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id="toc-1867–1914:_Conservatives_and_Unionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1867–1914:_Conservatives_and_Unionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1867–1914: Conservatives and Unionists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1867–1914:_Conservatives_and_Unionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1920–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1975:_Post-war_consensus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1975:_Post-war_consensus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1945–1975: Post-war consensus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1975:_Post-war_consensus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_dissatisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_dissatisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Popular dissatisfaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_dissatisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernising_the_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernising_the_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Modernising the party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernising_the_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965–1975:_Edward_Heath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–1975:_Edward_Heath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 1965–1975: Edward Heath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–1975:_Edward_Heath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1990:_Margaret_Thatcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1990:_Margaret_Thatcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1975–1990: Margaret Thatcher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1990:_Margaret_Thatcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1997:_John_Major" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1997:_John_Major"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1990–1997: John Major </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1997:_John_Major-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997–2010:_Political_wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997–2010:_Political_wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1997–2010: Political wilderness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997–2010:_Political_wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010–2024:_Austerity,_Brexit,_and_the_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2024:_Austerity,_Brexit,_and_the_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 2010–2024: Austerity, Brexit, and the pandemic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2024:_Austerity,_Brexit,_and_the_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010–2016:_David_Cameron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2016:_David_Cameron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 2010–2016: David Cameron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2016:_David_Cameron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–2019:_Theresa_May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–2019:_Theresa_May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 2016–2019: Theresa May </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–2019:_Theresa_May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019–2022:_Boris_Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019–2022:_Boris_Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.3 2019–2022: Boris Johnson </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019–2022:_Boris_Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022:_Liz_Truss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022:_Liz_Truss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.4 2022: Liz Truss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022:_Liz_Truss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022–2024:_Rishi_Sunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022–2024:_Rishi_Sunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.5 2022–2024: Rishi Sunak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022–2024:_Rishi_Sunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024:_Kemi_Badenoch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024:_Kemi_Badenoch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.6 2024: Kemi Badenoch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024:_Kemi_Badenoch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Economic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Social policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Defence policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_drug_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_drug_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Health and drug policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_drug_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Education and research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Family policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jobs_and_welfare_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jobs_and_welfare_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Jobs and welfare policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jobs_and_welfare_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_climate_change_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_climate_change_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Energy and climate change policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_climate_change_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice,_crime_and_security_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice,_crime_and_security_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Justice, crime and security policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice,_crime_and_security_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_and_infrastructure_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_and_infrastructure_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Transport and infrastructure policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_and_infrastructure_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 European Union policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Constitutional policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Party structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prospective_parliamentary_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospective_parliamentary_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Prospective parliamentary candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospective_parliamentary_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Young Conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_ties_to_Russian_oligarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_ties_to_Russian_oligarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Financial ties to Russian oligarchs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_ties_to_Russian_oligarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 International organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Logo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Party factions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_factions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Party factions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Party_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-One-nation_Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-nation_Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 One-nation Conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-nation_Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free-market_Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free-market_Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Free-market Conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-market_Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditionalist_Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditionalist_Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Traditionalist Conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditionalist_Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_between_the_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_between_the_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Relationships between the factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_between_the_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance_and_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance_and_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Electoral performance and campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_performance_and_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral performance and campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance_and_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_general_election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_general_election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 UK general election results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_general_election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Associated groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associated groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideological_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ideological groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Interest groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Think_tanks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Think_tanks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Think tanks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Think_tanks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Alliances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Party structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Conservative Party (UK)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konserwatiewe_Party_(Verenigde_Koninkryk)" title="Konserwatiewe Party (Verenigde Koninkryk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Konserwatiewe Party (Verenigde Koninkryk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9)" title="حزب المحافظين (المملكة المتحدة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب المحافظين (المملكة المتحدة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Reino_Uniu)" title="Conservative Party (Reino Uniu) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Conservative Party (Reino Uniu)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BChafiz%C9%99karlar_Partiyas%C4%B1_(B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Britaniya)" title="Mühafizəkarlar Partiyası (Böyük Britaniya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mühafizəkarlar Partiyası (Böyük Britaniya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="موحافیظه‌کار حیزبی (بریتانیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موحافیظه‌کار حیزبی (بریتانیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="রক্ষণশীল দল (যুক্তরাজ্য) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্ষণশীল দল (যুক্তরাজ্য)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-si%C3%BA_T%C3%B3ng_(Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok)" title="Pó-siú Tóng (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pó-siú Tóng (Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%A1%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Бөйөк Британияның Консерватив фирҡәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Британияның Консерватив фирҡәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кансерватыўная партыя (Вялікабрытанія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кансерватыўная партыя (Вялікабрытанія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кансэрватыўная партыя (Вялікабрытанія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кансэрватыўная партыя (Вялікабрытанія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Консервативна партия (Обединено кралство) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Консервативна партия (Обединено кралство)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativna_stranka_(Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo)" title="Konzervativna stranka (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konzervativna stranka (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Mirour_(R.U.)" title="Strollad Mirour (R.U.) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Mirour (R.U.)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Conservador_(Regne_Unit)" title="Partit Conservador (Regne Unit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Conservador (Regne Unit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativn%C3%AD_strana_(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD)" title="Konzervativní strana (Spojené království) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konzervativní strana (Spojené království)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Blaid_Geidwadol_(DU)" title="Y Blaid Geidwadol (DU) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Blaid Geidwadol (DU)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservative_Parti_(Storbritannien)" title="Konservative Parti (Storbritannien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konservative Parti (Storbritannien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party" title="Conservative Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Conservative Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatiivne_Partei" title="Konservatiivne Partei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konservatiivne Partei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Συντηρητικό Κόμμα (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συντηρητικό Κόμμα (Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Conservador_(Reino_Unido)" title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativa_Partio_(Britio)" title="Konservativa Partio (Britio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konservativa Partio (Britio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batuko_Alderdi_Kontserbadorea" title="Erresuma Batuko Alderdi Kontserbadorea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erresuma Batuko Alderdi Kontserbadorea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="حزب محافظه‌کار (بریتانیا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب محافظه‌کار (بریتانیا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativi_Flokkurin_(UK)" title="Konservativi Flokkurin (UK) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Konservativi Flokkurin (UK)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_conservateur_(Royaume-Uni)" title="Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_Coime%C3%A1dach_(An_R%C3%ADocht_Aontaithe)" title="An Páirtí Coimeádach (An Ríocht Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Páirtí Coimeádach (An Ríocht Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Conservador_(Reino_Unido)" title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98%EB%8B%B9_(%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD)" title="보수당 (영국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보수당 (영국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի պահպանողական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ Բրիտանիայի պահպանողական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87)" title="कंजर्वेटिव पार्टी (यूके) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंजर्वेटिव पार्टी (यूके)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativna_stranka_(UK)" title="Konzervativna stranka (UK) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzervativna stranka (UK)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservema_Partiso_(Unionita_Rejio)" title="Konservema Partiso (Unionita Rejio) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konservema Partiso (Unionita Rejio)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Konservatif_(Britania_Raya)" title="Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dhaldsflokkurinn_(Bretland)" title="Íhaldsflokkurinn (Bretland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íhaldsflokkurinn (Bretland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Conservatore_(Regno_Unito)" title="Partito Conservatore (Regno Unito) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Conservatore (Regno Unito)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA)" title="המפלגה השמרנית (הממלכה המאוחדת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה השמרנית (הממלכה המאוחדת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D)" title="კონსერვატიული პარტია (გაერთიანებული სამეფო) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონსერვატიული პარტია (გაერთიანებული სამეფო)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ұлыбритания консервативті партиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлыбритания консервативті партиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Gwithadorek" title="Parti Gwithadorek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Parti Gwithadorek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_conservativa_(Britanniarum_Regnum)" title="Factio conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio conservativa (Britanniarum Regnum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservat%C4%ABv%C4%81_partija_(Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste)" title="Konservatīvā partija (Apvienotā Karaliste) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konservatīvā partija (Apvienotā Karaliste)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Vereenegt_Kinnekr%C3%A4ich)" title="Conservative Party (Vereenegt Kinnekräich) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Conservative Party (Vereenegt Kinnekräich)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatori%C5%B3_partija_(Jungtin%C4%97_Karalyst%C4%97)" title="Konservatorių partija (Jungtinė Karalystė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konservatorių partija (Jungtinė Karalystė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Conservator_del_Regn_Unii" title="Partii Conservator del Regn Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii Conservator del Regn Unii" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervat%C3%ADv_P%C3%A1rt_(Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g)" title="Konzervatív Párt (Egyesült Királyság) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konzervatív Párt (Egyesült Királyság)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Конзервативна партија (Обединето Кралство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конзервативна партија (Обединето Кралство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82)" title="കൺസർവേറ്റിവ് പാർട്ടി (യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൺസർവേറ്റിവ് പാർട്ടി (യുണൈറ്റഡ് കിങ്ഡം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="हुजूर पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हुजूर पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94)" title="კონსერვატიული პარტია (გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონსერვატიული პარტია (გოართოიანაფილი ომაფე)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="حزب المحافظين (المملكه المتحده) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب المحافظين (المملكه المتحده)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Konservatif_(United_Kingdom)" title="Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Konservatif (United Kingdom)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)" title="Консерватив Нам (Их Британи) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Консерватив Нам (Их Британи)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE_(%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1)" title="ကွန်ဆာဗေးတစ်ပါတီ (ယူကေ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဆာဗေးတစ်ပါတီ (ယူကေ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Conservative Party (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conservative Party (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="कन्जर्भेटिभ पार्टी (संयुक्त अधिराज्य) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कन्जर्भेटिभ पार्टी (संयुक्त अधिराज्य)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E5%85%9A_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="保守党 (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保守党 (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_konservative_parti_(Storbritannia)" title="Det konservative parti (Storbritannia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det konservative parti (Storbritannia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_konservative_partiet_i_Storbritannia" title="Det konservative partiet i Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det konservative partiet i Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatorlar_partiyasi" title="Konservatorlar partiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konservatorlar partiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81)" title="کنزرویٹو پارٹی (برطانیہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنزرویٹو پارٹی (برطانیہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Konserwatywna_(Wielka_Brytania)" title="Partia Konserwatywna (Wielka Brytania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Konserwatywna (Wielka Brytania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Conservador_(Reino_Unido)" title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Conservador (Reino Unido)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Conservator_(Regatul_Unit)" title="Partidul Conservator (Regatul Unit) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Conservator (Regatul Unit)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Консервативная партия Великобритании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консервативная партия Великобритании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory_an_Unionist_Pairty" title="Tory an Unionist Pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tory an Unionist Pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Konservatore_e_Mbret%C3%ABris%C3%AB_s%C3%AB_Bashkuar" title="Partia Konservatore e Mbretërisë së Bashkuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Konservatore e Mbretërisë së Bashkuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conservative Party (UK)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervat%C3%ADvna_strana_(Spojen%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1%C4%BEovstvo)" title="Konzervatívna strana (Spojené kráľovstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konzervatívna strana (Spojené kráľovstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Конзервативна партија (Уједињено Краљевство) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конзервативна партија (Уједињено Краљевство)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzervativna_stranka_(Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo)" title="Konzervativna stranka (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzervativna stranka (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservatiivipuolue_(Yhdistynyt_kuningaskunta)" title="Konservatiivipuolue (Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konservatiivipuolue (Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konservativa_partiet_(Storbritannien)" title="Konservativa partiet (Storbritannien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konservativa partiet (Storbritannien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #0087DC; border-bottom:2px solid #0087DC; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Conservative and Unionist Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservatives_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Conservatives_logo.svg/250px-Conservatives_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Conservatives_logo.svg/375px-Conservatives_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Conservatives_logo.svg/500px-Conservatives_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="75" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)#Leaders_in_the_House_of_Lords_(1834–present)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Lords Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_True" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord True">The Lord True</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Chief Whips</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Harris" title="Rebecca Harris">Rebecca Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Williams,_Baroness_Williams_of_Trafford" title="Susan Williams, Baroness Williams of Trafford">Susan Williams</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of the United Kingdom">Lords</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Huddleston" title="Nigel Huddleston">Nigel Huddleston</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Johnson,_Baron_Johnson_of_Lainston" title="Dominic Johnson, Baron Johnson of Lainston">The Lord Johnson of Lainston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chief Executive</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Stephen Massey<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1834; 190 years ago (1834) (original form)</li><li>9 May 1912; 112 years ago (1912-05-09) (current form)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merger of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Conservative Party</li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> 4 Matthew Parker Street, London SW1H 9HQ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Overseas wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">LGBT wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(November 2024)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 131,680<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">British</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/British_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="British unionism">British unionism</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-accu-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Irish affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (1922–1972; 2009–2012)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> (1891–1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party</a> (1834–1891)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a>) (2009–2012)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">Sky blue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Renew and Rebuild (2024)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Governing_body" title="Governing body">Governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolved or semi-autonomous branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary party">Parliamentary party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">121 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">273 / 806<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">31 / 129<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">16 / 60<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Regional mayors</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a">[nb]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 14<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">8 / 25<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 32%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner" title="Police and crime commissioner">PCCs and PFCCs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">19 / 37<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Local mayors</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">1 / 13<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Councillors</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b">[nb]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">5,104 / 18,766<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservatives.com">conservatives.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #0087DC;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_nb">^</a> Councillors of local authorities in England (including 25 aldermen of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London</a>) and Scotland, principal councils in Wales and local councils in Northern Ireland.</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Conservative and Unionist Party, commonly the Conservative Party and colloquially known as the Tories,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two main political parties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. Following defeat by Labour in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, it is currently the second largest political party by the number of votes cast and number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. As the second largest party, it has the formal parliamentary role of the <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Most_Loyal_Opposition" title="His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition">Official Opposition</a>. The party sits on the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-accu-15">[15]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a><a href="#cite_note-inac-38">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)#Discussion" title="Talk:Conservative Party (UK)">discuss</a>] of the political spectrum. It encompasses various ideological factions including <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">one-nation conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist conservatives</a>. There have been twenty Conservative <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a>. The party traditionally holds the annual <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference" title="Conservative Party Conference">Conservative Party Conference</a> during <a href="/wiki/Party_conference_season" title="Party conference season">party conference season</a>, at which senior Conservative figures promote party policy. The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory Party</a> and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century, along with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party. Rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> has shaped modern British politics for the last century. <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> sought to modernise the Conservatives after his election as leader in 2005, and the party governed from 2010 to 2024 under five prime ministers, latterly <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>. The party has generally adopted <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal economic policies</a> favouring <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> since the 1980s, although historically it advocated for <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>. The party is <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionist</a>, opposing a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a>, and has been critical of <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution</a>. Historically, the party supported the continuance and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The party has taken various approaches towards the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), with eurosceptic and, to a decreasing extent, <a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">pro-European</a> factions within it. Historically, the party took a <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> approach.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In defence policy, it supports an <a href="/wiki/Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Trident (UK nuclear programme)">independent nuclear weapons programme</a> and commitment to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> membership. For much of modern British political history, the United Kingdom exhibited a wide <a href="/wiki/Urban%E2%80%93rural_political_divide" title="Urban–rural political divide">urban–rural political divide</a>;<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> the Conservative Party's voting and financial <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">support base</a> has historically consisted primarily of <a href="/wiki/Owner-occupancy" title="Owner-occupancy">homeowners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_ownership_within_England_and_Wales" title="Business ownership within England and Wales">business owners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate developers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> voters, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Since the EU referendum in 2016, the Conservatives targeted <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> voters from traditional Labour strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Conservatives' domination of British politics throughout the 20th century made it one of the most successful political parties in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The most recent period of Conservative government was marked by extraordinary political turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-James-2023-55">[55]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party (UK)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Robert_Peel,_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg/170px-Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg/255px-Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg/340px-Sir_Robert_Peel%2C_2nd_Bt_by_Henry_William_Pickersgill-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, twice <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> and founder of the Conservative Party</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> Some writers trace the party's origins to the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory Party</a>, which it soon replaced. Other historians point to a faction, rooted in the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a>, that coalesced around <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> in the 1780s. They were known as "Independent Whigs", "<a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)#Friends_of_Mr_Pitt" title="Tories (British political party)">Friends of Mr Pitt</a>", or "Pittites" and never used terms such as "Tory" or "Conservative". From about 1812, the name "Tory" was commonly used for a new party that, according to historian Robert Blake, "are the ancestors of Conservatism". Blake adds that Pitt's successors after 1812 "were not in any sense standard-bearers of 'true Toryism'".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The term Tory was an insult that entered <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">English politics</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Bill</a> crisis of 1678–1681, which derived from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a> word tóraidhe (modern <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: tóraí) meaning <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> or robber, which in turn derived from the Irish word tóir, meaning pursuit, since outlaws were "pursued men".