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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the remotely piloted vehicle, see <a href="/wiki/RAE_Larynx" title="RAE Larynx">RAE Larynx</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>larynx</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>), commonly called the <b>voice box</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> in the top of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> against food aspiration. The opening of larynx into <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_inlet" title="Laryngeal inlet">laryngeal inlet</a> is about 4–5 centimeters in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suárez-Quintanilla_Fernández_Cabrera_Sharma_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Su%C3%A1rez-Quintanilla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cabrera_Sharma_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larynx houses the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>, and manipulates <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure">volume</a>, which is essential for <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>. It is situated just below where the tract of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> splits into the trachea and the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. The word 'larynx' (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: larynges) comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <i>lárunx</i> ʻlarynx, gullet, throatʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Larynx</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Larynx_external_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/250px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/375px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/500px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="950"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anatomy of the human larynx, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterolateral</a> view</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>larynx</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>λάρυγξ</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007830">D007830</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/06.2.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A06.2.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3184">3184</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma55097">55097</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9637" class="extiw" title="d:Q9637">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Location"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Location</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cartilages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cartilages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Muscles"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Muscles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Intrinsic"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Intrinsic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Extrinsic"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Extrinsic</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Nerve_supply"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nerve supply</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Laryngeal_cavity"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Laryngeal cavity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Function"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Function</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sound_generation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sound generation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Clinical_significance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Clinical significance</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Disorders"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disorders</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Treatments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Treatments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Other_animals"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other animals</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Non-mammals"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-mammals</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Additional_images"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Additional images</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larynx.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Larynx.svg/220px-Larynx.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Larynx.svg/220px-Larynx.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Larynx.svg/330px-Larynx.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Larynx.svg/440px-Larynx.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The basic parts of the human larynx.</figcaption></figure> <p>The triangle-shaped larynx consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another, and to surrounding structures, by muscles or by fibrous and elastic tissue components. The larynx is lined by a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">ciliated columnar epithelium</a> except for the vocal folds. The <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngeal cavity">cavity of the larynx</a> extends from its triangle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_inlet" title="Laryngeal inlet">inlet</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a>, and to the circular outlet at the lower border of the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a>, where it is continuous with the lumen of the trachea. The mucous membrane lining the larynx forms two pairs of lateral folds that project inward into its cavity. The upper folds are called the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_fold" title="Vestibular fold">vestibular folds</a>. They are also sometimes called the false vocal cords for the rather obvious reason that they play no part in vocalization. The <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing#Kargyraa" title="Tuvan throat singing">Kargyraa</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Tuvan throat singing</a> makes use of these folds to sing an octave lower, and they are used in <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing#South_Africa" title="Overtone singing">Umngqokolo</a>, a type of Xhosa throat singing. The lower pair of folds are known as the vocal cords, which produce sounds needed for speech and other vocalizations. The slit-like space between the left and right vocal cords, called the rima glottidis, is the narrowest part of the larynx. The vocal cords and the rima glottidis are together designated as the glottis. The laryngeal cavity above the vestibular folds is called the vestibule. The very middle portion of the cavity between the vestibular folds and the vocal cords is the ventricle of the larynx, or laryngeal ventricle. The infraglottic cavity is the open space below the glottis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In adult humans, the larynx is found in the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> neck at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> C3–C6. It connects the inferior part of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> (hypopharynx) with the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>. The laryngeal <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a> consists of nine <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilages</a>: three single (<a href="/wiki/Epiglottic_cartilage" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottic cartilage">epiglottic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">thyroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid</a>) and three paired (<a href="/wiki/Arytenoid_cartilage" title="Arytenoid cartilage">arytenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corniculate_cartilages" title="Corniculate cartilages">corniculate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_cartilages" title="Cuneiform cartilages">cuneiform</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Knipe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knipe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a> is not part of the larynx, though the larynx is suspended from the hyoid. The larynx extends vertically from the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> to the inferior border of the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a>. Its interior can be divided in supraglottis, <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subglottis" title="Subglottis">subglottis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu07_larynx02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Illu07_larynx02.jpg/290px-Illu07_larynx02.