ambassadors to France offering military aid to Louis XI against England in return for a pension of 60,000 crowns a year and to reassert the claim James's father had made to the French province of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a>, a claim which dated back to the Treaty of Perth-Chinon between <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a> when the province was offered to the Scottish king in return for an army of Scottish troops which were never sent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These unrealistic schemes resulted in parliamentary criticism, especially since the king was reluctant to deal with the more mundane business of administering justice at home. Parliament opposed James's plans to leave the country and, in refusing to condone the king's requests, also attempted to persuade the king to turn to the administration of justice. The king's failure to take an active and personal role in the same, and his use of remissions and respites as a source of money, would prove one of the most frequently occurring themes in Parliament for the rest of the reign.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1474, James III concluded a truce with <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> of England which was intended to (but did not) last for forty-five years, and was to be accompanied by a marriage alliance between James's heir, the infant <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">Duke of Rothesay</a>, and Edward's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily of York</a>, when both of them reached marriageable age. The prospective bride's dowry was 20,000 marks sterling, which would be paid in advance in annual instalment of 2,000 marks over a period of seventeen years. On 20 February 1472, Parliament brought the negotiations<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, which had begun with the Treaty of Copenhagen, to an end by annexing and uniting the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">earldom of Orkney</a> and the lordship of Shetland to the Scottish Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory, Christian I of Denmark or his successors could still redeem the islands by paying the balance of Queen Margaret's dowry; but in practice, with Christian's continuing financial difficulties and the strong control the Scottish Crown exercised over Orkney and Shetland, this was highly unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Anglo-Scottish treaty, the first alliance between the two kingdoms in the fifteenth century, preserved the peace between Scotland and England and provided James III with a substantial financial gain. By 1479, he had amassed 8,000 marks in English dowry payments – roughly the equivalent of his annual income from regular sources.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James would continue to press for English alliances for the rest of his reign, although he also sought a marriage alliance with <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a> for his brother Albany in 1477, and renewed the Franco-Scottish alliance with <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> in 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the peace policy was unpopular in Scotland and went against the traditional enmity between the two kingdoms. Opposition was particularly associated with Albany and was one of the causes of his estrangement from the king and James's unpopularity by 1479. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord_of_the_Isles">Lord of the Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lord of the Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James III turned to unfinished business from his father's reign in 1475: the destruction of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="John of Islay, Earl of Ross">John MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ross" title="Earl of Ross">Earl of Ross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest lord in <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Scotland">Gaelic Scotland</a>, John ruled over sprawling territories in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">western Highlands</a> and the north-east. In 1462 John had agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1462)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1462)">Treaty of Westminster</a> with Edward IV of England, a treaty which proposed that if Scotland was conquered by Edward, the kingdom would be partitioned, with the lands north of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> to be divided between the Lord of the Isles and the <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_9th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas">Earl of Douglas</a>, and held from the English crown.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confrontation began in September 1475, when John was accused of a number of offences against the Crown, including treasonable dealings with England and the Earl of Douglas, and besieging <a href="/wiki/Rothesay_Castle" title="Rothesay Castle">Rothesay Castle</a>. When John did not appear for trial before Parliament in December, he was declared forfeit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earls of <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Lennox" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox">Lennox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Atholl" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl">Atholl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_1st_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly">Huntly</a> were ordered to pursue John MacDonald and invade his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lord of the Isles appeared before the king in Edinburgh in July 1476 and the forfeiture was rescinded. The earldom of Ross was annexed to the Crown, <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knapdale" title="Knapdale">Knapdale</a>, and the offices of <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nairn" title="Nairn">Nairn</a> were lost, and the Lord of the Isles was reduced to a mere <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">Lord of Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of the forfeiture of the Lord of the Isles, James III had Parliament approve his <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">act of revocation</a>. The king stood at the height of his power, having removed the Boyds, annexed Orkney and Shetland, humbled the Archbishop of St Andrews, agreed to peace and an alliance with England, and forfeited the Lord of the Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His authority now extended from the Northern Isles to Berwick-upon-Tweed, and across the Lordship of the Isles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament,_Mar_and_Albany"><span id="Parliament.2C_Mar_and_Albany"></span>Parliament, Mar and Albany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parliament, Mar and Albany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James