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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Archaeological discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Excavation sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yinxu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8E" title="Инсю – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инсю" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-s%C3%BC" title="Jin-sü – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jin-sü" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%97%88" title="은허 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은허" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6,_%D5%85%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յինսյուն, Յինի ավերակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յինսյուն, Յինի ավերակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%95" title="יין שו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין שו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="ინსიუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინსიუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Йіншүй – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йіншүй" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insu" title="Insu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Insu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%98%D1%83" title="Јиншју – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јиншју" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%81" title="യിൻക്ഷു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യിൻക്ഷു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="ინსიუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინსიუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F" title="殷墟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="殷墟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82" title="ਯਿੰਕਸੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਿੰਕਸੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xu" title="Yin Xu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yin Xu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B9" title="Иньсюй – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иньсюй" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin-s%C3%BC" title="Jin-sü – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jin-sü" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%C5%A1u" title="Jinšu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jinšu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88" title="ینسو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ینسو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%BA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="อินซฺวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อินซฺวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yinxu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B9" title="Їньсюй – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Їньсюй" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ینشو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ینشو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82n_Kh%C6%B0" title="Ân Khư – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ân Khư" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F" title="殷墟 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="殷墟" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F" title="殷墟 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="殷墟" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F" title="殷墟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="殷墟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q464904#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yinxu&params=36_07_36_N_114_18_50_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°07′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°18′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.12667°N 114.31389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.12667; 114.31389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Site of the last capital of the Shang dynasty</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yinxu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yinxu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yinxu.jpg/220px-Yinxu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yinxu.jpg/330px-Yinxu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Yinxu.jpg/440px-Yinxu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="310" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Yinxu, the site of the Shang dynasty capital between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span> and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Henan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yinxu is located in Henan"><img alt="Yinxu is located in Henan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/China_Henan_location_map.svg/250px-China_Henan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/China_Henan_location_map.svg/500px-China_Henan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.103%;left:63.498%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yinxu"><img alt="Yinxu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Henan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Henan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yinxu is located in China"><img alt="Yinxu is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.432%;left:66.859%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yinxu"><img alt="Yinxu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yinxu (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Yindu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yindu District">Yindu District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, Henan, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yinxu&params=36_07_36_N_114_18_50_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°07′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">114°18′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.12667°N 114.31389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.12667; 114.31389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Yin Xu</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1114">1114</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2006 (30th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">414 ha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">720 ha</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yinxu</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">殷墟</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"Ruins of Yin"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yīnxū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yin<sup>1</sup>-hsü<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ín.ɕý]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Yānhēui</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jan1 heoi1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ûn-hi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yinxu</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ín.