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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Momentum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Momentum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wavelength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wavelength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wavelength</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wavelength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scattering_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scattering_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scattering experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scattering_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy comparisons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_comparisons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy comparisons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molar_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molar_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Molar energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molar_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronvolt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="إلكترون فولت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون فولت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electronvolt" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n-voltiu" title="Electrón-voltiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón-voltiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_volt" title="Elektron volt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron volt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="الکترون ولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترون ولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ইলেকট্রন-ভোল্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন-ভোল্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронвольт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электронвольт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Електронволт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронволт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektronenvolt" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="གློག་རྡུལ་ཝོལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློག་རྡུལ་ཝོལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron-volt" title="Elektron-volt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektron-volt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3-volt" title="Electró-volt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró-volt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронвольт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenvolt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%84" title="Ηλεκτρονιοβόλτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονιοβόλτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvoltio" title="Electronvoltio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electronvoltio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolto" title="Elektronvolto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronvolto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="الکترون‌ولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون‌ولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectronvolt" title="Électronvolt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électronvolt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreonvolta" title="Leictreonvolta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreonvolta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n-volt" title="Electrón-volt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrón-volt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F" title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન વોલ્ટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન વોલ્ટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="전자볼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자볼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6-%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF" title="Էլեկտրոն-վոլտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոն-վոլտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन वोल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन वोल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindarvolt" title="Rafeindarvolt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindarvolt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettronvolt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="אלקטרון וולט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון וולט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონვოლტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონვოლტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронвольт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvoltium" title="Electronvoltium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electronvoltium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolts" title="Elektronvolts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronvolts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvoltas" title="Elektronvoltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronvoltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron-volt" title="Elettron-volt – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elettron-volt" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Електронволт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронволт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनव्होल्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनव्होल्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="電子ボルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子ボルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektronenvolt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electronvolt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9" title="الیکٹرون وولٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرون وولٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletronv%C3%B2lt" title="Eletronvòlt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletronvòlt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronowolt" title="Elektronowolt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektronowolt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9tron-volt" title="Elétron-volt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétron-volt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electronvolt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Электронвольт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронвольт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolti" title="Elektronvolti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektronvolti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elettronvolt" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electronvolt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nvolt" title="Elektrónvolt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónvolt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Електронволт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронволт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronivoltti" title="Elektronivoltti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronivoltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="இலத்திரன்வோல்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலத்திரன்வோல்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="อิเล็กตรอนโวลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กตรอนโวลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektronvolt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Електронвольт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронвольт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9" title="الیکٹرون وولٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیکٹرون وولٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Electronvolt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="电子伏特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子伏特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子伏特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子伏特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83327#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MEV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MEV (disambiguation)">MEV (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="KEV (disambiguation)">KEV (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GEV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="GEV (disambiguation)">GEV (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/TEV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="TEV (disambiguation)">TEV (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PEV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PEV (disambiguation)">PEV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-unit"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">electronvolt</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">Unit system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Non-SI accepted unit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">eV</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Conversions </th></tr><tr class="nowrap"><td>1 eV <i>in ...</i></td><td><i>... is equal to ...</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> (SI)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">   </span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> J</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-eV_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-eV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, an <b>electronvolt</b> (symbol <b>eV</b>), also written <b>electron-volt</b> and <b>electron volt</b>, is the measure of an amount of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> gained by a single <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> accelerating through an <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">electric potential difference</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. When used as a <a href="/wiki/Units_of_energy" title="Units of energy">unit of energy</a>, the numerical value of 1 eV in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> (symbol J) is equal to the numerical value of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">charge</a> of an electron in <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulombs</a> (symbol C). Under the <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a>, this sets 1 eV equal to the exact value <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> J</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-eV_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-eV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the electronvolt was devised as a standard <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of measure">unit of measure</a> through its usefulness in <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator#Electrostatic_particle_accelerators" title="Particle accelerator">electrostatic particle accelerator</a> sciences, because a particle with <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> <i>q</i> gains an energy <span class="nowrap"><i>E</i> = <i>qV</i></span> after passing through a voltage of <i>V</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_use">Definition and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An electronvolt is the amount of energy gained or lost by a single <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> when it moves through an <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">electric potential difference</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>. Hence, it has a value of one <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>, which is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 J/C</span>, multiplied by the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a> <i>e</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> C</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-e_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-e-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, one electronvolt is equal to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> J</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-eV_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-eV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electronvolt (eV) is a unit of energy, but is not an <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI unit</a>. It is a commonly used <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of energy">unit of energy</a> within physics, widely used in <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">solid state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle</a> physics, and <a href="/wiki/High-energy_astronomy" title="High-energy astronomy">high-energy astrophysics</a>. It is commonly used with <a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> <i>milli-</i> (10<sup>-3</sup>), <i>kilo-</i> (10<sup>3</sup>), <i>mega-</i> (10<sup>6</sup>), <i>giga-</i> (10<sup>9</sup>), <i>tera-</i> (10<sup>12</sup>), <i>peta-</i> (10<sup>15</sup>) or <i>exa-</i> (10<sup>18</sup>), the respective symbols being meV, keV, MeV, GeV, TeV, PeV and EeV. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). </p><p>In some older documents, and in the name <i><a href="/wiki/Bevatron" title="Bevatron">Bevatron</a></i>, the symbol <i>BeV</i> is used, where the <i>B</i> stands for <i><a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a></i>. The symbol <i>BeV</i> is therefore equivalent to <i>GeV</i>, though neither is an SI unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_other_physical_properties_and_units">Relation to other physical properties and units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relation to other physical properties and units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Quantity</th> <th>Unit</th> <th>SI value of unit </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a></td> <td>eV</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217663400000♠"></span>1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> J</span><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span><sup id="cite_ref-physconst-eV_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-eV-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a></td> <td>eV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6964178266192000000♠"></span>1.782<span style="margin-left:.25em;">661</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">92</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−36</sup> kg</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a></td> <td>eV/<i>c</i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6972534428599000000♠"></span>5.344<span style="margin-left:.25em;">285</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">99</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−28</sup> kg·m/s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a></td> <td>eV/<i>k</i><sub>B</sub></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004116045181200000♠"></span>11<span style="margin-left:.25em;">604</span>.518<span style="margin-left:.25em;">12</span> K</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a></td> <td><i>ħ</i>/eV</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984658211900000000♠"></span>6.582<span style="margin-left:.25em;">119</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−16</sup> s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a></td> <td><i>ħc</i>/eV</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993197327000000000♠"></span>1.973<span style="margin-left:.25em;">27</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−7</sup> m</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the fields of physics in which the electronvolt is used, other quantities are typically measured using units derived from the electronvolt as a product with fundamental constants of importance in the theory