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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture and patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_at_the_Scottish_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_at_the_Scottish_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presence at the Scottish court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_at_the_Scottish_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Diplomacy and war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flodden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flodden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Flodden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flodden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Issue </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issue subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimate_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimate_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Legitimate issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimate_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegitimate_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegitimate_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Illegitimate issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegitimate_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Fictional portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Ancestors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James IV of Scotland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_IV_van_Skotland" title="Jakobus IV van Skotland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jakobus IV van Skotland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_IV_Scotta_Cyning" title="Iacobus IV Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus IV Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس الرابع ملك إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس الرابع ملك إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaime_IV_d%27Escocia" title="Chaime IV d'Escocia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chaime IV d'Escocia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Ceyms_(%C5%9Eotlandiya_kral%C4%B1)" title="IV Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IV Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="دؤردونجو جیمز (ایسکاتلند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو جیمز (ایسکاتلند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_4-s%C3%A8_(So%CD%98-kat-l%C3%A2n)" title="James 4-sè (So͘-kat-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James 4-sè (So͘-kat-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_IV_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс IV (Шотландия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс IV (Шотландия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_IV,_kralj_%C5%A0kota" title="Jakov IV, kralj Škota – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakov IV, kralj Škota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_IV_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Jaume IV d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume IV d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_IV._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Jakub IV. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub IV. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV,_brenin_yr_Alban" title="James IV, brenin yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James IV, brenin yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_4._af_Skotland" title="Jakob 4. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob 4. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_IV._(Schottland)" title="Jakob IV. (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob IV. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Δ΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Δ΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_IV_de_Escocia" title="Jacobo IV de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo IV de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_4-a_(Skotlando)" title="Jakobo la 4-a (Skotlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la 4-a (Skotlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakue_IV.a_Estuardo" title="Jakue IV.a Estuardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakue IV.a Estuardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="جیمز چهارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز چهارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_IV_(roi_d%27%C3%89cosse)" title="Jacques IV (roi d'Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques IV (roi d'Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_IV_Alba" title="Séamas IV Alba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séamas IV Alba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas_IV_Alba" title="Seumas IV Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seumas IV Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobe_IV_de_Escocia" title="Xacobe IV de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacobe IV de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_4%EC%84%B8" title="제임스 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_IV_(%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Ջեյմս IV (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս IV (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="जेम्स चतुर्थ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स चतुर्थ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_IV.,_kralj_%C5%A0kotske" title="Jakov IV., kralj Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov IV., kralj Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_dari_Skotlandia" title="James IV dari Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James IV dari Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_4._Skotakonungur" title="Jakob 4. Skotakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jakob 4. Skotakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_IV_di_Scozia" title="Giacomo IV di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo IV di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ג'יימס הרביעי, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס הרביעי, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_IV_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჯეიმზ IV (შოტლანდია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ IV (შოტლანდია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="IV Джеймс (Шотландия королі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IV Джеймс (Шотландия королі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_IV_(rex_Scotiae)" title="Iacobus IV (rex Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus IV (rex Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Jakab_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="IV. Jakab skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Jakab skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس الرابع ملك اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس الرابع ملك اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_dari_Scotland" title="James IV dari Scotland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James IV dari Scotland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3_IV_de_Sc%C3%B3cia" title="Jacó IV de Scócia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jacó IV de Scócia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_IV_van_Schotland" title="Jacobus IV van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus IV van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA4%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジェームズ4世 (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ4世 (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_IV._(Skotlun)" title="Jaakob IV. (Skotlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaakob IV. (Skotlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_IV_av_Skottland" title="Jakob IV av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob IV av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacme_IV_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Jacme IV d'Escòcia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jacme IV d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_IV" title="Jakub IV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub IV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_IV_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Jaime IV da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime IV da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_IV" title="Яков IV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яков IV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%AA" title="जेम्स ४ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स ४" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James IV of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_IV._(%C5%A0k%C3%B3tsko)" title="Jakub IV. (Škótsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub IV. (Škótsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_IV_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Џејмс IV од Шкотске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс IV од Шкотске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="James IV od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James IV od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_IV" title="Jaakko IV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakko IV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_IV_av_Skottland" title="Jakob IV av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob IV av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 4 แห่งสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 4 แห่งสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._James" title="IV. James – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. James" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_IV_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Яків IV (король Шотландії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яків IV (король Шотландії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Scotland" title="James IV của Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James IV của Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="詹姆斯四世（苏格兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯四世（苏格兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="占士四世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="占士四世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="詹姆斯四世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯四世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"James IV" redirects here. See also <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Majorca" title="James IV of Majorca">James IV of Majorca</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">James IV</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:James_IV_of_Scotland_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg/220px-James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg/330px-James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg/440px-James_IV_of_Scotland_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1296" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">James IV, copy by <a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Mijtens" title="Daniël Mijtens">Daniël Mijtens</a> of a lost contemporary portrait.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">11 June 1488 – 9 September 1513</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1488</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1473 <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>, Stirling, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1513 (aged 40) <a href="/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland" title="Branxton, Northumberland">Branxton, Northumberland</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1503)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Issue">more...</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li>Illegitimate:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart, Archbishop of St Andrews">Alexander Stewart, Archbishop of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Lady_Gordon" title="Margaret Stewart, Lady Gordon">Margaret Stewart, Lady Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray_(1501_creation)" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1501 creation)">James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Stewart,_Lady_Fleming" title="Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming">Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James IV's signature"><img alt="James IV's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg/125px-Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg/188px-Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg/250px-Signature_of_James_IV_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="327" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scotland</a> from 11 June 1488 until his death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a> in 1513. He inherited the throne at the age of fifteen on the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a>, following a rebellion in which the younger James was the figurehead of the rebels. James IV is generally regarded as the most successful of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewart</a> monarchs of Scotland. He was responsible for a major expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Scottish royal navy</a>, which included the founding of two royal dockyards and the acquisition or construction of 38 ships, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a>, the largest warship of its time. James was a patron of the arts and took an active interest in the law, literature and science. With his patronage the <a href="/wiki/Chepman_and_Myllar_Press" title="Chepman and Myllar Press">printing press</a> came to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh</a> were founded, and he commissioned the building of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Palace" title="Falkland Palace">Falkland Palace</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_1496" title="Education Act 1496">Education Act 1496</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory schooling">compulsory schooling</a>. During James's twenty-five-year reign, royal income doubled, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> exercised firm control over the Scottish church, and by 1493 had overcome the last independent <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="John of Islay, Earl of Ross">Lord of the Isles</a>. Relations with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> improved with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> in 1502 and James's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> in 1503, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603. The long period of domestic peace after 1497 allowed James to focus more on foreign policy, which included the sending of several of his warships to aid his uncle, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John of Denmark</a>, in his conflict with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>; amicable relations with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Maximilian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>; and James's aspiration to lead a European naval <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. James was granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith</a> in 1507 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> in 1513 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League" title="Holy League">Holy League</a>, James chose the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with the French over the "Perpetual Peace" with the English, and led a large army across the border into England. James and many of his nobles were killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a> on 9 September 1513, fighting against the English forces of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, Henry VIII's wife and regent. James was the last monarch in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to be killed in battle and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:263px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James,_presented_by_St_Andrew_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/176px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/264px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg/352px-Hugo_van_der_Goes_-_The_Trinity_Altarpiece_-_James_III_of_Scotland_accompanied_by_his_son_James%2C_presented_by_St_Andrew_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="687" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:263px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_of_Scotland_(1469)_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg/158px-Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg/237px-Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg/316px-Margaret_of_Scotland_%281469%29_by_Hugo_van_der_Goes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="651" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">James IV's parents, <a href="/wiki/King_James_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King James III">King James III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></div></div></div></div> Born on 17 March 1473 at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>, James was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/King_James_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King James III">King James III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the Scottish crown, he became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> at birth. James probably spent most of his infancy and youth at Stirling Castle in the care of his mother, along with his two younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(died_1503)" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (died 1503)">John</a>. In 1478, Queen Margaret was officially entrusted with the custody and education of the Duke of Rothesay.