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 145px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Illu07_larynx02.jpg/290px-Illu07_larynx02.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Illu07_larynx02.jpg/435px-Illu07_larynx02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Illu07_larynx02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Vocal cords abducted and adducted</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartilages">Cartilages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cartilages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray950.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/150px-Gray950.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/150px-Gray950.png" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="300" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/225px-Gray950.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/300px-Gray950.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray958.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray958.png/150px-Gray958.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 207px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray958.png/150px-Gray958.png" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray958.png/225px-Gray958.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray958.png/300px-Gray958.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Posterior view of the larynx; disarticulated cartilages (left) and intrinsic muscles (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>There are nine cartilages, three unpaired and three paired (3 pairs=6), that support the mammalian larynx and form its skeleton.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unpaired cartilages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">Thyroid cartilage</a>: This forms the <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a> (also called the laryngeal prominence). It is usually larger in males than in females. The <a href="/wiki/Thyrohyoid_membrane" title="Thyrohyoid membrane">thyrohyoid membrane</a> is a ligament associated with the thyroid cartilage that connects it with the hyoid bone. It supports the front portion of the larynx.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">Cricoid cartilage</a>: A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the top of the trachea. The <a href="/wiki/Median_cricothyroid_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Median cricothyroid ligament">median cricothyroid ligament</a> connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">Epiglottis</a>: A large, spoon-shaped piece of elastic cartilage. During <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a>, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food and drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.</li></ul> <p>Paired cartilages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arytenoid_cartilage" title="Arytenoid cartilage">Arytenoid cartilages</a>: Of the paired cartilages, the arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they influence the position and tension of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterosuperior border of the cricoid cartilage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corniculate_cartilages" title="Corniculate cartilages">Corniculate cartilages</a>: Horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_cartilages" title="Cuneiform cartilages">Cuneiform cartilages</a>: Club-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage located anterior to the corniculate cartilages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscles">Muscles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muscles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The muscles of the larynx are divided into <i>intrinsic</i> and <i>extrinsic</i> muscles. The extrinsic muscles act on the region and pass between the larynx and parts around it but have their origin elsewhere; the intrinsic muscles are confined entirely within the larynx and have their origin and insertion there.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intrinsic muscles are divided into respiratory and the phonatory muscles (the muscles of <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>). The respiratory muscles move the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal cord">vocal cords</a> apart and serve breathing. The phonatory muscles move the vocal cords together and serve the production of voice. The main respiratory muscles are the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle" title="Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle">posterior cricoarytenoid muscles</a>. The phonatory muscles are divided into adductors (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle" title="Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle">lateral cricoarytenoid muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arytenoid_muscle" title="Arytenoid muscle">arytenoid muscles</a>) and tensors (<a href="/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle" title="Cricothyroid muscle">cricothyroid muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle" title="Thyroarytenoid muscle">thyroarytenoid muscles</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intrinsic">Intrinsic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intrinsic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for controlling sound production. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle" title="Cricothyroid muscle">Cricothyroid muscle</a> lengthen and tense the vocal cords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle" title="Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle">Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles</a> abduct and externally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in abducted vocal cords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle" title="Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle">Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles</a> adduct and internally rotate the arytenoid cartilages, increase medial compression.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arytenoid_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse arytenoid muscle">Transverse arytenoid muscle</a> adduct the arytenoid cartilages, resulting in adducted vocal cords.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_arytenoid_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblique arytenoid muscle">Oblique arytenoid muscles</a> narrow the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_inlet" title="Laryngeal inlet">laryngeal inlet</a> by constricting the distance between the arytenoid cartilages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroarytenoid_muscle" title="Thyroarytenoid muscle">Thyroarytenoid muscles</a> narrow the laryngeal inlet, shortening the vocal cords, and lowering voice pitch. The internal thyroarytenoid is the portion of the thyroarytenoid that vibrates to produce sound.</li></ul> <p>Notably the only muscle capable of separating the vocal cords for normal breathing is the posterior cricoarytenoid. If this muscle is incapacitated on both sides, the inability to pull the vocal cords apart (abduct) will cause difficulty breathing. Bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve would cause this condition. It is also worth noting that all muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus except the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (a branch of the vagus). </p><p>Additionally, intrinsic laryngeal muscles present a constitutive <a href="/wiki/Calcium_buffering" title="Calcium buffering">Ca<sup>2+</sup>-buffering</a> profile that predicts their better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This profile is in agreement with their function as very fast muscles with a well-developed capacity for prolonged work. Studies suggests that mechanisms involved in the prompt sequestering of Ca<sup>2+</sup> (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>-reuptake proteins, plasma membrane pumps, and cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup>-buffering proteins) are particularly elevated in laryngeal muscles, indicating their importance for the myofiber function and protection against disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, different levels of Orai1 in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles and <a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraocular muscle">extraocular muscles</a> over the limb muscle suggests a role for store operated <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">calcium entry channels</a> in those muscles' functional properties and signaling mechanisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extrinsic">Extrinsic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Extrinsic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The extrinsic laryngeal muscles support and position the larynx within the mid-cervical cereal region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray386.