III's pursuit of unpopular and arbitrary policies saw increasing opposition in Parliament, with the most criticism directed towards the king's failure to go out on <a href="/wiki/Justice_Ayre" title="Justice Ayre">Justice Ayres</a>, his making money from granting remissions for serious crimes, and his frequent recourse to taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complaints from Parliament that royal justice was not being actively administered by the king in person occurred throughout his reign, partly due to his practice of delegating responsibility to appointed justices and allowing Ayres to be held without his presence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James III's "low-born" favourites at court and in government began to alienate many of his bishops and nobles. The most high-profile royal favourites was <a href="/wiki/William_Scheves" title="William Scheves">William Scheves</a>, who began his career in royal service in 1471 as a court physician, before his rapid promotion as <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdeacon of St Andrews">Archdeacon of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dunkeld" title="Diocese of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">coadjutor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdiocese of St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, before being appointed as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Archbishop of St Andrews</a>. Other unpopular favourites included <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay,_1st_Lord_Bothwell" title="John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell">John Ramsay, 1st Lord Bothwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(Robert)_Cochrane" title="Thomas (Robert) Cochrane">Robert Cochrane</a>. In 1479 conflict developed between the king and his two brothers <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a>. The Earl of Mar was imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Craigmillar_Castle" title="Craigmillar Castle">Craigmillar Castle</a> for unspecified reasons, and died there in mysterious circumstances. The reasons behind James III's assault on Albany have been difficult to understand. Albany had helped James to power in 1469, and was an effective <a href="/wiki/Warden_of_the_Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Warden of the Marches">Warden of the Marches</a>, having resisted an incursion by <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a> in 1474. It has been suggested that the most likely causes of the rift between James and Albany were the latter's opposition to the Anglo-Scottish alliance, his being responsible for serious violations of the truce, and his abuse of his position and challenge to royal authority by the ruthless enforcement of justice in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Marches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1479, Albany was accused of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> for arming and provisioning <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a> against the king, assisting known rebels and deliberately causing trouble on the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a>, in violation of the truce between Scotland and England.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albany fled by sea to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where in September 1479 he was welcomed by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>, and received royal favour by his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne">Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto10_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_England">War with England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War with England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the treaty of October 1474, relations between Scotland and England had remained generally peaceful. Edward IV continued to pay the annual instalments of the dowry for his daughter's future marriage to James III's heir, and both kingdoms avoided any significant breaches of the truce.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1478 James proposed strengthening the alliance with England still further by offering his sister Margaret as a bride for Edward IV's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers</a>. Soon afterwards, however, the truce began to break down, with several instances of Scottish cross-border raiding and pillaging. In 1480 Edward IV sent an envoy to Edinburgh with what was essentially a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, informing James that the English king intended to wage war against the Scots unless his demands were met: that the Scots make reparations for breaches of the truce; that James return Berwick, Roxburgh and Coldingham to English dominion; and that James do homage to Edward for the Scottish Crown. However, Edward was prepared to maintain the peace if James would surrender Berwick and hand over his son and heir as a guarantee of his intention to carry through with the marriage of the Duke of Rothesay and Cecily of York.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a> was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-general">lieutenant-general</a>, and commissions for the defence of the border were issued in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>. But during the summer of 1480, the <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Earl of Angus</a> carried out a large-scale raid into Northumberland, culminating in the burning of <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October, James III had written to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> of France asking for guns and artillerymen to repulse further attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spring and autumn of 1481 saw English ships raid the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">Forth</a>, attacking <a href="/wiki/Blackness_Castle" title="Blackness Castle">Blackness Castle</a> and harassing shipping. There does not seem to have been a land-based invasion of Scotland, but there were three raids into England by a Scottish army in that year. Edward IV had made invasion preparations and began to travel north, but went no further than <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1482, Edward IV launched a full-scale invasion led by the Duke of Gloucester, the future <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a>. James's brother Alexander, styled "Alexander IV", was included as part of the invasion party. James, in attempting to lead his subjects against the invasion, was arrested by a group of disaffected nobles at <a href="/wiki/Lauder" title="Lauder">Lauder</a> Bridge in July 1482. It has been suggested that the nobles were already in league with Alexander. The king was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> and a new regime, led by "lieutenant-general" Alexander, became established during the autumn of 1482. Meanwhile, the English army, unable to take <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, ran out of money and returned to England, having <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1482)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Berwick (1482)">taken Berwick-upon-Tweed</a> for the last time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration_to_power">Restoration to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Restoration to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst imprisoned in Edinburgh Castle, James was politically sidelined from July 1482 to early 1483, and his two half-uncles (including <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stewart_(bishop_of_Moray)" title="Andrew Stewart (bishop of Moray)">Andrew Stewart</a>) managed to form a brief replacement government with his brother Alexander, Duke of Albany, in place as acting lieutenant-general of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was eventually freed by late September 1482.