ɕý]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">殷墟</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Ruins of Yin') is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Archeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological site">archeological site</a> corresponding to Yin, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">final capital</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>). Located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, Henan, Yin served as the capital during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BCE</span>) which spanned the reigns of 12 Shang kings and saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">oracle bone script</a>, the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Chinese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese writing">Chinese writing</a>. Along with oracle bone script and other material evidence for the Shang's existence, the site was forgotten for millennia. Its rediscovery in 1899 resulted from an investigation into <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">oracle bones</a> that were discovered being sold nearby. The rediscovery of Yinxu marked the beginning of decades of intensive excavation and study. It is one of China's oldest and largest archeological sites, and was selected by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-who_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yinxu is located in northern <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a> and the borders Henan shares with <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>. Public access to the site is permitted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_history">Traditional history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2nd century <i><a href="/wiki/Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i> dictionary (說文解字), the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese character</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:殷">殷</a>" (<i>yīn</i>) originally referred to "vibrant music-making".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although frequently used throughout written history to refer to both the Shang dynasty and its final capital, the name <i>Yīn</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷</span></span>) appears to have not been used in this way until the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. In particular, the name does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a>, which refer to the state as <i>Shāng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">商</span></span>), and its final capital as <i>Dàyì Shāng</i> (大邑商 "Great Settlement Shang").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among surviving ancient Chinese historical documents, Yin is described as the final capital of the Shang dynasty. There is some disagreement, though, as to when the move to Yin took place. Both the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Documents" title="Book of Documents">Book of Documents</a></i>, (specifically, the "Pan Geng" chapter, which is believed to date from the late <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_Annals" title="Bamboo Annals">Bamboo Annals</a></i> state that Shang king <a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pan Geng</a> moved the Shang capital to Yin. The Bamboo Annals state, more specifically, that during his reign Pan Geng moved the capital from Yān (奄; present-day <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a>), to a site called Běimĕng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">北蒙</span></span>), where it was then renamed to Yīn (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-PanGengI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanGengI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BambooAnnals_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BambooAnnals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baiShouyi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baiShouyi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Conversely, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, Pan Geng moved the Shang capital from a location north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> to Bo <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:亳">亳</a>, the capital of Shang dynasty founder <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang</a>, on the south side of the river—a location inconsistent with the location of Yin.<sup id="cite_ref-AnnalsofYin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnalsofYin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Regardless, Yin was clearly established as the Shang capital by the time of Shang king <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a>. Wu Ding launched numerous military campaigns from this base against surrounding tribes, thus securing Shang rule and raising the dynasty to its historical zenith. </p><p>According to the traditional accounts, later rulers became pleasure-seekers who took no interest in state affairs. King <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">Zhòu</a>, the last of the Shang dynasty kings, is particularly remembered for his ruthlessness and debauchery. His increasingly autocratic laws alienated the nobility until King <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">Wu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> was able to gain the support to rise up and overthrow the Shang. </p><p>The Zhou dynasty established their capital at <a href="/wiki/Fenghao" title="Fenghao">Fenghao</a> near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, and Yīn was abandoned to fall into ruin. These ruins were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, more precisely in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a>, and described in some detail by <a href="/wiki/Li_Daoyuan" title="Li Daoyuan">Li Daoyuan</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Shui_Jing_Zhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shui Jing Zhu">Commentary to the River Classic</a></i>, published during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_and_Northern_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern and Northern Dynasties">Southern and Northern Dynasties</a> period (420–589 CE). Thereafter, the once-great city of Yīn was relegated to legend along with its founding dynasty until its rediscovery in the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_discoveries">Archaeological discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Archaeological discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/170px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/255px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/340px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2669" /></a><figcaption>Ox scapula recording divinations by Zhēng 爭 in the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Yinxu is well known for its <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a>, which were first recognized as containing ancient Chinese writing in <a href="/wiki/1899_in_archaeology" title="1899 in