CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Strangling - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7a2def00-7648-453f-bfcd-96da218094e6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Strangling","wgTitle":"Strangling","wgCurRevisionId":1257059817,"wgRevisionId":1257059817,"wgArticleId":361558, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Strangling","wgRelevantArticleId":361558,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym": "अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo", "autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym": "dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym": "Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hif","autonym": "Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa", "autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky", "autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min", "autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym": "Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se", "autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym": "chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym": "ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu", "ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"], "isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1145328","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init", "mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="901"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg/640px-Cheetah_with_impala.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="481"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Strangling - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangling"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Strangling rootpage-Strangling stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Strangling" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Strangling" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strangling</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Strangling" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Strangling" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Strangling" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Strangulation" redirects here. For bowel strangulation, see <a href="/wiki/Strangulation_(bowel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangulation (bowel)">Strangulation (bowel)</a>. For domestic violence strangulation, see <a href="/wiki/Strangulation_in_domestic_violence" title="Strangulation in domestic violence">Strangulation in domestic violence</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/strangling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/strangling">strangling</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Strangling</b> or <b>strangulation</b> is compression of the neck that may lead to <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> by causing an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxic</a> state in the brain by restricting the flow of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ernoehazy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ernoehazy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fatal strangulation typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck). </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheetah_with_impala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg/225px-Cheetah_with_impala.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg/338px-Cheetah_with_impala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg/450px-Cheetah_with_impala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a> strangling an <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbavati_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbavati Game Reserve">Timbavati Game Reserve</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in <a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">erotic asphyxia</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Choking_game" title="Choking game">choking game</a>, and is an important technique in many <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:<sup id="cite_ref-strack_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strack-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hanging — Suspension from a cord wound around the neck</li> <li><b>Ligature strangulation</b> — Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object (<a href="/wiki/Ligature_(medicine)" title="Ligature (medicine)">ligature</a>) called a <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrote</a></li> <li><b>Manual strangulation</b> — Strangulation using the fingers (<a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a>) or other extremity</li></ul> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#General"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">General</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Manual_strangulation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Manual strangulation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ligature_strangulation"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ligature strangulation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="General">General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray513.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png" data-width="200" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/300px-Gray513.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/400px-Gray513.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The neck contains several vulnerable targets for compression including the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> into the brain:<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Compression of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jugular_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugular veins">jugular veins</a>—causing <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral ischemia">cerebral ischemia</a>.</li> <li>Compression of the <a href="/wiki/Laryngopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngopharynx">laryngopharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a>—causing <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxia</a>.</li> <li>Stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_sinus_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid sinus reflex">carotid sinus reflex</a>—causing <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, or both.</li></ul> <p>Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral ischemia">vascular obstruction</a> is usually the main mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">neurological damage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-koiwai2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koiwai2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral arteries">vertebral arteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reay_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jugular_veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugular veins">jugular veins</a> occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm<sup>2</sup> (4.9 psi), while the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a> demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm<sup>2</sup> (32 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-gunther_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Carotid_sinus_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid sinus stimulation">carotid sinus stimulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carotid_sinus#Carotid_sinus_reflex_death" title="Carotid sinus">Carotid sinus reflex death</a> is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reported time from application to <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a> varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied <sup id="cite_ref-koiwai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koiwai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Manual_strangulation">Manual strangulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manual strangulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><b>Manual strangulation</b> (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Club_(weapon)" title="Club (weapon)">batons</a>. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the <a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">airway</a>, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a><sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fracture the <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a> or other bones in the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of <a href="/wiki/Air_hunger" class="mw-redirect" title="Air hunger">air hunger</a> and may induce violent struggling.