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After having been freed, James was able to regain power by buying off members of Albany's government, such that by December 1482, Albany's government was collapsing. From 1483, he was able to "steadily reduce any remaining support for Albany".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Albany's attempt to claim the vacant <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Mar">earldom of Mar</a> led to the intervention of the powerful <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly">George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly</a>, on the king's side. </p><p>In January 1483, Albany fled to his estates at <a href="/wiki/Dunbar" title="Dunbar">Dunbar</a>. The death of his patron, Edward IV, on 9 April left Albany in an untenable position and he fled to England, letting an English garrison into his stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a>. A year later he return for another attempted invasion with the long-exiled 9th Earl of Douglas. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lochmaben_Fair" title="Battle of Lochmaben Fair">Battle of Lochmaben</a>, he was forced to flee back to England a second time. His titles and estates were forfeited to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, recent research has suggested he may have returned again to Scotland in 1485 but was caught and imprisoned in the same castle where James had been incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronicler Adam Abell's account of Albany escaping from Edinburgh castle after killing his guard and climbing down the castle walls using a rope made of bedsheets has some circumstantial corroborating evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was Albany's final incursion, after which he returned to France where accounts claim he was killed in a joust. </p><p>James III, meanwhile, returned to his policies for the 1470s, above all of alliance with England. In August 1484 James III proposed a truce and alliance with <a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a> and a marriage between the Duke of Rothesay and Anne de la Pole, Richard's niece. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a>, 5 March 1486, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> blessed a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a> and sent it to James III. It was an annual custom to send the rose to a deserving prince. Giacomo Passarelli, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Imola" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Imola">Bishop of Imola</a>, brought the rose to Scotland and returned to London to complete the dispensation for the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1486 and 1487 James proposed a truce with England and the marriage of his second son, James, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Scotland)" title="Earl of Ormond (Scotland)">Marquess of Ormond</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a>, the sister-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a>. In April 1487 the Pope granted James III an <a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">indult</a> which strengthened the power of the Scottish Crown over ecclesiastical appointments, allowing the king and his successors to effectively appoint their own candidates when vacancies occurred in cathedrals and monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite a lucky escape in 1482, when he easily could have been murdered or executed in an attempt to bring his son to the throne, James did not reform his behaviour during the 1480s. Obsessive attempts to secure alliance with England continued, although they made little sense given the prevailing politics. He continued to favour a group of "familiars" unpopular with the more powerful magnates. He refused to travel for the implementation of justice and remained invariably resident in Edinburgh. He was also estranged from his wife, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a>, who lived at Stirling Castle with her sons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion_and_death_at_Sauchieburn">Rebellion and death at Sauchieburn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rebellion and death at Sauchieburn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret,_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg/300px-The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg/450px-The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg/600px-The_grave_of_King_James_III_and_Queen_Margaret%2C_Cambuskenneth_Abbey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of King James III and Queen Margaret, <a href="/wiki/Cambuskenneth_Abbey" title="Cambuskenneth Abbey">Cambuskenneth Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1488, James III used a meeting of Parliament to publicly reward those who had been loyal to him in the past and tried to gain supporters by creating four new <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords of Parliament">Lords of Parliament</a>. He also raised his second son, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Marquess of Ormond</a>, to the dignity of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ross" title="Duke of Ross">Duke of Ross</a>. Coming after the king's negotiations in 1486 and 1487 for a marriage alliance for his second son, it was clearly designed to enhance his status and make him a more attractive prospect as a bridegroom, and only furthered the perception amongst the king's opponents that he was favouring his second son at the expense of the heir to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But opposition to James was led by the Earls of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Home" title="Clan Home">Home</a> and Hepburn families. James's heir, the fifteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James, Duke of Rothesay</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> without his father's knowledge on 2 February 1488, marking the beginning of a four-month rebellion against James III. </p><p>Prince James became, perhaps reluctantly, the figurehead of the rebels, whose aim seems to have been the establishment of a council of regency, with the Prince as its figurehead and the king in protective custody.