archaeology">1899</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yirong" title="Wang Yirong">Wang Yirong</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Imperial Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yinxuArch3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account of Wang's discovery was that he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> at the time and was prescribed Longgu (龍骨) (<i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragon bones">dragon bones</a></i>) at a traditional Chinese pharmacy. He noticed strange carvings on these bones and concluded that these could be samples of an ancient form of Chinese writing. </p><p>News of the discovery of the oracle bones created a market for them among antiques collectors, and led to multiple waves of illegal digs over several decades, with tens of thousands of pieces taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou19761_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19761-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20026_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20026-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source of the "dragon bones" was eventually traced to the small village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiaotun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiaotun (page does not exist)">Xiaotun</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yinxuArch3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, noted scholar <a href="/wiki/Luo_Zhenyu" title="Luo Zhenyu">Luo Zhenyu</a> affirmed that the area was the site of the last Shang dynasty capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA391_391]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA391_391]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian missionary and oracle bone analyst <a href="/wiki/James_Mellon_Menzies" title="James Mellon Menzies">James Menzies</a> also independently identified Anyang as the capital in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1917_in_archaeology" title="1917 in archaeology">1917</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guowei" title="Wang Guowei">Wang Guowei</a> deciphered the oracle bone inscriptions of the names of the Shang kings and constructed a complete Shang genealogy. This closely matched that in the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, confirming the historical authenticity of the legendary Shang dynasty and the archaeological importance of Yinxu.<sup id="cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yinxuArch3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the oracle bone inscriptions record the name of the state as Dàyìshāng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大邑商</span></span>) or Shāngyì (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">商邑</span></span>). </p><p>The first official archeological excavations at Yinxu were led by the archeologist <a href="/wiki/Li_Ji_(archeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Ji (archeologist)">Li Ji</a> of the Institute of History and Philosophy from <a href="/wiki/1928_in_archaeology" title="1928 in archaeology">1928</a>–<a href="/wiki/1937_in_archaeology" title="1937 in archaeology">37</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yinxuArch4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yinxuArch4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They uncovered the remains of a royal palace, several royal tombs, and more than 100,000 oracle bones that show the Shang had a well-structured script with a complete system of written signs.<sup id="cite_ref-cctv_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cctv-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/1950_in_archaeology" title="1950 in archaeology">1950</a> ongoing excavations by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Archaeology,_Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a> have uncovered evidence of stratification at the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze and bone workshops and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a> site on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Huan_River" title="Huan River">Huan River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yinxuArch4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yinxuArch4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest and oldest sites of Chinese archaeology, excavations here have laid the foundation for work across the country. </p><p>Four periods are recognized at the site based on pottery types. They correlate approximately with oracle bone periods assigned by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zuobin" title="Dong Zuobin">Dong Zuobin</a>, royal reigns and dates assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Xia%E2%80%93Shang%E2%80%93Zhou_Chronology_Project" title="Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project">Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project</a> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Layer</th> <th>Oracle bone period</th> <th>Kings</th> <th>Approximate dates </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Yinxu I</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1300–1250 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">I</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1250–1192 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Yinxu II </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">II</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zu_Geng_of_Shang" title="Zu Geng of Shang">Zu Geng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zu_Jia" title="Zu Jia">Zu Jia</a></td> <td rowspan="2">1191–1148 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Yinxu III</td> <td align="center">III</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lin_Xin" title="Lin Xin">Lin Xin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geng_Ding" title="Geng Ding">Geng Ding</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">IV</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_of_Shang" title="Wu Yi of Shang">Wu Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Wu_Ding" title="Wen Wu Ding">Wen Wu Ding</a></td> <td>1147–1102 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yinxu IV</td> <td align="center">V</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Di_Yi" title="Di Yi">Di Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">Di Xin</a></td> <td>1101–1046 BCE </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For most of Yinxu I, the site was a small settlement. The first large buildings appeared in the later part of the period, together with oracle bone inscriptions, large-scale human sacrifice and chariot burials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dong also included kings <a href="/wiki/Pan_Geng" title="Pan Geng">Pan Geng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Xin" title="Xiao Xin">Xiao Xin</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Xiao_Yi" class="mw-redirect" title="King Xiao Yi">Xiao Yi</a> in his oracle bone period I, but no inscriptions can be reliably assigned to pre-Wu Ding reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley198597–98,_203_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley198597–98,_203-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2002330_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2002330-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars assign these kings to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a> urban site, which was roughly contemporaneous with the early part of Yinxu I. Excavation at the latter site is complicated by the fact that it lies under Anyang airport, and no inscriptions have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201380–83_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201380–83-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation_sites">Excavation sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Excavation sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At 30 square kilometers, Yinxu is the largest archaeological site in China. Excavations have uncovered over 80 rammed-earth foundation sites including palaces, shrines, tombs and workshops. From these remains archaeologists have been able to confirm that this was the spiritual and cultural center of the Shang dynasty. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/230px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/345px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg/460px-Tomb_Fu_Hao_YinXu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Burial pit at Tomb of Lady Fu Hao</figcaption></figure> <p>The best preserved of the Shang dynasty royal tombs unearthed at Yinxu is the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao" title="Tomb of Fu Hao">Tomb of Fu Hao</a>. The extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Fu_Hao" title="Fu Hao">Lady Hao</a> was a military leader and the wife of Shang King <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a>. The tomb was discovered in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhenxiang" title="Zheng Zhenxiang">Zheng Zhenxiang</a> and has been dated to 1250 BCE. It was completely undisturbed, having escaped the looting that had damaged the other tombs on the site, and in addition to the remains of the Queen the tomb was discovered to contain six dog skeletons, 16 human slave skeletons, and numerous grave goods of huge archaeological value. The tomb was thoroughly excavated and extensively restored and is now open to the public. The exhibition hall also features chariot pits where the earliest samples of animal-driven carts discovered by Chinese archaeology are on display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_importance">Historical importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg/250px-Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg/330px-Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg/500px-Houmuwu_Ding_or_Simuwu_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Houmuwu_ding" title="Houmuwu ding">Houmuwu <i>ding</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the excavation of Yinxu, the Chinese historical record began in the first year of the subsequent Zhou dynasty, but the discovery of oracle bone inscriptions confirmed the historicity of the Shang, which had come under question. The framework of early ancient Chinese history was reconstructed, making it possible to assess the credibility of traditional accounts of Shang history. </p><p>The 150,000 oracle bones unearthed at Yinxu comprise much of the earliest evidence of written Chinese. Bronze and jade relics constitute evidence of the funeral customs of Yinxu, including human and animal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of handicrafts and workshops have been discovered at Yinxu. Patterns on utensils and bronzeware include those resembling animal faces, whorl patterns, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">taotie</a></i> pattern. Large-scale bronzeware excavated at the site like the <a href="/wiki/Houmuwu_ding" title="Houmuwu ding">Houmuwu <i>ding</i></a> were cast by an elaborate section-mold process.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (inherited in the maternal line) from Yinxu graves showed similarity with modern northern <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_the_Shang_dynasty" title="Periodization of the Shang dynasty">Periodization of the Shang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-who-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1114">"Yin Xu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yin+Xu&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shuowen.org/view/5229"><i>Shuowen Jiezi</i> 說文解字 entry 殷.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1999232_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1999">Keightley (1999)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanGengI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PanGengI_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shang-shu/pan-geng-i"><i>Pan Geng I</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Geng+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshang-shu%2Fpan-geng-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BambooAnnals-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BambooAnnals_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/zhushu-jinian/pan-geng"><i>Pan Geng</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Geng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fzhushu-jinian%2Fpan-geng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baiShouyi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baiShouyi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBai2002" class="citation book cs1">Bai, Shouyi (2002). <i>An Outline History of China</i>. Beijing: Foreign Language Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-02347-0" title="Special:BookSources/7-119-02347-0"><bdi>7-119-02347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+History+of+China&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=7-119-02347-0&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Shouyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnnalsofYin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnnalsofYin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/shiji/yin-ben-ji"><i>Annals of Yin</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Yin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fshiji%2Fyin-ben-ji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yinxuArch3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yinxuArch3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins. <q>The Discovery of Oracle Bones and the Locating of Yinxu site. In 1899, Wang Yirong, the director of the Imperial College and a well-known scholar of ancient inscriptions discovered dragon bones (known today as oracle bone inscriptions). He sent his assistants to Xiaotun village in Anyang, (安陽), and enabled him to confirm that Xiaotun was indeed the Yinxu (Ruins of Yin) in the historical records. In 1917 Wang Guowei successfully deciphered the names in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang ancestors and from these was able to reconstruct the Shang genealogy. It matched the record in (司馬遷), Sima Qian's 'Shiji' (史記) (Records of the Historian). Thus, the legend of Shang dynasty was confirmed as history and the importance of Yinxu was recognized by the academic world. The first excavations at Yinxu began in 1928.