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Not much is known about James's early life, but it is known that he received a good education from Archibald Whitelaw, the <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a> scholar and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)" title="Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)">secretary of state</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(theologian)" title="John Ireland (theologian)">John Ireland</a>, under the direction of his mother. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, James became fluent in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, also learned <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and was the last Scottish monarch known to have spoken <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-4">[4]</a> The surviving exchequer records show that Prince James was taken from Stirling to visit <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> in the summers of 1474 and 1479, and that his nurse in the 1470s was Agnes Turing, the wife of an Edinburgh burgess.<a href="#cite_note-doug2-5">[5]</a> In October 1474, James III agreed a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a>, the foundation of which was to be a marriage between Prince James and Edward's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily of York</a>, when they both reached marriageable age.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-doug12-7">[7]</a> The treaty marked the beginning of James III's pursuit of friendship with England, a policy which was unpopular in Scotland. This policy would see further prospective English brides proposed for his son: <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_la_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de la Pole">Anne de la Pole</a> (niece of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a>) in 1484 and an unspecified daughter of Edward IV in 1487.<a href="#cite_note-doug12-7">[7]</a> James III was an unpopular king: he faced two major rebellions during his reign, and alienated members of his close family, especially his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a>. James III's unpopular pro-English policy rebounded badly upon him when the peace with England broke down in 1480. This led to the invasion of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">capture of Berwick</a> in 1482 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>, in the company of the Duke of Albany. When James III attempted to lead his army against the invasion, his army rebelled against him and he was briefly imprisoned by his own councillors. During James III's imprisonment, Albany visited Queen Margaret and the young Duke of Rothesay at Stirling Castle to discuss the crisis with them.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg/300px-Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg/450px-Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg/600px-Stirling_Castle_dsc06628.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>, James IV's birthplace and childhood home</figcaption></figure> For the nine-year-old heir to the throne, the crisis of 1482 had shattered the calm of his youthful existence at Stirling.<a href="#cite_note-doug2-5">[5]</a> Following the death of Margaret of Denmark in July 1486, Prince James may have viewed the king's deliberate promotion of his second son — the 1486 and 1487 proposals to marry him to one of the younger daughters of Edward IV of England, and the conferring on him of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Ross" title="Duke of Ross">dukedom of Ross</a> in January 1488 — with apprehension. There is no explanation of why James III seemed to be favouring his second son over his heir, although it has been suggested that James III's suspicion and distrust of his heir arose from the young Duke of Rothesay's meeting with the Duke of Albany during the 1482 crisis.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> On 2 February 1488, the Duke of Rothesay departed from Stirling Castle, without the king's knowledge. This defection saw the start of another major rebellion against James III, led by the earls of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Angus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Earl of Argyll">Argyll</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Home" title="Clan Home">Home</a> and Hepburn families. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Pitscottie</a> claimed that the prince defected as he had heard that his father was approaching Stirling with a large army to imprison him.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The prince became the figurehead of the rebels, who claimed that they had removed him from Stirling to protect him from his vindictive father, who had surrounded himself with wicked Anglophile counsellors.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Like Prince James, many of the rebels also feared for their safety if James III continued to rule.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Matters came to a head on 11 June 1488, when the royal and rebel armies fought outside Stirling at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a>. The royal army was defeated and James III was killed during the battle, though several later sources claimed that the Duke of Rothesay had forbidden any man to harm his father.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> James IV bore intense guilt for the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father. He decided to do <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> for his sin, constantly wearing an iron belt around his waist, next to the skin, to which he added weight every year throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg/250px-James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg/375px-James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg/500px-James_IV_by_Jaques_le_Boucq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Copy of contemporary portrait of James by Jacques Le Boucq</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_IV_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_IV_Arms.jpg/220px-James_IV_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_IV_Arms.jpg/330px-James_IV_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/James_IV_Arms.jpg/440px-James_IV_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption>Arms of James IV</figcaption></figure> The victorious rebels moved swiftly to consolidate their power, and on 12 June, only a day after Sauchieburn, the new king issued his first charter. Edinburgh and Stirling castles were secured, as were the late king's money and jewels, and the rebel leaders were rewarded with offices of state and posts in the royal household.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> James IV's coronation took place on 24 June 1488 at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Archbishop of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Scheves" title="William Scheves">William Scheves</a>, a favourite of James III, did not officiate during the coronation ceremony, with the new king being instead crowned by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blackadder" title="Robert Blackadder">Robert Blackadder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Glasgow">Bishop of Glasgow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doug52-18">[18]</a> A few days later, James IV attended the burial of his father at <a href="/wiki/Cambuskenneth_Abbey" title="Cambuskenneth Abbey">Cambuskenneth Abbey</a>, a scene later portrayed in James IV's <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_James_IV_of_Scotland" title="Hours of James IV of Scotland">book of hours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doug52-18">[18]</a> The new king also hosted his maternal great-uncle, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_VI,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Gerhard VI, Count of Oldenburg">Gerhard VI, Count of Oldenburg</a>, who arrived at <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> with a Danish fleet in August, and remained in Scotland until the following year.<a href="#cite_note-doug52-18">[18]</a> James IV quickly proved to be a wise and effective ruler, and entrusted the running of his government to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hepburn,_1st_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell">Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus">Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen</a>. He defeated a major rebellion led by the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly">Master of Huntly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Lennox" title="John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lyle,_2nd_Lord_Lyle" title="Robert Lyle, 2nd Lord Lyle">Lord Lyle</a> in 1489, laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Crookston_Castle" title="Crookston Castle">Crookston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchal_Castle" title="Duchal Castle">Duchal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton</a> castles, and defeating a rebel army at Gartloaning in <a href="/wiki/Stirlingshire" title="Stirlingshire">Stirlingshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> James also took a direct interest in the administration of justice, brought the feud between the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Murray" title="Clan Murray">Murrays</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Drummond" title="Clan Drummond">Drummonds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strathearn" title="Strathearn">Strathearn</a> to an end, and went out on <a href="/wiki/Justice_Ayre" title="Justice Ayre">justice ayres</a> across the kingdom throughout his reign.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> A tax of £5,000 was granted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> to fund an embassy to France and Spain to search for a foreign bride for the king. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> conferred the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rose" title="Golden Rose">Golden Rose</a> on James in 1491, and the alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> was renewed in 1492. Treaties were also made with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and truces were negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> in 1493 and 1494.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1494 James received the <a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland" title="Honours of Scotland">Sceptre of Scotland</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> gift from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>. James IV met with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Roe_O%27Donnell_(died_1505)" title="Hugh Roe O'Donnell (died 1505)">Hugh Roe O'Donnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">King of Tyrconnell</a> in June 1495 in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>. O'Donnell was the most powerful northern <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> magnate and a committed enemy of Henry VII's government in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, and the Scottish and Irish kings made a defensive alliance. They also discussed <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English throne</a>, who O'Donnell had been a supporter of for years.<a href="#cite_note-doug117-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg/250px-Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg/375px-Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg/500px-Twizel_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Twizell_Castle" title="Twizell Castle">Twizell Castle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Till,_Northumberland" title="River Till, Northumberland">River Till</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> was destroyed by the Scottish army in 1496.</figcaption></figure> James IV received Warbeck in Scotland in November 1495. The attraction of Warbeck to James lay in the recognition of Warbeck's claim to the English throne by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian, King of the Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I">Isabella I</a> of Spain (the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic monarchs">Catholic monarchs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip, Duke of Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>. Embracing Warbeck's cause would give James IV international leverage to seek European alliances, and threatening Henry VII with Warbeck would surely produce a much more attractive offer of alliance from the English king.<a href="#cite_note-doug117-22">[22]</a> As Ferdinand and Isabella were negotiating an alliance with Henry VII, James knew that Spain would help him in his struggles with England in order to prevent the situation escalating into war with France. Spanish ambassadors arrived in Edinburgh, and later <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ayala" title="Pedro de Ayala">Pedro de Ayala</a> was established as a resident ambassador during the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In September 1496, James IV invaded England alongside Warbeck, destroying Tillmouth, Duddo, Branxton and Howtel towers, and <a href="/wiki/Twizell_Castle" title="Twizell Castle">Twizell Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Castle" title="Heaton Castle">Heaton Castle</a>. However, the army quickly retreated when resources were expended,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and hoped-for support for Perkin Warbeck in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> failed to materialise. The Scottish army left on 25 September 1496 when an English army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_3rd_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland">Lord Neville</a> approached from Newcastle.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> When news of this invasion reached <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Milan">Duke of Milan</a>, on 21 October 1496, he wrote to his ambassador in Spain, to request the Spanish monarchs make peace between England and Scotland. The peace mission was entrusted to the Spanish ambassador in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ayala" title="Pedro de Ayala">Pedro de Ayala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Later, wishing to be rid of Warbeck, James IV provided a ship called the Cuckoo and a hired crew under a Breton captain, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Foulcart" title="Guy Foulcart">Guy Foulcart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Horses were hired for 30 of Perkin's companions to ride to the ship at <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a> on 5 July 1497, where Perkin sailed to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In August 1497, James invaded England once more and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a> with a huge artillery train, including <a href="/wiki/Mons_Meg" title="Mons Meg">Mons Meg</a>, a huge medieval bombard or cannon.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_efforts_with_England">Peace efforts with England</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peace efforts with England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-James_IV_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of James IV</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marguerite_Tudor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marguerite_Tudor.jpg/220px-Marguerite_Tudor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marguerite_Tudor.jpg/330px-Marguerite_Tudor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Marguerite_Tudor.jpg/440px-Marguerite_Tudor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of James's queen, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mytens" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Mytens">Daniel Mytens</a>, c. 1620–1638</figcaption></figure> James IV's use of war as a forceful extension of his diplomacy with England, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s realisation of how vulnerable the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a> was, saw Henry treat for peace with James. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ayton">Treaty of Ayton</a> was signed on 30 September 1497, agreeing to a seven-year truce between Scotland and England. Shipping and trade were to be conducted according to the 1464 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_York_(1464)" title="Treaty of York (1464)">Treaty of York</a>, and Border wardens on either side were given new powers to execute cross-border murderers after 20 days detention and punish thieves caught red-handed, and neither king should harbour the other's rebels.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella were appointed to arbitrate future disputes and unresolved issues such as redress for damages caused by the recent invasions.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The possibility was also raised of strengthening the peace between both kingdoms with the marriage of James IV to Henry VII's eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-good39-32">[32]</a> Following several years in which the Treaty of Ayton held, Scottish and English commissioners met at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a> on 24 January 1502. They agreed the marriage between James IV and Margaret, with a <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> of £35,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Scots</a>, and a peace treaty between the two kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-good39-32">[32]</a> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a>, there was to be "good, real and sincere, true, sound, and firm peace, friendship, league and confederation, to last all time coming" between England and Scotland, neither king or their successors were to make war against the other, and if either king broke the treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> would <a href="/wiki/Excommunicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicate</a> him.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In a ceremony at the altar of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a> on 10 December 1502, James confirmed the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Henry VII, the first peace treaty between Scotland and England since 1328.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The marriage was completed by <a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">proxy</a> on 25 January 1503 at <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Palace" title="Richmond Palace">Richmond Palace</a> in the presence of the king and queen of England, the <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hepburn,_1st_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a> standing as proxy for the Scottish king.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Margaret left Richmond for Scotland on 27 June and, after crossing the border at <a href="/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick upon Tweed">Berwick upon Tweed</a> on 1 August 1503, was received at <a href="/wiki/Lamberton,_Scottish_Borders" title="Lamberton, Scottish Borders">Lamberton</a> by the Archbishop of Glasgow and the Bishop of Moray.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> On 8 August 1503, the marriage of the 30-year-old Scottish king and his 13-year-old English bride was celebrated in person in <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a>. The rites were performed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blackadder" title="Robert Blackadder">Robert Blackadder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Glasgow" title="Archbishop of Glasgow">Archbishop of Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Savage_(bishop)" title="Thomas Savage (bishop)">Thomas Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Their wedding was commemorated by the gift of the <a href="/wiki/Hours_of_James_IV_of_Scotland" title="Hours of James IV of Scotland">Hours of James IV of Scotland</a>, and was portrayed as the marriage of <a href="/wiki/The_Thrissil_and_the_Rois" title="The Thrissil and the Rois">The Thrissil and the Rois</a> (the thistle and rose — the flowers of Scotland and England, respectively) by the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a>, who was then resident at James's court.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay_Mackenzie-39">[39]</a> Margaret did not bear her first child until 1507 when she was seventeen.<a href="#cite_note-Alison_Weir_2002_p._241-40">[40]</a> James IV's marriage to Margaret meant that only the future Henry VIII stood between the Scottish king and the English succession, as Henry's lack of an heir made it possible that either James or one of his successors might succeed if the <a href="/wiki/Tudors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudors">Tudors</a> failed to produce heirs.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Margaret's first pregnancy resulted in the birth of James, Duke of Rothesay at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a> in February 1507.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> However, this heir to the throne died a year later in February 1508.<a href="#cite_note-Alison_Weir_2002_p._241-40">[40]</a> At this point Margaret was already pregnant with a second child, a daughter whose name is unknown, and who was born and died in July 1508.<a href="#cite_note-Alison_Weir_2002_p._241-40">[40]</a> In October 1509, a second son was born and named Arthur, a name recalling Margaret's late brother, <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, and reminding the still heirless Henry VIII that, if he were unable to produce a legitimate son to succeed him, it might be a son of Margaret Tudor who would succeed.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_in_the_Highlands_and_Isles">Policy in the Highlands and Isles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Policy in the Highlands and Isles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg/250px-Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg/375px-Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg/500px-Tarbert_Castle_21_09_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarbert_Castle" title="Tarbert Castle">Tarbert Castle</a>, which was visited by James IV in 1494</figcaption></figure> From the perspective of the new administration in the early 1490s, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Western Highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> were regarded as a problem area and a threat to the rest of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._43-44">[44]</a> By that period the Lordship of the Isles was fracturing as rivalries in <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a> disrupted the authority of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="John of Islay, Earl of Ross">John of Islay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._43-44">[44]</a> John was a weak leader whose authority had been damaged in 1476 when he had forfeited the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Ross">earldom of Ross</a> and his lands in <a href="/wiki/Knapdale" title="Knapdale">Knapdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a> to James III due to the treasonous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1462)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1462)">Treaty of Westminster</a> he had agreed with Edward IV of England. After this, <a href="/wiki/Ross-shire" title="Ross-shire">Ross-shire</a> was continually invaded by the MacDonald islanders. In 1491, Alexander MacDonald of <a href="/wiki/Lochalsh" title="Lochalsh">Lochalsh</a>, heir to the lordship of the Isles, attempted to recover the earldom of Ross by raiding Ross-shire in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Clan_Cameron" title="Clan Cameron">Clan Cameron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_Chattan" title="Clan Chattan">Clan Chattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RaidRoss-45">[45]</a> They marched to <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>, where they stormed <a href="/wiki/Inverness_Castle" title="Inverness Castle">Inverness Castle</a>, and clashed with <a href="/wiki/Clan_Mackenzie" title="Clan Mackenzie">Clan Mackenzie</a> before being routed.<a href="#cite_note-RaidRoss-45">[45]</a> In consequence of this insurrection, at a meeting of parliament in Edinburgh in May 1493, the title and possessions of <a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="John of Islay, Earl of Ross">John MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a> were declared to be forfeited to the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-doug102-46">[46]</a> In August 1493, King James made his first expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">western Highlands</a>. Accompanied by Chancellor Angus, <a href="/wiki/William_Elphinstone" title="William Elphinstone">Bishop Elhinstone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Home,_2nd_Lord_Home" title="Alexander Home, 2nd Lord Home">Lord Home</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)" title="Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)">Secretary of State</a> Archibald Whitelaw, James IV sailed to <a href="/wiki/Dunstaffnage_Castle" title="Dunstaffnage Castle">Dunstaffnage Castle</a>, where the local chiefs, including John MacLean of Lochbuie and John MacIain of Ardnamurchan, made their submissions of loyalty to him.<a href="#cite_note-doug102-46">[46]</a> John of Islay surrendered and was brought back to the royal court and given an annual pension of £133 6s 8d.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._43-44">[44]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/John_Mor_MacDonald,_3rd_of_Dunnyveg" title="John Mor MacDonald, 3rd of Dunnyveg">Sir John MacDonald of Dunnyveg</a> rebelled, and in July the king sailed with an army from <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton" title="Dumbarton">Dumbarton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarbert_Castle" title="Tarbert Castle">Tarbert Castle</a>, before sailing south to <a href="/wiki/Dunaverty_Castle" title="Dunaverty Castle">Dunaverty Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kintyre" title="Kintyre">Kintyre</a>. The royal forces repaired both castles and soon afterwards Sir John was summoned for treason committed in Kintyre.<a href="#cite_note-doug105-48">[48]</a> Sir John ignored the summons and continued to reside at <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a>, but was later captured by John MacIain of Ardnamurchan and brought to Edinburgh to be hanged for treason.<a href="#cite_note-doug105-48">[48]</a> In 1495 King James sailed on his third and final expedition to the Isles to find and reward supporters of the Crown within the forfeited lordship, sailing to <a href="/wiki/Mingary_Castle" title="Mingary Castle">Mingary Castle</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Cattanach_Maclean,_11th_Chief" title="Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief">Lachlan Maclean of Duart</a>, Alan Cameron, and MacNeil of Barra came in to Mingary to submit and offer their allegiance to the king in person, who confirmed them in their lands and offices.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In October 1496, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a> ordered that the clan chiefs in the region would be held responsible by the king for crimes of the islanders. This act for the governance of the region was unworkable, and after the <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">Act of Revocation</a> of 1498 undermined the chiefs' titles to their lands, resistance to Edinburgh rule was strengthened. James waited at <a href="/wiki/Kilkerran_Castle" title="Kilkerran Castle">Kilkerran Castle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Campbeltown_Loch" title="Campbeltown Loch">Campbeltown Loch</a> to regrant the chiefs' charters in the summer of 1498. Few of the chiefs turned up.<a href="#cite_note-MacDougall,_Norman_1997-50">[50]</a> At first, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_2nd_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 2nd Earl of Argyll</a>, was set to fill the power vacuum and enforce royal authority, but he met with limited success in a struggle with his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Torquil_MacLeod_(clan_chief)" title="Torquil MacLeod (clan chief)">Torquil MacLeod</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis" title="Isle of Lewis">Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacDougall,_Norman_1997-50">[50]</a> After this defiance, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly">Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly</a>, was granted Torquil's lands. He raised an army in <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a> and also cleared the tenants of that area, replacing them with his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the parliament of 1504, a royal fleet sailed north from <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a> to attack the <a href="/wiki/Cairnburgh_Castle" title="Cairnburgh Castle">Castle of Cairn-na-Burgh</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Mull</a>, where it is thought that Maclean of Duart had Domhnall Dubh in his keeping.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As progress at the siege was slow, James sent Hans the royal gunner in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barton_of_Over_Barnton" title="Robert Barton of Over Barnton">Robert Barton</a>'s ship and then the <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran">Earl of Arran</a> with provisions and more artillery. Cairn-na-Burgh was captured by June 1504 but Domhnall Dubh remained at liberty.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In September 1507, Torquil MacLeod was besieged at <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a> Castle on Lewis. Domhnall Dubh was captured and imprisoned for 37 years until he was released in 1543 and died in 1545 in Ireland; Torquil MacLeod died in exile in 1511. The Earl of Huntly was richly rewarded for his troubles, a price that James was prepared to pay.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament">Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parliament">edit</a>]</div> James IV's reign saw a decline in the holding of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">parliaments</a>, which was a departure from the practice of previous reigns. While ten meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Three_estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three estates">three estates</a> were held between 1488 and 1496, there were only three during the remaining seventeen years of the reign, with no parliaments held in the eight years between 1496 and 1504.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> There was also a substantial reduction in the numbers of those attending parliaments as the reign progressed. This development matched that of the English and European monarchies in the playing down of the role of their representative assemblies, and placing more reliance on conciliar government: Edward IV of England only held six parliaments during his twenty-three-year reign, and Henry VII held seven in his twenty-four years on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-doug172-57">[57]</a> In France, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a> were not summoned again for seventy-six years after 1484.<a href="#cite_note-doug172-57">[57]</a> With the ending of the conflicts with England in 1497, the Crown no longer needed Parliament to grant extraordinary revenue in the form of taxation, with Parliament no longer being summoned with the same regularity as a result.<a href="#cite_note-doug172-57">[57]</a> In the decade before 1496, successive parliaments had presided over, or sanctioned, regicide or rebellion, and failed foreign embassies to find the king a bride. With this experience of parliaments, perhaps James IV considered the frequent calling of parliaments inimical to good royal government.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The absence of parliaments between 1496 and 1504 may also have been due to James's discovery of other methods of raising revenue, and his reluctance to summon meetings of the three estates due to their propensity for dissent. The last three parliaments of James IV's reign in 1504, 1506 and 1509 were all called to address the administration of justice and the forfeiture of rebels following further risings in the western Highlands.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> James IV managed to govern effectively without regular parliaments from 1496 onwards due to his use of <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Scotland" title="General Council of Scotland">general councils</a> (a sister institution to Parliament) in 1497, 1498, 1502, 1511 and 1512, and the use of greatly enlarged sessions of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a> in 1508, 1511 and 1513.