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels claimed that they had removed Prince James from Stirling to protect him from his vindictive father, who had surrounded himself with wicked Anglophile counsellors.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the Prince, many of the rebels also feared for their safety if James III continued to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king made more enemies among his nobles by dismissing the Earl of Argyll from the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Chancellorship</a>, for reasons which remain a mystery, and replacing him with <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">William Elphinstone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Aberdeen" title="Bishop of Aberdeen">Bishop of Aberdeen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James III sought armed assistance from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and moved north from Edinburgh to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in March, probably realising that his position in Edinburgh was becoming precarious, with the Duke of Rothesay and the rebel army nearby, either at Linlithgow or Stirling.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king failed to raise support for the royal cause in the north-east and then made the mistake of agreeing to negotiate a settlement with the rebels, before promptly breaking his word and, on the advice of his half-uncle the <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">Earl of Buchan</a>, marching south from Aberdeen to settle the rebellion by force, which lost him the support of several more nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an inconclusive skirmish between the royal and rebel forces at <a href="/wiki/Blackness_Castle" title="Blackness Castle">Blackness Castle</a>, James III retreated to the safety of Edinburgh Castle, where he rewarded his supporters and attempted to gain new ones by distributing cash, jewels and land.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters came to a head in June 1488 when James III left Edinburgh Castle and led his army towards Stirling. The royal and rebel armies joined battle south of Stirling on 11 June 1488 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a>, on what contemporaries described as the "field of Stirling".<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James III was killed at some stage during the course of the battle, although the circumstances of the king's death are unclear, and it took some time to establish with certainty that the king had been killed. The 16th century chroniclers <a href="/wiki/Adam_Abell" title="Adam Abell">Adam Abell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a> alleged that James III was slain in Milton mill on the <a href="/wiki/Bannock_Burn" title="Bannock Burn">Bannock Burn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each new account added unflattering, but probably invented, details. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a>, writing in 1576, states that the king fled to Stirling, but was thrown from his horse and fainted near Milton mill, where he was cared for by the miller and his wife. As the retreat of the royal forces to Stirling was taking place, the king came to and called for a priest to make his confession. A priest (possibly a servant of Lord Gray, one of the rebel lords) who was passing by asked where the king was and, on being led to the king, stabbed him to death. <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> says that James fell from his horse whilst fleeing to one of his ships, stationed in the Forth, rather than to Stirling. He took refuge in some mills but being overtaken, he was slain there, with a few attendants. There is no evidence available to corroborate any of the sixteenth century allegations of cowardly behaviour, and the subsequent parliamentary account stated only the king "happened to be slain" as a result of his own poor decisions. In effect, it argued, the king killed himself, a convenient conclusion for the new regime to reach. Yet Norman Macdougall's modern biography notes the indictment of John Ross of Montgrenan at the same parliament alleged the king left the field on Ross's advice and was then killed by unknown vile persons.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James III was buried beside his queen in front of the high altar of <a href="/wiki/Cambuskenneth_Abbey" title="Cambuskenneth Abbey">Cambuskenneth Abbey</a>. His son and successor, James IV, attended the ceremony and in atonement for his involvement in his father's death, from 1496 appointed a chaplain to sing for the salvation of their souls; records of this continued until the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of James and Margaret were re-interred under a new stone monument at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s expense in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James married Margaret of Denmark at <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a>, Edinburgh, in July 1469. They had three children: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Birth </th> <th scope="col">Death </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a></td> <td>17 March 1473</td> <td>9 September 1513</td> <td>James's successor as King of Scots </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></td> <td>March 1476</td> <td>January 1504</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Archbishop of St Andrews</a> (1497–1504)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor of Scotland</a> (1502–1504) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(died_1503)" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (died 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></td> <td>December 1479</td> <td>11 March 1503</td> <td rowspan="4"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James III has been depicted in plays, historical novels and short stories. They include the following: </p> <ul><li><i>Price of a Princess</i> (1994) by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Nigel Tranter</a>. The book takes place in the years 1465–1469. The main character is <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran</a>, a sister of James III. She is depicted joining her husband <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boyd,_Earl_of_Arran" title="Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran">Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran</a>, in a mission to the court of <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a>. The two negotiate the cession of <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Lord in Waiting</i> (1994) by Nigel Tranter. The book takes place in the years 1474–1488. It covers events of the reign of James III as seen