are often used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass">Mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a>, the electronvolt corresponds to a unit of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>. It is common in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, where units of mass and energy are often interchanged, to express mass in units of eV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup>, where <i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in vacuum (from <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence"><span class="nowrap"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></span></a>). It is common to informally express mass in terms of eV as a <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit of mass">unit of mass</a>, effectively using a system of <a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">natural units</a> with <i>c</i> set to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> equivalent of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 eV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span> is: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1\;{\text{eV}}/c^{2}={\frac {(1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\,{\text{C}})\times 1\,{\text{V}}}{(299\ 792\ 458\;\mathrm {m/s} )^{2}}}=1.782\ 661\ 92\times 10^{-36}\;{\text{kg}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1.602</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>176</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>634</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>299</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>792</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>458</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.782</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>661</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>92</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>36</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1\;{\text{eV}}/c^{2}={\frac {(1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\,{\text{C}})\times 1\,{\text{V}}}{(299\ 792\ 458\;\mathrm {m/s} )^{2}}}=1.782\ 661\ 92\times 10^{-36}\;{\text{kg}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d521426c1c50df8608d6e7e168c878e55f4b750" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:70.872ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1\;{\text{eV}}/c^{2}={\frac {(1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\,{\text{C}})\times 1\,{\text{V}}}{(299\ 792\ 458\;\mathrm {m/s} )^{2}}}=1.782\ 661\ 92\times 10^{-36}\;{\text{kg}}.}"></span> </p><p>For example, an electron and a <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>, each with a mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999511000000000000♠"></span>0.511 MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span>, can <a href="/wiki/Annihilation" title="Annihilation">annihilate</a> to yield <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987163742436971400♠"></span>1.022 MeV</span> of energy. A <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> has a mass of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999938000000000000♠"></span>0.938 GeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span>. In general, the masses of all <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> are of the order of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 GeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span>, which makes the GeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup> a convenient unit of mass for particle physics:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1.2em;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 GeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6973178266192000000♠"></span>1.782<span style="margin-left:.25em;">661</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">92</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−27</sup> kg</span>.</span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass constant">atomic mass constant</a> (<i>m</i><sub>u</sub>), one twelfth of the mass a carbon-12 atom, is close to the mass of a proton. To convert to electronvolt mass-equivalent, use the formula: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent" style="padding-left: 1.2em;"><span class="nowrap"><i>m</i><sub>u</sub> = 1 Da = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002931494100000000♠"></span>931.4941 MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999931494100000000♠"></span>0.931<span style="margin-left:.25em;">4941</span> GeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span>.</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Momentum">Momentum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Momentum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By dividing a particle's kinetic energy in electronvolts by the fundamental constant <i>c</i> (the speed of light), one can describe the particle's <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> in units of eV/<i>c</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FNALunits_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNALunits-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In natural units in which the fundamental velocity constant <i>c</i> is numerically 1, the <i>c</i> may be informally be omitted to express momentum using the unit electronvolt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg/220px-Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg/330px-Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg/440px-Einstein-triangle-in-natural-units.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation" title="Energy–momentum relation">energy–momentum relation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">natural units</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/527f323b9d0f683f723b66915c78cc05f670b110" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.105ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}"></span>, is a <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean equation</a> that can be visualized as a <a href="/wiki/Right_triangle" title="Right triangle">right triangle</a> where the total <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Hypotenuse" title="Hypotenuse">hypotenuse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> and <a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">rest mass</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a6ff51ee949104fe6fae553cfbdfba29d5fac1e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{0}}"></span> are the two <a href="/wiki/Cathetus" title="Cathetus">legs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation" title="Energy–momentum relation">energy–momentum relation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m_{0}^{2}c^{4}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m_{0}^{2}c^{4}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ff33cff7f554bf4de95c58e7a4e9b8e1f1b522c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.227ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}c^{2}+m_{0}^{2}c^{4}}"></span> in natural units (with <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e3467f9e219a5ea38a30da5c3a02c2c23f61a79" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.268ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=1}"></span>) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/527f323b9d0f683f723b66915c78cc05f670b110" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.105ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E^{2}=p^{2}+m_{0}^{2}}"></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean equation">Pythagorean equation</a>. When a relatively high energy is applied to a particle with relatively low <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">rest mass</a>, it can be approximated as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E\simeq p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>≃</mo> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E\simeq