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Finances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_unicorns;_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG/220px-Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG/330px-Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG/440px-Scottish_unicorns%3B_reigns_of_James_III_and_James_IV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_(coin)" title="Unicorn (coin)">unicorns</a> from the reigns of James III (top) and James IV (bottom)</figcaption></figure> From the beginning of his reign, one of James's objectives was to increase the relatively limited Crown income by extracting larger returns from all available sources of revenue. The king had to fund all government expenses out of his own income, which came from the revenue from Crown lands, and from <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burgh</a> customs, mails, tolls and duties. The annual revenues of the Crown from these sources remained constant throughout James's reign (around £5–6,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">Scots</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Macdougall,_Norman_p._147-61">[61]</a> However, the king only received a small amount of the income from burgh revenues, as the majority of that income was <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienated</a> to provide annuities to reward numerous nobles and Crown servants.<a href="#cite_note-Macdougall,_Norman_p._147-61">[61]</a> Taxation imposed by Parliament offered the king greater opportunities to raise income. Between 1488 and 1497, Parliament voted taxation almost annually to support diplomacy and war, including embassies to the continent, the king's naval expeditions to the western Highlands, and the 1496–97 conflicts with England. However, James soon learned that using taxation extensively as a means of generating revenue was likely to provoke resistance without bringing in the sums required. Following the failure to raise the huge sum of £12,000 Scots from the three estates (clergy, nobility and burghs) in 1502–1504 to fund the sending of a naval expedition and a small army to Denmark, no further taxation was imposed until 1512, and even then the tax which brought in almost £7,000 was only imposed on the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> James's annual income increased remarkably between 1497 and 1513, due to several sources of revenue. In 1497 he received a substantial windfall from the death of Archbishop William Scheves of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-doug151-63">[63]</a> James appointed his younger brother, the <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">Duke of Ross</a>, to fill the vacant see of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdiocese of St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, bringing the highest office of the Scottish church within the royal family, with the appointment generating an annual income of around £2,500 for the Crown from the revenues of the archbishopric.<a href="#cite_note-doug156-64">[64]</a> Although Bishop Elphinstone protested against this scandalous appointment, it was a shrewd move by the king as it removed any potential dynastic threat which his legitimate younger brother might pose in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._53-65">[65]</a> James also appointed Ross as <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Holyrood" title="Abbot of Holyrood">Holyrood</a> (1498), <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Dunfermline" title="Abbot of Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a> (1500) and <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Arbroath" title="Abbot of Arbroath">Arbroath</a> (1503). These offices, in combination with his appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">chancellorship</a> in 1501, gave the Duke of Ross the highest status after the king.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._53-65">[65]</a> Following the death of the Duke of Ross in 1504, James IV appointed his eleven-year-old illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander</a>, as archbishop, thereby ensuring that the Crown would continue to receive the revenues of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-doug156-64">[64]</a> In 1498, James IV reached the age of twenty-five and was entitled to make a formal <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">act of revocation</a> of all grants made by him during his minority. Although James could — in theory — cancel all grants of lands and offices which had been made since his <a href="/wiki/Accession_day" title="Accession day">accession</a>, the purpose of the revocation was only to assert royal authority by re-granting lands and offices surrendered to the Crown, and raise thousands of pounds in revenue, as their holders paid compensation to the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Scotland" title="Treasurer of Scotland">Treasurer</a> to receive confirmation of their holdings.<a href="#cite_note-doug151-63">[63]</a> The payment of Margaret Tudor's dowry between 1503 and 1505 also brought in a relatively meagre £10,000 sterling.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> By the end of the reign the Treasurer's annual receipts had increased — due to feudal payments made to the Crown by the holders of land, and judicial fines for criminal offences — from around £4,500 in 1496–1497 to a huge £28,000 by 1512.<a href="#cite_note-doug165-67">[67]</a> When these receipts are added to income from ecclesiastical properties and the rental income from Crown lands, James IV may have received a total income of around £44,500 by 1513, although by that time there was an annual deficit of around £7,000.<a href="#cite_note-doug165-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_%27The_Michael%27,_Newhaven_Primary_School,_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/255px-Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG/340px-Model_of_%27The_Michael%27%2C_Newhaven_Primary_School%2C_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A model of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Michael</a>, the largest ship in the world when launched in 1511</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mons_Meg,_Medieval_Bombard,_Edinburgh,_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg/220px-Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg/330px-Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg/440px-Mons_Meg%2C_Medieval_Bombard%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mons_Meg" title="Mons Meg">Mons Meg</a>, which was used at the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Castle" title="Dumbarton Castle">Dumbarton Castle</a> in 1489 and <a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a> in 1497</figcaption></figure> James IV took a close interest in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a>, viewing a strong fleet as a means of protecting Scottish shipping, gaining international prestige, and providing him with an outlet to pursue foreign policies in alliance with either England or France. In the course of his reign, James commissioned or acquired a total of at least thirty-eight ships. His naval building programme was large, especially so for the ruler of a small kingdom. Naval spending was by far the greatest single item of royal expenditure in the later years of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the early years, the annual average spent on ships was about <a href="/wiki/Pound_Scots" title="Pound Scots">£</a>140 Scots. By the early 1510s it was £8,710.<a href="#cite_note-doug228-69">[69]</a> In 1491, James determined to address the many attacks on Scottish shipping in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> from the English and other pirates. He erected fortresses at <a href="/wiki/Largo,_Fife" title="Largo, Fife">Largo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inchgarvie" title="Inchgarvie">Inchgarvie</a>, and made extensive repairs to <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a>, to defend the firth from hostile attacks.<a href="#cite_note-doug227-70">[70]</a> In 1493 James ordered every <a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">burgh</a> to provide the Crown with a boat of 20 tons, and to conscript able men to crew them.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The forfeiture of the Lordship of the Isles was followed by James's naval expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> in 1492–1495 and 1498, and in May 1502 James sent a fleet of five ships and 2,000 troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to aid his uncle, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John, King of Denmark</a>, who had appealed to James for aid during the <a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1501%E2%80%931512)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)">Dano-Swedish War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The expedition was a failure, arriving too late to help <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Saxony" title="Christina of Saxony">Queen Christina</a> hold <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Danish expedition seems to have concentrated James IV's mind on naval expansion: shipwrights and craftsmen were recruited from across Scotland, and from France, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>; timber for shipbuilding was felled in <a href="/wiki/Lanarkshire" title="Lanarkshire">Lanarkshire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a> and imported from Norway and France. James was also responsible for the founding of new <a href="/wiki/Dockyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Dockyards">dockyards</a> on the Forth at <a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_Edinburgh" title="Newhaven, Edinburgh">Newhaven</a> in 1504, and <a href="/wiki/Airth" title="Airth">Pool of Airth</a> in 1506. The king also wore the insignia of an <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> — a <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> and a chain of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._76-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_warship_Margaret" title="Scottish warship Margaret">Margaret</a>, built at <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and launched in 1506, weighed around 600–700 tons, was armed with four <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falconets</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> and twenty-one other guns, and cost the king an estimated £8,000 — more than a quarter of his annual income.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a> was the largest warship of its time.<a href="#cite_note-Smout1992p45-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-dougnavy-77">[77]</a> Built at Newhaven and launched in 1511, it measured between 150 feet (46 m) and 180 feet (55 m) in length, weighed around 1,000 tons, and was supposed to have cost around £30,000.<a href="#cite_note-dougnavy-77">[77]</a> Armed with twenty-four bronze <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(cannon)" title="Basilisk (cannon)">basilisks</a>, it marked a shift in design as it was designed specifically to carry a main armament of heavy artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Smout1992p45-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-S._Murdoch,_2010_pp._33–34-78">[78]</a> The navy's core of four large ships (the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_(warship)" title="Treasurer (warship)">Treasurer</a>, the Margaret, the James and the Michael) were supported by a number of smaller craft and privately owned <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._76-74">[74]</a> Like his grandfather and father, James IV also took an enthusiastic interest in <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, and from early in his reign he added to James III's French train of artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._75-79">[79]</a> In 1507 he shot some "great guns" at Holyrood Abbey with three of his gunners, and the following year it is recorded that he held shooting matches with hand <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> in the great halls of Holyrood Palace and Stirling Castle. James also took a culverin to stalk deer in the park of Falkland Palace and shot at sea birds with one from a row boat off the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_May" title="Isle of May">Isle of May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> James IV imported guns, shot and powder from France, and in 1511 the royal gun foundry was moved from Stirling Castle to Edinburgh Castle, where Scots, Dutch, German, and French gunmakers worked under the master gunner, Robert Borthwick, in what was the earliest significant foundry for producing large bronze guns in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell,_p._81-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._75-79">[79]</a> Their output included guns for the Michael, and the Seven Sisters, a set of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> captured by the English at Flodden.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> James's artillery also included arquebus à croc (mounted heavy <a href="/wiki/Arquebuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebuses">arquebuses</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hand_culverin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand culverin">hand culverins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falconets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell,_p._81-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_Jane_p._75-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_patronage">Culture and patronage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture and patronage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg/250px-Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg/375px-Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg/500px-Stirling_Castle_Great_Hall_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>The Great Hall of <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> built by James IV</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg/250px-AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg/375px-AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg/500px-AberdeenKingsCollegeChapel_2013-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="King's College, Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a></figcaption></figure> James IV was a true <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> prince and a patron of the arts, including many literary figures, most notably the Scots <a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">makars</a>. Poets associated with his court include <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)" title="Walter Kennedy (poet)">Walter Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Douglas" title="Gavin Douglas">Gavin Douglas</a>. James patronised music at <a href="/wiki/Restalrig" title="Restalrig">Restalrig</a> using rental money from the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Wark" title="King's Wark">King's Wark</a>, and gave his backing to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="King's College, Aberdeen">King's College, Aberdeen</a>, by his chancellor, William Elphinstone, and <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Leonard's College, St Andrews">St Leonard's College, St Andrews</a>, by his illegitimate son, Alexander, Archbishop of St Andrews, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hepburn,_Prior_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews">John Hepburn, Prior of St Andrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In 1496, partly at Elphinstone's instance, he also passed what has been described as Scotland's first education act, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> for the eldest sons and heirs of all <a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">barons</a> and freeholders of substance.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> James was both highly intelligent and well educated. In July 1498, Spanish ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ayala" title="Pedro de Ayala">Pedro de Ayala</a>, reported to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The King is 25 years and some months old. He is of noble stature, neither tall nor short, and as handsome in complexion and shape as a man can be. His address is very agreeable. He speaks the following foreign languages: <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, very well; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_dialects" title="Flemish dialects">Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>; Spanish as well as the Marquis, but he pronounces it more distinctly. He likes, very much, to receive Spanish letters. His own Scots language is as different from English as Aragonese from Castilian. The King speaks, besides, the language of the savages who live in some parts of Scotland and on the islands. It is as different from Scots as Biscayan is from Castilian. His knowledge of languages is wonderful. He is well read in the Bible and in some other devout books. He is a good historian. He has read many Latin and French histories, and profited by them, as he has a very good memory. He never cuts his hair or his beard. It becomes him very well.