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href="#King_in_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>King in captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_in_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal rule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_rule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal rule subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_ruthless_and_acquisitive_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_ruthless_and_acquisitive_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>A ruthless and acquisitive king</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_ruthless_and_acquisitive_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relations with the church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highland_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highland_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Highland problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highland_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_and_regicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_and_regicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conspiracy and regicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_and_regicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fictional portrayals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James I of Scotland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_I_Scotta_Cyning" title="Iacobus I Scotta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus I Scotta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس الأول ملك إسكتلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس الأول ملك إسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ceyms_(%C5%9Eotlandiya_kral%C4%B1)" title="I Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Ceyms (Şotlandiya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="بیرینجی جیمز (ایسکاتلند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی جیمز (ایسکاتلند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_I_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96)" title="Якаў I (кароль Шатландыі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў I (кароль Шатландыі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_I_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс I (Шотландия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс I (Шотландия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakez_Ia%C3%B1_(Bro-Skos)" title="Jakez Iañ (Bro-Skos) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakez Iañ (Bro-Skos)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_I_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Jaume I d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume I d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I._Skotsk%C3%BD" title="Jakub I. Skotský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub I. Skotský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_I,_brenin_yr_Alban" title="Iago I, brenin yr Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iago I, brenin yr Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_1._af_Skotland" title="Jakob 1. af Skotland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob 1. af Skotland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I._(Schottland)" title="Jakob I. (Schottland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob I. (Schottland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Α΄ της Σκωτίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Α΄ της Σκωτίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Escocia" title="Jacobo I de Escocia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo I de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_1-a_(Skotlando)" title="Jakobo la 1-a (Skotlando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la 1-a (Skotlando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakue_I.a_Estuardo" title="Jakue I.a Estuardo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakue I.a Estuardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جیمز یکم، پادشاه اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز یکم، پادشاه اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ier_(roi_d%27%C3%89cosse)" title="Jacques Ier (roi d'Écosse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques Ier (roi d'Écosse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_I,_R%C3%AD_na_nAlbanach" title="Séamas I, Rí na nAlbanach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séamas I, Rí na nAlbanach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas_I,_R%C3%ACgh_na_h-Alba" title="Seumas I, Rìgh na h-Alba – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seumas I, Rìgh na h-Alba" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobe_I_de_Escocia" title="Xacobe I de Escocia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacobe I de Escocia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8_(%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="제임스 1세 (스코틀랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 1세 (스코틀랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_I_(%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Ջեյմս I (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս I (Շոտլանդիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="जेम्स प्रथम (स्कॉटलैंड) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स प्रथम (स्कॉटलैंड)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_I.,_kralj_%C5%A0kotske" title="Jakov I., kralj Škotske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov I., kralj Škotske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_dari_Skotlandia" title="James I dari Skotlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James I dari Skotlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_1._Skotakonungur" title="Jakob 1. Skotakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jakob 1. Skotakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_I_di_Scozia" title="Giacomo I di Scozia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo I di Scozia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ג'יימס הראשון, מלך סקוטלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס הראשון, מלך סקוטלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_I_(%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჯეიმზ I (შოტლანდია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ I (შოტლანდია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="I Джеймс (Шотландия королі) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Джеймс (Шотландия королі)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_I_(rex_Scotiae)" title="Iacobus I (rex Scotiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus I (rex Scotiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Jakab_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Jakab skót király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Jakab skót király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="स्कॉटलंडचा जेम्स पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कॉटलंडचा जेम्स पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جيمس الاول ملك اسكتلندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس الاول ملك اسكتلندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%C3%B3_I_de_Sc%C3%B3cia" title="Jacó I de Scócia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jacó I de Scócia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="I Жэймс (Шотландын хан) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Жэймс (Шотландын хан)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_I_van_Schotland" title="Jacobus I van Schotland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus I van Schotland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジェームズ1世 (スコットランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ1世 (スコットランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_I._(Skotlun)" title="Jaakob I. (Skotlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaakob I. (Skotlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_Skottland" title="Jakob I av Skottland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob I av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_Skottland" title="Jakob I av Skottland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakob I av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I_(kr%C3%B3l_Szkocji)" title="Jakub I (król Szkocji) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub I (król Szkocji)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_I_da_Esc%C3%B3cia" title="Jaime I da Escócia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime I da Escócia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_I_al_Sco%C8%9Biei" title="Iacob I al Scoției – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iacob I al Scoției" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Яков I (король Шотландии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яков I (король Шотландии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%A7_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="जेम्स १ (स्काटलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स १ (स्काटलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_o_Scotland" title="James I o Scotland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James I o Scotland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James I of Scotland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_I_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Џејмс I од Шкотске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс I од Шкотске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_od_%C5%A0kotske" title="James I od Škotske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James I od Škotske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_I_(Skotlanti)" title="Jaakko I (Skotlanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakko I (Skotlanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_Skottland" title="Jakob I av Skottland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob I av Skottland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 1 แห่งสกอตแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 1 แห่งสกอตแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._James_(%C4%B0sko%C3%A7ya_kral%C4%B1)" title="I. James (İskoçya kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. James (İskoçya kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Яків I (король Шотландії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яків I (король Шотландії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Scotland" title="James I của Scotland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James I của Scotland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0)" title="詹姆斯一世 (苏格兰) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯一世 (苏格兰)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q235234#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Scots from 1406 to 1437</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">James I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King James I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-King_James_I_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6930" data-file-height="8645" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">16th century portrait of James</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">4 April 1406 – 21 February 1437</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1424</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany</a> (1406–1420) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany">Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany</a> (1420–1424) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">possibly 25 July 1394<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p_9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p_9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>, Fife, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1437 <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(aged 42)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_Perth" title="Blackfriars, Perth">Blackfriars, Perth</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Perth_Charterhouse" title="Perth Charterhouse">Perth Charterhouse</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1424)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Annabella_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella Drummond">Annabella Drummond</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Events</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <dl><dt>1405–1406</dt> <dd>During winter, decision made to send James to France for safe-keeping<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1406</dt> <dd>Fled Scotland for France around the middle of March 1406 but captured at sea on 22 March and taken prisoner of the English King Henry IV<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1406–1413</dt> <dd>Provided with good education by Henry IV<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1413–1415</dt> <dd>Henry IV died on 20 March 1413.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Henry V had different attitude towards James and regarded him as a prisoner and held him at the Tower of London and at Windsor Castle<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1420–1422</dt> <dd>By this time, Henry now regarded James as a guest at court and took him on campaigns to France until Henry's death<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_p._170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1423</dt> <dd>In August the council agreed that negotiations between Scotland and England should begin for James's release<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1424</dt> <dd>James married Joan Beaufort in February; released from captivity and is crowned at Scone Abbey, 21 May<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1425</dt> <dd>James destroyed his near relatives, the Albany Stewarts, and forfeited their lands<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1425–1427</dt> <dd>James got Parliament's agreement to restrict the influence of the Church and the prelacy<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1428–1431</dt> <dd>James attempted to bring the Lordship of the Isles under direct control of the Crown by force failed</dd> <dt>1429</dt> <dd>By this time, James had stopped all ransom payments<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1436</dt> <dd>James led an unsuccessful attack against the English enclave at Roxburgh Castle which drew much criticism<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>1437</dt> <dd>James murdered in his chambers in the Greyfriars monastery in Perth by men acting for his uncle, Walter, Earl of Atholl, on 20 February.</dd> <dd>Atholl arrested, tried and executed on 26 March<sup id="cite_ref-McGladdery,_p_143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGladdery,_p_143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James I</b> (late July 1394 – 21 February 1437) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> from 1406 until his assassination in 1437. The youngest of three sons, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annabella_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella Drummond">Annabella Drummond</a>. His eldest brother <a href="/wiki/David,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="David, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a>, died under suspicious circumstances while detained by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Robert,_Duke_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a>. James's other brother, Robert, died young. Concerns for James's safety deepened in the winter of 1405–1406 prompting plans to send him to France. In February 1406, James took refuge in the castle of the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Rock" title="Bass Rock">Bass Rock</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a> after his escort was attacked by supporters of <a href="/wiki/Archibald,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas">Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas</a>. He remained there until mid-March when he boarded a vessel bound for France. On 22 March, an English vessel captured the ship and delivered James to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a>. The ailing Robert III died on 4 April and the 11-year-old James, now the uncrowned King of Scotland, would remain in captivity for eighteen years. </p><p>James was educated well during his imprisonment in England, where he was often kept in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, and other English castles. He was generally well-treated and developed respect for English forms of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James joined <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">military campaigns in France</a> between 1420 and 1421. His cousin, <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Murdoch Stewart">Murdoch Stewart</a> (Albany's son), an English prisoner since 1402, was traded for <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a>, in 1416. However, Albany refused to negotiate James's release. James married <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">Earl of Somerset</a>, in February 1424, shortly before his release in April. His return to Scottish affairs was not altogether popular due to his service to Henry V in France, sometimes against Scottish forces. Noble families faced increased taxes to fund the ransom payments, and to provide family hostages as security. James, who excelled in sports, literature, and music, aimed to impose law and order on his subjects but sometimes he applied such order selectively. </p><p>To secure his position in the Scottish court, James launched pre-emptive attacks on some of his nobles beginning in 1425 with his close kinsmen, the Albany Stewarts. This led to the execution of Duke Murdoch and his sons. In 1427 James summoned the Highland clans to a sitting of parliament in Inverness, and they came in great numbers. There, James unscrupulously had some murdered and imprisoned others, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a>, along with his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mariota,_Countess_of_Ross" title="Mariota, Countess of Ross">Mariota, Countess of Ross</a>. This betrayal effectively destroyed any peace he might have had with them. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archibald,_5th_Earl_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas">Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas</a>, was arrested in 1431, followed by <a href="/wiki/George_II,_Earl_of_March" title="George II, Earl of March">George, Earl of March</a>, in 1434. The fate of the hostages in England was ignored by Scotland's ruling elite and the repayment money was diverted into the construction of <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a> and other schemes. In August 1436, James's siege of <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a> failed, and he subsequently faced an ineffective attempt by Sir Robert Graham to arrest him at a general council. On the night of 20/21 February 1437, James was assassinated in Perth during a failed coup by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl</a>. Queen Joan, though wounded, escaped the attackers and reached <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> to be reunited with her son, the new <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">King James II</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prince_and_Steward_of_Scotland">Prince and Steward of Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prince and Steward of Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James was probably born in late July 1394 at <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline_Abbey" title="Dunfermline Abbey">Dunfermline Abbey</a>, 27 years after the marriage of his parents, <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annabella_Drummond" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella Drummond">Annabella Drummond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p_9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p_9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also at Dunfermline under his mother's care that James would have spent most of his early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was seven years old when his mother died in 1401, and a year later his elder brother <a href="/wiki/David,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="David, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a>, was probably murdered by their uncle <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany</a>, after being held at Albany's <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkland Castle">Falkland Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James, now heir to the throne, was the only barrier to the Albany Stewarts' royal ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1402 Albany and his close ally <a href="/wiki/Archibald,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas">Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas</a>, were absolved of Rothesay's death allowing Albany's reappointment as King's Lieutenant. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png/250px-Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png/375px-Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Stewartry_and_Carrick_4.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The lands held in regality by Prince James<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Albany rewarded Douglas for his support by allowing him to resume hostilities with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their fortunes suffered a serious reversal in September 1402 when English troops defeated their large army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill" title="Battle of Homildon Hill">Battle of Homildon Hill</a>. Numerous Scottish nobles and their followers were captured included Douglas himself, Albany's son Murdoch, and the earls of Moray, Angus and Orkney. 1402 also saw, as well as the death of Rothesay, that of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross and Malcolm Drummond, Lord of Mar. This power vacuum was inevitably filled by individuals who were not involved in national politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_pp._246–247_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_pp._246–247-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years between 1402 and 1406, the northern earldoms of Ross, Moray and Mar were without adult leadership and with Murdoch Stewart, the justiciar for the territory north of the Forth in an English prison, Albany found himself reluctantly having to ally with his brother <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a>, and Buchan's son, Alexander, to counter the ambitions of the Lord of the Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas's absence allowed King Robert's allies <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_Sinclair,_Earl_of_Orkney" title="Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney">Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney</a>, and Sir David Fleming of Biggar to become the main political force in the Lothians and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Scottish Marches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman,_pp._246–247_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman,_pp._246–247-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1404 the king granted the royal Stewart lands in the west (<a href="/wiki/Ayrshire" title="Ayrshire">Ayrshire</a> and around the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>), to James in <a href="/wiki/Regality" class="mw-redirect" title="Regality">regality</a>, protecting them from outside interference and providing the prince with a territorial centre should the need arise.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in 1405, James was under the protection and tutelage of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wardlaw" title="Henry Wardlaw">Henry Wardlaw</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews</a> on the country's east coast. The animosity of the Douglas affinity was intensifying due to Orkney's and Fleming's expanding influence in border politics and relations with England.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a decision to send the young prince to France and out of Albany's reach was taken in the winter of 1405–1406, James's departure from Scotland was unplanned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1406 Bishop Wardlaw released James to Orkney and Fleming who, with their large force of Lothian adherents, proceeded into hostile Douglas <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian" title="East Lothian">east Lothian</a>. James's custodians may have been displaying royal approval to further their interests in Douglas country.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provoked a fierce response from <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_7th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas">James Douglas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balvenie_Castle" title="Balvenie Castle">Balvenie</a> and his supporters who, at a place called Long Hermiston Muir, engaged with and killed Fleming while Orkney and James escaped to the comparative safety of the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Rock" title="Bass Rock">Bass Rock</a> islet in the Firth of Forth.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They endured more than a month there before boarding the France-bound <i>Maryenknyght</i>, a ship from <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 March 1406, the ship was captured by an English vessel that was under the partial ownership of English politician <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fenn_(died_1409)" title="Hugh Fenn (died 1409)">Hugh Fenn</a>; the vessel's crew delivered James to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a>, who kept him as a <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert III was at <a href="/wiki/Rothesay_Castle" title="Rothesay Castle">Rothesay Castle</a> when he learned of his son's capture and he died soon after, on 4 April 1406, and was buried in the Stewart foundation abbey of <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">Paisley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_in_captivity">King in captivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: King in captivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James, now the uncrowned King of Scots, began what proved to be his 18-year period as a hostage while, simultaneously, Albany transitioned from lieutenant to governor.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albany took James's lands under his control, depriving the king of income and any of the regalia of his position, and was referred to in records as 'the son of the late king'.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king had a small household of Scots that included Henry Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, Alexander Seaton, the nephew of Sir David Fleming, and Orkney's brother John Sinclair, following the earl's return to Scotland. In time, James's household — now paid for by the English — changed from high-ranking individuals to less notable men.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._18–19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry IV treated the young James well, providing him with a good education. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg/400px-Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg/600px-Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Album_amicorum_of_Michael_van_Meer_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where James I was held prisoner. Drawing from the <i>Album amicorum</i> ("Friendship album") of Michael van Meer. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Library" title="Edinburgh University Library">Edinburgh University Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>James was ideally placed to observe Henry's methods of kingship and political control, having probably been admitted into the royal household upon reaching adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._20_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James used personal visits from his nobles, coupled with letters to individuals, to maintain his visibility in his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._18–19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry died in 1413 and his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>, immediately ended James's comparative freedom by initially holding him in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> along with the other Scottish prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._20_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._20-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these prisoners was James's cousin, Murdoch Stewart, Albany's son, who had been captured in 1402 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill" title="Battle of Homildon Hill">Battle of Homildon Hill</a>. Initially held apart, from 1413 until Murdoch's release in 1415, they were together in the Tower and at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._18–19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> By 1420, James's standing at Henry V of England's court improved greatly; he ceased to be regarded as a hostage and more of a guest.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_p._170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's value to Henry became apparent in 1420 when he accompanied Henry to France where his presence was used against the Scottish troops fighting alongside the French. Following the English victory at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Melun" title="Melun">Melun</a>, a town southeast of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Scottish prisoners of war captured after the siege were hanged for treason against their king.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James attended the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a> on 23 February 1421 and was honoured by sitting immediately on the left of queen at the coronation banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_p._170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg/150px-For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg/225px-For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg/300px-For_there_in_the_Garden_walked_fairest_lady_he_had_ever_seen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="3367" /></a><figcaption>A modern depiction of Joan Beaufort</figcaption></figure><p> In March, Henry began a circuit of the important towns in England as a show of strength, and during this tour James was knighted on <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_p._170-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By July, the two kings were back campaigning in France where James, evidently approving of Henry's methods of kingship, seemed content to endorse his claims to the French crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry appointed the Duke of Bedford and James as the joint commanders of the siege of <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a> on 18 July 1421 and, on 20 August, they received the surrender of the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry died of dysentery on 31 August 1422 and, in September, James was part of the escort taking Henry's body back to London.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Regency_government,_1422%E2%80%931437" title="Regency government, 1422–1437">regency council</a> of the infant <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> was inclined to have James released as soon as possible. In the early months of 1423, their attempts to resolve the issue met with little response from the Scots, clearly influenced by the Albany Stewarts and adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archibald, Earl of Douglas was an astute and adaptable power in Southern Scotland whose influence even eclipsed that of the Albany Stewarts. Despite his complicity in James's brother's death in Albany's castle in 1402, Douglas could still engage with the king. From 1421, Douglas had been in regular contact with James and they formed an alliance that was to prove pivotal in 1423. Although Douglas was the pre-eminent Scottish magnate, his position in the borders and Lothians was jeopardised — not only did he have to forcibly retake Edinburgh Castle from his own designated warden, but was very likely under threat from the Earls of Angus and March.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return for James's endorsement of Douglas's position in the kingdom, the earl was able to deliver his affinity in the cause of the king's homecoming. Also, the relationship between Murdoch—now Duke of Albany following his father's death in 1420 — and his own appointee, Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_de_Lauder" title="William de Lauder">William Lauder</a>, seemed to be under strain, perhaps evidence of an influential grouping at odds with Murdoch's stance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure from these advocates for the king almost certainly compelled Murdoch to agree to a general council in August 1423, where it was agreed that a mission should be sent to England to negotiate James's release.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> changed in February 1424 when he married <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a>, a cousin of Henry VI and the niece of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter">Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry, Bishop of Winchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ransom treaty of £40,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a> (less a dowry remittance of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a>) was agreed at <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> on 28 March 1424, to which James attached his own seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king and queen, escorted by English and Scottish nobles, reached <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a> on 5 April and were met by Albany, who relinquished his governor's seal of office.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_rule">Personal rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_acts">First acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scone_Palace_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scone_Palace_04.jpg/300px-Scone_Palace_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scone_Palace_04.jpg/450px-Scone_Palace_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Scone_Palace_04.jpg/600px-Scone_Palace_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Entrance and only remaining part of <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 15th century, Scottish kings were financially constrained and James's reign was no exception. The Albany regency had been similarly limited, with Duke Robert governorship fees remaining unpaid.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal patronage ceased entirely following James's capture, leading to irregular forms of political favours, such as Albany allowing nobles like the Earl of Douglas and his brother James to withdraw funds from the customs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's coronation at <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone</a> on 21 May 1424 occurred against this backdrop. The coronation parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Estates">Three Estates</a> witnessed the king perform a knighthood ceremony for eighteen prominent nobles, including Alexander Stewart, Murdoch's son, likely aimed at fostering loyalty to the crown within the political community.