p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a2e9add2ddf41f349abe7bfe5ec4579e68e602a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.044ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E\simeq p}"></span> in <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">high-energy physics</a> such that an applied energy with expressed in the unit eV conveniently results in a numerically approximately equivalent change of momentum when expressed with the unit eV/<i>c</i>. </p><p>The dimension of momentum is <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">T</span><sup>−1</sup><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">L</span><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">M</span>. The dimension of energy is <span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">T</span><sup>−2</sup><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">L</span><sup>2</sup><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">M</span>. Dividing a unit of energy (such as eV) by a fundamental constant (such as the speed of light) that has the dimension of velocity (<span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">T</span><sup>−1</sup><span style="font-family:sans-serif;font-style:normal;">L</span>) facilitates the required conversion for using a unit of energy to quantify momentum. </p><p>For example, if the momentum <i>p</i> of an electron is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 GeV/<i>c</i></span>, then the conversion to <a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">MKS system of units</a> can be achieved by: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=1\;{\text{GeV}}/c={\frac {(1\times 10^{9})\times (1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{C}})\times (1\;{\text{V}})}{2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{8}\;{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}}=5.344\ 286\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>GeV</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1.602</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>176</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>634</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>V</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2.99</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>792</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>458</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>5.344</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>286</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kg</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=1\;{\text{GeV}}/c={\frac {(1\times 10^{9})\times (1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{C}})\times (1\;{\text{V}})}{2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{8}\;{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}}=5.344\ 286\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28c52ab078b1ee53834417c06c25e39591305168" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:92.113ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=1\;{\text{GeV}}/c={\frac {(1\times 10^{9})\times (1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{C}})\times (1\;{\text{V}})}{2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{8}\;{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}}}=5.344\ 286\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{kg}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}/{\text{s}}.}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distance">Distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, a system of natural units in which the speed of light in vacuum <i>c</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">reduced Planck constant</a> <i>ħ</i> are dimensionless and equal to unity is widely used: <span class="nowrap"><i>c</i> = <i>ħ</i> = 1</span>. In these units, both distances and times are expressed in inverse energy units (while energy and mass are expressed in the same units, see <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">mass–energy equivalence</a>). In particular, particle <a href="/wiki/Scattering_length" title="Scattering length">scattering lengths</a> are often presented using a unit of inverse particle mass. </p><p>Outside this system of units, the conversion factors between electronvolt, second, and nanometer are the following: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar =1.054\ 571\ 817\ 646\times 10^{-34}\ \mathrm {J{\cdot }s} =6.582\ 119\ 569\ 509\times 10^{-16}\ \mathrm {eV{\cdot }s} .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.054</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>571</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>817</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>646</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>34</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.582</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>119</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>569</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>509</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>16</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar =1.054\ 571\ 817\ 646\times 10^{-34}\ \mathrm {J{\cdot }s} =6.582\ 119\ 569\ 509\times 10^{-16}\ \mathrm {eV{\cdot }s} .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63f5f1b4b732f6dd8bab435640b1c54762075421" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:68.05ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar =1.054\ 571\ 817\ 646\times 10^{-34}\ \mathrm {J{\cdot }s} =6.582\ 119\ 569\ 509\times 10^{-16}\ \mathrm {eV{\cdot }s} .}"></span> </p><p>The above relations also allow expressing the <a href="/wiki/Mean_lifetime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean lifetime">mean lifetime</a> <i>τ</i> of an unstable particle (in seconds) in terms of its <a href="/wiki/Decay_width" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay width">decay width</a> Γ (in eV) via <span class="nowrap">Γ = <i>ħ</i>/<i>τ</i></span>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">0</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> meson</a> has a lifetime of 1.530(9) <a href="/wiki/Picosecond" title="Picosecond">picoseconds</a>, mean decay length is <span class="nowrap"><i>cτ</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996459699999999999♠"></span>459.7 μm</span></span>, or a decay width of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6977689256324707400♠"></span>4.302(25)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> eV</span>. </p><p>Conversely, the tiny meson mass differences responsible for <a href="/wiki/Neutral_particle_oscillation" title="Neutral particle oscillation">meson oscillations</a> are often expressed in the more convenient inverse picoseconds. </p><p>Energy in electronvolts is sometimes expressed through the wavelength of light with photons of the same energy: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1\;{\text{eV}}}{hc}}={\frac {1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{J}}}{(2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{11}\;{\text{mm}}/{\text{s}})\times (6.62\ 607\ 015\times 10^{-34}\;{\text{J}}{\cdot }{\text{s}})}}\thickapprox 806.55439\;{\text{mm}}^{-1}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>eV</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.602</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>176</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>634</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>J</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2.99</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>792</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>458</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mm</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>6.62</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>607</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>015</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>34</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>J</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>s</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">≈</mo> <mn>806.55439</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>mm</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1\;{\text{eV}}}{hc}}={\frac {1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{J}}}{(2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{11}\;{\text{mm}}/{\text{s}})\times (6.62\ 607\ 015\times 10^{-34}\;{\text{J}}{\cdot }{\text{s}})}}\thickapprox 806.55439\;{\text{mm}}^{-1}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/103abb8d7f735afb35336e1eb88c5e51ec0e0bdb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:86.255ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1\;{\text{eV}}}{hc}}={\frac {1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}\;{\text{J}}}{(2.99\ 792\ 458\times 10^{11}\;{\text{mm}}/{\text{s}})\times (6.62\ 607\ 015\times 10^{-34}\;{\text{J}}{\cdot }{\text{s}})}}\thickapprox 806.55439\;{\text{mm}}^{-1}.