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-4">[4]</a></blockquote> James also ensured that the very best education was given to his illegitimate son, Alexander, who was tutored by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> James IV allegedly conducted a <a href="/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Language deprivation experiment">language deprivation experiment</a><a href="#cite_note-fla-87">[87]</a> in which two children were sent to be raised by a mute woman alone on the island of <a href="/wiki/Inchkeith" title="Inchkeith">Inchkeith</a>, to determine if language was learned or innate.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-89">[89]</a> James IV had a wide range of intellectual interests and took an interest in practical and scientific matters. He patronised the establishment of Scotland's first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chepman_and_Myllar_Press" title="Chepman and Myllar Press">Chepman and Myllar Press</a>, in 1507, and granted the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh">Incorporation of Surgeons and Barbers of Edinburgh</a> a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1506.<a href="#cite_note-Privy_Seal-90">[90]</a> James was also interested in <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, an interest which began in 1503 when the king summoned a <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">"barbour"</a> to extract one of his teeth for the sum of 14 shillings.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2003_183-92">[92]</a> In 1504, he sought more practical experience of dentistry and purchased two gold <a href="/wiki/Toothpick" title="Toothpick">toothpicks</a> suspended from a chain, and "ane turcase [pincer] to tak out teith".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> It is recorded that James pulled two teeth from one of his own barber-surgeons, for which the king paid him 14 shillings, and also tried <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> on patients, and treating and dressing ulcer wounds.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> He also took an interest in other sciences which are now less creditable, establishing an <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> workshop at Stirling Castle, where alchemist <a href="/wiki/John_Damian" title="John Damian">John Damian</a> looked for ways to turn base metals into gold.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The project consumed quantities of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">golden litharge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. A goldsmith, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Auchinleck" title="Matthew Auchinleck">Matthew Auchinleck</a>, provided the alchemists with a <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Damian also researched aviation and undertook a failed experiment to fly from the battlements of Stirling Castle, an event which <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a> satirised in two separate poems.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> James poured large amounts of money into the construction or remodelling of several royal residences.<a href="#cite_note-dunbar-98">[98]</a> He commissioned the construction between 1501 and 1505 of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dunbar-98">[98]</a> The impetus for the work probably came from his marriage to Margaret Tudor, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood Abbey</a> in August 1503. James also commissioned the construction of <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Palace" title="Falkland Palace">Falkland Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> between 1501 and 1513, on a site to the south of Falkland Castle.<a href="#cite_note-dunbar-98">[98]</a> At Stirling Castle, James commissioned the construction of the great hall and a new royal lodging (the present-day King's Old Building), the remodelling of the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel royal">chapel royal</a>, and the reconstruction of the principal defences on the southern and eastern sides of the castle. He also commissioned the construction of the great hall at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a>, rebuilding at <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rothesay_Castle" title="Rothesay Castle">Rothesay Castle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Castle" title="Dunbar Castle">Dunbar Castle</a>, and furnished his palaces with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Royal_tapestry_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Royal tapestry collection">tapestries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dunbar-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_of_James_IV_to_Chepman_and_Myllar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Patent_of_James_IV_to_Chepman_and_Myllar.gif/300px-Patent_of_James_IV_to_Chepman_and_Myllar.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Patent_of_James_IV_to_Chepman_and_Myllar.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Entry in the Register of The Privy Seal of Scotland, 15 September 1507, which established Scotland's first printing press (<a href="/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland" title="National Records of Scotland">National Records of Scotland</a>)</figcaption></figure> The first evidence of <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> production in Scotland comes from an entry in the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Rolls_of_Scotland" title="Exchequer Rolls of Scotland">Exchequer Rolls</a> for 1494 where malt is sent "To Friar John Cor, by order of the king, to make aquavitae", enough to make about 500 bottles.<a href="#cite_note-Exchequer-99">[99]</a> James IV reportedly had a great liking for whisky, and in 1506 the town of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> purchased a large amount of whisky from the Guild of Barber-Surgeons, which held the monopoly on production at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Exchequer-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_at_the_Scottish_court">Presence at the Scottish court</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presence at the Scottish court">edit</a>]</div> James IV's court and royal household were cosmopolitan, containing assorted foreign peoples including French, Italian and German minstrels, Flemish metalworkers, and Spanish dancers.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The court also hosted <a href="/wiki/African_presence_at_the_Scottish_royal_court" title="African presence at the Scottish royal court">a number of Africans</a>, some working as servants or (possibly) slaves, but others appearing to have been courtiers, invited guests or musicians.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-103">[103]</a> In 1504, two African women, who were later christened as Margaret and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_More" title="Ellen More">Helen or Elen More</a>, are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Scotland" title="Treasurer of Scotland">Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001188-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012159-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20183–4-106">[106]</a> The women were visible in court life and Helen More became the presumed subject of the poem "<a href="/wiki/Of_Ane_Blak-Moir" title="Of Ane Blak-Moir">Of Ane Blak-Moir</a>" by <a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a> describing an African woman offered as a prize in jousting tournaments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012160-108">[108]</a> The poem is critical of her appearance and status as a black woman in a predominantly white court and country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201–202-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20183-110">[110]</a> An African drummer referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/More_taubronar" title="More taubronar">More taubronar</a>" travelled with James around Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012159-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20182-111">[111]</a> "Peter the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moor</a>" was an African man whose travel and expenses were paid for by royal funds.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> He first appears in records in 1500 and some historians believe he and other Africans arrived in Scotland initially as "human booty" captured by Scottish privateers from Portuguese cargo ships.<a href="#cite_note-habib-113">[113]</a> Records show that Peter the Moor was a companion to King James in his various trips across the country, appearing in the records until August 1504, when he received a large and final payment.<a href="#cite_note-habib-113">[113]</a> Historian Imtiaz Habib argues that Peter was "clearly a favourite companion to the monarch" and was "well accepted" into the court culture.<a href="#cite_note-habib-113">[113]</a> The status of the Africans in James IV's court is contested, with some historians taking the view that the two women Elen and Margaret More were "enjoying in the royal service a benevolent form of ... black slavery".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Other historians emphasise that these individuals were treated as "court curiosities" rather than being in control of their own lives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201-107">[107]</a> and were most likely enslaved to some extent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012160-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy_and_war">Diplomacy and war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diplomacy and war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVIII_1509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/154px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/231px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/308px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1762" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:234px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/180px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/270px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg/360px-Ludwig_XII._von_Frankreich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a></div></div></div></div> James was granted the title <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Protector and Defender of the Christian Faith</a> in 1507 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, and in April 1507 at Holyrood Abbey he received the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed sword and hat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-doug196-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2003_183-92">[92]</a> In 1508 James IV made plans to go on pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, after a journey to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, before sailing from there to <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> in a Venetian ship.<a href="#cite_note-doug196-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197650-117">[117]</a> James's uncle, King John of Denmark, protested against his projected pilgrimage to Jerusalem in a letter written to the Archbishop of Glasgow in July 1507, remarking that the Scottish king should think first of his young wife and his country.<a href="#cite_note-doug200-118">[118]</a> Archbishop Blackadder left Scotland in February 1508 to set out on pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, probably as a reconnaissance for the king's pilgrimage. Blackadder's death on 28 July 1508, presumably from an infectious illness, on board a ship from Venice to Jaffa appears to have convinced James IV of the inadvisability of sailing to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-doug200-118">[118]</a> In 1507–1508, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a> was endeavouring to have James renew the Franco-Scottish alliance, and James wrote to Louis raising the idea of a joint Franco-Scottish crusade to the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-doug200-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> James's maintenance of Scotland's traditional good relations with France occasionally created diplomatic problems with England. In April 1508, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> was sent to Scotland discuss Henry VII's concerns over rumours that James would renew the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with France. Wolsey found "there was never a man worse welcome into Scotland than I. ... They keep their matters so secret here that the wives in the market know every cause of my coming."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Wolsey was unable to persuade James to abandon the Auld Alliance, but Anglo-Scottish relations nonetheless remained stable until the death of Henry VII in 1509.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Relations between Scotland and England deteriorated with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> in April 1509. Unlike his father, Henry had no interest in appeasing James, because his focus was on France.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Henry VIII also believed that whatever the implications of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, the King of Scotland owed him obedience.<a href="#cite_note-good133-123">[123]</a> At the core of the increasing hostility between James and Henry was James IV's position in relation to the English throne. From his accession in 1509 until the birth of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a> in 1516 — apart from the short life of his son <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry, Duke of Cornwall</a> in 1511 — Henry was childless and had no recognised heir. Through his wife Margaret, James IV was an heir to the English throne. When Margaret gave birth to a son in October 1509, the baby was christened Arthur, not after Margaret and Henry's elder brother, but to advertise the Scottish claim to the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a> and as a British name for a potential British king.<a href="#cite_note-good133-123">[123]</a> Then on 10 April 1512, Margaret gave birth to another boy, to be called James. This boy, the future <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a>, was still alive and well a year later, while his uncle continued to remain childless.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Julius_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/220px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/330px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pope_Julius_II.jpg/440px-Pope_Julius_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="4227" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, in October 1511 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Holy_League" title="Holy League">Holy League</a> against <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The new alliance included the Papacy, Venice, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. In November 1511, England also joined the League, with Henry VIII deciding to use the occasion as an excuse to conclude the Treaty of Westminster — a pledge of mutual aid against the French — with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Relations between the Scottish and English kings continued to deteriorate with the passing of the Subsidy Act by the English parliament in 1512, with the act preamble declaring that the King of Scotland was "the very homage and obedience of right to your Highness [Henry VIII]".<a href="#cite_note-good128-128">[128]</a> This assault on Scotland's independence was a reassertion of claims to English overlordship which had been implicitly revoked on a permanent basis by the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace. The English justification of the claim was that James IV had broken the peace, and was preparing for war. This was completely specious as James had by then not even acceded to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>'s urgent requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance. In theory, there was a "court of appeal" which had the power to adjudicate such differences between the parties to the treaty: the Papacy. But Pope Julius II was now an ally of England, and far from being an honest broker.<a href="#cite_note-good128-128">[128]</a> James IV had so far refused the French king's requests to renew the Franco-Scottish alliance as Louis XII was not offering a sufficient benefit in return. However, Henry VIII's increasingly belligerent stance effectively ensured that the Auld Alliance would be renewed.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> James gave formal agreement to the renewal of the alliance in July 1512, but this was a gesture rather than a commitment of active support against England, and it was still possible that Scotland would remain neutral in any Anglo-French war.