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson,_pp._171–172_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson,_pp._171–172-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parliament convened primarily to discuss issues related to ransom payments and heard James emphasize his authority as monarch. He successfully enabled legislation aimed at boosting crown income by revoking royal predecessors' and guardians' patronage. This move immediately impacted the earls of Douglas and Mar by preventing them from withdrawing large sums from customs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this action, James still relied on noble support—especially from Douglas—and initially took a less confrontational approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter Stewart, Albany's son, was an early exception to this. Walter was heir to the earldom of Lennox and had been in open revolt against his father in 1423 for not giving way to his younger brother Alexander for this title. He also made no secret of his disagreement with his father's allowing James's return to Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James had Walter arrested on 13 May 1424 and imprisoned on the Bass Rock—a move likely favourable both for Murdoch’s interests as well as James’s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hesitant about taking action against other members of the Albany Stewarts while Murdoch's brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="John Stewart, Earl of Buchan">John Stewart, Earl of Buchan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archibald,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas">Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas</a>, were fighting against English forces in France.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchan was a leader with an international reputation and commanded the large Scottish army, but both he and Douglas were killed by English troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Battle of Verneuil</a> in August 1424 and his army was crushed. The loss of Buchan, Douglas and the large fighting force left Murdoch exposed politically.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_John_Stewart,_ODNB_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_John_Stewart,_ODNB-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_ruthless_and_acquisitive_king">A ruthless and acquisitive king</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A ruthless and acquisitive king"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of Douglas at Verneuil would also weaken his son <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas">Archibald</a>, the fifth earl. On 12 October 1424, the king and Archibald met at <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a>, ostensibly to agree to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_Melrose" title="Abbot of Melrose">John Fogo</a>, a monk of Melrose, to the abbacy.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting may also have been intended as an official acceptance of Douglas, but it signalled a change in the Black Douglas predominance vis-a-vis the crown and other nobles. Important Douglas allies died in France and some of their heirs realigned with rival nobles through blood ties, while at the same time, Douglas experienced a loosening of allegiances in the Lothians and, with the loss of his command over Edinburgh Castle, this all served to improve James's position.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James continued to retain Black Douglas support, allowing him to begin a campaign of political alienation of Albany and his family. The king's bitterness, directed at Duke Murdoch, had its roots in the past—Duke Robert was responsible for his brother David's death. Moreover, neither Robert nor Murdoch exerted themselves in negotiating James's release and must have left the king with the suspicion that they held aspirations for the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buchan's lands did not fall to the Albany Stewarts but were forfeited to the crown, Albany's father-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Duncan,_Earl_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan, Earl of Lennox">Duncan, Earl of Lennox</a>, was imprisoned, and in December, the duke's main ally, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_1st_Earl_of_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Mar">Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Mar</a>, settled his differences with the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An acrimonious sitting of parliament in March 1425 precipitated the arrest of Murdoch, Isabella, his wife, and his son Alexander — of Albany's other sons, Walter was already in prison and James, his youngest, also known as <a href="/wiki/James_the_Fat" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Fat">James the Fat</a>, escaped into the Lennox.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg/300px-Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg/450px-Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg/600px-Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>, where the Albany Stewarts were executed.</figcaption></figure> <p>James the Fat led the men of Lennox and Argyll in open rebellion against the crown and may have been what the king needed to bring a charge of treason against the Albany Stewarts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murdoch, his sons Walter and Alexander, and Duncan, Earl of Lennox were in Stirling Castle for their trial on 18 May at a specially convened parliament. An assize of seven earls and fourteen lesser nobles was appointed to hear the evidence that linked the prisoners to the rebellion in the Lennox. The four men were condemned, Walter on 24 May and the others on 25 May, and immediately beheaded in 'front of the castle'.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James demonstrated a ruthless and avaricious side to his nature in the destruction of his close family, the Albany Stewarts, that yielded the three forfeited earldoms of Fife, Menteith and Lennox.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inquiry set up by James in 1424 into the dispersal of crown estates since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I</a> exposed legal defects in several transactions where the earldoms of Mar, March and Strathearn, together with the Black Douglas lordships of Selkirk and Wigtown, were found to be problematic. Strathearn and March were forfeited in 1427 and 1435, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mar was forfeited in 1435 on the earl's death without an heir, which also meant that the lordships of Garioch and Badenoch reverted to the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James sought to boost his income further through taxation and succeeded in getting parliament to pass legislation in 1424 for a tax to go towards paying off the ransom — £26,000 was raised but James sent only £12,000 to England.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1429, James stopped the ransom payments completely and used the remainder of the taxation income on cannons and luxury goods from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a fire in the castle of Linlithgow in 1425, funds were also diverted to the building of <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a>, which continued until James died in 1437, and absorbed an estimated one-tenth of royal income.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_church">Relations with the church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with the church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapstEugen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/PapstEugen.jpg/250px-PapstEugen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/PapstEugen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Pope Eugenius IV</div></figcaption></figure> <p>James asserted his authority over the Church as well as the nobility and regretted that King <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a>'s benevolence towards the Church proved costly to his successors and that he was "a sair sanct to the croun".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James also considered that the monastic institutions in particular needed improvement and that they should return to being strictly ordered communities. Part of James's solution was to create an assembly of overseeing abbots and followed this up by establishing a <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusian priory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a> to provide other religious houses with an example of internal conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sought to influence church attitudes to his policies by having his own clerics appointed to the bishoprics of Dunblane, Dunkeld, Glasgow and Moray.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1425, James's parliament directed that all bishops must instruct their clerics to offer up prayers for the king and his family; a year later, parliament toughened up this edict, insisting that the prayers be given at every mass, under the sanction of a fine and severe rebuke.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This same parliament legislated that every person in Scotland should "be governed under the king's laws and statutes of this realm only". From this, laws were enacted in 1426 to restrict the actions of prelates whether it was to regulate their need to travel to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> or their ability to purchase additional ecclesiastical positions while there.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In James's parliament of July 1427, it is evident that the statute being enacted was to limit the authority of church jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1431, the general council of the Church convened in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, but the initial full meeting did not take place until 14 December 1431, by which time <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a> and the council were in complete disagreement. It was the council and not the pope who requested that James send representatives of the Scottish church, and it is known that two delegates — Abbot <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Livingston" title="Thomas Livingston">Thomas Livingston</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dundrennan_Abbey" title="Dundrennan Abbey">Dundrenanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_de_Winchester" title="John de Winchester">John de Winchester</a>, canon of <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Cathedral" title="Elgin Cathedral">Moray</a> and a servant of the king — were in attendance in November and December 1432.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1433 James, this time in response to a summons by the pope, appointed two bishops, two abbots and four dignitaries to attend the council. Twenty-eight Scottish ecclesiastics attended at intervals from 1434 to 1437, but the majority of the higher-ranking churchmen sent proxy attendees; Bishops <a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_(Scottish_bishop)" title="John Cameron (Scottish bishop)">John Cameron</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_de_Crannach" title="John de Crannach">John de Crannach</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brechin_Cathedral" title="Brechin Cathedral">Brechin</a>, however, attended in person, as did Abbot Patrick Wotherspoon of <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Abbey" title="Holyrood Abbey">Holyrood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the midst of the Basel general council, Pope Eugenius instructed his legate, Bishop Antonio Altan of Urbino, to meet with James to raise the issue of the king's controversial <a href="/wiki/Barratry_(common_law)" title="Barratry (common law)">anti-barratry</a> laws of 1426.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bishop of Urbino arrived in Scotland in December 1436 and, apparently, a reconciliation between James and the papal legate had taken place by the middle of February 1437, but the events of 21 February, when James was assassinated, prevented the legate from completing his commission.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highland_problem">Highland problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Highland problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The king called a general council in July 1428 in Perth to raise funds for an expedition into the Highlands against the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a>. The council initially resisted granting James the funds — even with royal support from the powerful Earls of Mar and Atholl — but eventually gave in to the king's wishes. Although it seemed that an all-out attack on the Gaels of the north was not the king's intention, James had resolved to use a degree of force to strengthen royal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told the assembly:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall go and see whether they have fulfilled the required service; I shall go I say and I will not return while they default. I will chain them so that they are unable to stand and lie beneath my feet.</p></blockquote> <p>The leaders of the Gaelic kindreds in the north and west were summoned by James ostensibly to a sitting of parliament in <a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a>. Of those assembled the king arrested around 50 of them including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross">Alexander</a>, the third Lord of the Isles, and his mother, <a href="/wiki/Mariota,_Countess_of_Ross" title="Mariota, Countess of Ross">Mariota, Countess of Ross</a>, around 24 August.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few were executed but the remainder, except Alexander and his mother, were quickly released. </p><p>During Alexander's captivity, James attempted to split <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clann Dòmhnall</a> — Alexander's uncle John Mór was approached by an agent of the king to take the clan leadership but he refused to have any dealings with the king while his nephew was held prisoner led to John Mór's arrest and murder by the king's agent.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_of_Islay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alexander_of_Islay.jpg/250px-Alexander_of_Islay.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alexander_of_Islay.jpg/375px-Alexander_of_Islay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Alexander_of_Islay.jpg/500px-Alexander_of_Islay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Islay,_Earl_of_Ross" title="Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross">Alexander, Earl of Ross and Lord of the Isles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The king's need for allies in the west and north led him to soften his approach towards the Lord of the Isles and, hoping that Alexander would now become a loyal servant of the crown, he was given his freedom. </p><p>Alexander, probably under pressure from his close kinsmen Donald Balloch, John Mór's son, and Alasdair Carrach of <a href="/wiki/Lochaber" title="Lochaber">Lochaber</a>, led an attack on the castle and burgh of Inverness in the spring of 1429.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis deepened when a fleet from the Lordship was dispatched to bring James the Fat back from Ulster 'to convey him home that he might be king'. With James's intention to form an alliance with the Ulster O'Donnells of Tyreconnell against the MacDonalds, the English distrusted the Scottish king's motives and tried to bring James the Fat to England.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before he could become an active player, <a href="/wiki/James_the_Fat" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Fat">James the Fat</a> died suddenly, releasing James to prepare for decisive action against the Lordship.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The armies met on 21 June in Lochaber and Alexander, suffering the defection of Clan Chattan (the MacKintoshes) and Clan Cameron, was heavily defeated. Alexander escaped probably to <a href="/wiki/Islay" title="Islay">Islay</a> but James continued his assault on the Lordship by taking the strongholds of Dingwall and Urquhart castles in July.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king pushed home his advantage when an army reinforced with artillery was dispatched to the Isles. Alexander probably realised that his position was hopeless and tried to negotiate terms of surrender but James demanded and received his total submission.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From August 1429 the king delegated royal authority to Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar to keep the peace in the north and west.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Islesmen rose again in September 1431 and inflicted two important defeats on the king's men — Mar's army was beaten at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1431)" title="Battle of Inverlochy (1431)">Inverlochy</a> and Angus Moray's in a fierce battle near <a href="/wiki/Tongue,_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue, Highland">Tongue</a> in Caithness.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a serious setback for James and his credibility was adversely affected.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._139_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._139-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1431, before the September uprising, the king had arrested two of his nephews, John Kennedy of Carrick and Archibald, Earl of Douglas, possibly because of a conflict between John and his uncle, Thomas Kennedy in which Douglas may have become involved.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas's arrest had raised tensions in the country and James acted to reduce the unrest by freeing the earl on 29 September — it was quite likely that the king made the earl's release conditional on support at the forthcoming parliament at Perth at which James intended to push for further funding for the campaign against the Lordship.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._139_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._139-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament was in no mood to allow James unconditional backing — he was allowed a tax to fund his Highland campaign but parliament retained full control over the levy.