}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain fields, such as <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>, it is convenient to use the electronvolt to express temperature. The electronvolt is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a> to convert to the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin scale">Kelvin scale</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {1\,\mathrm {eV} /k_{\text{B}}}={1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}{\text{ J}} \over 1.380\ 649\times 10^{-23}{\text{ J/K}}}=11\ 604.518\ 12{\text{ K}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1.602</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>176</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>634</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> J</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.380</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>649</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> J/K</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>11</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>604.518</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>12</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> K</mtext> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {1\,\mathrm {eV} /k_{\text{B}}}={1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}{\text{ J}} \over 1.380\ 649\times 10^{-23}{\text{ J/K}}}=11\ 604.518\ 12{\text{ K}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c374ea306dafd70c6a284daf8f4e8c37b1e24a5b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:55.124ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {1\,\mathrm {eV} /k_{\text{B}}}={1.602\ 176\ 634\times 10^{-19}{\text{ J}} \over 1.380\ 649\times 10^{-23}{\text{ J/K}}}=11\ 604.518\ 12{\text{ K}},}"></span> where <i>k</i><sub>B</sub> is the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>. </p><p>The <i>k</i><sub>B</sub> is assumed when using the electronvolt to express temperature, for example, a typical <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">magnetic confinement fusion</a> plasma is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6985240326473049999♠"></span>15 keV</span> (kiloelectronvolt), which is equal to 174 MK (megakelvin). </p><p>As an approximation: <i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i> is about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979400544121750000♠"></span>0.025 eV</span> (≈ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">290 K</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">11604 K/eV</span></span>⁠</span>) at a temperature of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002293150000000000♠"></span>20 °C</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wavelength">Wavelength</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wavelength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colors_in_eV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colors_in_eV.svg/239px-Colors_in_eV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="239" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colors_in_eV.svg/359px-Colors_in_eV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Colors_in_eV.svg/478px-Colors_in_eV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Energy of photons in the visible spectrum in eV</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg/220px-EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg/330px-EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg/440px-EV_to_nm_vis-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Graph of wavelength (nm) to energy (eV)</figcaption></figure> <p>The energy <i>E</i>, frequency <i>ν</i>, and wavelength <i>λ</i> of a photon are related by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}={\frac {\mathrm {4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;eV/Hz} \times \mathrm {299\,792\,458\;m/s} }{\lambda }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4.135</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>667</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>696</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>299</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>792</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mn>458</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}={\frac {\mathrm {4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;eV/Hz} \times \mathrm {299\,792\,458\;m/s} }{\lambda }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/40cd13fc0f79bdeeb58feb79cf4f37dfc2ae95fe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:65.508ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\nu ={\frac {hc}{\lambda }}={\frac {\mathrm {4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;eV/Hz} \times \mathrm {299\,792\,458\;m/s} }{\lambda }}}"></span> where <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, <i>c</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. This reduces to<sup id="cite_ref-physconst-heV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physconst-heV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {eV/Hz} \times \nu \\[4pt]&={\frac {1\ 239.841\ 98\;\mathrm {eV{\cdot }nm} }{\lambda }}.\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="0.7em 0.3em" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>E</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4.135</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>667</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>696</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mi>ν</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>239.841</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>98</mn> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⋅</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {eV/Hz} \times \nu \\[4pt]&={\frac {1\ 239.841\ 98\;\mathrm {eV{\cdot }nm} }{\lambda }}.\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00656cf6edf1e4f4d8a4169e26b71a5ffc3d8e74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:38.809ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E&=4.135\ 667\ 696\times 10^{-15}\;\mathrm {eV/Hz} \times \nu \\[4pt]&={\frac {1\ 239.841\ 98\;\mathrm {eV{\cdot }nm} }{\lambda }}.