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray386.png/220px-Gray386.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray386.png/220px-Gray386.png" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray386.png/330px-Gray386.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray386.png/440px-Gray386.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Extrinsic laryngeal muscles</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sternothyroid_muscle" title="Sternothyroid muscle">Sternothyroid muscles</a> depress the larynx. (Innervated by ansa cervicalis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omohyoid_muscle" title="Omohyoid muscle">Omohyoid muscles</a> depress the larynx. (Ansa cervicalis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternohyoid_muscle" title="Sternohyoid muscle">Sternohyoid muscles</a> depress the larynx. (Ansa cervicalis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_constrictor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior constrictor muscle">Inferior constrictor muscles</a>. (CN X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrohyoid_muscle" title="Thyrohyoid muscle">Thyrohyoid muscles</a> elevates the larynx. (C1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digastric" class="mw-redirect" title="Digastric">Digastric</a> elevates the larynx. (CN V<sub>3</sub>, CN VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylohyoid">Stylohyoid</a> elevates the larynx. (CN VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylohyoid_muscle" title="Mylohyoid muscle">Mylohyoid</a> elevates the larynx. (CN V<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniohyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Geniohyoid">Geniohyoid</a> elevates the larynx. (C1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoglossus" title="Hyoglossus">Hyoglossus</a> elevates the larynx. (CN XII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genioglossus" title="Genioglossus">Genioglossus</a> elevates the larynx. (CN XII)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nerve supply" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The larynx is <a href="/wiki/Innervate" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervate">innervated</a> by branches of the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> on each side. Sensory innervation to the glottis and laryngeal vestibule is by the internal branch of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">superior laryngeal nerve</a>. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervates the <a href="/wiki/Cricothyroid_muscle" title="Cricothyroid muscle">cricothyroid muscle</a>. Motor innervation to all other muscles of the larynx and sensory innervation to the subglottis is by the <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">recurrent laryngeal nerve</a>. While the sensory input described above is (general) visceral sensation (diffuse, poorly localized), the vocal cords also receives general somatic sensory innervation (proprioceptive and touch) by the superior laryngeal nerve. </p><p>Injury to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve causes weakened phonation because the vocal cords cannot be tightened. Injury to one of the recurrent laryngeal nerves produces <a href="/wiki/Hoarseness" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoarseness">hoarseness</a>, if both are damaged the voice may or may not be preserved, but breathing becomes difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In newborn infants, the larynx is initially at the level of the C2–C3 vertebrae, and is further forward and higher relative to its position in the adult body.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larynx descends as the child grows.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Laryngeal_cavity">Laryngeal cavity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laryngeal cavity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Laryngeal cavity</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray953.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray953.png/250px-Gray953.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 340px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray953.png/250px-Gray953.png" data-width="250" data-height="340" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray953.png/375px-Gray953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray953.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray954.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray954.png/250px-Gray954.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="402" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 402px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray954.png/250px-Gray954.png" data-width="250" data-height="402" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray954.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cavitas laryngis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007830">D007830</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/06.2.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A06.2.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3184">3184</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma55097">55097</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9637" class="extiw" title="d:Q9637">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>laryngeal cavity</b> (<b>cavity of the larynx</b>) extends from the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_inlet" title="Laryngeal inlet">laryngeal inlet</a> downwards to the lower border of the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> where it is continuous with that of the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is divided into two parts by the projection of the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold">vocal folds</a>, between which is a narrow triangular opening, the <a href="/wiki/Rima_glottidis" title="Rima glottidis">rima glottidis</a>. </p><p>The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal folds is called the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_vestibule" title="Laryngeal vestibule">laryngeal vestibule</a>; it is wide and triangular in shape, its base or anterior wall presenting, however, about its center the backward projection of the tubercle of the epiglottis. </p><p>It contains the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_fold" title="Vestibular fold">vestibular folds</a>, and between these and the vocal folds are the <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_ventricle" title="Laryngeal ventricle">laryngeal ventricles</a>. </p><p>The portion below the vocal folds is called the infraglottic cavity. It is at first of an elliptical form, but lower down it widens out, assumes a circular form, and is continuous with the tube of the trachea. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_generation">Sound generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sound generation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a> are manipulated. The strength of <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">expiration</a> from the lungs also contributes to loudness. </p><p>Manipulation of the larynx is used to generate a source sound with a particular fundamental frequency, or pitch. This source sound is altered as it travels through the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_tract" title="Vocal tract">vocal tract</a>, configured differently based on the position of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. The process of altering a source sound as it passes through the filter of the vocal tract creates the many different vowel and consonant sounds of the world's languages as well as tone, certain realizations of stress and other types of linguistic prosody. The larynx also has a similar function to the lungs in creating pressure differences required for sound production; a constricted larynx can be raised or lowered affecting the volume of the oral cavity as necessary in glottalic consonants. </p><p>The vocal cords can be held close together (by adducting the arytenoid cartilages) so that they vibrate (see <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>). The muscles attached to the arytenoid cartilages control the degree of opening. Vocal cord length and tension can be controlled by rocking the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">thyroid cartilage</a> forward and backward on the <a href="/wiki/Cricoid_cartilage" title="Cricoid cartilage">cricoid cartilage</a> (either directly by contracting the cricothyroids or indirectly by changing the vertical position