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._139–140_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._139–140-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules parliament attached to the taxation indicated a robust stand against further conflict in the north and probably led to the turnaround that took place on 22 October when the king 'forgave the offence of each earl, namely Douglas and Ross [i.e. Alexander]'. For Douglas, this was a formal acknowledgement of his having been freed three weeks earlier, but for Alexander, this was a total reversal of crown policy towards the Lordship. Four summer campaigns against the Lordship were now officially at an end with James's wishes having effectively been blocked by parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._139–140_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._139–140-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James's release in 1424 did not herald a new phase relationship in Anglo-Scottish relations. Contrary to the English council's hopes, the king emerged as a confident and independently-minded European monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only substantive matters of contention between the two kingdoms were the payments due under the terms of James's release and the renewal of the truce that would expire in 1430. In 1428 after setbacks on the battlefield <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a> sent his ambassador <a href="/wiki/Regnault_de_Chartres" title="Regnault de Chartres">Regnault de Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rheims">Archbishop of Rheims</a> to Scotland to persuade James to renew the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> — the terms were to include the marriage of the princess <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret</a> to Louis, the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">dauphin of France</a>, and a gift of the province of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a> to James.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratification of the treaty by Charles took place in October 1428 and James, now with the intended marriage of his daughter into the French royal family and the possession of French lands, had his political importance in Europe boosted.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg/250px-Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg/375px-Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg/500px-Roxburgh_Castle_engraving_by_William_Miller_after_W_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a>, which James failed to win back from the English</figcaption></figure> <p>The effectiveness of the alliance with France had virtually ceased after Verneuil and its renewal in 1428 did not alter that — James adopted a much more non-aligned position with England, France and Burgundy while at the same time opening up diplomatic contacts with <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, Anglo-Scottish relations were relatively amicable and the truce, extended until 1436, helped the English position in France. Promises made in 1428 of a Scottish army to help <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a> and the marriage of James's eldest daughter to the French king's son <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis</a> were unrealised. James had to balance his European responses carefully, because England's key ally, the Duke of Burgundy, was in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, a major trading partner of Scotland causing James's support for France to be muted.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The truce with England expired in May 1436, but James's perception of the Anglo-French conflict changed following a realignment of the combatants. The breakdown of the talks between England and France in 1435 precipitated an alliance between Burgundy and France, a request from France for Scottish involvement in the war, and for the fulfilment of the promised marriage of Princess Margaret to the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1436 Princess Margaret sailed to France, and in August Scotland entered the war, with James leading a large army to lay siege to the English enclave of <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was to prove pivotal, the <i>Book of Pluscarden</i> describes ' <i>a detestable split and most unworthy difference arising from jealosy</i> ' within the Scottish camp and the historian Michael Brown explains that a contemporary source has James appointing his young and inexperienced cousin, Robert Stewart of Atholl, as the constable of the host ahead of the experienced <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">march</a> wardens, the earls of Douglas and Angus. Brown explains that both earls possessed considerable local interests and that the effects of such a large army living off the land may have created resentment and hostility in the area. When the militant prelates of York and Durham, together with the Earl of Northumberland, took their forces into the marches to relieve the fortress, the Scots swiftly retreated—a chronicle written a year later said that the Scots 'had fled wretchedly and ignominiously' — but what is certain is that the effects and manner of the defeat, together with the loss of their expensive artillery, was a major reversal for James both in terms of foreign policy and internal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter Stewart</a> was the youngest of <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a>'s sons and the only one not to have been provided with an earldom during his father's lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter's brother, David, Earl of Strathearn and Caithness, had died before 5 March 1389 when his daughter Euphemia was first recorded as Countess of Strathearn.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter, now guardian of his niece, administered Strathearn for the next decade and a half, during which time he aided his brother Robert, Earl of Fife and Guardian of Scotland, by enforcing law and order upon another brother, Alexander, lord of Badenoch — he again supported Robert (now Duke of Albany) against their nephew, David, Duke of Rothesay in 1402.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albany most likely engineered the marriage of Euphemia to one of his affinity, Patrick Graham, and, by doing so, ended Walter's involvement in Strathearn. Duke Robert, possibly to make up for the loss of the benefits of Strathearn, made Walter Earl of Atholl and Lord of Methven.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1413, Graham was killed in a quarrel with his own principal servant in the earldom, John Drummond. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methven_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Methven_Castle.jpg/200px-Methven_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Methven_Castle.jpg/300px-Methven_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Methven_Castle.jpg/400px-Methven_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Methven_Castle" title="Methven Castle">Methven Castle</a>. The original castle was the seat of Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl</figcaption></figure> <p>The Drummond kindred was close to Atholl and the Earl's renewed involvement in Strathearn as ward to Graham's son, despite strong opposition from Albany, hinted at Atholl's possible involvement in the murder. The bad blood now existing between Albany and Atholl led James on his return to Scotland in 1424 to ally himself with Earl Walter, his uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atholl participated at the <a href="/wiki/Assize_(Scotland)" title="Assize (Scotland)">assize</a> that sat over the 24/25 May 1425 trials which found the prominent members of the Albany Stewarts guilty of rebellion — their executions followed swiftly.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James granted Atholl the positions of <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Perth" title="Sheriff of Perth">Sheriff of Perth</a> and Justiciar, as well as the earldom of Strathearn, but this, significantly, in life-use only, acts that confirmed Earl Walter's policing remit given by Albany, and his already effective grip on Strathearn.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atholl's elder son, David, had been one of the hostages sent to England as a condition of James's release and had died there in 1434; his younger son Alan died in the king's service at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1431)" title="Battle of Inverlochy (1431)">Battle of Inverlochy</a> in 1431.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David's son Robert was now Atholl's heir and both were now in line to the throne after the young Prince James.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James continued to show favour to Atholl and appointed his grandson Robert as his personal chamberlain, but by 1437 after a series of setbacks at the hands of James, the earl and Robert probably viewed the king's actions as a prelude to further acquisitions at Atholl's expense. Atholl's authority over the wealthy earldom of Strathearn was tenuous, and both he and Robert would have realised that Strathearn would have returned to the crown upon Atholl's death. This meant that Robert's holdings would have been the relatively impoverished earldoms of Caithness and Atholl and amounted to no more than what was in Earl Walter's possession in the years between 1406 and 1416.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._29_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._29-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The retreat from Roxburgh exposed the king to questions regarding his control over his subjects, his military competence and his diplomatic abilities yet he remained determined to continue with the war against England.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just two months after the Roxburgh fiasco, James called a general council in October 1436 to finance further hostilities through more taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrieKingship-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estates firmly resisted this and their opposition was articulated by their speaker <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Graham" title="Sir Robert Graham">Sir Robert Graham</a>, a former Albany attendant but now a servant of Atholl. The council then witnessed an unsuccessful attempt by Graham to arrest the king resulting in the knight's imprisonment followed by banishment but James failed to see Graham's actions as part of an extended threat.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1437, Atholl received yet another rebuff in his own heartlands when James overturned the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">chapter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dunkeld_Cathedral" title="Dunkeld Cathedral">Dunkeld Cathedral</a> whose nominee was replaced by the king's nephew and firm supporter, James Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._29_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._29-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_and_regicide">Conspiracy and regicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conspiracy and regicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg/300px-Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg/450px-Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg/600px-Blackfriars_monastery_perth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_Perth" title="Blackfriars, Perth">Blackfriars</a> monastery, Perth (now lost)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png/220px-Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png/330px-Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Murder_of_James_I_of_Scotland_in_1437.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>1698 <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a> of the assassination of James I</figcaption></figure> <p>The reaction against the king at the general council had shown Atholl that not only was James on the back foot but his political standing had received a huge setback and may have convinced the earl that James's killing was now a viable course of action.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atholl had seen how assertive action by two of his brothers at different times had allowed them to take control of the kingdom and that as James's nearest adult relative, the earl must have considered that decisive intervention on his part at this time could prove to be equally successful.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conspiracy against the king seems to have been heavily influenced by the Albany Stewarts' destruction in 1425. Their judicial killing and forfeiture of their lands influenced the servants who administered and depended on these estates for their living. Atholl, under whose service several of these disgruntled Albany men appear, filled the void created by this. Among them were the brothers Robert and Christopher Chambers, and Sir Robert Graham, who only three months before had tried to arrest the king at the Perth council.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though Robert Chambers was a member of the Royal household, the old Albany ties were stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Douglas" title="Catherine Douglas">Catherine Douglas</a></div> <p>A general council was held in Atholl's heartland in Perth on 4 February 1437 and crucially for the conspirators, the king and queen had remained in the town at their lodgings in the <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_Perth" title="Blackfriars, Perth">Blackfriars</a> monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evening of 20 February 1437 the king and queen were in their rooms and separated from most of their servants.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrieKingship-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atholl's grandson and heir Robert Stewart, the king's chamberlain, allowed his co-conspirators — thought to number about thirty and led by Robert Graham and the Chambers brothers — access to the building.<sup id="cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacQuarrieKingship-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was alerted to the men's presence, giving the king time to hide in a sewer tunnel, but with its exit recently blocked off to prevent tennis balls from getting lost,<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James was trapped and murdered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assassins had achieved their priority in killing the king, but the queen — although wounded — had escaped. Importantly, the six-year-old prince, now <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">King James II</a>, had been safeguarded from Atholl's control by the removal of the earl's associate, John Spens, from his role as James's custodian. Spens vanished from the records following the regicide but the re-allocation of his positions and lands immediately following the murder indicate his part in the plot. Yet, in the chaos following the murder, it appeared that the queen's attempt to position herself as regent was not guaranteed. </p><p>No surviving documentation exists that suggests that there was any general feeling of horror or condemnation aimed at the murderers. Possibly had the botched attempt at killing the queen succeeded and had Atholl taken control of the young king his attempted coup might have succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen's small group of loyal supporters including the Earl of Angus and William Crichton ensured her continued hold of James. This in itself greatly reinforced her situation but Atholl still had followers. By the first week of March, neither side seemed to have the ascendancy and the Bishop of Urbino, the pope's envoy, called for the council to pursue a peaceful outcome. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #F7F8F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>... Yitte dowte I nott but theat yee schulle see the daye and tyme that ye schulle pray for my sowle, for the grete good that I have done to yow, and to all this reume of Scotteland, that I have thus slayne and deliverde yow of so crewell a tyrant...<br /> <br /> ... <i>Yet I do not doubt but that you shall see the day and time that you shall pray for my soul, for the great good that I have done to you, and to all in this realm of Scotland, that I have thus slain and delivered you of so cruel a tyrant...</i> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Sir Robert Graham<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Despite this, by the middle of March, both Angus and Crichton had probably mobilised to move against Atholl. It is equally likely that Atholl had gathered his forces to resist incursions into his heartlands — on 7 March the queen and the council entreated the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgess</a>' of Perth to resist the forces of the "feloune traitors".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of Atholl and his circle of close supporters only collapsed after Earl Walter's heir Robert Stewart had been captured and who, in Shirley's account, confessed to his part in the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._42–44_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._42–44-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter was taken prisoner by Angus and held at the Edinburgh <a href="/wiki/Tolbooth" title="Tolbooth">Tolbooth</a> where he was tried and beheaded on 26 March 1437, the day after the coronation of the young James II.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._197–198_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._197–198-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Robert Graham, the leader of the band of assassins, was captured by former Atholl allies and was tried at a session of the council sitting at Stirling Castle and subsequently executed sometime shortly after 9 April.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Queen Joan's pursuit of the regency ended probably at the council of June 1437 when Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas, was appointed lieutenant-general of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King James's embalmed heart may have been taken on a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> following his interment at <a href="/wiki/Perth_Charterhouse" title="Perth Charterhouse">Perth Charterhouse</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Rolls_of_Scotland" title="Exchequer Rolls of Scotland">Exchequer Rolls of Scotland</a> for 1443 note the payment of £90 to cover the costs of a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of St John">knight of the Order of St John</a> who had returned it to the Charterhouse from the Island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #F7F8F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The king, was of medium height, a little on the short side, with a well-proportioned body and large bones, strong limbed and unbelievably active, so that he ... would challenge any one of his magnates of any size to wrestle with him.