<a href="#cite_note-good132-130">[130]</a> Before his death in February 1513, Pope Julius II had been persuaded by the Archbishop of York, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bainbridge" title="Christopher Bainbridge">Christopher Bainbridge</a>, to impose an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> as a general censure against the Scottish people. He also threatened to <a href="/wiki/Excommunicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicate</a> the Scottish king if he was judged to have broken the treaty with England, and granted Bainbridge the power to excommunicate James is such circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-good132-130">[130]</a> James IV sent <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Forman" title="Andrew Forman">Andrew Forman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Moray" title="Bishop of Moray">Bishop of Moray</a>, to Rome to try and persuade the new Pope, <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>, to countermand the interdict, but without success. Leo sent a letter to James, threatening him with ecclesiastical censure for breaking peace treaties, and in the summer of 1513 the king was excommunicated by Bainbridge. On 30 June, Henry VIII invaded France, his troops defeating a French army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Battle of the Spurs</a>, before capturing <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> James IV summoned the Scottish army, and sent a naval fleet of twenty-two vessels, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Michael" title="Great Michael">Great Michael</a>, to join the ships of Louis XII of France.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The fleet, commanded by <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran">James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran</a>, departed from the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> on 25 July and sailed around the north of Scotland. It first created a diversion in <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Ireland</a>, where it attacked the English royal garrison at <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a> and burnt the town, with support from <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Duff_O%27Donnell" title="Hugh Duff O'Donnell">Hugh Duff O'Donnell</a>. The Scottish fleet then joined the French at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, from where it might cut the English army in France's line of communication across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. However, the fleet was so badly delayed that it played no part in the war; James had sent most of his experienced artillerymen with the expedition, a decision which was to have <a href="/wiki/Unforeseen_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unforeseen consequence">unforeseen consequences</a> for his land campaign.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flodden">Flodden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flodden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodden_Field_(Braxton)_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/220px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/330px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg/440px-Flodden_Field_%28Braxton%29_-_2004-Feb-06_-_Looking_SSE_from_the_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The western side of the battlefield of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Flodden</a>, looking south-south-east towards Branxton Hill. The Scottish army advanced down the ploughed field, the English down the grassy field in the foreground. The modern boundary between the two fields marks the position of the marsh encountered by the Scots.</figcaption></figure> Led by James IV, the Scottish army, numbering some 42,000 men, and including a large artillery train, crossed the <a href="/wiki/River_Tweed" title="River Tweed">River Tweed</a> into England near <a href="/wiki/Coldstream" title="Coldstream">Coldstream</a> around 22 August.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Scottish troops were unpaid and were only required by <a href="/wiki/Feudal_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal obligation">feudal obligation</a> to serve for forty days. Once across the border, a detachment turned south to attack <a href="/wiki/Wark_on_Tweed_Castle" title="Wark on Tweed Castle">Wark on Tweed Castle</a>, while the bulk of the army followed the course of the Tweed downstream to the northeast to invest the remaining border castles.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norham_Castle" title="Norham Castle">Norham Castle</a> was taken and partly demolished, and the army then moved south, capturing the castles of <a href="/wiki/Etal_Castle" title="Etal Castle">Etal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Castle" title="Ford Castle">Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On 8 September the Scottish army took up position against an English army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_Earl_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey">Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey</a> on <a href="/wiki/Branxton,_Northumberland" title="Branxton, Northumberland">Branxton Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>. James's army, somewhat reduced from the original 42,000 by sickness and desertion, still amounted to about 34,000, outnumbering the English force by 8,000. The Scottish infantry had been equipped with 18-foot-long (5.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> by their French allies; a new weapon which had proved devastating in continental Europe, but required training, discipline and suitable terrain to use effectively.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The Scottish artillery, consisting mainly of heavy <a href="/wiki/Siege_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege gun">siege guns</a>, included five great curtals and two great <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a>, together with four <a href="/wiki/Saker_(cannon)" title="Saker (cannon)">sakers</a> and six great serpentines.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The English infantry were equipped with traditional <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearms</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bills</a> which were the favoured pole arm of the English infantry. There was also a large contingent of well-trained <a href="/wiki/Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer">archers</a> armed with the <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English longbow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The English artillery consisted of light <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a> of rather old-fashioned design, typically firing a ball of only about 1 pound (0.45 kg), but easy to handle and capable of rapid fire.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> James IV began the battle with an artillery duel, but his heavy guns did not perform well, contemporary accounts putting this down to the difficulty for the Scots of shooting downhill, another factor being that their guns had been hastily sited instead of the careful emplacement which was usually required for such heavy weapons, slowing their rate of fire. This allowed the light English guns to turn a rapid fire on the massed ranks of Scottish infantry.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Scottish left, under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Home,_3rd_Lord_Home" title="Alexander Home, 3rd Lord Home">Lord Home</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly">Earl of Huntly</a>, then advanced downhill towards the English army. The Scots had placed their most heavily armoured men in the front rank so that the English archers had little impact. The outnumbered English formation was forced back and elements of it began to run off before Surrey ordered the intervention of Dacre's light horsemen. The eventual result was a stalemate in which both sides stood off from each other and played no further part in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the meantime, James had observed Home and Huntly's initial success and ordered the advance of the next formation in line, commanded by the earls of <a href="/wiki/William_Hay,_4th_Earl_of_Erroll" title="William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll">Errol</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_6th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 6th Earl of Crawford">Crawford</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Graham,_1st_Earl_of_Montrose" title="William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose">Montrose</a>. At the foot of Branxton Hill, they encountered an unforeseen obstacle, an area of marshy ground, made worse by days of heavy rain.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> As they struggled to cross the waterlogged ground, the Scots lost the cohesion and momentum on which pike formations depended for success. Once the line was disrupted, the long pikes became an unwieldy encumbrance, and the Scots began to drop them. Reaching for their side-arms of <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, they found themselves outreached by the English bills in the close-quarter fighting that developed.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> It is unclear whether James had seen the difficulty encountered by the earls formation, but he followed down the slope regardless, making for Surrey's formation. James has been criticised for placing himself in the front line, thereby putting himself in personal danger and losing his overview of the field. He was, however, well known for taking risks in battle, and it would have been out of character for him to stay back. Encountering the same difficulties as the previous attack, James's men nevertheless fought their way to Surrey's bodyguard. The fierce fighting continued, centred on the contest between Surrey and James. As other English formations overcame the Scottish forces they had initially engaged, they moved to reinforce the Earl of Surrey. An instruction to English troops that no prisoners were to be taken explains the exceptional mortality amongst the Scottish nobility.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> James IV himself was killed in the final stage of the battle, having fought to within a spear length of the Earl of Surrey.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Battle of Flodden was one of Scotland's worst military defeats: the loss of not only a popular and capable king but also a large portion of the political community, was a major blow to the realm. James IV's son, <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a>, was crowned three weeks after the disaster at Flodden but was only one year old, and his minority was to be fraught with political upheaval. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheen_Priory_Wyngaerde_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sheen_Priory_Wyngaerde_Detail.jpg/300px-Sheen_Priory_Wyngaerde_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Sheen_Priory_Wyngaerde_Detail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Sheen Priory</a> from the west, c. 1558–1562, detail from sketch by <a href="/wiki/Antony_van_den_Wyngaerde" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony van den Wyngaerde">Antony van den Wyngaerde</a></figcaption></figure> The body of James IV was found the following day amongst the thousands of Scottish dead on the battlefield, having been identified by two Scottish soldiers captured by the English, and by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dacre,_2nd_Baron_Dacre" title="Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre">Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> James's lower jaw had been pierced by an arrow, an injury which would have disabled him sufficiently for the attacking English soldiers to move in and slash him with their <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bills</a>, almost severing his left hand and slicing his throat open.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> James's body was taken to <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, where it was embalmed, sealed in a lead-lined coffin, and transported to <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Sheen Priory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, where it remained unburied. James's slashed and bloodstained <a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">surcoat</a> was sent to Henry VIII (then on campaign in France) by his queen, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> As James had been excommunicated prior to his death, he could not be buried in consecrated ground until the Pope remitted the sentence. Although Henry VIII obtained a dispensation from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> on 29 November 1513 to have the Scottish king buried in <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, James IV remained unburied.<a href="#cite_note-good225-152">[152]</a> His coffin remained above ground at <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Priory" title="Sheen Priory">Sheen Priory</a>, as the decades passed and the priory was dissolved in 1539 during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, becoming the secularised estate of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a> was shown the coffin, lying in a store room: "since the dissolution of the House I have been shewed the same body (as was affirmed) so lapped in lead throwne into an old wast roome, amongst old timber, stone, lead, and other rubble".<a href="#cite_note-good225-152">[152]</a> James IV's coffin was rediscovered during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> when it was opened and his body became a plaything, John Stow writing that "Workmen there for their foolish pleasure hewed off his head."<a href="#cite_note-good225-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Herbert_1672-153">[153]</a> The body disappeared, its last-known resting place at Sheen now lying under the fairway of the 14th hole of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mid-Surrey_Golf_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course">Royal Mid-Surrey Golf Course</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-154">[154]</a> Elizabeth I's master glazier, Lancelot Young, is said to have kept James's "sweetly scented" head (still identifiable as James by its red hair and beard) as a curio at his home in <a href="/wiki/Wood_Street,_London" title="Wood Street, London">Wood Street</a> in the City of London, before giving it to the <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sexton</a> of the local church, <a href="/wiki/St_Michael_Wood_Street" title="St Michael Wood Street">St Michael's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-good225-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edward_Herbert_1672-153">[153]</a> The head was then buried in a charnel pit in St Michael's churchyard.<a href="#cite_note-good225-152">[152]</a> The church was later demolished, and the site redeveloped many times.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Rumours persisted that James IV had survived and was seen riding back across the Tweed; that he had gone on pilgrimage to Jerusalem; or that his body was buried in Scotland. Two castles in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Borders" title="Scottish Borders">Borders</a> are claimed as his resting place. The legend ran that, before the Scottish charge at Flodden, James had ripped off his surcoat to show his nobles that he was prepared to fight as an ordinary man-at-arms. Border legend claimed that during the battle, four <a href="/wiki/Clan_Home" title="Clan Home">Home</a> horsemen or supernatural riders swept across the field snatching up the king's body, or that the king left the field alive and was killed soon afterwards. In the 19th century, when the medieval well of <a href="/wiki/Hume_Castle" title="Hume Castle">Hume Castle</a> was being cleared, the skeleton of a man with a chain round his waist was discovered in a side cave; but this skeleton has since disappeared. Another version of this tale has the skeleton discovered at Hume a few years after the battle and re-interred at Holyrood Abbey. The same story was told for <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a>, with the skeleton there discovered in the 17th century. Yet another tradition is the discovery of the royal body at Berry Moss, near <a href="/wiki/Kelso,_Scottish_Borders" title="Kelso, Scottish Borders">Kelso</a>. Fuelling these legends, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lindsay_of_Pitscottie" title="Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie">Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a>, writing in the 1570s, claimed that a convicted criminal offered to show <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_2nd_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany">John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany</a> the king's grave ten years after the battle, but Albany refused.