of the larynx), by manipulating the tension of the muscles within the vocal cords, and by moving the arytenoids forward or backward. This causes the pitch produced during <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> to rise or fall. In most males the vocal cords are longer and have a greater mass than most females' vocal cords, producing a lower pitch. </p><p>The vocal apparatus consists of two pairs of folds, the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_fold" title="Vestibular fold">vestibular folds</a> (false vocal cords) and the true <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a>. The vestibular folds are covered by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a>, while the vocal cords are covered by <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a>. The vestibular folds are not responsible for sound production, but rather for resonance. The exceptions to this are found in <a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing#Tibet" title="Overtone singing">Tibetan chanting</a> and Kargyraa, a style of <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing" title="Tuvan throat singing">Tuvan throat singing</a>. Both make use of the vestibular folds to create an undertone. These false vocal cords do not contain muscle, while the true vocal cords do have skeletal muscle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_Epiglottis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Normal_Epiglottis.jpg/220px-Normal_Epiglottis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="723"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Normal_Epiglottis.jpg/220px-Normal_Epiglottis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Normal_Epiglottis.jpg/330px-Normal_Epiglottis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Normal_Epiglottis.jpg/440px-Normal_Epiglottis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Image of endoscopy</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important role of the larynx is its protective function, the prevention of foreign objects from entering the lungs by <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a> and other reflexive actions. A cough is initiated by a deep inhalation through the vocal cords, followed by the elevation of the larynx and the tight adduction (closing) of the vocal cords. The forced expiration that follows, assisted by tissue recoil and the muscles of expiration, blows the vocal cords apart, and the high pressure expels the irritating object out of the throat. Throat clearing is less violent than coughing, but is a similar increased respiratory effort countered by the tightening of the laryngeal musculature. Both coughing and throat clearing are predictable and necessary actions because they clear the respiratory passageway, but both place the vocal cords under significant strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Seikel-etal-2010-223_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seikel-etal-2010-223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important role of the larynx is abdominal fixation, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a> in which the lungs are filled with air in order to stiffen the thorax so that forces applied for lifting can be translated down to the legs. This is achieved by a deep inhalation followed by the adduction of the vocal cords. Grunting while lifting heavy objects is the result of some air escaping through the adducted vocal cords ready for <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seikel-etal-2010-223_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seikel-etal-2010-223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abduction of the vocal cords is important during physical exertion. The vocal cords are separated by about 8 mm (0.31 in) during normal respiration, but this width is doubled during forced respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Seikel-etal-2010-223_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seikel-etal-2010-223-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a>, elevation of the posterior portion of the tongue levers (inverts) the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent swallowed material from entering the larynx which leads to the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and provides a path for a food or liquid bolus to "slide" into the esophagus; the hyo-laryngeal complex is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by aspirated food or liquid produces a strong <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a> <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflex</a> to protect the lungs. </p><p>In addition, intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from some muscle wasting disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>, may facilitate the development of novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting in a variety of clinical scenarios. ILM have a calcium regulation system profile suggestive of a better ability to handle calcium changes in comparison to other muscles, and this may provide a mechanistic insight for their unique pathophysiological properties<sup id="cite_ref-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clinical significance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disorders">Disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disorders" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are several things that can cause a larynx to not function properly.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some symptoms are hoarseness, loss of voice, pain in the throat or ears, and breathing difficulties. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_laryngitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute laryngitis">Acute laryngitis</a> is the sudden inflammation and swelling of the larynx. It is caused by the common cold or by excessive shouting. It is not serious.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_laryngitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic laryngitis">Chronic laryngitis</a> is caused by smoking, dust, frequent yelling, or prolonged exposure to polluted air. It is much more serious than acute laryngitis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbylarynx" title="Presbylarynx">Presbylarynx</a> is a condition in which age-related atrophy of the soft tissues of the larynx results in weak voice and restricted vocal range and stamina. Bowing of the anterior portion of the vocal colds is found on laryngoscopy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Ulcers</a> may be caused by the prolonged presence of an <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal tube</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">Polyps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">vocal cord nodules</a> are small bumps caused by prolonged exposure to <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a> and vocal misuse, respectively.</li> <li>Two related types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer_of_the_larynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer of the larynx">cancer of the larynx</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">verrucous carcinoma</a>, are strongly associated with repeated exposure to cigarette smoke and alcohol.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal cord paresis</a> is weakness of one or both vocal cords that can greatly impact daily life.</li> <li>Idiopathic <a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">laryngeal spasm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> is a condition in which acid from the stomach irritates and burns the larynx. Similar damage can occur with <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a> is a very common condition of infancy, in which the soft, immature cartilage of the upper larynx collapses inward during inhalation, causing airway obstruction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_perichondritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngeal perichondritis">Laryngeal perichondritis</a>, the inflammation of the <a href="/wiki/Perichondrium" title="Perichondrium">perichondrium</a> of laryngeal cartilages, causing airway obstruction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_paralysis" title="Laryngeal paralysis">Laryngeal paralysis</a> is a condition seen in some mammals (including <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>) in which the larynx no longer opens as wide as required for the passage of air, and impedes <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>. In mild cases it can lead to exaggerated or "raspy" breathing or <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">panting</a>, and in serious cases can pose a considerable need for treatment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</a>, intrinsic laryngeal muscles (ILM) are spared from the lack of <a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">dystrophin</a> and may serve as a useful model to study the mechanisms of muscle sparing in <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_disease" title="Neuromuscular disease">neuromuscular diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dystrophic ILM presented a significant increase in the expression of <a href="/wiki/Calcium-binding_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-binding proteins">calcium-binding proteins</a>. The increase of calcium-binding proteins in dystrophic ILM may permit better maintenance of calcium homeostasis, with the consequent absence of <a href="/wiki/Myonecrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Myonecrosis">myonecrosis</a>. The results further support the concept that abnormal calcium buffering is involved in these neuromuscular diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Treatments">Treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Treatments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Patients who have lost the use of their larynx are typically prescribed the use of an <a href="/wiki/Electrolarynx" title="Electrolarynx">electrolarynx</a> device.