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manual strangulation is <a href="/wiki/Strangulation_in_domestic_violence" title="Strangulation in domestic violence">common in situations of domestic violence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sorenson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorenson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a <a href="/wiki/Court_Martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Martial">Court Martial</a> for the crime of desertion from the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds,<sup id="cite_ref-Danaher_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danaher-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">chokeholds</a> (despite the term "<a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choke</a>" more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> systems, and in military <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a> application. In some martial arts like <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safer<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_injury" title="Catastrophic injury">catastrophic</a> or fatal and irreversible <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">brain injuries</a> much more quickly and unpredictably.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ligature_strangulation">Ligature strangulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ligature strangulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">Garrote</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg/185px-Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="2528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg/185px-Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg" data-width="185" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg/278px-Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg/370px-Strangulation_of_Godelieve.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Illustration depicting the ligature strangulation of <a href="/wiki/Godelieve" title="Godelieve">Saint Godelieve</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ligature strangulation</b> or <b>garroting</b> is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces (a <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrote</a>) either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-turvey_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turvey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> by the strangling force being something other than the person's own body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incomplete occlusion of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid arteries">carotid arteries</a> is expected and, in cases of <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>, the victim may struggle for a period of time,<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-turvey_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turvey-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-ferris_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a> used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> <a href="/wiki/Altemio_Sanchez" title="Altemio Sanchez">Altemio Sanchez</a> used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ridgway" title="Gary Ridgway">Gary Ridgway</a> (the Green River Killer) and British serial killer <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Nilsen" title="Dennis Nilsen">Dennis Nilsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Incaprettamento"></span><b>Incaprettamento</b> is a method of strangulation in which the victims neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to <a href="/wiki/Hogtie" title="Hogtie">hogtie</a>), so that the victim effectively strangle themselves. This method was common throughout <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, and occurred for over two thousands years in northern and southern Europe, as evidenced by skeleton remains. It's uncertain why it was so common, but researchers speculate a person bound in this way might be considered to have strangled themselves, versus being killed by someone else. Victims may have been part of a ritual sacrifice. Rock art in Addaura Cave, in Sicily, made between 16,000 and 13,000 BP, depict two human figures bound in the incaprettamento manner. Today, it is a method of homicide mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mafia">Italian Mafia</a>, who have used it as a ritual warning or reprimand.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fineschi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fineschi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fainting_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting game">Fainting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging#Long_drop" title="Hanging">Long drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Short drop">Short drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangulation_in_domestic_violence" title="Strangulation in domestic violence">Strangulation in domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">Thuggee</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ernoehazy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ernoehazy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErnoehazy,_WilliamErnoehazy,_WS" class="citation web cs1">Ernoehazy, William; Ernoehazy, WS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic227.htm">"Hanging Injuries and Strangulation"</a>. <i>emedicine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emedicine.com&rft.atitle=Hanging+Injuries+and+Strangulation&rft.au=Ernoehazy%2C+William&rft.au=Ernoehazy%2C+WS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Femerg%2Ftopic227.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strack-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strack_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrack,_GaelMcClane,_George" class="citation web cs1">Strack, Gael; McClane, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104140337/http://www.polaroid.com/global/printer_friendly.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760370">"How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases"</a>. <i>polaroid.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polaroid.com/global/printer_friendly.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524441760370">the original</a> on 4 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polaroid.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Improve+Investigation+and+Prosecution+of+Strangulation+Cases&rft.au=Strack%2C+Gael&rft.au=McClane%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polaroid.com%2Fglobal%2Fprinter_friendly.jsp%3FPRODUCT%253C%253Eprd_id%3D845524441760370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Richard2006" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Richard (26 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226102952/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm">"Asphyxia"</a>. <i>forensicmed.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/asphyxia.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forensicmed.co.uk&rft.atitle=Asphyxia&rft.date=2006-02-26&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmed.co.uk%2Fasphyxia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_Richard" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060430224427/http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/strangulation.htm">"Strangulation"</a>. <i>forensicmed.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicmed.co.uk/strangulation.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forensicmed.co.uk&rft.atitle=Strangulation&rft.au=Jones%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensicmed.co.uk%2Fstrangulation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferris-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferris_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._J._Ferris" class="citation web cs1">J. A. J. Ferris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927122254/http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/Others/MedicolegalInvestigationOfDeathAndForensic/AsphixiaDrJAJFerris.doc">"Asphyxia"</a>. <i>pathology.ubc.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathology.ubc.ca/path425/Others/MedicolegalInvestigationOfDeathAndForensic/AsphixiaDrJAJFerris.doc">the original</a> on 27 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pathology.ubc.ca&rft.atitle=Asphyxia&rft.au=J.