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimate_issue">Legitimate issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legitimate issue">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes<a href="#cite_note-Alison_Weir_2002_p._241-40">[40]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>James, Duke of Rothesay </td> <td>21 February 1507 </td> <td>27 February 1508 </td> <td>died aged one at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed daughter </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">15 July 1508 </td> <td>died shortly after birth at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arthur, Duke of Rothesay </td> <td>20/21 October 1509 </td> <td>14/15 July 1510 </td> <td>died aged almost ten months at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/King_James_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King James V">King James V</a> </td> <td>10 April 1512 </td> <td>14 December 1542 </td> <td>Married: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a>, 1537; no issue;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>, 1538; had issue, including <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed daughter </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">November 1512 </td> <td>died shortly after birth at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Holyroodhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Holyroodhouse">Palace of Holyroodhouse</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Duke_of_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a> </td> <td>30 April 1514 </td> <td>18 December 1515 </td> <td>posthumous son of James IV, died aged nineteen months at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegitimate_issue">Illegitimate issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Illegitimate issue">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th> </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes<a href="#cite_note-Weir2002-157">[157]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">By <a href="/wiki/Marion_Boyd_(mistress)" title="Marion Boyd (mistress)">Marion Boyd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>c. 1493 </td> <td>9 September 1513 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Archbishop of St Andrews</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor of Scotland</a>; no issue; </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catherine Stewart </td> <td> </td> <td>c. 1495 </td> <td>1554 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_3rd_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton</a> and had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">By <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond_(mistress)" title="Margaret Drummond (mistress)">Margaret Drummond</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Lady_Gordon" title="Margaret Stewart, Lady Gordon">Margaret Stewart</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>c. 1498 </td> <td>? </td> <td>Married: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gordon,_Lord_Gordon" title="John Gordon, Lord Gordon">John Gordon, Lord Gordon</a> and had issue;</li> <li>Alexander Stewart and had issue;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Drummond_2nd_of_Innerpeffray" title="Sir John Drummond 2nd of Innerpeffray">Sir John Drummond 2nd of Innerpeffray</a> and had issue.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Janet_Kennedy" title="Janet Kennedy">Janet Kennedy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Moray_(1501_creation)" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (1501 creation)">James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>c. 1500 </td> <td>1544 </td> <td>Married Lady Elizabeth Campbell and had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Buchan#Family" title="James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan">Isabel Stewart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janet_Stewart,_Lady_Fleming" title="Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming">Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>17 July 1502 </td> <td>20 February 1562 </td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fleming,_3rd_Lord_Fleming" title="Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming">Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming</a> and had issue (including a son by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, Duke <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Henri d'Angoulême">Henri d'Angoulême</a>). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals">edit</a>]</div> James IV has been depicted in historical novels, short stories and media portrayals. They include the following:<a href="#cite_note-Nield-158">[158]</a> <ul><li>The Yellow Frigate (1855) by <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_(1822%E2%80%931887)" title="James Grant (1822–1887)">James Grant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nield-158">[158]</a> also known as The Three Sisters.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The main events of the novel take place in the year 1488, covering the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sauchieburn" title="Battle of Sauchieburn">Battle of Sauchieburn</a>, the assassination of <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a>, the rise to the throne of James IV, and the plots of the so-called English faction in Scotland. James IV and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond_(mistress)" title="Margaret Drummond (mistress)">Margaret Drummond</a> are prominently depicted. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wood_of_Largo" title="Andrew Wood of Largo">Andrew Wood of Largo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> are secondary characters;<a href="#cite_note-Nield-158">[158]</a></li> <li>In the King's Favour (1899) by <a href="/wiki/J._E._Preston_Muddock" title="J. E. Preston Muddock">J. E. Preston Muddock</a>, which covers the last few months of James IV's reign and ends with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nield2-160">[160]</a></li> <li>The Arrow of the North (1906) by R. H. Forster. The novel mainly depicts <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> in the reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII. It covers the Flodden campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a> and the finale depicts the battle that ended James IV's life.<a href="#cite_note-Nield2-160">[160]</a></li> <li>The Crimson Field (1916) by Halliwell Sutcliffe, which also covers the Anglo-Scottish Wars. It features James IV and ends with a full account of the Battle of Flodden;<a href="#cite_note-Nield2-160">[160]</a></li> <li>King Heart (1926) by <a href="/wiki/Carola_Oman" title="Carola Oman">Carola Oman</a>. The story depicts Scotland in the time of James IV. The king himself is depicted in an epilogue featuring the Battle of Flodden;<a href="#cite_note-Nield-158">[158]</a></li> <li>Gentle Eagle (1937) by Christine Orr, an account of the king's life;</li> <li>Sunset at Noon (1955) by Jane Oliver, an account of the king's life;</li> <li>Chain of Destiny (1964) by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Nigel Tranter</a>, an account of the king's life, from Sauchieburn to Flodden;</li> <li>Falcon (1970) by <a href="/wiki/Ada_F._Kay" title="Ada F. Kay">A.J. Stewart</a>, an unusual work by an author claiming to be a reincarnation of the king;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Tower" title="The Shadow of the Tower">The Shadow of the Tower</a> television drama where he was played by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Anders" title="Derek Anders">Derek Anders</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters,_Three_Queens" title="Three Sisters, Three Queens">Three Sisters, Three Queens</a> (2016) by <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Gregory" title="Philippa Gregory">Philippa Gregory</a>, written from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a>, extensively featuring James;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Princess" title="The Spanish Princess">The Spanish Princess</a> (2020) by Philippa Gregory, with James portrayed by actor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stevenson" title="Ray Stevenson">Ray Stevenson</a>;</li> <li>James IV – The Queen of the Flight (2022), a play by <a href="/wiki/Rona_Munro" title="Rona Munro">Rona Munro</a>, centred on the life of <a href="/wiki/Ellen_More" title="Ellen More">Ellen More</a> at his court.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancestors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of James IV of Scotland</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold, Duke of Guelders</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Cleves_(1417%E2%80%931479)" title="Catherine of Cleves (1417–1479)">Catherine of Cleves</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. James IV of Scotland</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Dietrich,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg">Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_of_Holstein" title="Hedvig of Holstein">Hedvig of Holstein</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Brandenburg" title="Dorothea of Brandenburg">Dorothea of Brandenburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Henry VIII owned a "picture of Jacobe kinge of Scottes with an hawke on his fist", <a href="/wiki/Maria_Hayward" title="Maria Hayward">Maria Hayward</a>, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Press, 2004), p. 96 no. 799. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> MacDougall, Margaret of Denmark, ODNB </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-british-history.ac.uk-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-british-history.ac.uk_4-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=93390">Calendar of State Papers, Spain (1485–1509), volume 1 (1862), No. 210, English translation from Spanish</a>: See original letter at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas/servlets/ImageServlet?accion=41&txt_id_imagen=2&txt_rotar=0&txt_contraste=0&txt_zoom=10&appOrigen=&cabecera=N">Archivo General de Simancas, PTR, LEG,52, DOC.166 – 857V – Imagen Núm: 2 / 26</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044209/http://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas/servlets/ImageServlet?accion=41&txt_id_imagen=2&txt_rotar=0&txt_contraste=0&txt_zoom=10&appOrigen=&cabecera=N">Archived</a> 22 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-doug2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doug2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doug2_5-1">b</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2003" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034–1714. Tuckwell Press. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Queens%2C+1034%E2%80%931714&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-doug12-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doug12_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doug12_7-1">b</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Mackie, R.L., James IV, (1958), pp. 36–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Goodwin, George. 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University of California Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02266-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02266-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02266-9&rft.au=Stanley+Bertram+Chrimes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFtTdTK7kYcC%26pg%3DPA284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay_Mackenzie-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_Mackenzie_39-0">^</a> W. 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Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv69tgjn.1">10.2307/j.ctv69tgjn.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-333-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-333-7"><bdi>978-1-78680-333-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv69tgjn">j.ctv69tgjn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staying+Power%3A+The+History+of+Black+People+in+Britain&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv69tgjn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv69tgjn.1&rft.isbn=978-1-78680-333-7&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv69tgjn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001188-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001188_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiebrzydowski2001">Niebrzydowski 2001</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012159-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2012159_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2012159_105-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCowan2012">Cowan 2012</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20183–4-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryer20183–4_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFryer2018">Fryer 2018</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiebrzydowski2001">Niebrzydowski 2001</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2012160-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2012160_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2012160_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCowan2012">Cowan 2012</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201–202-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiebrzydowski2001201–202_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiebrzydowski2001">Niebrzydowski 2001</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20183-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryer20183_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFryer2018">Fryer 2018</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFryer20182-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFryer20182_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFryer2018">Fryer 2018</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotland2021" class="citation web cs1">Scotland, National Trust for (29 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nts.org.uk/stories/africans-at-the-court-of-james-iv">"Africans at the court of James IV"</a>. National Trust for Scotland. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust+for+Scotland&rft.atitle=Africans+at+the+court+of+James+IV&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=Scotland&rft.aufirst=National+Trust+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nts.org.uk%2Fstories%2Fafricans-at-the-court-of-james-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-habib-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-habib_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-habib_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-habib_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabib" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Imtiaz H. Black lives in the English archives, 1500–1677 imprints of the invisible. Aldershot, England. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56946-8"><bdi>978-1-315-56946-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081357683">1081357683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+lives+in+the+English+archives%2C+1500%E2%80%931677+imprints+of+the+invisible&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081357683&rft.isbn=978-1-315-56946-8&rft.aulast=Habib&rft.aufirst=Imtiaz+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Kinsley" title="James Kinsley">Kinsley, James</a> (1979). 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Letters James IV, SHS (1953) pp. xlii, 107–111; Pinkerton, John, History of Scotland from the Accession, vol. 2 (1797), p. 449, prints Wolsey's letter in full and attributes it to Nicolas West. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, (1997), p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Macdougall, Norman, James IV, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-good133-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-good133_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good133_123-1">b</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, p. 103; Norwich, History of Venice, pp. 419–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Baumgartner, Louis XII, p. 219; Mallett and Shaw, The Italian Wars, p. 103; Hutchinson, Young Henry, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-good128-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-good128_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good128_128-1">b</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-good132-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-good132_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good132_130-1">b</a> Goodwin, George, "Fatal Rivalry", p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 62–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Hannay, Robert Kerr, ed., Letters of James IV, SHS (1953), pp. 307–308, 315–316, 318–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Goodwin 2013, pp. 155–156 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Goodwin 2013, pp. 163–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Goodwin 2013, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Goodwin 2013, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Macdougal, Norman, James IV (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1997), pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Petrie, George, "An account of Floddon", Proceedings Society Antiquaries Scotland, (1866–1867), p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Hallam-Baker 2013, pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Hallam-Baker 2013, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Hallam-Baker 2012, pp. 60–61 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Goodwin 2013, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Rose & Mather 2012, pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Goodwin 2013, pp. 202–204 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Goodwin 2013, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Roth 2012, p. 212 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Macdougall, James IV, p. 300 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Dawson, Jane, Scotland Re-formed: 1488–1587, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-good225-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-good225_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good225_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good225_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good225_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-good225_152-4">e</a> Goodwin, George, Fatal Rivalry, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edward_Herbert_1672-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Herbert_1672_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edward_Herbert_1672_153-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Herbert, Edward</a>, The Life and Reign of Henry VIII, (1672), 45: Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (1920) no. 2469, Leo X to Henry. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Tony_Pollard2013" class="citation news cs1">Dr. Tony Pollard (8 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-23993363">"The sad tale of James IV's body"</a>. BBC News Scotland. Retrieved 9 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+sad+tale+of+James+IV%27s+body&rft.date=2013-09-08&rft.au=Dr.+Tony+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-23993363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Aikman, James, Buchanan's History of Scotland, vol. 2 (1827), 259 note, quoting Stow's Survey of London on St Michael, Cripplegate ward. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Cardonnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam de Cardonnel">Adam de Cardonnel</a>, The Edinburgh Magazine, vol. 4, August (1786), p. 112, and Numismata Scotiae, (1786), p. 83, note both legends: Pitscottie, History of Scotland, Glasgow, (1749), p. 214; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders_(writer)" title="Robert Sanders (writer)">Spencer, Nathaniel</a>, The Complete English Traveller, (1772), p. 575; Archaeologia Aeliana, vol. 3, (1859), p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2002-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Weir2002_157-0">^</a> Alison Weir, Britain's royal families: the complete genealogy (London: Pimlico, 2002), pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nield-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_158-3">d</a> Nield (1968), p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation book cs1">Grant, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/yellowfrigateort00granrich">The yellow frigate: or, The three sisters</a>. University of California Libraries. London; New York: G. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+yellow+frigate%3A+or%2C+The+three+sisters&rft.pub=London%3B+New+York%3A+G.+Routledge&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyellowfrigateort00granrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nield2-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nield2_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield2_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield2_160-2">c</a> Nield (1968), p. 67; </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/james-iv-national-theatre-scotland/">Megan McEachern, 'James IV: New Rona Munro play to give black people their rightful but forgotten place in history of Scotland', Sunday Post, 20 June 2022</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>James the Fourth, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Macdougall" title="Norman Macdougall">Norman Macdougall</a> (2006 with two earlier editions, regarded as definitive).</li> <li>King James IV of Scotland, R.L. Mackie (1958, the most important previous biography).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley,_Mike2002" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2/page/280">British Kings & Queens</a>. Carroll & Graf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2/page/280">280–286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8"><bdi>978-0-7867-1104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Kings+%26+Queens&rft.pages=280-286&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1104-8&rft.au=Ashley%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2%2Fpage%2F280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1985" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Patricia Hill (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtnAAAAMAAJ">Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots</a>. Scottish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7073-0424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7073-0424-3"><bdi>978-0-7073-0424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Tudor%2C+Queen+of+Scots&rft.pub=Scottish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7073-0424-3&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKtnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Jane (2007). Scotland Re-formed, 1488–1587 (New Edinburgh History of Scotland). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1455-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-1455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland+Re-formed%2C+1488%E2%80%931587+%28New+Edinburgh+History+of+Scotland%29&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1455-4&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>James IV in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004, Vol. 29, pp. 609–619</li> <li>Higgins, James, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/stewart-scotland">Scotland's Stewart Monarchs. A Free Translation of Works by Hector Boece / John Bellenden and Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813032802/https://sites.google.com/view/stewart-scotland">Archived</a> 13 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Accounts of the Comptroller, Sir Duncan Forestar, 1495–1499, Miscellany of the Scottish History Society, vol. 9 (1958), 57–81 (in Latin).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924091754410">Bain, Joseph, ed., Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357–1509, vol. 4, HM Register House, Edinburgh (1888)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeland1770" class="citation book cs1">Leland, John (1770). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joannislelandia19lelagoog">Joannis Lelandi Antiquarii de Rebus Britannicis Collectanea</a>. Impensis Gul. & Jo. Richardson. pp. 258–300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joannis+Lelandi+Antiquarii+de+Rebus+Britannicis+Collectanea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=Impensis+Gul.+%26+Jo.+Richardson&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoannislelandia19lelagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiicourtch0000load">Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict</a>. The National Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905615-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905615-42-1"><bdi>978-1-905615-42-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+Court%2C+Church+and+Conflict&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-905615-42-1&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiicourtch0000load&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Flodden Papers, 1505–1517, ed. <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Wood" title="Marguerite Wood">Marguerite Wood</a>, Scottish History Society, (1933), French diplomatic correspondence (does not refer to the battle).</li> <li>Letters of James IV, 1505–1513, ed. Mackie & Spilman, Scottish History Society (1953), English summaries of international letters.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNield1968" class="citation cs2">Nield, Jonathan (1968), A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales, Ayer Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2509-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2509-7"><bdi>978-0-8337-2509-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Best+Historical+Novels+and+Tales&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8337-2509-7&rft.aulast=Nield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fatal Rivalry: Henry VIII, James IV and the Battle for Renaissance Britain – Flodden 1513, George Goodwin (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosmanMacDonaldVanderjagt2003" class="citation book cs1">Gosman, Martin; MacDonald, Alasdair A.; Vanderjagt, Arjo J. (2003). Princes and Princely Culture 1450–1650, Volume 1. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004253520" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004253520"><bdi>978-9004253520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+and+Princely+Culture+1450%E2%80%931650%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9004253520&rft.aulast=Gosman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+Alasdair+A.&rft.au=Vanderjagt%2C+Arjo+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-161-3"><bdi>978-0-87169-161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-161-3&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+IV+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_IV_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_IV_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513">James IV</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp16736">Portraits of James IV of Scotland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137906#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>James IV of Scotland </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a></div>Born: 17 March 1473 Died: 9 September 1513 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> 11 June 1488 – 9 September 1513 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James (III)</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> 1473–1488 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div>James </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs338" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Rothesay38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template talk:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Rothesay38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David</a> (1398–1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James</a> (1402–1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander</a> (1430)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James</a> (1430–1437)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James</a> (1452–1460)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a> (1473–1488)</li> <li>James (1507–1508)</li> <li>Arthur (1509–1510)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James</a> (1512–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> (1540–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a> (1566–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> (1594–1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1612–1625)</li> <li>Charles James (1629)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> (1630–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> (1688–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> (1727–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> (1762–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> (1841–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1901–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> (1910–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> (1952–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/75px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/113px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/150px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="475" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Stewart112" style="vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="House of Stuart/Stewart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template talk:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Stewart112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stewart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox" title="Duke of Lennox">Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li> <li>Lord of Sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aubigny" title="Duke of Aubigny">Duke of Aubigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Moray" title="Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Galloway" title="Earl of Galloway">Earl of Galloway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Stewart of Appin</a></li> <li>Stewart of Ballechin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart" title="Earl Castle Stewart">Stewart of Castle Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Balquhidder" title="Stewart of Balquhidder">Stewart of Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Darnley" title="Stewart of Darnley">Stewart of Darnley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal Stewarts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="The_generations_indicate_descent_from_Robert_II_of_Scotland,_first_monarch_of_the_House_of_Stewart273">The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a>, first monarch of the House of Stewart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Earl of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Elizabeth, Lady Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">Isabella, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Jean, Lady Keith</li> <li>Katherine Logan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles#Family" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">Margaret, Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">Marjorie, Countess of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale#Marriage" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Egidia, Lady Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li>Robert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas">Margaret, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Mary, Countess of Angus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Lord_Dalkeith" title="James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith">Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith</a></li> <li>Egidia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary, Countess of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" title="David Stewart, Earl of Moray">David, Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James IV of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1507)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Arthur, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li>Robert, Duke of Albany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia of England">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stuart_(1637%E2%80%931640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Stuart (1637–1640)">Anne</a></li> <li>Katherine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kendal" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137906#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137906#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000062992755">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42633867">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9597/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCttxBbRBB8hDrfr3bBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118775839">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028951">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12172972w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12172972w">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV311454">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070586756">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97005205">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75knvvjr4m2x1lc">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568312705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161729">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007278892705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500373199">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1026669">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118775839.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118775839">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030279887">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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