<br />– Walter Bower, Abbot of Inchcolm (written c. 1424)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._1–2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #F7F8F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>... [the king was] stocky and weighed down with fat [with] clear and piercing eyes<br /> – future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, Eneas Silvius Piccolomini (written 1435)<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._1–2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>James was a paradoxical figure. Although a prisoner of England he still received a good education and developed into a cultured individual becoming a poet, an accomplished musician and skilled in sports.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bower" title="Walter Bower">Walter Bower</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/Inchcolm_Abbey" title="Inchcolm Abbey">Inchcolm</a>, lists James's qualities as a musician — "not just as an enthusiastic amateur" but a master, "another <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>". His mastery included the organ, drum, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> and lyre.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_pp._1–2-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James's sporting abilities such as wrestling, hammer throwing, <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> and jousting are also listed by Bower. He described James as possessing an 'eagerness' in 'literary composition and writing', the best known of which is his love poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingis_Quair" title="The Kingis Quair">The Kingis Quair</a></i>. Bower characterised the king as "a tower, a lion, a light, a jewel, a pillar and a leader "and was our law giver king" who ended the 'thieving, dishonest conduct and plundering".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abbot Bower also described the king as capable of stabbing a near relative through the hand for creating a disturbance at court. The abbot was generally supportive of James but he and others regretted the demise of the Albany Stewarts, and he was confounded by James's greed for territory and wealth. Although Bower did not dwell at length on the negative aspects of James's character, he alluded to the dismay of even those close to the king at his harsh regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Shirley's account of the events leading up to James's murder in the work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dethe_of_the_Kynge_of_Scotis" title="The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis">The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis</a></i> provided an accurate narrative of politics in Scotland and which must have depended upon knowledgeable witnesses. <i>The Dethe</i> describes James as "tyrannous" and whose actions were motivated by revenge and "covetise ... than for anny laweful cawse". Shirley agrees with Bower as far as the Albany Stewarts were concerned when he wrote that the Albanys <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">whos dethe the people of the land sore grutched and mowrned</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing nearly a century later both the chroniclers <a href="/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)" title="John Major (philosopher)">John Mair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a> relied extensively on Bower for their own narratives. They described James as the embodiment of good monarchy with Mair's eulogy that James "...indeed excelled by far in virtue his father, grandfather and his great-grandfather nor will I give precedence over the first James to any of the Stewarts", while Boece, in a similar vein, calls James the <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">maist vertuous Prince that evir was afoir his days</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._6-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the 16th century the early historians <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a> and Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a> from opposite ends of the religious spectrum both looked favourably on James's reign but were uneasily mindful of an enduring aggressive history regarding the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._6-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #F7F8F9;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>O happie realme! governit with so kinglie a king; O cruel creatures quha dang doune sa strang a stay piller, and uphold of the Realme! Thir tratoris, like howlets culd nocht suffir to sie the bricht lycht of sa mervellous vertue.<br /><br /> <i>Oh happy realm! Governed by so kingly a king. Oh cruel creatures who struck down so strong a pillar, and upholder of the realm! The traitors, like owls could not suffer to see the bright light of so marvellous virtue.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Lesley" title="John Lesley">John Lesley</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown,_p._6-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The first 20th century history of James I was written by E.W.M. Balfour-Melville in 1936 and continued the theme of James as the strong upholder of law and order and, when describing Albany's trial and execution, he writes "the King had proved that high rank was no defence for lawlessness; the crown was enriched by the revenues of Fife, Menteith and Lennox".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balfour-Melville views James as a lawmaker and a "reformer" whose legislation was aimed at not only increasing the position of the king but of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Lynch describes how James's positive reputation began immediately after his death when the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urbino">Bishop of Urbino</a> kissed James's wounds and declared him to be a martyr. He suggests that the praise of the pro-James Scottish chroniclers and also of some modern historians to "find strong king to applaud" should not diminish the extent of parliament's ability to restrain the king nor minimise the confrontation that took place between James and a more self-assured parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Boardman takes the view that by the time of his death James had succeeded in breaking down the constraints on the exercise of royal authority which were rooted in the "settlement of the kingdom" by Robert II.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christine McGladdery describes how opposing views were the result of "competing propaganda after the murder". To those who were glad to see the king dead, James was a tyrant who, without reason, aggressively assailed the nobility, imposing forfeiture on their estates and who "failed to deliver justice to his people". She also provides the opposite viewpoint that the king was seen as giving "strong leadership against magnate excesses" and that the murder "was a disaster for the Scottish people, leaving them to endure the instability of years of consequent faction fighting". McGladdery continues that James was the example for the Stewart kings to follow by putting "Scotland firmly within a European context". </p><p>Michael Brown describes James as an "able, aggressive and opportunistic politician" whose chief aim was to establish a monarchy that had stature and was free from the confrontations that had beset his father's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He characterises James as "capable of highly effective short-term interventions" yet has failed to achieve a position of unqualified authority. Brown writes that James had come to power after "fifty years when kings looked like magnates and magnates acted like kings" and succeeded in completely changing the outlook and objectives of the monarchy. His policy of reducing the power and influence of the magnates, continued by his son James II, led to a more subordinate nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Grant repudiates James's reputation as the "law giver" and explains that nearly all of the king's legislation were reconstructions of laws laid down by previous monarchs and concludes that "the idea of James's return in 1424 marks a turning point in the development of <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> is an exaggeration".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At James's death, only the Douglases of the predominant magnate houses were left and, according to Grant, this reduction was the most far-reaching change to the nobility and was "by far the most important consequence of James I's reign".<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_issue">Marriage and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marriage and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In London, on 12 February 1424, James married <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Holland">Margaret Holland</a>. They had eight children:<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret Stewart</a> (1424 – 16 August 1445), married the Dauphin Louis, future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a>, at Tours, 24 June 1436;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella Stewart</a> (1426–1499), married <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis I, Duke of Brittany">Francis I, Duke of Brittany</a>, on 30 October 1442<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean2024112_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2024112-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan Stewart</a> (c. 1428 – after 16 October 1486); she was mute. Married before 15 May 1459 to <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay</a> (born and died 16 October 1430), elder twin of James II;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460), married <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor Stewart</a> (1433 – 20 November 1480), married <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund, Archduke of Austria</a>, about 12/24 February 1449;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan</a> (1434/35 – 20 March 1465), married <a href="/wiki/Wolfert_VI_of_Borselen" title="Wolfert VI of Borselen">Wolfert VI of Borselen</a> in 1444;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella Stewart">Annabella Stewart</a> (1436–1509), married firstly on 14 December 1447 <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Savoy,_Count_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva">Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva</a>, secondly in 1458 <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly">George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly</a>, before 10 March 1460.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James I with his queen"><img alt="James I with his queen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg/120px-JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg/180px-JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg/240px-JoanBeaufortandJames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1414" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">James I with his queen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Margaret of Scotland"><img alt="Margaret of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg/84px-Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg/126px-Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg/168px-Margaret_Stuart_Dauphine_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3279" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Margaret of Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isabella of Scotland"><img alt="Isabella of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg/61px-Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg/92px-Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg/123px-Isabella_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Isabella of Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James II of Scotland"><img alt="James II of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg/92px-James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg/138px-James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg/184px-James_II_of_Scotland_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5812" data-file-height="7594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">James II of Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eleanor of Scotland"><img alt="Eleanor of Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg/92px-Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg/139px-Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg/185px-Eleanor_stewart_1458_80_daugh_hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eleanor of Scotland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of James I of Scotland<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Sir Adam Mure</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. Joanna Cunningham</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>James I of Scotland</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. Sir Malcolm Drummond</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. John Drummond</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. Sir William Montfichet</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. Mary Montfichet</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_James_I_monument,_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG/150px-King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG/225px-King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG/300px-King_James_I_monument%2C_Dryburgh_Abbey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>King James I monument (1814) at <a href="/wiki/Dryburgh_Abbey" title="Dryburgh Abbey">Dryburgh Abbey</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_King_James_I,_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/146px-Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/219px-Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/292px-Statue_of_King_James_I%2C_Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Statue of King James I, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery" title="Scottish National Portrait Gallery">Scottish National Portrait Gallery</a></figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>James I has been depicted in plays, historical novels and short stories. They include:<sup id="cite_ref-Nield_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nield-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>The Caged Lion</i> (1870) by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mary_Yonge" title="Charlotte Mary Yonge">Charlotte Mary Yonge</a>. The novel depicts the captivity of James I in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, with the main events taking place in 1421–1422. A friendly relationship with <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> is prominently featured. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whittington" title="Richard Whittington">Richard Whittington</a> are the most prominent among the secondary characters;<sup id="cite_ref-Nield_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nield-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>A King's Tragedy</i> (1905) by May Wynne. The novel depicts events of the years 1436–1437. The action leads to the assassination of James I. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Douglas" title="Catherine Douglas">Catherine Douglas</a> is among the characters featured;<sup id="cite_ref-Nield_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nield-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Lion Let Loose</i> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Nigel Tranter</a>. Covers the life of James I from c. 1405 to his death in 1437;<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>A Royal Poet</i> (1819) by <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>. The author muses over the greatness of James I while on an excursion to Windsor Castle, mentioning two of his poems: "The Kingis Quair" and "<a href="/wiki/Christis_Kirk_on_the_Green" title="Christis Kirk on the Green">Christ's Kirk of the Green</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>James I: The Key Will Keep The Lock</i> (2014) by <a href="/wiki/Rona_Munro" title="Rona Munro">Rona Munro</a>. A co-production between the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Scotland" title="National Theatre of Scotland">National Theatre of Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Festival">Edinburgh International Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre of Great Britain">National Theatre of Great Britain</a>. The James Plays — <i>James I</i>, <i>James II</i> and <i>James III</i> — are a trio of history plays by Rona Munro. Each play stands alone as a vision of a country tussling with its past and future. This play focuses on the personal development of James I after his release by Henry V of England, his marriage to Joan and the struggles with the noble families to establish his authority in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a></div> <p>Robert II had four sons and five daughters by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mure" title="Elizabeth Mure">Elizabeth Mure</a> before legitimising them after receiving papal dispensation in 1347 for their marriage. The sons of this marriage were: </p> <ol><li>John, Earl of Carrick who on becoming king chose the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> of Robert;</li> <li>Walter, Lord of Fife (d.1362);</li> <li>Robert, Earl of Fife and later Duke of Albany;</li> <li>Alexander, Lord of Badenoch and Ross and later Earl of Buchan.</li></ol> <p>He later married <a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a> in 1355 and had two sons and two surviving daughters. The sons from this marriage were: </p> <ol><li>David, Earl of Caithness and Strathearn;</li> <li>Walter, who later in life became Earl of Caithness, then Earl of Atholl and finally Earl of Strathearn.