from the perspective of "Sir John Douglas", brother of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> James III is depicted as influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Scheves" title="William Scheves">William Sheves</a>, the court astrologer and alchemist, later Archbishop of St Andrews. Douglas would rather have Mary Stewart (see above) on the throne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>The Admiral</i> (2001) by Nigel Tranter. The book takes place in the years 1480–1530. It covers the career of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wood_of_Largo" title="Andrew Wood of Largo">Andrew Wood of Largo</a> and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a>. James III is depicted favoring Wood with the title of <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral of Scotland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>James III: The True Mirror</i> (2014) by <a href="/wiki/Rona_Munro" title="Rona Munro">Rona Munro</a>, a co-production between the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Scotland" title="National Theatre of Scotland">National Theatre of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre of Great Britain">National Theatre of Great Britain</a>. The James Plays – <i>James I</i>, <i>James II</i> and <i>James III</i> – are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro. Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future. This play concentrates on James' relationships with his wife Margaret, his court favourites and the powerful lords he has alienated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Unicorn Hunt</i> (1993) by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunnett" title="Dorothy Dunnett">Dorothy Dunnett</a>. Volume 5 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Niccol%C3%B2" title="The House of Niccolò">The House of Niccolò</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>To Lie with Lions</i> (1995) by Dorothy Dunnett, Volume 6 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Niccol%C3%B2" title="The House of Niccolò">The House of Niccolò</a></i> series.</li> <li><i>Gemini</i> (2000) by Dorothy Dunnett, Volume 8 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Niccol%C3%B2" title="The House of Niccolò">The House of Niccolò</a></i> series.</li> <li>"Sunset at Noon" by Jane Oliver (1955), a fictional account of the life of James IV and the Battle of Flodden.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of James III of Scotland</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland">Joan Beaufort</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Holland">Margaret Holland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>James III of Scotland</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Lord_of_Egmond" title="John II, Lord of Egmond">John II, Lord of Egmond</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Gelderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold, Duke of Gelderland">Arnold, Duke of Gelderland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Arkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Arkel">Maria of Arkel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I, Duke of Cleves</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Cleves_(1417%E2%80%931479)" title="Catherine of Cleves (1417–1479)">Catherine of Cleves</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Cleves" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves">Mary of Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, Roland, <i>The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488</i> (John Donald, 2001), p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendar State Papers Milan</i>, vol. 1 (London, 1912), p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Charles, <i>Edward IV</i> (University of California, 1974), pp. 281–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson201484_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson2014">Stevenson 2014</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendar State Papers Milan</i>, vol. 1 (1912), p. 247: Burns, Charles, "Papal Gifts" in <i>Innes Review</i>, 20 (1969), pp. 150–194: Chrimes, Stanley, <i>Henry VII</i>, Yale (1999), 66, 330–331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, Michael, <i>Scotland: A New History</i> (Pimlico, 1992), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James IV</i>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James IV</i>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, Norman, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackie, R.L., <i>James IV</i>, (1958), pp. 36–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=293913">Recent archaeological survey of Milton, alleged site of assassination</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303150959/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search_item/index.php?service=RCAHMS&id=293913">Archived</a> 3 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scotlandsplaces.gov.uk Retrieved on 2011-10-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdougall, <i>James III</i> (John Donald, 2009), pp. 507–508</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacdougall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Macdougall, Norman. "James III". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14589">10.1093/ref:odnb/14589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+III&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14589&rft.aulast=Macdougall&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+III+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grave of James III inscription</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127021102/https://www.eif.co.uk/2014/james3#.VDrP_FeK2-0">"Edinburgh International Festival 2014"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eif.co.uk/2014/james3#.VDrP_FeK2-0">the original</a> on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+International+Festival+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feif.co.uk%2F2014%2Fjames3%23.VDrP_FeK2-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+III+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/43935/the-unicorn-hunt-by-dorothy-dunnett">"The Unicorn Hunt by Dorothy Dunnett | PenguinRandomHouse.