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a>" was suggested as a title for the party in an article by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">J. Wilson Croker</a> published in the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The name immediately caught on and was formally adopted under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>. The term "Conservative Party" rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1867–1914:_Conservatives_and_Unionists">1867–1914: Conservatives and Unionists</h3></div> The widening of the electoral franchise in the 19th century forced the Conservative Party to popularise its approach under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, who carried through their own expansion of the franchise with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act of 1867</a>. The party was initially opposed to further expansion of the electorate but eventually allowed passage of Gladstone's <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884 Reform Act</a>. In 1886, the party formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Spencer Cavendish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> and, under the statesmen <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, held power for all but three of the following twenty years before suffering a heavy defeat in <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> when it split over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. Young <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> denounced Chamberlain's attack on free trade, and helped organise the opposition inside the Unionist/Conservative Party. Nevertheless, Balfour, as party leader, introduced protectionist legislation.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Churchill crossed the floor and formally joined the Liberal Party (he rejoined the Conservatives in 1925). In December, Balfour lost control of his party, as the defections multiplied. He was replaced by Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a> who called <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">an election in January 1906</a>, which produced a massive Liberal victory. Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> enacted a great deal of reform legislation, but the Unionists worked hard at grassroots organizing. Two general elections were held in 1910, <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">in January</a> and <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">in December</a>. The two main parties were now almost dead equal in seats, but the Liberals kept control with a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party. In Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a> had been formed in 1891 which merged Unionists who were opposed to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule</a> into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, essentially forming the Irish wing of the party until 1922. In Britain, the Conservative party was known as the Unionist Party because of its opposition to home rule.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>'s leadership in 1911–1914, the Party morale improved, the "radical right" wing was contained, and the party machinery strengthened. It made some progress toward developing constructive social policies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">History of the United Kingdom during the First World War</a></div> While the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> were mostly against the war until the invasion of Belgium, Conservative leaders were strongly in favour of aiding France and stopping Germany. The Liberal party was in full control of the government until its mismanagement of the war effort under the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">Shell Crisis</a> badly hurt its reputation. An all-party coalition government was formed in May 1915. In late 1916 Liberal <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> became prime minister but the Liberals soon split and the Conservatives dominated the government, especially after their <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">landslide in the 1918 election</a>. The Liberal party never recovered, but <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> gained strength after 1920.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Nigel Keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914 but the war pulled the party together, allowing it to emphasise patriotism as it found new leadership and worked out its positions on the Irish question, socialism, electoral reform, and the issue of intervention in the economy. The fresh emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Socialism">anti-Socialism</a> was its response to the growing strength of the Labour Party. When electoral reform was an issue, it worked to protect their base in rural England.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It aggressively sought female voters in the 1920s, often relying on patriotic themes.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1945">1920–1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/170px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/255px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg/340px-Sir_Winston_Churchill_-_19086236948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6036" data-file-height="7504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> In 1922, Bonar Law and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> led the breakup of the coalition, and the Conservatives governed until 1923, when a minority Labour government led by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> came to power. The Conservatives regained power in 1924 but were defeated in 1929 as a minority Labour government took office. In 1931, following the collapse of the Labour minority government, it entered another coalition, which was dominated by the Conservatives with some support from factions of both the Liberal Party and the Labour Party (<a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberals</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vernon_Bogdanor,_Multi-Party_Politics_and_the_Constitution-71">[71]</a> In May 1940 a more balanced coalition was formed<a href="#cite_note-Vernon_Bogdanor,_Multi-Party_Politics_and_the_Constitution-71">[71]</a>—the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a>—which, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, saw the United Kingdom through the Second World War. However, the party lost the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a> in a landslide to the resurgent Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The concept of the "property-owning democracy" was coined by Noel Skelton in 1923 and became a core principle of the party.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Francis_2011-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1975:_Post-war_consensus">1945–1975: Post-war consensus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (1945–1979)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_dissatisfaction">Popular dissatisfaction</h4></div> While serving in Opposition during the late 1940s, the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at <a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">food rationing</a>, scarcity, controls, <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>, and government bureaucracy. It used the dissatisfaction with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> policies of the Labour Party to rally middle-class supporters and build a political comeback that won them the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernising_the_party">Modernising the party</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Macmillan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan.jpg/170px-Harold_Macmillan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan.jpg/255px-Harold_Macmillan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Harold_Macmillan.jpg/340px-Harold_Macmillan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> is closely associated with the post-war settlement.</figcaption></figure> In 1947, the party published its <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Charter" title="Industrial Charter">Industrial Charter</a> which marked its acceptance of the "<a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe" class="mw-redirect" title="David Maxwell Fyfe">David Maxwell Fyfe</a> chaired a committee into Conservative Party organisation that resulted in the Maxwell Fyfe Report (1948–49). The report required the party to do more fundraising, by forbidding constituency associations from demanding large donations from candidates, with the intention of broadening the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> of MPs. In practice, it may have had the effect of lending more power to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">constituency</a> parties and making candidates more uniform.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, the party leader, brought in a <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Party chairman</a> to modernise the party: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton</a> rebuilt the local organisations with an emphasis on membership, money, and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> With a narrow victory at the <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 general election</a>, despite losing the popular vote, Churchill was back in power. Apart from rationing, which was ended in 1954, most of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> enacted by Labour were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the "post-war consensus" that was satirised as <a href="/wiki/Butskellism" class="mw-redirect" title="Butskellism">Butskellism</a> and that lasted until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Conservatives were conciliatory towards unions, but they did privatise the steel and road haulage industries in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> During the Conservatives' thirteen-year tenure in office, pensions went up by 49% in real terms, sickness and unemployment benefits by 76% in real terms, and supplementary benefits by 46% in real terms. However, family allowances fell by 15% in real terms.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> "Thirteen Wasted Years" was a popular slogan attacking the Conservative record, primarily from Labour. In addition, there were attacks by the right wing of the Conservative Party itself for its tolerance of socialist policies and reluctance to curb the legal powers of labour unions. The Conservatives were re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a> and <a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a> with larger majorities. Conservative Prime Ministers Churchill, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> promoted relatively liberal trade regulations and less state involvement throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956 was a humiliating defeat for Prime Minister Eden, but his successor, Macmillan, minimised the damage and focused attention on domestic issues and prosperity. Following controversy over the selections of Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home via a process of consultation known as the 'Magic Circle',<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> a formal election process was created and <a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">the first leadership election</a> was held in 1965, won by Edward Heath.