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Oracle+Bones+and+the+Locating+of+Yinxu+site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou19761-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChou19761_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChou1976">Chou 1976</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu20026-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu20026_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXu2002">Xu 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA391_391]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidERnrQq0bsPYCpgPA391_391]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2000">Wilkinson (2000)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA391">391</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich1957" class="citation journal cs1">Goodrich, L. Carrington (August 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911800134813">"James Mellon Menzies, 1885–1957"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">672–</span>673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911800134813">10.1017/S0021911800134813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162745662">162745662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=James+Mellon+Menzies%2C+1885%E2%80%931957&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E672-%3C%2Fspan%3E673&rft.date=1957-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911800134813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162745662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=L.+Carrington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911800134813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yinxuArch4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yinxuArch4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yinxuArch4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Information Panel". The Garden Museum of Yin Ruins. <q>Since the first excavation in 1928, archaeologists have been working at the Yinxu site for over seventy years. There have been two main periods of excavation: (1) from 1928–1937, when excavations were carried out by the Institute of History and Philosophy; and (2) since 1950, when the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (formerly Chinese Academy of Sciences) have been responsible for excavations have yielded some very important results: evidence of stratification of the Hougang site, remains of palaces and temples, royal cemeteries, oracle bone inscriptions, bronze-and bone-workshops and the discovery of the Shang city on the north bank of the Huan River.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Information+Panel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cctv-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cctv_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctv.com/program/travelogue/20041118/101442.shtml">"An Yang, ancient capital of the Shang dynasty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Yang%2C+ancient+capital+of+the+Shang+dynasty&rft.pub=China+Central+Television&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctv.com%2Fprogram%2Ftravelogue%2F20041118%2F101442.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorp1981" class="citation journal cs1">Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249839">10.2307/3249839</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249839">3249839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Tomb+5+at+Yinxu%2C+Anyang%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thorp&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span> p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXSZCP_Group2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">XSZCP Group (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.xhistory.net/read.php?tid=18985"><i>Xià-Shāng-Zhōu duàndài gōngchéng 1996—2000 nián jiēduàn chéngguǒ bàogào: Jiǎn běn</i> <bdi lang="zh">夏商周断代工程1996—2000年阶段成果报告: 简本</bdi></a> [<i>The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project Report for the years 1996–2000 (abridged)</i>], Beijing: 世界图书出版公司, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5062-4138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5062-4138-0"><bdi>978-7-5062-4138-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xi%C3%A0-Sh%C4%81ng-Zh%C5%8Du+du%C3%A0nd%C3%A0i+g%C5%8Dngch%C3%A9ng+1996%E2%80%942000+ni%C3%A1n+ji%C4%93du%C3%A0n+ch%C3%A9nggu%C7%92+b%C3%A0og%C3%A0o%3A+Ji%C7%8En+b%C4%9Bn+%E5%A4%8F%E5%95%86%E5%91%A8%E6%96%AD%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B1996%E2%80%942000%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5%E6%88%90%E6%9E%9C%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%3A+%E7%AE%80%E6%9C%AC&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-7-5062-4138-0&rft.au=XSZCP+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.xhistory.net%2Fread.php%3Ftid%3D18985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagley1999181-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagley1999181_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagley1999">Bagley (1999)</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley198597–98,_203-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley198597–98,_203_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1985">Keightley (1985)</a>, pp. 97–98, 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2002330-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2002330_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2002">Li (2002)</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi201380–83-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi201380–83_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2013">Li (2013)</a>, pp. 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhou2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhou Yaogang (周要港) (2020). <bdi lang="zh">文化遗产价值的评估——以安阳殷墟为例</bdi>. <bdi lang="zh">洛阳考古</bdi> (in Chinese). <b>2</b>: 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E5%AE%89%E9%98%B3%E6%AE%B7%E5%A2%9F%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=71&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yaogang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeng2021" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Peng (2021). "Decentralizing the Origin of Civilization: Early Archaeological Efforts in China". <i>History of Humanities</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">515–</span>548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F715935">10.1086/715935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2379-3163">2379-3163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244133983">244133983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=Decentralizing+the+Origin+of+Civilization%3A+Early+Archaeological+Efforts+in+China&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E548&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244133983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2379-3163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F715935&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZengLiYueZhou2013" class="citation conference cs1">Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5297877"><i>Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population</i></a>. 