+A.+J.+Ferris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathology.ubc.ca%2Fpath425%2FOthers%2FMedicolegalInvestigationOfDeathAndForensic%2FAsphixiaDrJAJFerris.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koiwai2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koiwai2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koiwai, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judoinfo.com/chokes5.htm">How Safe is Choking in Judo?</a>. <i>judoinfo.com</i>. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reay-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reay_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reay, Donald; Eisele, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlydmiller.com/LIB/1982neckholds.html">Death from law enforcement neck holds</a>. <i>charlydmiller.com</i>. URL last accessed 3 March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gunther_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther, Wendy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aikiweb.com/techniques/gunther1.html">On Chokes (Medical)</a>, with quotations from Spitz and Fisher's <i>Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation</i>. <i>www.aikiweb.com</i>. URL last accessed 3 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Passig, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html">Carotid Sinus reflex death - a theory and its history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504044744/http://datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>datenschlag.org</i>. URL last accessed 28 February 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koiwai-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koiwai_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koiwai, Karl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judoinfo.com/chokes6.htm">Deaths Allegedly Caused by the Use of "Choke Holds" (Shime-Waza)</a>. <i>judoinfo.com</i> URL last accessed 3 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorenson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sorenson_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensonJoshiSivitz2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sorenson SB, Joshi M, Sivitz E (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202982">"A systematic review of the epidemiology of nonfatal strangulation, a human rights and health concern"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health</i>. <b>104</b> (11): e54–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302191">10.2105/AJPH.2014.302191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202982">4202982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25211747">25211747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+epidemiology+of+nonfatal+strangulation%2C+a+human+rights+and+health+concern&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e54-61&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25211747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2014.302191&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Joshi%2C+M&rft.au=Sivitz%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassLaughonCampbell2008" class="citation journal cs1">Glass N, Laughon K, Campbell JC, et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2573025">"Non-fatal strangulation is an important risk factor for homicide of women"</a>. <i>J Emerg Med</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 329–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2007.02.065">10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2573025">2573025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17961956">17961956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Non-fatal+strangulation+is+an+important+risk+factor+for+homicide+of+women&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-335&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2573025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17961956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jemermed.2007.02.065&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Laughon%2C+K&rft.au=Campbell%2C+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2573025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culloden</i>. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Danaher-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Danaher_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjjee.com/articles/john-danaher-explains-the-difference-between-a-choke-a-strangle/">"John Danaher Explains The Difference Between a Choke & a Strangle"</a>. <i>Bjj Eastern Europe</i>. 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bjj+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=John+Danaher+Explains+The+Difference+Between+a+Choke+%26+a+Strangle&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjee.com%2Farticles%2Fjohn-danaher-explains-the-difference-between-a-choke-a-strangle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2019" class="citation web cs1">Buck, Andrew (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findyourgi.com/blood-chokes/">"Blood Chokes: How Do They Work?"</a>. <i>Find Your Gi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Find+Your+Gi&rft.atitle=Blood+Chokes%3A+How+Do+They+Work%3F&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindyourgi.com%2Fblood-chokes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation web cs1">Green, Aimee (20 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2015/07/one-punch_killings_they_happen.html">"One-punch killings: They happen more often than you might think"</a>. <i>oregonlive</i>. Advance Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oregonlive&rft.atitle=One-punch+killings%3A+They+happen+more+often+than+you+might+think&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oregonlive.com%2Fportland%2F2015%2F07%2Fone-punch_killings_they_happen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turvey-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turvey_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turvey_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turvey, Brent (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpus-delicti.com/ligature.html">A guide to the physical analysis of ligature patterns in homicide investigations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724051447/http://www.corpus-delicti.com/ligature.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Knowledge Solutions Library, Electronic Publication. <i>www.corpus-delicti.com</i>. URL last accessed 1 March 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reston, James Jr. <i>Dogs of God: Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors.</i> Doubleday, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50848-4">0-385-50848-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Masters" title="Brian Masters">Masters, Brian</a> (1985). <i>Killing for Company: The Case of Dennis Nilsen</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-812-83104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-812-83104-7"><bdi>978-0-812-83104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+for+Company%3A+The+Case+of+Dennis+Nilsen&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-812-83104-7&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2014" class="citation web cs1">Metcalfe, Tom (April 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/neolithic-women-europe-were-tied-191955892.html">"Neolithic women in Europe were tied up and buried alive in ritual sacrifices, study suggests"</a>. <i>LiveScience</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-10</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LiveScience&rft.atitle=Neolithic+women+in+Europe+were+tied+up+and+buried+alive+in+ritual+sacrifices%2C+study+suggests&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fneolithic-women-europe-were-tied-191955892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fineschi-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fineschi_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineschi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fineschi, V. (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/amjforensicmedicine/abstract/1998/03000/typical_homicide_ritual_of_the_italian_mafia.17.aspx">"Typical Homicide Ritual of the Italian Mafia (Incaprettamento)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Forensic_Medicine_and_Pathology" title="The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology">The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology</a></i>. <b>97</b> (1): 87–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Forensic+Medicine+and+Pathology&rft.atitle=Typical+Homicide+Ritual+of+the+Italian+Mafia+%28Incaprettamento%29&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-92&rft.date=1998-03&rft.aulast=Fineschi&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Famjforensicmedicine%2Fabstract%2F1998%2F03000%2Ftypical_homicide_ritual_of_the_italian_mafia.17.