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1965–1975:_Edward_Heath">1965–1975: Edward Heath</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Edward_Heath_4_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10157" data-file-height="12633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>'s 1970–74 government was known for taking the UK into the <a href="/wiki/EEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EEC">EEC</a>, although the right-wing of the party objected to his failure to control the trade unions at a time when a declining British industry saw many strikes, as well as the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">1973–75 recession</a>. Since accession to the EEC, which developed into the EU, British membership has been a source of heated debate within the party. Heath had come to power in <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">June 1970</a> and the last possible date for the next general election was not until mid-1975.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However a general election was held in <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974</a> in a bid to win public support during a <a href="/wiki/Three-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-day week">national emergency</a> caused by the miners' strike. Heath's attempt to win a second term at this "snap" election failed, as a deadlock result <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">left no party with an overall majority</a>. Heath resigned within days, after failing to gain <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> support to form a coalition government. Labour won the <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974 election</a> with an overall majority of three seats.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975–1990:_Margaret_Thatcher">1975–1990: Margaret Thatcher</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Premiership of Margaret Thatcher</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/170px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/255px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/340px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></figcaption></figure> Loss of power weakened Heath's control over the party and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> deposed him in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975 leadership election</a>. Thatcher led her party to victory at the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a> with a manifesto which concentrated on the party's philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> As Prime Minister, Thatcher focused on rejecting the mild liberalism of the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> that tolerated or encouraged nationalisation, strong labour unions, heavy regulation, and high taxes.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> She did not challenge the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, and supported the Cold War policies of the consensus, but otherwise tried to dismantle and delegitimise it. She built a right-wing political ideology that became known as <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>, based on social and economic ideas from British and American intellectuals such as <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>. Thatcher believed that too much socially democratic-oriented government policy was leading to a long-term decline in the British economy. As a result, her government pursued a programme of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, adopting a free-market approach to public services based on the sale of publicly owned industries and utilities, as well as a reduction in trade union power. One of Thatcher's largest and most successful policies assisted council house tenants in public housing to purchase their homes at favourable rates. The "Right to Buy" had emerged in the late 1940s but was too great a challenge to the post-war consensus to win Conservative endorsement. Thatcher favoured the idea because it would lead to a "property-owning democracy", an important idea that had emerged in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_Francis_2011-74">[74]</a> Some local Conservative-run councils enacted profitable local sales schemes during the late 1960s. By the 1970s, many working-class people could afford to buy homes, and eagerly adopted Thatcher's invitation to purchase their homes at a sizable discount. The new owners were more likely to vote Conservative, as Thatcher had hoped.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Thatcher led the Conservatives to two further electoral victories in <a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a>. She was deeply unpopular in certain sections of society due to high unemployment and her response to the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–1985)">miners' strike</a>. Unemployment had doubled between 1979 and 1982, largely due to Thatcher's <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> battle against inflation.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>, inflation had been at 9% or under for the previous year, then increased to over 20% in the first two years of the Thatcher ministry, but it had fallen again to 5.8% by the start of 1983.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The period of unpopularity of the Conservatives in the early 1980s coincided with a crisis in the Labour Party, which then formed the main opposition. Victory in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> in June 1982, along with the recovering British economy, saw the Conservatives returning quickly to the top of the opinion polls and winning the 1983 general election with a landslide majority, due to a split opposition vote.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-92">[92]</a> By the time of the general election in June 1987, the economy was stronger, with lower inflation and falling unemployment and Thatcher secured her third successive electoral victory.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Community_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Charge">Community Charge</a> (known by its opponents as the poll tax) in 1989 is often cited as contributing to her political downfall. Internal party tensions led to a leadership challenge by the Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> and she resigned on 28 November 1990.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–1997:_John_Major">1990–1997: John Major</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Major_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_Major_1996.jpg/170px-John_Major_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_Major_1996.jpg/255px-John_Major_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/John_Major_1996.jpg/340px-John_Major_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> won the party leadership election on 27 November 1990, and his appointment led to an almost immediate boost in Conservative Party fortunes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">election</a> was held on 9 April 1992 and the Conservatives won a fourth successive electoral victory, contrary to predictions from opinion polls.<a href="#cite_note-1992GE-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Conservatives became the first party to attract 14 million votes in a general election.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 16 September 1992, the Government suspended Britain's membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a> (ERM), after the pound fell lower than its minimum level in the ERM, a day thereafter referred to as <a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Soon after, approximately one million householders faced repossession of their homes during a recession that saw a sharp rise in unemployment, taking it close to 3 million people.<a href="#cite_note-:2-103">[103]</a> The party subsequently lost much of its reputation for good financial stewardship. The end of the recession was declared in April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-103">[103]</a> From 1994 to 1997, Major <a href="/wiki/Privatisation_of_British_Rail" title="Privatisation of British Rail">privatised British Rail</a>. The party was plagued by internal division and infighting, mainly over the UK's role in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The party's <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Eurosceptic</a> wing, represented by MPs such as <a href="/wiki/John_Redwood" title="John Redwood">John Redwood</a>, opposed further EU integration, whilst the party's pro-European wing, represented by those such as Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a>, was broadly supportive. The issue of the creation of a single European currency also inflamed tensions.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Major survived a leadership challenge in 1995 by Redwood, but Redwood received 89 votes, further undermining Major's influence.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Conservative government was increasingly accused in the media of "<a href="/wiki/Political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scandals in the United Kingdom">sleaze</a>". Their support reached its lowest ebb in late 1994. Over the next two years the Conservatives gained some credit for the strong economic recovery and fall in unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-107">[107]</a> But an effective opposition campaign by the Labour Party culminated in a landslide defeat for the Conservatives <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">in 1997</a>, their worst defeat since the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>. The 1997 election left the Conservative Party as an England-only party, with all Scottish and Welsh seats having been lost, and not a single new seat having been gained anywhere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997–2010:_Political_wilderness">1997–2010: Political wilderness</h3></div> Major resigned as party leader and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1997OTD-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 general election</a> resulted in a net gain of one seat for the Conservative Party and returned a mostly unscathed Labour Party back to government.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This all occurred months after the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">fuel protests of September 2000</a> had seen the Conservatives briefly take a narrow lead over Labour in the opinion polls.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a> was elected leader of the party.<a href="#cite_note-1997OTD-108">[108]</a> Although Duncan Smith was a strong <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> during his tenure, Europe ceased to be an issue of division in the party as it united behind calls for a referendum on the proposed <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Constitution">European Union Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> However, before he could lead the party into a general election, Duncan Smith lost the vote on a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> by MPs.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This was despite the Conservative support equalling that of Labour in the months leading up to his departure from the leadership.