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Poster%3A+Preliminary+Research+on+Hereditary+Features+of+Yinxu+Population&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Wen&rft.au=Li%2C+Jiawei&rft.au=Yue%2C+Hongbin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Hui&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5297877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagley1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bagley" title="Robert Bagley">Bagley, Robert</a> (1999), "Shang archaeology", in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (eds.), <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge History of Ancient China"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>231, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.005">10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shang+archaeology&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521470308.005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Bagley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChou1976" class="citation book cs1">Chou, Hung-hsiang 周鴻翔 (1976). <i>Oracle Bone Collections in the United States</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09534-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09534-0"><bdi>0-520-09534-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oracle+Bone+Collections+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-520-09534-0&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Hung-hsiang+%E5%91%A8%E9%B4%BB%E7%BF%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Keightley" title="David Keightley">Keightley, David N.</a> (1985) [1978], <i>Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05455-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05455-5"><bdi>0-520-05455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Shang+History%3A+The+Oracle-Bone+Inscriptions+of+Bronze+Age+China&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-05455-5&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1999" class="citation cs2">——— (1999), "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.), <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">232–</span>291, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shang%3A+China%27s+first+historical+dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xueqin" title="Li Xueqin">Li, Xueqin</a> (2002), "The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results", <i>Journal of East Asian Archaeology</i>, <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>333, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852302322454585">10.1163/156852302322454585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Xia-Shang-Zhou+Chronology+Project%3A+Methodology+and+Results&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852302322454585&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xueqin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Li_Feng_(sinologist)" title="Li Feng (sinologist)">Li, Feng</a> (2013), <i>Early China: a social and cultural history</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-71981-0"><bdi>978-0-521-71981-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+China%3A+a+social+and+cultural+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-71981-0&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Ershen (19 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencechatforum.com/bulletin/viewtopic.php?t=7172&sid=f837c13276b97867e490fffc89749352">"A Critical Review on the Rise of Civilization, the Formation of the State, and Early Slavery"</a>. draft. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Review+on+the+Rise+of+Civilization%2C+the+Formation+of+the+State%2C+and+Early+Slavery&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Ershen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencechatforum.com%2Fbulletin%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ft%3D7172%26sid%3Df837c13276b97867e490fffc89749352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchinz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schinz, Alfred (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC"><i>The magic square: cities in ancient China</i></a>. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-930698-02-1"><bdi>3-930698-02-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magic+square%3A+cities+in+ancient+China&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Edition+Axel+Menges&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-930698-02-1&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhcRYkz-I3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC"><i>Chinese History: A Manual</i></a> (2nd ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00249-4"><bdi>978-0-674-00249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+Manual&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00249-4&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DERnrQq0bsPYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXu2002" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Yahui (許雅惠 Hsu Ya-huei) (2002). <i>Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin</i>. English translation by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Caltonhill" title="Mark Caltonhill">Mark Caltonhill</a> and Jeff Moser. Taipei: National Palace Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-562-420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-562-420-0"><bdi>978-957-562-420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Chinese+Writing%2C+Oracle+Bone+Inscriptions+from+the+Ruins+of+Yin&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=National+Palace+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-957-562-420-0&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Yahui+%28%E8%A8%B1%E9%9B%85%E6%83%A0+Hsu+Ya-huei%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYinxu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yinxu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1114/">UNESCO World Heritage Center - Yinxu Listing</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Yan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Capital of China</a> </b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a></i><br />1350 BC – 1046 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fenghao" title="Fenghao">Hao</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sanqing" title="Mount Sanqing">Mount Sanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> in Qufu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><img alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/120px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Building Complex in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments of <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yinxu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshan" title="Fanjingshan">Fanjingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanglong_Scenic_and_Historic_Interest_Area" title="Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area">Huanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhaigou" title="Jiuzhaigou">Jiuzhaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>, <span class="wrap">including <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumi_Fushou_Temple" title="Xumi Fushou Temple">Xumi Fushou Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyao" title="Pingyao">Ancient City of Pingyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Central_Axis" title="Beijing Central Axis">Beijing Central Axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Koguryo sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Xinjiang Tianshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Qinghai Hoh Xil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Danxia" class="mw-redirect" title="China Danxia">China Danxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_Sites" title="Tusi Sites">Tusi Sites</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China740" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Template talk:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_cultures_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric cultures of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_cultures_of_China740" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prehistoric cultures of China</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeastern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuheliang" title="Niuheliang">Niuheliang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoheyan_culture" title="Xiaoheyan culture">Xiaoheyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinglonggou" title="Xinglonggou">Xinglonggou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laohushan_culture" title="Laohushan culture">Laohushan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Xituanshan" title="Xituanshan">Xituanshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Upper Xiajiadian culture">Upper Xiajiadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijinbao_culture" title="Baijinbao culture">Baijinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaodaogou_culture" title="Chaodaogou culture">Chaodaogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggouzi_culture" title="Jinggouzi culture">Jinggouzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshan" title="Banshan">Banshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishanping" title="Xishanping">Xishanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture">Zhukaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicha_culture" title="Xicha culture">Xicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayue_culture" title="Kayue culture">Kayue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoqinggou_culture" title="Maoqinggou culture">Maoqinggou</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Majiayuan_site" title="Majiayuan site">Majiayuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiahu" title="Jiahu">Jiahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijia_culture" title="Baijia culture">Baijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangzhai,_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangzhai, Xi'an">Jiangzhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangguanzhai" title="Yangguanzhai">Yangguanzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taosi" title="Taosi">Taosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao">Shimao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinzhai" title="Xinzhai">Xinzhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoshuangqiao" title="Xiaoshuangqiao">Xiaoshuangqiao</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Huanbei" title="Huanbei">Huanbei</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Yellow River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xishuipo" title="Xishuipo">Xishuipo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengziya" title="Chengziya">Chengziya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle and Upper Yangtze</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashidang" title="Bashidang">Bashidang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengbeixi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengbeixi culture (page does not exist)">Chengbeixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangjiagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangjiagang (page does not exist)">Tangjiagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengtoushan" title="Chengtoushan">Chengtoushan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jinsha_site" title="Jinsha site">Jinsha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlongcheng" title="Panlongcheng">Panlongcheng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijiahe_culture" title="Feijiahe culture">Feijiahe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Yangtze and Huai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingjiatan_culture" title="Lingjiatan culture">Lingjiatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfulin" title="Guangfulin">Guangfulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqiao_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqiao culture (page does not exist)">Maqiao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Zengpiyan" title="Zengpiyan">Zengpiyan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shixia_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shixia culture (page does not exist)">Shixia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayangzhou_site" title="Dayangzhou site">Dayangzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui_culture" title="Fanchengdui culture">Fanchengdui</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanchengdui" title="Fanchengdui">Fanchengdui</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Tibet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karuo_culture" title="Karuo culture">Karuo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qugong_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qugong culture (page does not exist)">Qugong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xiaohe_Cemetery" title="Xiaohe Cemetery">Xiaohe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabenkeng_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dabenkeng culture">Dabenkeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beinan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinan culture">Beinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Beifudi" title="Beifudi">Beifudi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yumin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yumin culture (page does not exist)">Yumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture">Xichengyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanma_culture" title="Shanma culture">Shanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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