</li></ol> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atholl's son and heir David Stewart died as a hostage for James I in 1434. At least fifteen others died in captivity as James had ceased the payments to redeem the hostages by 1429. (See Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, pp. 188, 189)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></div> <p>Both of Atholl's older brothers in the senior royal line had taken matters into their own hands. In 1384 John Stewart, Earl of Carrick (the future Robert III) engineered a coup that sidelined his father, Robert II, and was appointed lieutenant to rule Scotland. In turn, Carrick was removed from power by his brother Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife (the future Duke of Albany) in 1388. Albany arrested Robert III's son David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, who was probably murdered in Albany's castle in 1402. </p> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p_9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p_9_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p_9_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>Scotland: The Later Middle Ages</i>, pp. 278–279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson,_p._170-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson,_p._170_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, <i>Chivalry and knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513</i> p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>Scotland: The Later Middle Ages</i>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>Scotland: The Later Middle Ages</i>, pp. 293–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant,<i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant,<i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, pp. 189–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGladdery,_p_143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGladdery,_p_143_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGladdery, <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland: James I</i>, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael (1994). <i>James I</i>. Edinburgh, Scotland: Canongate Academic. pp. 17–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+I.&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pages=17-20&rft.pub=Canongate+Academic&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_James_I,_ODNB_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown M. H., <i>James I</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay</i> ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on text information in <i>Early Stewart Kings</i> by Stephen Boardman, p. 282 and some information in map in <i>A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages</i> by S.H. Rigby, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 239–246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boardman,_pp._246–247-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_pp._246–247_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boardman,_pp._246–247_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 291, 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 293–294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodger, FENN, Hugh atte (d.1409), of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penman, <i>Kings and Queens of Scotland</i>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Early Stewart Kings</i>, pp. 278, 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._18-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._18_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._18–19-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._18–19_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._20-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._20_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._20_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie and Waugh, <i>Reign of Henry the Fifth</i>, pp. 326–327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawcett & Oram, <i>Melrose Abbey</i>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>Kingship and Nation</i>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A New History</i>, pp. 143, 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson,_pp._171–172-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson,_pp._171–172_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, <i>Chivalry and knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513</i> pp. 171–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_Murdoch_Stewart,_ODNB_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown M. H., <i>Murdoch Stewart</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A New History</i>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_M._H.,_John_Stewart,_ODNB-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_M._H.,_John_Stewart,_ODNB_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown M. H., <i>John Stewart</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGladdery, <i>James II</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_James_I,_pp._65–66_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>Kingship and Nation</i>, pp. 215–216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>Kingship and Nation</i>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A New History</i>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 114–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historic Scotland, <i>Investigating Linlithgow Palace</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, pp. 151–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, pp. 153–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, pp. 155–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, <i>Medieval Church Councils</i>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, James I, pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, James I, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, James I, pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown,<i>James I</i>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._139-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._139_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._139_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 133–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_pp._139–140-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._139–140_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._139–140_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 139–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 109–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 110–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown,<i>James I</i>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Stewart, David, first earl of Strathearn and first earl of Caithness</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Walter Stewart, earl of Atholl</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, pp. 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._29-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._29_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._29_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacQuarrieKingship-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacQuarrieKingship_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacQuarrie, <i>Kingship and Nation</i>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGladdery, <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland: James I</i>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, pp. 31–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the Death of James I</i>, pp. 34–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGladdery,_pp._140,_143_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGladdery, <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland: James I</i>, pp. 140, 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Morgan, <i>The silver ball of rattray: a note on an early form of tennis, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 8, Issue 3, 1991.</i> "bot he maid to stop hit well iij dayes afore hand with stone, bicause that whane he playd there at the paume [handball] the ballis that he plaid withe oft ranne yn at that fowle hole (Shirley 1837, 56)." (Shirley, J (ed) 1837 <i>The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis.</i> Maitland Club. Glasgow.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the death of James I</i>, pp. 41–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i> 'I have thus slain a tyrant' – The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis</i>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 196–197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_pp._42–44-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._42–44_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Atholl and the death of James I</i>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_pp._197–198-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._197–198_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 197–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, <i>The Ancient Capital of Scotland</i>, pp. 304–305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rotuliscaccariir05grea#page/178/mode/2up/search/Domus+Vallis+Virtutis"><i>Rotuli scaccarii regum Scotorum=The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland</i></a>. Vol. V. Edinburgh : H.M. General Register House. 1878. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotuli+scaccarii+regum+Scotorum%3DThe+Exchequer+Rolls+of+Scotland&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Edinburgh+%3A+H.M.+General+Register+House&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frotuliscaccariir05grea%23page%2F178%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FDomus%2BVallis%2BVirtutis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_pp._1–2-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_pp._1–2_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland, A New History</i>, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 2–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown,_p._6-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown,_p._6_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donaldson, <i>Scottish Kings</i>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, p. xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynch, <i>Scotland: A New History</i>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, <i>Kingship, Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Online Ed.)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>James I</i>, pp. 207–208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, pp. 189–190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant, <i>Independence and Nationhood</i>, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 233–239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean2024112-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean2024112_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2024">Dean 2024</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil D. Thompson and Charles M. Hansen, <i>The Ancestry of Charles II, King of England</i> (American Society of Genealogists, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nield-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nield_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nield (1968), pp. 51–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cunninghamh.tripod.com/books/tobytimeline04">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nigel Tranter Historical Novels", listed by chronological order"</a>. tripod.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Nigel+Tranter+Historical+Novels%22%2C+listed+by+chronological+order&rft.pub=tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcunninghamh.tripod.com%2Fbooks%2Ftobytimeline04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinkmonkey.com/dl/library1/irvng013.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Royal Poet' from The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent (1819/20)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27A+Royal+Poet%27+from+The+Sketch+Book+of+Geoffrey+Crayon%2C+Gent+%281819%2F20%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinkmonkey.com%2Fdl%2Flibrary1%2Firvng013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127021039/https://www.eif.co.uk/2014/james1#.VDrEyleK2-0">"James I: The Key Will Keep The Lock"</a>. <i>Edinburgh International Festival</i>. 12 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eif.co.uk/2014/james1#.VDrEyleK2-0">the original</a> on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+International+Festival&rft.atitle=James+I%3A+The+Key+Will+Keep+The+Lock&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feif.co.uk%2F2014%2Fjames1%23.VDrEyleK2-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/G.W.S._Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (2003), <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1802-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1802-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-1802-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Scots&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1802-6&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49411">"Stewart family (per. c.1110–1350)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49411">10.1093/ref:odnb/49411</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart+family+%28per.+c.1110%E2%80%931350%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F49411&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F49411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman, Stephen</a> (2007), <i>The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406</i>, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland Series, Edinburgh: John Donald, an imprint of Birlinn Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904607-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904607-68-7"><bdi>978-1-904607-68-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Stewart+Kings%3A+Robert+II+and+Robert+III%2C+1371%E2%80%931406&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Stewart+Dynasty+in+Scotland+Series&rft.pub=John+Donald%2C+an+imprint+of+Birlinn+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904607-68-7&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman, S. I.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26468">"Stewart, David, duke of Rothesay (1378–1402)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26468">10.1093/ref:odnb/26468</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+David%2C+duke+of+Rothesay+%281378%E2%80%931402%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26468&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F26468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman, S. I.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/54325">"Stewart, David, first earl of Strathearn and first earl of Caithness (b. in or after 1357?, d. 1386?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54325">10.1093/ref:odnb/54325</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+David%2C+first+earl+of+Strathearn+and+first+earl+of+Caithness+%28b.+in+or+after+1357%3F%2C+d.+1386%3F&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54325&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=S.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F54325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrounReidBoardmanLynch2007" class="citation cs2">Broun, Dauvit; Reid, Norman H.; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Boardman_(historian)" title="Steve Boardman (historian)">Boardman, Steve</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a>; Wormald, Jenny (2007), "Kingship", in Lynch, Michael (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t246.e169-s5">> <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i></a> (Oxford Reference Online ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199234820" title="Special:BookSources/9780199234820"><bdi>9780199234820</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingship&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199234820&rft.aulast=Broun&rft.aufirst=Dauvit&rft.au=Reid%2C+Norman+H.&rft.au=Boardman%2C+Steve&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wormald%2C+Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt246.e169-s5%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, Michael</a> (1994), <i>James I.</i>, East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86232-105-2"><bdi>978-1-86232-105-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+I.&rft.place=East+Linton%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Tuckwell+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-86232-105-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, M. H.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14587">"James I."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587">10.1093/ref:odnb/14587</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+I.&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F14587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, M. H.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26483">"Stewart, John, third earl of Buchan (c.1380–1424)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587">10.1093/ref:odnb/14587</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+John%2C+third+earl+of+Buchan+%28c.1380%E2%80%931424%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F26483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, M. H.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26499">"Stewart, Murdoch, second duke of Albany (c.1362–1425)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587">10.1093/ref:odnb/14587</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stewart%2C+Murdoch%2C+second+duke+of+Albany+%28c.1362%E2%80%931425%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14587&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F26499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, M. H.