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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="KT (طاقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="KT (طاقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(unidad_de_energ%C3%ADa)" title="KT (unidad de energía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="KT (unidad de energía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(%C3%A9nergie)" title="KT (énergie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="KT (énergie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC)" title="KT (エネルギー) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="KT (エネルギー)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Product of the Boltzmann constant and temperature</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Approximate values of <i>kT</i> at 298 K </th> <th>Units </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>kT</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6979411000000000000♠"></span>4.11<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−21</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kT</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000411400000000000♠"></span>4.114</span></td> <td>pN⋅nm </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kT</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6978983000000000000♠"></span>9.83<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−22</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">cal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kT</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001257000000000000♠"></span>25.7</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">meV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kT</i> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2997826000000000000♠"></span>−174</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/DBm/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="DBm/Hz">dBm/Hz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Related quantities (also at 298 K)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">kT</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">h</a><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">c</a></span></span>⁠</span></i> ≈ <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002207000000000000♠"></span>207</span> <sup id="cite_ref-GoogleUnitConverter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleUnitConverter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inverse_centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse centimeter">cm<sup>−1</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">kT</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">e</a></span></span>⁠</span></i> = 25.7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">mV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>RT</i> = <i>kT</i> <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant"><i>N</i><sub>A</sub></a> = <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000247900000000000♠"></span>2.479</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mole" title="Joule per mole">kJ⋅mol<sup>−1</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>RT</i> = 0.592</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole" title="Kilocalorie per mole">kcal⋅mol<sup>−1</sup></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num"><a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">h</a></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">kT</span></span>⁠</span> = 0.16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picosecond" title="Picosecond">ps</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>kT</b></i> (also written as <b><i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i></b>) is the product of the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, <i>k</i> (or <i>k</i><sub>B</sub>), and the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <i>T</i>. This product is used in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Scale_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale factor">scale factor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> values in <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a>-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and <i>kT</i>, that is, on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">E</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">kT</span></span>⁠</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_equation" title="Arrhenius equation">Arrhenius equation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boltzmann factor">Boltzmann factor</a>). For a system in equilibrium in <a href="/wiki/Canonical_ensemble" title="Canonical ensemble">canonical ensemble</a>, the probability of the system being in state with energy <i>E</i> is proportional to <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccbee98d85724d580482d242f9905c05f5291787" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.967ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}.}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More fundamentally, <i>kT</i> is the amount of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> required to increase the thermodynamic <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> of a system by <i>k</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a>, as kT often appears in the denominator of fractions (usually because of <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution" title="Boltzmann distribution">Boltzmann distribution</a>), sometimes <i><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_beta" title="Thermodynamic beta">β</a></i> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">kT</span></span>⁠</span> is used instead of <i>kT</i>, turning <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35acee470b149dbfdc6cc9874ffc461525204d9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.321ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e^{\frac {-\Delta E}{kT}}}"></span> into <span class="nowrap"><i>e</i><sup>−βΔ<i>E</i></sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="RT"><i>RT</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KT_(energy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: RT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>RT</b></i> is the product of the molar <a href="/wiki/Gas_constant" title="Gas constant">gas constant</a>, <i>R</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <i>T</i>. This product is used in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> as a scaling factor for <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> values in macroscopic scale (sometimes it is used as a pseudo-unit of energy), as many processes and phenomena depend not on the energy alone, but on the ratio of energy and <b>RT</b>, i.e. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">E</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">RT</span></span>⁠</span>. The <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> units for <i>RT</i> are joules per mole (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>). </p><p>It differs from <i>kT</i> only by a factor of the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>, <i>N</i><sub>A</sub>. Its <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_analysis" title="Dimensional analysis">dimension</a> is energy or ML<sup>2</sup>T<sup>−2</sup>, expressed in SI units as joules (J): </p> <dl><dd><i>kT</i> = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">RT</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">N<sub>A</sub></span></span>⁠</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=KT_(energy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GoogleUnitConverter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleUnitConverter_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/search?ei=VzDnW4mbLOfMjwS694DYCw&q=k*298Kelvin%2Fh%2Fc+in+cm%5E-1&oq=k*298Kelvin%2Fh%2Fc+in+cm%5E-1&gs_l=psy-ab.3...2293.2598.0.3103.2.2.0.0.0.0.125.214.1j1.2.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.gYQvcs3LZis">"Google Unit Converter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Unit+Converter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fsearch%3Fei%3DVzDnW4mbLOfMjwS694DYCw%26q%3Dk%2A298Kelvin%252Fh%252Fc%2Bin%2Bcm%255E-1%26oq%3Dk%2A298Kelvin%252Fh%252Fc%2Bin%2Bcm%255E-1%26gs_l%3Dpsy-ab.3...2293.2598.0.3103.2.2.0.0.0.0.125.214.1j1.2.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.gYQvcs3LZis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKT+%28energy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Peter (2010). <i>Atkins' Physical Chemistry</i> (9th ed.). 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