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a> then <a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">stood for the leadership unopposed</a> on 6 November 2003.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Under Howard's leadership in the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a>, the Conservative Party increased their total vote share and—more significantly—their number of parliamentary seats, reducing Labour's majority.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The day following the election, Howard resigned. <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005 leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He then announced his intention to reform and realign the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-speech-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> For most of 2006 and the first half of 2007, polls showed leads over Labour for the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Polls became more volatile in summer 2007 with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> as Prime Minister. The Conservatives gained control of the London <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">mayoralty</a> for the first time in 2008 after <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> defeated the Labour incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2024:_Austerity,_Brexit,_and_the_pandemic">2010–2024: Austerity, Brexit, and the pandemic</h3></div> In May 2010 the Conservative Party came to government, first under a coalition with the Liberal Democrats and later as a series of majority and minority governments. During this period there were five Conservative Prime Ministers: David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, and Rishi Sunak. The initial period of this time, primarily under the premiership of David Cameron, was marked by the ongoing effects of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity measures</a> in response. From 2015 the predominant political event was the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> referendum and the process to implement the decision to leave the trade bloc. The Conservatives' time in office was marked by several controversies. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobia in the UK Conservative Party">Islamophobia in the Conservative Party</a>, including allegations against its policies, fringes, and structure, was often in the public eye. These include allegations against senior politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zac_Goldsmith" title="Zac Goldsmith">Zac Goldsmith</a>. During the period of the Cameron<a href="#cite_note-Cowburn_2017_x541-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_2017_r220-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watts_2017_y333-123">[123]</a> and Johnson governments,<a href="#cite_note-Halliday_2022_r197-124">[124]</a> a number of Conservative MPs have been accused or convicted of sexual misconduct, with cases including the consumption of pornography in parliament, rape, groping, and sexual harassment.<a href="#cite_note-Savage_Helm_2017_o437-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITV_News_2022_f647-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samuelson_2022_z079-127">[127]</a> In 2017, a list of 36 sitting Conservative MPs accused of inappropriate sexual behaviour was leaked. The list is believed to have been compiled by party staff.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson_2017_f842-128">[128]</a> Following accusations of multiple cases of rape against an unnamed Tory MP in 2023<a href="#cite_note-Blewitt_2023_c778-129">[129]</a> and allegations of a cover-up,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2023_s403-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crerar_2023_t116-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Baroness Warsi</a>, who has served as the party's co-chairman under David Cameron, stated that the Conservative Party has had a problem handling complaints of sexual misconducts against members appropriately.<a href="#cite_note-Wright_2023_i317-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010–2016:_David_Cameron">2010–2016: David Cameron</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron" title="Premiership of David Cameron">Premiership of David Cameron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_(8947770804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg/170px-Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg/255px-Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg/340px-Prime_Minister_David_Cameron_-_official_photograph_%288947770804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></figcaption></figure>The 2010 election resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> with the Conservatives having the most seats but short of an overall majority.<a href="#cite_note-2010GEresults-133">[133]</a> Following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, Cameron was named Prime Minister, and the Conservatives <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">entered government in a coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>—the first postwar <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Cameron's premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through controversial <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity measures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In September 2014, the Unionist side, championed by Labour as well as by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats, won in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scottish Independence referendum</a> by 55% No to 45% Yes on the question "Should Scotland be an independent country".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 general election</a>, the Conservatives formed a majority government under Cameron.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> After speculation of a referendum on the UK's EU membership throughout his premiership, a vote was announced for June 2016 in which Cameron campaigned to remain in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 24 June 2016, Cameron announced his intention to resign as Prime Minister, after he failed to convince the British public to <a href="/wiki/EU_Referendum_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="EU Referendum UK">stay in the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016–2019:_Theresa_May">2016–2019: Theresa May</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Theresa_May" title="Premiership of Theresa May">Premiership of Theresa May</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theresa_May_(2016)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg/170px-Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg/255px-Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg/340px-Theresa_May_%282016%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="4504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></figcaption></figure> On 11 July 2016, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> became the leader of the Conservative Party.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> May promised social reform and a more centrist political outlook for the Conservative Party and its government.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> May's early cabinet appointments were interpreted as an effort to reunite the party in the wake of the UK's <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">vote to leave the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> She began the process of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawing the UK from the European Union</a> in March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In April 2017, the Cabinet agreed to hold a <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> on 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In a shock result, the election resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, with the Conservative Party needing a <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">confidence and supply</a> arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> to support a minority government.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> May's Premiership was dominated by Brexit as she carried out negotiations with the European Union, adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Chequers_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequers Plan">Chequers Plan</a>, which resulted in her draft <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">Brexit withdrawal agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> May survived two votes of no confidence in December 2018 and January 2019, but after versions of her draft withdrawal agreement were <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit" title="Parliamentary votes on Brexit">rejected by Parliament three times</a>, May announced her resignation on 24 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Subsequent to the EU referendum vote, and through the premierships of May, Boris Johnson, and their successors, the party shifted right on the political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-accu-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019–2022:_Boris_Johnson">2019–2022: Boris Johnson</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Premiership of Boris Johnson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg/170px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg/255px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg/340px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> In July 2019 <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> became Leader of the party.<a href="#cite_note-bbc230719-153">[153]</a> He became Prime Minister the next day. Johnson had made withdrawal from the EU by 31 October "with no ifs, buts or maybes" a key pledge during <a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">his campaign for party leadership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Johnson lost his working majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> on 3 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-bbc030919-155">[155]</a> Later that same day, <a href="/wiki/September_2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" class="mw-redirect" title="September 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">21 Conservative MPs had the Conservative whip withdrawn</a> after voting with the Opposition to grant the House of Commons control over its order paper.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Johnson would later halt the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_Agreement_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal Agreement Bill">Withdrawal Agreement Bill</a>, calling for a general election.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a> resulted in the Conservatives winning a majority, the Party's largest since <a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc131219-158">[158]</a> The party won several constituencies, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Red_Wall_(British_politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Wall (British politics)">formerly traditional Labour seats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Independent-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-48">[48]</a> On 20 December 2019, MPs passed an agreement for withdrawing from the EU; the United Kingdom formally left on 31 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Johnson presided over the UK's response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-161">[161]</a> From late 2021 onwards, Johnson received huge public backlash for the <a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a> scandal, in which staff and senior members of government were pictured holding gatherings during lockdown contrary to Government guidance.