</a> (1996), "I have thus slain a tyrant – The Dethe of the Kynge of Scotis and the right to resist in early fifteenth-century Scotland", <i>Innes Review</i>, <b>47</b> (SPRING 1996): 24–44, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Finr.1996.47.1.24">10.3366/inr.1996.47.1.24</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-5219">1745-5219</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innes+Review&rft.atitle=I+have+thus+slain+a+tyrant+%E2%80%93+The+Dethe+of+the+Kynge+of+Scotis+and+the+right+to+resist+in+early+fifteenth-century+Scotland&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=SPRING+1996&rft.pages=24-44&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Finr.1996.47.1.24&rft.issn=1745-5219&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Brown, Michael H.</a> (April–October 1992), "That Old Serpent and Ancient of Evil Days: Walter, Earl of Atholl and the Death of James I", <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i>, <b>71</b> (191/192. Parts 1 and 2): 23–45, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25530532">25530532</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=That+Old+Serpent+and+Ancient+of+Evil+Days%3A+Walter%2C+Earl+of+Atholl+and+the+Death+of+James+I&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=191%2F192.+Parts+1+and+2&rft.pages=23-45&rft.date=1992-04%2F1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25530532%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1904" class="citation cs2">Cowan, Samual (1904), <i>The Ancient Capital of Scotland</i>, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Capital+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+Hamilton%2C+Kent+%26+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Samual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1920" class="citation cs2">David, Charles Wendell (1920), <i>Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy</i>, London: Humphery Milford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Curthose%2C+Duke+of+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Humphery+Milford&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wendell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2024" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Lucinda H S (2024). <i>Death and the Royal Succession in Scotland, C.1214-C.1543: Ritual, Ceremony and Power</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1837651726" title="Special:BookSources/978-1837651726"><bdi>978-1837651726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+Royal+Succession+in+Scotland%2C+C.1214-C.1543%3A+Ritual%2C+Ceremony+and+Power&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1837651726&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Lucinda+H+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcettOram2004" class="citation cs2">Fawcett, Richard & Oram, Richard (2004), <i>Melrose Abbey</i>, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus Publishing Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2867-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2867-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-2867-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melrose+Abbey&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2867-3&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Oram%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2001" class="citation cs2">Grant, Alexander (2001), <i>Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0273-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0273-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-0273-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+and+Nationhood%2C+Scotland+1306%E2%80%931469&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0273-5&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch, Michael</a> (1992), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandnewhisto0000lync"><i>Scotland: A New History</i></a></span>, London: Pimlico, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9893-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9893-1"><bdi>978-0-7126-9893-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-9893-1&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotlandnewhisto0000lync&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGladdery2001" class="citation cs2">McGladdery, Christine (2001), "The House of Stewart, 1371–1625", in Oram, Richard (ed.), <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland</i>, Stroud, Gloustershire: Tempus Publishing Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1991-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-1991-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+House+of+Stewart%2C+1371%E2%80%931625&rft.btitle=The+Kings+%26+Queens+of+Scotland&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloustershire&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1991-6&rft.aulast=McGladdery&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGladdery1990" class="citation cs2">McGladdery, Christine (1990), <i>James II</i>, Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-304-2"><bdi>978-0-85976-304-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85976-304-2&rft.aulast=McGladdery&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQuarrie2004" class="citation cs2">MacQuarrie, Alan (2004), <i>Medieval Scotland: Kingship and Nation</i>, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2977-6"><bdi>978-0-7509-2977-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scotland%3A+Kingship+and+Nation&rft.place=Gloucestershire%2C+England&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2977-6&rft.aulast=MacQuarrie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroMunro2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Munro, R. W.; Munro, Jean (2004). "MacDonald family (per. c.1300–1500): Earls of Ross". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54280">10.1093/ref:odnb/54280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198614111" title="Special:BookSources/9780198614111"><bdi>9780198614111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=MacDonald+family+%28per.+c.1300%E2%80%931500%29%3A+Earls+of+Ross&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.series=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F54280&rft.isbn=9780198614111&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft.au=Munro%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNield1968" class="citation cs2">Nield, Jonathan (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=904G29jMdzIC"><i>A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales</i></a>, Ayer Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2509-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8337-2509-7"><bdi>978-0-8337-2509-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Best+Historical+Novels+and+Tales&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8337-2509-7&rft.aulast=Nield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D904G29jMdzIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenman2001" class="citation cs2">Penman, Michael (2001), "Robert III in The House of Stewart, 1371–1625", in Oram, Richard (ed.), <i>The Kings & Queens of Scotland</i>, Stroud, Gloustershire: Tempus Publishing Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1991-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-1991-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+III+in+The+House+of+Stewart%2C+1371%E2%80%931625&rft.btitle=The+Kings+%26+Queens+of+Scotland&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloustershire&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1991-6&rft.aulast=Penman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby2003" class="citation cs2">Rigby, S. H. (2003), <i>A Companion to Britain in the Later Middle Ages</i>, Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21785-5"><bdi>978-0-631-21785-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Britain+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21785-5&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRound1901" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._Horace_Round" title="J. Horace Round">Round, J. Horace</a> (1901), <i>Studies in Peerage and Family History</i>, Westminster, London: Archibald Constable & Co Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Peerage+and+Family+History&rft.place=Westminster%2C+London&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Round&rft.aufirst=J.+Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Katie_Stevenson" title="Katie Stevenson">Stevenson, Katie</a> (2006), <i>Chivalry and knighthood in Scotland, 1424–1513</i>, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-192-1"><bdi>978-1-84383-192-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+knighthood+in+Scotland%2C+1424%E2%80%931513&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-192-1&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/D._E._R._Watt" title="D. E. R. Watt">Watt, D. E. R.</a> (2000), <i>Medieval Church Councils in Scotland</i>, Edinburgh: T&T Clark Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08731-7"><bdi>978-0-567-08731-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Church+Councils+in+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08731-7&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=D.+E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2008), <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, London: Vintage, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5"><bdi>978-0-09-953973-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodger" class="citation web cs1">Woodger, L.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/fenn-hugh-atte-1409">"Woodger, <i>FENN, Hugh atte (d.1409), of Great Yarmouth, Norf.</i>"</a>. <i>The History of Parliament</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Parliament&rft.atitle=Woodger%2C+FENN%2C+Hugh+atte+%28d.1409%29%2C+of+Great+Yarmouth%2C+Norf.&rft.aulast=Woodger&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1386-1421%2Fmember%2Ffenn-hugh-atte-1409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylieWaugh1914" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Wylie" title="James Hamilton Wylie">Wylie, James Hamilton</a>; Waugh, William Templeton (1914), <i>The Reign of Henry the Fifth</i>, The University Press, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00086QRQM">B00086QRQM</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+the+Fifth&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00086QRQM%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=James+Hamilton&rft.au=Waugh%2C+William+Templeton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEducational_pamphlet" class="citation cs2">Educational pamphlet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192921/https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/4eb51625-90a0-4ff4-8542-a58601120455"><i>Investigating Linlithgow Palace</i></a>, Historic Envoironment Scotland, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/4eb51625-90a0-4ff4-8542-a58601120455">the original</a> on 5 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Linlithgow+Palace&rft.pub=Historic+Envoironment+Scotland&rft.au=Educational+pamphlet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net%2Fapi%2Ffile%2F4eb51625-90a0-4ff4-8542-a58601120455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+I+of+Scotland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_I_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_I_of_Scotland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/james-i-r-1406-1437">James I</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp72603">Portraits of James I of Scotland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235234#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>James I of Scotland </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Stewart">House of Stewart</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 10 December 1394</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 21 February 1437</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">King of Scots</a> </b><br />1406–1437 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Children_of_James_I_of_Scotland" title="Template:Children of James I of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Children_of_James_I_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Children of James I of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Children_of_James_I_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Children of James I of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Children_of_James_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Children of James I</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Children of James I and Joan Beaufort</b><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland_(Dauphine_of_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret of Scotland (Dauphine of France)">Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland</a> (1424–1445) married <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart,_Princess_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland">Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland</a> (1426–1494) married <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis I, Duke of Brittany">Francis I, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Stewart,_Princess_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland">Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland</a> (1433–1484) married <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund, Archduke of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Buchan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan">Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan</a> (died 1465) married <a href="/wiki/Wolfart_VI_van_Borsselen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfart VI van Borsselen">Wolfart VI van Borsselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Scotland,_Countess_of_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton">Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton</a> (c. 1428–1486) married <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton">James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay</a> (born and died 1430); elder twin of James II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> (1430–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland</a> (c. 1436 – 1509) married and divorced 1. <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Savoy,_Count_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva">Louis of Savoy</a>, and then married and divorced 2. <a href="/wiki/George_Gordon,_2nd_Earl_of_Huntly" title="George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly">George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>, p. 233-9</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patrilineage_of_James_I" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patrilineage_of_James_I_of_Scotland" title="Template:Patrilineage of James I of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Patrilineage_of_James_I_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Patrilineage of James I of Scotland (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patrilineage_of_James_I_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patrilineage of James I of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patrilineage_of_James_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Patrilineage of James I</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Dapifer sacrae ecclesiae Dolensis archiepiscopi Dolensis<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steward of the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flaald fitz Alan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Dapifer Dolensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_p_314-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Monmouth in 1101 or 1102 and described as <i>frater Alani Dapiferi</i><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alan fitz Flaald</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Dapifer Dolensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_p_314-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founder of <a href="/wiki/Sporle_Priory" title="Sporle Priory">Sporle Priory</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Walter_fitz_Alan" title="Walter fitz Alan">Walter fitz Alan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Dapifer Regis Scotie</i>. (c. 1110–1177) Walter son of Alan in foundation charter of the Cluniac <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">priory of Paisley</a> c. 1163. <sup id="cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow_p_314-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alan_fitz_Walter,_2nd_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Alan fitz Walter, 2nd High Steward of Scotland">Alan fitz Walter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Dapifer Regis Scotie</i>. (c. 1150–1204) <sup id="cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_3rd_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 3rd High Steward of Scotland">Walter fitz Alan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Senescallus Regis Scotie</i>. (c. 1198–1241) Generous patron of Paisley Abbey and Justicier of Scotia i.e. Scotland, north of the Forth.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_4th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland">Alexander of Dundonald</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Senescallus Scotie</i>. (c. 1220–1282) First to use new title <i>Steward of Scotland</i>. Called Alexander of Dundonald perhaps because he was born there. <sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defeated <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon IV of Norway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Largs</a> in October 1263.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_5th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland">James Stewart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Senescallus Scotie</i>. (c. 1260–1309. First to use surname Stewart (Jacobus Senescallus.) Supported Robert de Brus (known as the Competitor) in his claim for the throne in 1291 and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert the Bruce</a> on his enthronement in 1306.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Senescallus Scotie</i>. (c. 1296–1327). Commander of a brigade at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in 1314 and was knighted after the battle. Married the king's daughter, Marjory. Witnessed the entailment of the succession to the throne at a parliament in December 1318. Died at Bathgate Castle on 9 April 1327.