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudesAlcouffeTupikovaGérard2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ludes, Bertrand; Alcouffe, Ameline; Tupikova, Irina; Gérard, Patrice; Tchérémissinoff, Yaramila; Ribéron, Alexandre; Guilaine, Jean; Beeching, Alain; Crubézy, Eric (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11006212">"A ritual murder shaped the Early and Middle Neolithic across Central and Southern Europe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>10</b> (15). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adl3374">10.1126/sciadv.adl3374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11006212">11006212</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+ritual+murder+shaped+the+Early+and+Middle+Neolithic+across+Central+and+Southern+Europe&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11006212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.adl3374&rft.aulast=Ludes&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.au=Alcouffe%2C+Ameline&rft.au=Tupikova%2C+Irina&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard%2C+Patrice&rft.au=Tch%C3%A9r%C3%A9missinoff%2C+Yaramila&rft.au=Rib%C3%A9ron%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Guilaine%2C+Jean&rft.au=Beeching%2C+Alain&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11006212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlenkamp,_Neil2006" class="citation book cs1">Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judounleashed.com"><i>Judo Unleashed</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-147534-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-147534-6"><bdi>0-07-147534-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judo+Unleashed&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-07-147534-6&rft.au=Ohlenkamp%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjudounleashed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangling" class="Z3988"></span> Basic reference on judo choking techniques.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangling&oldid=1257059817">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangling&oldid=1257059817</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Strangling&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Joyous!" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1731460360"> <span>Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 01:12</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%82" title="خنق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خنق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrangulaci%C3%B3" title="Estrangulació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrangulació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulace" title="Strangulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strangulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulation" title="Strangulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strangulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4gistamine" title="Kägistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kägistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Στραγγαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στραγγαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrangulamiento" title="Estrangulamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrangulamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itotze_(maniobra)" title="Itotze (maniobra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itotze (maniobra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="خفه کردن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خفه کردن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulation" title="Strangulation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Strangulation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%82%B4" title="교살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="गला घोंटना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गला घोंटना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangolamento" title="Strangolamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strangolamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaugimas" title="Smaugimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smaugimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2" title="കഴുത്തു ഞെരിച്ചുള്ള കൊല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കഴുത്തു ഞെരിച്ചുള്ള കൊല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurging" title="Wurging – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wurging" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvelning" title="Kvelning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kvelning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagardlenie" title="Zagardlenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zagardlenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrangulamento" title="Estrangulamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrangulamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulare" title="Strangulare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strangulare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Странгуляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Странгуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangulation" title="Strangulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strangulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Задављење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Задављење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davljenje" title="Davljenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Davljenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuristaminen" title="Kuristaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuristaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strypning" title="Strypning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strypning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fma" title="Boğma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boğma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Странгуляція (медицина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Странгуляція (медицина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%95" title="Siết cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siết cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%BC%E6%AE%BA" title="扼殺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扼殺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 01:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strangling&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vzds5","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.409","walltime":"0.492","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1549,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":36462,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":969,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":69838,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 443.339 1 -total"," 42.61% 188.900 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.48% 108.526 9 Template:Cite_web"," 14.80% 65.617 1 Template:Authority_control"," 14.13% 62.636 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.80% 39.021 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.99% 30.979 2 Template:Convert"," 6.75% 29.938 1 Template:Wiktionary"," 6.60% 29.275 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.43% 28.503 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.262","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7932957,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jvw68","timestamp":"20241122141546","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Strangling","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strangling","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1145328","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1145328","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-09T18:52:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T01:12:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/Cheetah_with_impala.jpg","headline":"compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>