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> eventually fined Johnson for breaking lockdown rules in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In July 2022, Johnson admitted to appointing <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher" title="Chris Pincher">Chris Pincher</a> as deputy chief whip while being aware of allegations of sexual assault against him.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> This, along with Partygate and increasing criticisms on Johnson's handling of the cost-of-living crisis, provoked a <a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">government crisis</a> following a loss in confidence and nearly 60 resignations from government officials, eventually leading to Johnson announcing his resignation on 7 July.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022:_Liz_Truss">2022: Liz Truss</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss" title="Premiership of Liz Truss">Premiership of Liz Truss</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg/170px-Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg/255px-Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg/340px-Liz_Truss_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a></figcaption></figure> Boris Johnson's successor as leader was confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> on 5 September, following a <a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In a strategy labelled <a href="/wiki/Trussonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Trussonomics">Trussonomics</a> she introduced policies in response to the <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_United_Kingdom_cost_of_living_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 United Kingdom cost of living crisis">cost of living crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> including price caps on energy bills and government help to pay them.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Truss's <a href="/wiki/Truss%27s_mini-budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Truss's mini-budget">mini-budget</a> on 23 September faced severe criticism and markets reacted poorly;<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> the pound fell to a record low of 1.03 against the dollar, and <a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">UK government gilt</a> yields rose to 4.3 per cent, prompting the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> to trigger an emergency bond-buying programme.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> After condemnation from the public, the Labour Party and her own party, Truss reversed some aspects of the mini-budget, including the abolition of the top rate of income tax.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/October_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">a government crisis</a> Truss announced her resignation as prime minister on 20 October<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-175">[175]</a> after 44 days in office, the shortest premiership in British history.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Truss also oversaw the worst polling the Conservatives had ever received, with Labour polling as high as 36 per cent above the Conservatives amidst the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022–2024:_Rishi_Sunak">2022–2024: Rishi Sunak</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Premiership of Rishi Sunak">Premiership of Rishi Sunak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 October 2022, Rishi Sunak was declared Leader, the first <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asian</a> Leader of the Conservatives and the first British Asian Prime Minister. On 22 May Sunak announced a general election to be held on 4 July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 general election</a>, public opinion in favour of a change in government was reflected by poor polling from the Conservative Party, with <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> making strong polling gains.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The Conservative manifesto focused on the economy, taxes, welfare, expanding free childcare, education, healthcare, environment, energy, transport, and crime.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> It pledged to lower taxes, increase education and NHS spending, deliver 92,000 more nurses and 28,000 more doctors, introduce a new model of National Service, and to treble Britain's offshore wind capacity and support solar energy.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The final result was the lowest seat total at a general election in the history of the Conservative party, with well below the previous record low of 156 seats won at the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024:_Kemi_Badenoch">2024: Kemi Badenoch</h4></div> On 2 November 2024 <a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Kemi Badenoch</a> was elected as the leader of the Conservatives after the party's significant election defeat, ending 14 years in power. She secured 57% of nearly 100,000 votes against <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Robert Jenrick</a>, succeeding Rishi Sunak. In her victory speech, Badenoch acknowledged past mistakes and called for honesty and renewal. With a background in business and software engineering, she promotes low taxes and free-market policies.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>The Conservative Party believes that a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity. A leading economic theory advocated by Conservatives is <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a>, which holds that reduced income tax rates increase growth and enterprise (although a reduction in the budget deficit has sometimes taken priority over cutting taxes).<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The party focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>, promoting a free market for competition with social balance to create fairness. This has included education reform, vocational skills reform, expanding <a href="/wiki/Universal_child_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal child care">free childcare</a>, curbs on the banking sector, enterprise zones to revive regions in Britain, and grand and extensive infrastructure projects, such as high-speed rail.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> One concrete economic policy of recent years has been opposition to the European single currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. With the growing <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> within his party, <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> negotiated a British opt-out in the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>, which enabled the UK to stay within the European Union without adopting the single currency. All subsequent Conservative leaders have positioned the party firmly against the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. The 50% top rate of <a href="/wiki/UK_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="UK income tax">income tax</a> was reduced to 45% by the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Alongside a reduction in tax and commitments to keep taxation low, the Conservative Party has significantly reduced government spending, through the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme" title="United Kingdom government austerity programme">austerity programme</a> which commenced in 2010, subsequent to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. In 2019 and during the election campaign that year, Boris Johnson signalled an end to austerity with increased public expenditure, in areas including healthcare, education, transport, welfare, and the police.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservative_and_Proud_(4764127652).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg/220px-Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg/330px-Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg/440px-Conservative_and_Proud_%284764127652%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Conservative Party supporters at Pride London in 2010</figcaption></figure> Socially conservative policies such as tax incentives for married couples may have played a role in the party's electoral decline in the 1990s and early 2000s, and so the party has attempted to seek a new direction. As part of their coalition with the Liberal Democrats, the Conservative government did support the introduction of equal marriage rights for LGBT+ individuals in 2010, though 139 Conservative MPs, a majority, voted against <a href="/wiki/Marriage_(Same_Sex_Couples)_Act_2013" title="Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013">the 2013 same-sex marriage act</a>. Thus the extent to which this policy represented a more liberal Conservative party has been challenged.<a href="#cite_note-marequa-198">[198]</a> Since 1997 debate has occurred within the party between 'modernisers' such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Duncan" title="Alan Duncan">Alan Duncan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> who believe that the Conservatives should modify their public stances on social issues, and 'traditionalists' such as <a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson" title="Owen Paterson">Owen Paterson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> who believe that the party should remain faithful to its traditional conservative platform. In the previous parliament, modernising forces were represented by MPs such as <a href="/wiki/Neil_O%27Brien" title="Neil O'Brien">Neil O'Brien</a>, who has argued that the party needs to renew its policies and image, and is said to be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron's</a> centrist politics.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Davidson" title="Ruth Davidson">Ruth Davidson</a> is also seen as a reforming figure. Many of the original 'traditionalists' remain influential, though Duncan Smith's influence in terms of Commons contributions has waned.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The party has strongly criticised what it describes as Labour's "state <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Shadow Home Secretary Dominic Grieve said in 2008 that state multiculturalism policies had created a "terrible" legacy of "cultural despair" and dislocation, which has encouraged support for "extremists" on both sides of the debate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-206">[206]</a> David Cameron responded to Grieve's comments by agreeing that policies of "state multiculturalism" that treat social groups as distinct, for example policies that "treat British Muslims as Muslims, rather than as British citizens", are wrong. However, he expressed support for the premise of multiculturalism on the whole.<a href="#cite_note-:0-206">[206]</a> Official statistics showed that EU and non-EU <a href="/wiki/Mass_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass immigration">mass immigration</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seeker</a> applications, all increased substantially during Cameron's term in office.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuters2-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent-209">[209]</a> However, this was not solely as a result of intentional government policy – during this period, there were significant refugee flows into the UK and an increased level of asylum applications due to conflict and persecution globally.