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>King of Scots</i>. (1316–1390)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>King of Scots</i>. (c. 1337–1406)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, <i>Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy</i>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow_p_314-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow_p_314_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Round, <i>Studies in Peerage</i>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Round, <i>Studies in Peerage</i>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrow,_Stewart_Family,_ODNB_154-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>Stewart Family</i>, ODNB</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, <i>The Kingdom of the Scots</i>, p. 321</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts <br /> (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots<br />(traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James VII</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template talk:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David</a> <i>(1398–1402)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a> <i>(1402–1406)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander</a> <i>(1430)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1430–1437)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1452–1460)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1473–1488)</i></li> <li>James <i>(1507–1508)</i></li> <li>Arthur <i>(1509–1510)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James</a> <i>(1512–1513)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> <i>(1540–1541)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a> <i>(1566–1567)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1594–1612)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1612–1625)</i></li> <li>Charles James <i>(1629)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1630–1649)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688–1689)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1727–1751)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1952–2022)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/75px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/113px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/150px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="475" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scots_makars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scots_makars" title="Template:Scots makars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scots_makars" title="Template talk:Scots makars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scots_makars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scots makars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scots_makars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Makar" title="Makar">Scots makars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1370 – c. 1460</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barbour_(poet)" title="John Barbour (poet)">John Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huchoun" title="Huchoun">Huchoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hay_(poet)" title="Gilbert Hay (poet)">Sir Gilbert Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Wyntoun" title="Andrew of Wyntoun">Andrew of Wyntoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holland" title="Richard Holland">Richard Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1460 – c. 1560</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Harry" title="Blind Harry">Blind Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henryson" title="Robert Henryson">Robert Henryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kennedy_(poet)" title="Walter Kennedy (poet)">Walter Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunbar" title="William Dunbar">William Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Douglas" title="Gavin Douglas">Gavin Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lyndsay" title="David Lyndsay">David Lyndsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Maitland" title="Richard Maitland">Richard Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis" title="John Stewart of Baldynneis">John Stewart of Baldynneis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_(makar)" title="William Stewart (makar)">William Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">c. 1560 – 17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(16th-century_poet)" title="Alexander Scott (16th-century poet)">Alexander Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Montgomerie" title="Alexander Montgomerie">Alexander Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Band" title="Castalian Band">Castalian Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fowler_(makar)" title="William Fowler (makar)">William Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lindsay" title="Christian Lindsay">Christian Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Melville" title="Elizabeth Melville">Elizabeth Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hume" title="Alexander Hume">Alexander Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_elder" title="Robert Sempill the elder">Robert Sempill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_younger" title="Robert Sempill the younger">Robert Sempill the younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sempill" title="Francis Sempill">Francis Sempill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden" title="William Drummond of Hawthornden">William Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_of_Baldynneis" title="John Stewart of Baldynneis">John Stewart of Baldynneis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century – 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)" title="Allan Ramsay (poet)">Allan Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fergusson" title="Robert Fergusson">Robert Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Ann_Spottiswoode" title="Alicia Ann Spottiswoode">Alicia Ann Spottiswoode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soutar" title="William Soutar">William Soutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garioch" title="Robert Garioch">Robert Garioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Goodsir_Smith" title="Sydney Goodsir Smith">Sydney Goodsir Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Scott_(poet)" title="Tom Scott (poet)">Tom Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_Hay" title="George Campbell Hay">George Campbell Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scott_(20th-century_poet)" title="Alexander Scott (20th-century poet)">Alexander Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Henderson" title="Hamish Henderson">Hamish Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neill_(poet)" title="William Neill (poet)">William Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Makar_(National_Poet_for_Scotland)" title="Makar (National Poet for Scotland)">Makar or National Poet for Scotland</a><br />(from 2004)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Morgan_(poet)" title="Edwin Morgan (poet)">Edwin Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Lochhead" title="Liz Lochhead">Liz Lochhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Kay" title="Jackie Kay">Jackie Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Jamie" title="Kathleen Jamie">Kathleen Jamie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Stewart" style="vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="House of Stuart/Stewart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Template talk:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Stewart_(Scotland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Stewart (Scotland)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Stewart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stewart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="High Steward of Scotland">High Steward of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lennox" title="Earl of Lennox">Earl of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox" title="Duke of Lennox">Duke of Lennox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a></li> <li>Lord of Sticks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aubigny" title="Duke of Aubigny">Duke of Aubigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Moray" title="Earl of Moray">Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Galloway" title="Earl of Galloway">Earl of Galloway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart_of_Appin" title="Clan Stewart of Appin">Stewart of Appin</a></li> <li>Stewart of Ballechin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Castle_Stewart" title="Earl Castle Stewart">Stewart of Castle Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Balquhidder" title="Stewart of Balquhidder">Stewart of Balquhidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_of_Darnley" title="Stewart of Darnley">Stewart of Darnley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />Stewarts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="The_generations_indicate_descent_from_Robert_II_of_Scotland,_first_monarch_of_the_House_of_Stewart">The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II of Scotland</a>, first monarch of the House of Stewart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Lord_of_Fife" title="Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife">Walter, Earl of Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan">Alexander, Earl of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_la_Hay" title="Thomas de la Hay">Elizabeth, Lady Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_2nd_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas">Isabella, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Jean, Lady Keith</li> <li>Katherine Logan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Islay,_Lord_of_the_Isles#Family" title="John of Islay, Lord of the Isles">Margaret, Lady of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar,_Earl_of_Moray" title="John Dunbar, Earl of Moray">Marjorie, Countess of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn" title="David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn">David, Earl of Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_Earl_of_Atholl" title="Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl">Walter, Earl of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stewart,_Countess_of_Crawford" title="Elizabeth Stewart, Countess of Crawford">Elizabeth, Countess of Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale#Marriage" title="William Douglas of Nithsdale">Egidia, Lady Douglas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James I of Scotland</a></li> <li>Robert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_4th_Earl_of_Douglas#Marriage_and_issue" title="Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas">Margaret, Countess of Douglas</a></li> <li>Mary, Countess of Angus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_1st_Lord_Dalkeith" title="James Douglas, 1st Lord Dalkeith">Elizabeth, Lady Dalkeith</a></li> <li>Egidia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart,_Dauphine_of_France" title="Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France">Margaret, Dauphine of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Scotland,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany">Isabella, Duchess of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland" title="Eleanor of Scotland">Eleanor, Archduchess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Stewart,_Countess_of_Morton" title="Joan Stewart, Countess of Morton">Joan, Countess of Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan">Mary, Countess of Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_of_Scotland" title="Annabella of Scotland">Annabella, Countess of Geneva and Huntly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary, Countess of Arran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray" title="David Stewart, Earl of Moray">David, Earl of Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1479)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1479)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stewart_(born_c._1455)" title="Margaret Stewart (born c. 1455)">Margaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="James Stewart, Duke of Ross">James, Duke of Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Earl_of_Mar_(d._1503)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503)">John, Earl of Mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1507)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Arthur, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Ross" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross">Alexander, Duke of Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James, Duke of Rothesay</a></li> <li>Robert, Duke of Albany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI of Scotland and I of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stuart_(1598%E2%80%931600)" title="Margaret Stuart (1598–1600)">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kintyre_and_Lorne" title="Robert Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne">Robert, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stuart_(1605%E2%80%931607)" title="Mary Stuart (1605–1607)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia of England">Sophia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Stuart_(1637%E2%80%931640)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Stuart (1637–1640)">Anne</a></li> <li>Katherine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Kendal" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Theresa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward "Bonnie Prince Charlie"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry, Cardinal York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Stuart" title="Category:House of Stuart">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mormaers_or_earls_of_Carrick" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earls_of_Carrick" title="Template:Earls of Carrick"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earls_of_Carrick" title="Template talk:Earls of Carrick"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earls_of_Carrick" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earls of Carrick"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mormaers_or_earls_of_Carrick" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Carrick" title="Earl of Carrick">Mormaers or earls of Carrick</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gille_Brigte_of_Galloway" title="Gille Brigte of Galloway">Gille Brigte</a></i> ¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh,_Earl_of_Carrick" title="Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick">Donnchadh of Carrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall,_Earl_of_Carrick" title="Niall, Earl of Carrick">Niall of Carrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie,_Countess_of_Carrick" title="Marjorie, Countess of Carrick">Marjorie of Carrick</a><small><i> (with 1. <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Kilconquhar" title="Adam of Kilconquhar">Adam of Kilconquhar</a>; 2. <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_6th_Lord_of_Annandale" title="Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale">Robert VI de Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Annandale" title="Lord of Annandale">Lord of Annandale</a>)</i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bruce line</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert de Brus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce" title="Edward Bruce">Edward de Brus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert de Brus</a> (again)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David de Brus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bruce,_Earl_of_Carrick" title="Alexander Bruce, Earl of Carrick">Alexander de Brus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stewart earls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David Stewart</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>¹ <small>Did not hold the rank of earl/mormaer, but ruled the province as a petty-king</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235234#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235234#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235234#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108928004">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44324943">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/261801933">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9596/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYtbY6pVF8qmRV3RgR8C">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjvvTrQtGKRpqxVdy7FWKq">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118775820">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028950">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120875214">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120875214">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="James I <re di Scozia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV207048">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35241527">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p339711884">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069887748">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jmsj4q56hszw4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535229005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/308923">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263238705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10805153?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6730a34c-fc85-4bd9-9219-e4b5aff224ca">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/878531">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118775820.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118775820">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070166919">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65q4t2z">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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