<sup id="cite_ref-WebWhispers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebWhispers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SECLSG_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SECLSG-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larynx <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">transplants</a> are a rare procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouTube_laryngeal_transplantation-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laryngoscope_laryngeal_transplantation-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first successful operation took place in 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second took place in October 2010 at the University of California Davis Medical Center in Sacramento.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg/160px-Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 298px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg/160px-Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg" data-width="160" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg/240px-Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg/320px-Kehlkopf_Pferd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Cut through the larynx of a horse<br> (frontal section, posterior view)<br>1 <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bone</a>; 2 <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a>; 3 <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_fold" title="Vestibular fold">vestibular fold</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold">vocal fold</a>; 5 <a href="/wiki/Ventricularis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricularis muscle">ventricularis muscle</a>; 6 <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_of_larynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricle of larynx">ventricle of larynx</a>; 7 <a href="/wiki/Vocalis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalis muscle">vocalis muscle</a>; 8 <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">thyroid cartilage</a>; 9 cricoid cartilage; 10 <a href="/wiki/Infraglottic_cavity" title="Infraglottic cavity">infraglottic cavity</a>; 11 first <a href="/wiki/Tracheal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheal">tracheal</a> cartilage; 12 <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pioneering work on the structure and evolution of the larynx was carried out in the 1920s by the British comparative anatomist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Negus" title="Victor Negus">Victor Negus</a>, culminating in his monumental work <i>The Mechanism of the Larynx</i> (1929). Negus, however, pointed out that the descent of the larynx reflected the reshaping and descent of the human tongue into the pharynx. This process is not complete until age six to eight years. Some researchers, such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lieberman" title="Philip Lieberman">Philip Lieberman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Klatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Klatt">Dennis Klatt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_de_Boer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bart de Boer (page does not exist)">Bart de Boer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_N._Stevens" title="Kenneth N. Stevens">Kenneth Stevens</a> using computer-modeling techniques have suggested that the species-specific human tongue allows the vocal tract (the airway above the larynx) to assume the shapes necessary to produce speech sounds that enhance the robustness of human speech. Sounds such as the vowels of the words <span class="nowrap">⟨see⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨do⟩</span>, [i] and [u] (in phonetic notation), have been shown to be less subject to confusion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title='The material in the vicinity of this tag implies a comparison ("better", "advantages", "improvement") but does not specify what the comparison is with. (August 2022)'>compared to?</span></a></i>]</sup> in classic studies such as the 1950 Peterson and Barney investigation of the possibilities for computerized <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, though other species have low larynges, their tongues remain anchored in their mouths and their vocal tracts cannot produce the range of speech sounds of humans. The ability to lower the larynx transiently in some species extends the length of their vocal tract, which as Fitch showed creates the acoustic illusion that they are larger. Research at Haskins Laboratories in the 1960s showed that speech allows humans to achieve a vocal communication rate that exceeds the fusion frequency of the auditory system by fusing sounds together into syllables and words. The additional speech sounds that the human tongue enables us to produce, particularly [i], allow humans to unconsciously infer the length of the vocal tract of the person who is talking, a critical element in recovering the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> that make up a word.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-mammals">Non-mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-mammals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> species possess a larynx, but its structure is typically simpler than that found in mammals. The cartilages surrounding the larynx are apparently a remnant of the original <a href="/wiki/Gill_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill arch">gill arches</a> in fish, and are a common feature, but not all are always present. For example, the thyroid cartilage is found only in mammals. Similarly, only mammals possess a true <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a>, although a flap of non-cartilagenous <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> is found in a similar position in many other groups. In modern amphibians, the laryngeal skeleton is considerably reduced; <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a> have only the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, while <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> possess only the arytenoids.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of a frog that possesses a larynx is the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAngara_frog" title="Túngara frog">túngara frog</a>. While the larynx is the main sound producing organ in túngara frogs, it serves a higher significance due to its contribution to mating call, which consist of two components: 'whine' and 'chuck'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While 'whine' induces female phonotaxis and allows species recognition, 'chuck' increases mating attractiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the túngara frog produces 'chuck' by vibrating the fibrous mass attached to the larynx.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vocal folds are found only in mammals, and a few <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. As a result, many reptiles and amphibians are essentially voiceless; frogs use ridges in the trachea to modulate sound, while <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> have a separate sound-producing organ, the <a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrinx (biology)">syrinx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The ancient Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> first described the larynx, describing it as the "first and supremely most important instrument of the voice".