\end{aligned}}}"></span> A photon with a wavelength of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993532000000000000♠"></span>532 nm</span> (green light) would have an energy of approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981373307121471000♠"></span>2.33 eV</span>. Similarly, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217648700000♠"></span>1 eV</span> would correspond to an infrared photon of wavelength <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994124000000000000♠"></span>1240 nm</span> or frequency <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014241800000000000♠"></span>241.8 THz</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scattering_experiments">Scattering experiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scattering experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a low-energy nuclear scattering experiment, it is conventional to refer to the nuclear recoil energy in units of eVr, keVr, etc. This distinguishes the nuclear recoil energy from the "electron equivalent" recoil energy (eVee, keVee, etc.) measured by <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(physics)" title="Scintillation (physics)">scintillation</a> light. For example, the yield of a <a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">phototube</a> is measured in phe/keVee (<a href="/wiki/Photoelectron" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectron">photoelectrons</a> per keV electron-equivalent energy). The relationship between eV, eVr, and eVee depends on the medium the scattering takes place in, and must be established empirically for each material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_comparisons">Energy comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Energy comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Light_spectrum.svg/324px-Light_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="324" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Light_spectrum.svg/486px-Light_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Light_spectrum.svg/648px-Light_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><b>Photon frequency vs. energy particle in electronvolts</b>. The <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">energy of a photon</a> varies only with the frequency of the photon, related by the speed of light. This contrasts with a massive particle of which the energy depends on its velocity and <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass">rest mass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <th>Legend </th></tr> <tr> <td>γ: <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a></td> <td>MIR: mid-infrared</td> <td>HF: <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">high freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HX: hard <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></td> <td>FIR: far infrared</td> <td>MF: <a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">medium freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SX: soft X-rays</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a></td> <td>LF: <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">low freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EUV: extreme <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a></td> <td>EHF: <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">extremely high freq.</a></td> <td>VLF: <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">very low freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NUV: <a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">near ultraviolet</a></td> <td>SHF: <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">super high freq.</a></td> <td>ULF: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ultra-low freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a></td> <td>UHF: <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high freq.</a></td> <td>SLF: <a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">super low freq.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NIR: near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a></td> <td>VHF: <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high freq.</a></td> <td>ELF: <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">extremely low freq.</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Energy</th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7058299999999999999♠"></span>3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>58</sup> <a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">Q</a>eV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mass-energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-energy">mass-energy</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">ordinary matter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001525000000000000♠"></span>52.5 <a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">Q</a>eV</span></td> <td>energy released from a 20 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kiloton of TNT equivalent</a> explosion (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">nuclear weapon yield</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> <a href="/wiki/Fission_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission bomb">fission bomb</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001122000000000000♠"></span>12.2 <a href="/wiki/Ronna-" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronna-">R</a>eV</span></td> <td>the <a href="/wiki/Planck_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck energy">Planck energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 <a href="/wiki/Yotta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yotta-">Y</a>eV</span></td> <td>approximate <a href="/wiki/Grand_unification_energy" title="Grand unification energy">grand unification energy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠"></span>300 <a href="/wiki/Exa-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa-">E</a>eV</span></td> <td>first <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray">ultra-high-energy cosmic ray</a> particle observed, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle" title="Oh-My-God particle">Oh-My-God particle</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001624000000000000♠"></span>62.4 <a href="/wiki/Exa-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa-">E</a>eV</span></td> <td>energy consumed by a 10-watt device (e.g. a typical<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LED_light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="LED light bulb">LED light bulb</a>) in one second (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 W</span> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 J/s</span> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000999758127888000♠"></span>6.24<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>19</sup> eV/s</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000200000000000000♠"></span>2 <a href="/wiki/Peta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Peta-">P</a>eV</span></td> <td>the highest-energy neutrino detected by the <a href="/wiki/IceCube" class="mw-redirect" title="IceCube">IceCube</a> neutrino telescope in Antarctica<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6994224304708180000♠"></span>14 TeV</span></td> <td>designed proton center-of-mass collision energy at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (operated at 3.5 TeV since its start on 30 March 2010, reached 13 TeV in May 2015) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993160217648700000♠"></span>1 TeV</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993160200000000000♠"></span>0.1602 μJ</span>, about the kinetic energy of a flying <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992275574355763999♠"></span>172 GeV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top quark</a>, the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a> for which this has been determined </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992200432278523699♠"></span>125.1<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0.2 GeV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a>, as measured by two separate detectors at the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a> to a certainty better than <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">5 sigma</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989336457062270000♠"></span>210 MeV</span></td> <td>average energy released in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">Pu-239</a> atom </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989320435297400000♠"></span>200 MeV</span></td> <td>approximate average energy released in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> of one <a href="/wiki/U-235" class="mw-redirect" title="U-235">U-235</a> atom. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989169350054675900♠"></span>105.7 MeV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6988281983061712000♠"></span>17.6 MeV</span></td> <td>average energy released in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> to form <a href="/wiki/He-4" class="mw-redirect" title="He-4">He-4</a>; this is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014410000000000000♠"></span>0.41 PJ</span> per kilogram of product produced </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987320435297400000♠"></span>2 MeV</span></td> <td>approximate average energy released in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> neutron released from one <a href="/wiki/U-235" class="mw-redirect" title="U-235">U-235</a> atom. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987304413532530000♠"></span>1.9 MeV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up quark</a>, the lowest-mass quark. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987160217648700000♠"></span>1 MeV</span></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6987160200000000000♠"></span>0.1602 pJ</span>, about twice the <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of an electron </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6984160217648700000♠"></span>1 to 10 keV</span></td> <td>approximate <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_(energy)" title="KT (energy)"><span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i></span></a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> systems, like the core of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">magnetically confined plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6982217896002232000♠"></span>13.6 eV</span></td> <td>the energy required to <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionize</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">atomic hydrogen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Molecular_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular bond">molecular</a> <a href="/wiki/Bond_energy" title="Bond energy">bond energies</a> are on the <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of magnitude">order</a> of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981160217648700000♠"></span>1 eV</span> to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6982160217648700000♠"></span>10 eV</span> per bond </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981264359120354999♠"></span>1.65 to 3.26 eV</span></td> <td>range of <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">photon energy</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {hc}{\lambda }})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {hc}{\lambda }})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c465358b7ce26db8c23532006f70a2311e46f74" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.304ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ({\tfrac {hc}{\lambda }})}"></span> of <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> from <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> to <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981176239413570000♠"></span>1.1 eV</span></td> <td>energy <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{g}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{g}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e16fa5287303e19370026edc85a044dd74cbc78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{g}}"></span> required to break a <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> bond in <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6981115356707063999♠"></span>720 meV</span></td> <td>energy <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{g}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{g}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e16fa5287303e19370026edc85a044dd74cbc78" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.737ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{g}}"></span> required to break a <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> bond in <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6980192261178440000♠"></span>120 meV</span> </td> <td>upper bound on the <a href="/wiki/Rest_mass_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest mass energy">rest mass energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> (sum of 3 flavors)<sup id="cite_ref-Mertens_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mertens-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979608827065059999♠"></span>38 meV</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">average kinetic energy</a>, <span class="texhtml"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span></span><a href="/wiki/KT_(energy)" title="KT (energy)"><span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i></span></a>, of one gas molecule at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979400544121749999♠"></span>25 meV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_(energy)" title="KT (energy)"><span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i></span></a>, at room temperature </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6977368500592010000♠"></span>230 μeV</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_(energy)" title="KT (energy)"><span class="texhtml"><i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i></span></a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> radiation temperature of ~2.7 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molar_energy">Molar energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Molar energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One mole of particles given 1 eV of energy each has approximately 96.5 kJ of energy – this corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a> (<i>F</i> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004964850000000000♠"></span>96<span style="margin-left:.25em;">485</span> C⋅mol<sup>−1</sup></span>), where the energy in joules of <i>n</i> moles of particles each with energy <i>E</i> eV is equal to <i>E</i>·<i>F</i>·<i>n</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)" title="Orders of magnitude (energy)">Orders of magnitude (energy)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56355240">56355240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Direct+neutrino+mass+experiments&rft.volume=718&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=022013&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1605.01579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56355240%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F718%2F2%2F022013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JPhCS.718b2013M&rft.aulast=Mertens&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronvolt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_base_unit" title="SI base unit">Base units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candela" title="Candela">candela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SI_derived_unit" title="SI derived unit">Derived units <br />with special names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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title="Radian">radian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steradian" title="Steradian">steradian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-SI_units_mentioned_in_the_SI" title="Non-SI units mentioned in the SI">Other accepted units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degree of arc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">electronvolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">minute and second of arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_the_SI_base_units" title="Historical definitions of the SI base units">Historical definitions of the SI base units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">2019 revision of the SI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement" title="System of units of measurement">System of units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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