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unicorn+Hunt+by+Dorothy+Dunnett+%7C+PenguinRandomHouse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F43935%2Fthe-unicorn-hunt-by-dorothy-dunnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+III+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Macdougall, Norman</a>, <i>James III, A Political Study</i>, John Donald (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Macdougall, Norman</a>, <i>James III</i>, John Donald (2009), a fully revised and updated edition with substantially different conclusions on James III's career compared to the 1982 edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Stevenson" title="Katie Stevenson">Stevenson, Katie</a> (2014). <i>Power and Propaganda: Scotland 1306–1488</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748694204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748694204"><bdi>978-0748694204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Propaganda%3A+Scotland+1306%E2%80%931488&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0748694204&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+III+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coombs, B. Material Diplomacy: A Continental Manuscript Produced for James III, Edinburgh University Library, MS 195. <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i> (October), 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_III_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/james-iii-r-1460-1488">James III</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp86922">Portraits of James III of Scotland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222616#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>James III of Scotland </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1451/2</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 11 June 1488</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> </b><br />3 August 1460 – 11 June 1488 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James (II)</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> </b><br />1451/2-1460 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James (IV)</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template talk:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David</a> <i>(1398–1402)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1402–1406)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander</a> <i>(1430)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1430–1437)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a> <i>(1452–1460)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1473–1488)</i></li> <li>James <i>(1507–1508)</i></li> <li>Arthur <i>(1509–1510)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James</a> <i>(1512–1513)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> <i>(1540–1541)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a> <i>(1566–1567)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1594–1612)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1612–1625)</i></li> <li>Charles James <i>(1629)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1630–1649)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688–1689)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1727–1751)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1952–2022)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/75px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/113px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/150px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="475" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Stewart" style="vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="House of Stuart/Stewart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template talk:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Stewart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stewart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox" title="Duke of Lennox">Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li> <li>Lord of Sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aubigny" title="Duke of Aubigny">Duke of Aubigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Moray" title="Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Galloway" title="Earl of Galloway">Earl of Galloway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Stewart of Appin</a></li> <li>Stewart of Ballechin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart" title="Earl Castle Stewart">Stewart of Castle Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Balquhidder" title="Stewart of Balquhidder">Stewart of Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Darnley" title="Stewart of Darnley">Stewart of Darnley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />Stewarts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="The_generations_indicate_descent_from_Robert_II_of_Scotland,_first_monarch_of_the_House_of_Stewart">The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a>, first monarch of the House of Stewart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Earl of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Elizabeth, Lady Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">Isabella, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Jean, Lady Keith</li> <li>Katherine Logan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles#Family" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">Margaret, Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">Marjorie, Countess of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale#Marriage" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Egidia, Lady Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li>Robert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas">Margaret, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Mary, Countess of Angus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Lord_Dalkeith" title="James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith">Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith</a></li> <li>Egidia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary, Countess of Arran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" title="David Stewart, Earl of Moray">David, Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1507)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Arthur, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li>Robert, Duke of Albany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia of England">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stuart_(1637%E2%80%931640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Stuart (1637–1640)">Anne</a></li> <li>Katherine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kendal" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222616#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222616#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222616#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000033325056">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37712292">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103689/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM7G7twyYr6Y69gBhyh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11877574X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82202070">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961795s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961795s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069891125">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271166505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11877574X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11877574X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085236926">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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