<sup id="cite_ref-HYDMAN2008_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HYDMAN2008-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Additional images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide14rom.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Larynx. Deep dissection. Anterior view."><noscript><img alt="Larynx. Deep dissection. Anterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slide14rom.JPG/120px-Slide14rom.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slide14rom.JPG/120px-Slide14rom.JPG" data-alt="Larynx. Deep dissection. Anterior view." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slide14rom.JPG/180px-Slide14rom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Slide14rom.JPG/240px-Slide14rom.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larynx. Deep dissection. Anterior view.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide36uru.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Larynx. Deep dissection. Posterior view."><noscript><img alt="Larynx. Deep dissection. Posterior view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide36uru.JPG/120px-Slide36uru.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide36uru.JPG/120px-Slide36uru.JPG" data-alt="Larynx. Deep dissection. Posterior view." data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide36uru.JPG/180px-Slide36uru.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Slide36uru.JPG/240px-Slide36uru.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Larynx. Deep dissection. Posterior view.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/larynx" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/larynx">larynx</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolarynx" title="Electrolarynx">Electrolarynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology_of_the_vocal_cords" title="Histology of the vocal cords">Histology of the vocal cords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Origin of speech</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Suárez-Quintanilla_Fernández_Cabrera_Sharma_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Su%C3%A1rez-Quintanilla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Cabrera_Sharma_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuárez-QuintanillaFernández_CabreraSharma2021" class="citation book cs1">Suárez-Quintanilla J, Fernández Cabrera A, Sharma S (2021). "article-24061". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538202/"><i>Anatomy, Head and Neck, Larynx</i></a>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30855790">30855790</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-02</span></span>. <q>The larynx is about 4 to 5cm in length and width, with a slightly shorter anterior-posterior diameter. It is smaller in women than men, and larger in adults than children owing to its growth in puberty. A larger larynx correlates with a deeper voice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=article-24061&rft.btitle=Anatomy%2C+Head+and+Neck%2C+Larynx&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30855790&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez-Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Cabrera%2C+A&rft.au=Sharma%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=larynx">"<i>Larynx</i> Etymology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Larynx+Etymology&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dlarynx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knipe-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knipe_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnipe" class="citation web cs1">Knipe H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/laryngeal-cartilages?lang=gb">"Laryngeal cartilages"</a>. <i>Radiology Reference Article</i>. Radiopaedia.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiology+Reference+Article&rft.atitle=Laryngeal+cartilages&rft.aulast=Knipe&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradiopaedia.org%2Farticles%2Flaryngeal-cartilages%3Flang%3Dgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez-QuintanillaFernández_CabreraSharma2023" class="citation web cs1">Suárez-Quintanilla J, Fernández Cabrera A, Sharma S (4 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538202/">"Anatomy, Head and Neck: Larynx"</a>. StatPearls, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy%2C+Head+and+Neck%3A+Larynx&rft.pub=StatPearls%2C+National+Library+of+Medicine%2C+US+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez-Quintanilla&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Cabrera%2C+A&rft.au=Sharma%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saladin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2011" class="citation book cs1">Saladin KS (2011). <i>Human anatomy</i> (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071222075" title="Special:BookSources/9780071222075"><bdi>9780071222075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+anatomy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780071222075&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collectively, the transverse and oblique arytenoids are known as the interarytenoids.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Expression_of_calcium-buffering_pro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrettiMarquesKhuranaSanto_Neto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ferretti R, Marques MJ, Khurana TS, Santo Neto H (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510619">"Expression of calcium-buffering proteins in rat intrinsic laryngeal muscles"</a>. <i>Physiological Reports</i>. <b>3</b> (6): e12409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14814%2Fphy2.12409">10.14814/phy2.12409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510619">4510619</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26109185">26109185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiological+Reports&rft.atitle=Expression+of+calcium-buffering+proteins+in+rat+intrinsic+laryngeal+muscles&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e12409&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4510619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26109185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14814%2Fphy2.12409&rft.aulast=Ferretti&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Marques%2C+MJ&rft.au=Khurana%2C+TS&rft.au=Santo+Neto%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4510619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquesFerrettiVomeroMinatel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marques MJ, Ferretti R, Vomero VU, Minatel E, Neto HS (March 2007). "Intrinsic laryngeal muscles are spared from myonecrosis in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy". <i>Muscle & Nerve</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">349–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmus.20697">10.1002/mus.20697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17143878">17143878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41968787">41968787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muscle+%26+Nerve&rft.atitle=Intrinsic+laryngeal+muscles+are+spared+from+myonecrosis+in+the+mdx+mouse+model+of+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41968787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17143878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmus.20697&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Ferretti%2C+R&rft.au=Vomero%2C+VU&rft.au=Minatel%2C+E&rft.au=Neto%2C+HS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601180918/http://www.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/Reflux-Aspiration-050223/GERD-pedi-050223.htm">"GERD and aspiration in the child: diagnosis and treatment"</a>. <i>Grand Rounds Presentation</i>. 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Stockholm. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7409-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7409-123-6"><bdi>978-91-7409-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recurrent+laryngeal+nerve+injury&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-91-7409-123-6&rft.aulast=Hydman&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Larynx&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitmanNodenVan_De_Water2006" class="citation book cs1">Laitman JT, Noden DM, Van De Water TR (2006). 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San Diego: Plural. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597560078" title="Special:BookSources/9781597560078"><bdi>9781597560078</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63279542">63279542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+larynx%3A+from+homeobox+genes+to+critical+periods&rft.btitle=Diagnosis+%26+Treatment+Voice+Disorders&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Plural&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63279542&rft.isbn=9781597560078&rft.aulast=Laitman&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Noden%2C+DM&rft.au=Van+De+Water%2C+TR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitmanReidenberg1993" class="citation journal cs1">Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (1993). "Specializations of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive systems as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy". <i>Dysphagia</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">318–</span>325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01321770">10.1007/BF01321770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8269722">8269722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23308320">23308320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dysphagia&rft.atitle=Specializations+of+the+human+upper+respiratory+and+upper+digestive+systems+as+seen+through+comparative+and+developmental+anatomy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23308320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8269722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01321770&rft.aulast=Laitman&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Reidenberg%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitmanReidenberg1997" class="citation journal cs1">Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (November 1997). "The human aerodigestive tract and gastroesophageal reflux: an evolutionary perspective". <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>103</b> (5A): <span class="nowrap">2S –</span> <span class="nowrap">8S</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0002-9343%2897%2900313-6">10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00313-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9422615">9422615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+human+aerodigestive+tract+and+gastroesophageal+reflux%3A+an+evolutionary+perspective&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=5A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0002-9343%2897%2900313-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9422615&rft.aulast=Laitman&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Reidenberg%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitmanReidenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS (2009). "The evolution of the human larynx: Nature's great experiment". In Fried MP, Ferlito A (eds.). <i>The Larynx</i> (3rd ed.). San Diego: Plural. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597560627" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597560627"><bdi>978-1597560627</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183609898">183609898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+human+larynx%3A+Nature%E2%80%99s+great+experiment&rft.btitle=The+Larynx&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Plural&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183609898&rft.isbn=978-1597560627&rft.aulast=Laitman&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Reidenberg%2C+JS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman P (2006). <i>Toward an Evolutionary Biology of Language</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02184-3"><bdi>0-674-02184-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62766735">62766735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+an+Evolutionary+Biology+of+Language&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62766735&rft.isbn=0-674-02184-3&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipanReidenbergLaitman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lipan MJ, Reidenberg JS, Laitman JT (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.b.20120">"Anatomy of reflux: a growing health problem affecting structures of the head and neck"</a>. <i>The Anatomical Record Part B: The New Anatomist</i>. <b>289</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">261–</span>270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.b.20120">10.1002/ar.b.20120</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/110307385">110307385</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17109421">17109421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record+Part+B%3A+The+New+Anatomist&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+reflux%3A+a+growing+health+problem+affecting+structures+of+the+head+and+neck&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F110307385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17109421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.b.20120&rft.aulast=Lipan&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Reidenberg%2C+JS&rft.au=Laitman%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Far.b.20120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomerParsons1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Parsons%2C+TS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeikelKingDrumright2010" class="citation book cs1">Seikel JA, King DW, Drumright DG (2010). <i>Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing</i> (4th ed.). Delmar, NY: Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4283-1223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4283-1223-4"><bdi>978-1-4283-1223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology+for+Speech%2C+Language%2C+and+Hearing&rft.place=Delmar%2C+NY&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4283-1223-4&rft.aulast=Seikel&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=King%2C+DW&rft.au=Drumright%2C+DG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALarynx" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlkopf" title="Kehlkopf – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kehlkopf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD_%E1%88%B3%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95" title="የድምጽ ሳጥን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የድምጽ ሳጥን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حنجرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حنجرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinche" title="Larinche – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Larinche" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܓܓܪܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܓܪܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Мукъулукъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мукъулукъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rtlaq" title="Qırtlaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırtlaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="স্বরযন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বরযন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гартань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гартань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гартань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гартань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Гръклян – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръклян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grkljan" title="Grkljan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grkljan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garloc%27henn" title="Garloc'henn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Garloc'henn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Тип пыр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тип пыр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrtan" title="Hrtan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hrtan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryncs" title="Laryncs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Laryncs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strubehoved" title="Strubehoved – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strubehoved" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlkopf" title="Kehlkopf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kehlkopf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%8A%DE%AE%DE%81%DE%A8" title="އަޑު ފޮށި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަޑު ފޮށި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5ri" title="Kõri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λάρυγγας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάρυγγας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringo" title="Laringo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laringo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حنجره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حنجره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Larynx" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laraing" title="Laraing – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laraing" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goolag" title="Goolag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Goolag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinxe" title="Larinxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Larinxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8u-th%C3%A8u" title="Hèu-thèu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hèu-thèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EB%91%90" title="후두 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후두" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्वरयंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वरयंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grkljan" title="Grkljan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grkljan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringo" title="Laringo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Laringo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laring" title="Laring – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laring" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkak%C3%BDli" title="Barkakýli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barkakýli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="בית הקול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הקול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laring" title="Laring – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laring" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%88%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="گڈُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گڈُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Көмекей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмекей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larenks" title="Larenks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Larenks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirrik" title="Qirrik – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qirrik" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Коко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8-2" title="Кьакьари-2 – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Кьакьари-2" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Larynx" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsene" title="Balsene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balsene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelkapp" title="Keelkapp – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Keelkapp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerklos" title="Gerklos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gerklos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtr%C3%A4%C3%B6t" title="Sjträöt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjträöt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinje" title="Larinje – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Larinje" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ge" title="Gége – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gége" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Грклан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грклан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="स्वरयंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वरयंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinks" title="Larinks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Larinks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strottenhoofd" title="Strottenhoofd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strottenhoofd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%A0%AD" title="喉頭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="喉頭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strupehode" title="Strupehode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strupehode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strupehovud" title="Strupehovud – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strupehovud" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanduuqa_Sagalee" title="Sanduuqa Sagalee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sanduuqa Sagalee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiqildoq" title="Hiqildoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hiqildoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਘੰਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੰਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krta%C5%84" title="Krtań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krtań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laringe" title="Laringe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laringe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunqur_muqu" title="Tunqur muqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tunqur muqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гортань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гортань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වරාලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වරාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Larynx" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrtan" title="Hrtan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrtan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanduuqa_codadka" title="Sanduuqa codadka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sanduuqa codadka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8E" title="کشکشێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کشکشێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гркљан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гркљан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grkljan" title="Grkljan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grkljan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkunp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Kurkunpää – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurkunpää" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struphuvud" title="Struphuvud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Struphuvud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagtingan" title="Bagtingan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagtingan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="குரல்வளை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குரல்வளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="กล่องเสียง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล่องเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%BD_%E1%88%B3%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95" title="የድምጽ ሳጥን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="የድምጽ ሳጥን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%B1rtlak" title="Gırtlak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gırtlak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гортань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гортань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B2" title="بوغۇز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بوغۇز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_qu%E1%BA%A3n" title="Thanh quản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thanh quản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgus%C3%B5lm" title="Kurgusõlm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kurgusõlm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larink" title="Larink – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Larink" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larinks" title="Larinks – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Larinks" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%89" title="喉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C" title="שטימע קעסטל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטימע קעסטל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%89" title="喉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rr%C4%B1ke" title="Qırrıke – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qırrıke" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%89" title="喉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b845c894c-9cpdz","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.814","walltime":"0.992","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4345,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":103026,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3758,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":116326,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 880.772 1 -total"," 30.41% 267.883 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.67% 155.672 2 Template:Infobox_anatomy"," 16.79% 147.840 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.49% 127.591 8 Template:Cite_book"," 9.12% 80.332 1 Template:Larynx_anatomy"," 8.90% 78.350 1 Template:Navbox"," 8.40% 73.959 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.21% 54.654 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.67% 49.979 8 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