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> In 2019 former Conservative Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Priti Patel</a> announced that the government would enact stricter immigration reforms, crack down on illegal immigration, and scrap freedom of movement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> following the completion of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In the four years following this announcement, net migration increased annually, in large part due to the number of health care workers, and their dependents, that were invited into the country because of recruitment problems caused by Brexit and the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2021_y110-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atkins_2024_r712-214">[214]</a> The number of asylum seekers dropped as a proportion of total net migrants, whereas the number of people coming to the UK to study increased during that time period.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times_d753-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg/220px-Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg/330px-Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg/440px-Reagan%27s_-_Thatcher%27s_c50515-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Thatcher (second left), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (far left) and their spouses in 1988. Thatcher and Reagan developed a close relationship against the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> For much of the 20th century, the Conservative Party took a broadly <a href="/wiki/Atlanticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanticist">Atlanticist</a> stance in relations with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Members of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, favouring close ties with the United States and similarly aligned nations such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The Conservatives have generally favoured a diverse range of international alliances, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The Conservatives have proposed a Pan-African <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade Area">Free Trade Area</a>, which it says could help <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial">entrepreneurial</a> dynamism of African people.<a href="#cite_note-cameronbbc-216">[216]</a> The Conservatives pledged to increase aid spending to 0.7% of national income by 2013.<a href="#cite_note-cameronbbc-216">[216]</a> They met this pledge in 2014, when spending on aid reached 0.72% of GDP and the commitment was enshrined in UK law in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Close <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom-United States relations">Anglo-American Relationship</a> have been an element of Conservative foreign policy since the Second World War. Though the Anglo–American relationship in foreign affairs has often been termed a '<a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a>', a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, this has often been observed most clearly where leaders in each country are of a similar political stripe. <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> had sought to distance himself from former <a href="/wiki/President_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of United States">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a> foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Despite traditional links between the UK Conservatives and US <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, London Mayor <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, a Conservative, endorsed <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the 2008 election.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> However, after becoming Prime Minister, Johnson developed a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> This has been described as a reestablishing of the Special Relationship with the United States following Britain's withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as well as returning to the links between the Conservatives and Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Beyond relations with the United States, the Commonwealth and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, the Conservative Party has generally supported a pro free-trade foreign policy within the mainstream of international affairs. Although stances have changed with successive leadership, the modern Conservative Party generally supports cooperation and maintaining friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Historic Conservative statesmen such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> supported the idea of national home for the Jewish people. Under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> Conservative support for Israel was seen to crystallise.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Support for Israel has increased under the leaderships of <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, with prominent Conservative figures within the May and Johnson ministries strongly endorsing Israel. In 2016, Theresa May publicly rebutted statements made by US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> over the composition of the Israeli government.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In 2018 the party pledged to proscribe all wings of the Lebanese-based militant group <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and this was adopted as a UK-wide policy in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In 2019, the Conservative government under Boris Johnson announced plans to stop the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> movement on local politics which included prohibiting local councils from boycotting Israeli products.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_policy">Defence policy</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001</a>, the Conservative Party supported the coalition military action in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The Conservative Party believed that success in Afghanistan would be defined in terms of the Afghans achieving the capability to maintain their own internal and external security. They have repeatedly criticised the former <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Government</a> for failing to equip British Forces adequately in the earlier days on the campaign—especially highlighting the shortage of helicopters for British Forces resulting from <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>'s £1.4bn cut to the helicopter budget in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The Conservative Party believes that in the 21st century defence and security are interlinked. It has pledged to break away from holding a traditional <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_Review" title="Strategic Defence Review">Strategic Defence Review</a> and committed to carrying out a more comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2010" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010">Strategic Defence and Security Review</a> (SDSR).<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> As well as an SDSR, the Conservative Party pledged in 2010 to undertake a fundamental and far-reaching review of the procurement process and how defence equipment is provided in Britain, and to increase Britain's share of the global defence market as Government policy.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The Conservative Party upholds the view that <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> remains and should remain the most important security alliance for the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> It has advocated for the creation of a fairer funding mechanism for NATO's expeditionary operations and called for all NATO countries to meet their required defence spending 2% of GDP. Some Conservatives believe that there is scope for expanding NATO's Article V to include new threats such as <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a>. The Conservative Party aims to build enhanced bilateral defence relations with key European partners and believes that it is in Britain's national interest to cooperate fully with all its European neighbours. It has pledged to ensure that any EU military capability must supplement and not supplant British national defence and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and that it is not in the British interest to hand over security to any supranational body.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-237">[237]</a> The Conservatives see it as a priority to encourage all members of the European Union to do more in terms of a commitment to European security at home and abroad. Regarding the defence role of the European Union, the Conservatives pledged to re-examine some of Britain's EU Defence commitments to determine their practicality and utility; specifically, to reassess UK participation provisions like Permanent Structured Cooperation, the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a> and EU Battlegroups to determine if there is any value in Britain's participation. The Conservatives support the UK's possession of nuclear weapons through the <a href="/wiki/Trident_(UK_nuclear_programme)" title="Trident (UK nuclear programme)">Trident nuclear programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_drug_policy">Health and drug policy</h3></div> In 1945 the Conservatives declared support for universal healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> They introduced the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_Act_2012" title="Health and Social Care Act 2012">Health and Social Care Act 2012</a>, constituting the biggest reformation that the NHS has ever undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The Conservative Party supports <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">drug prohibition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> However, views on drugs vary amongst some MPs in the party. Some Conservative politicians take the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected over prohibition. Other Conservative politicians, despite being <a href="/wiki/Economically_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economically liberal">economically liberal</a>, are in favour of full drug prohibition. Legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">cannabis for medical uses</a> is favoured by some Conservative politicians.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The party has rejected both decriminalising drugs for personal use and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">safe consumption sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 2024 the Conservatives banned smoking for future generations, with an aim to make England smoke-free by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h3></div> In education, the Conservatives pledged to review the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum" class="mw-redirect" title="National Curriculum">National Curriculum</a>, introduce the English Baccalaureate, and reform <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-level</a>, other national qualifications, apprenticeships and training.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The restoration of discipline was also highlighted, as they want it to be easier for pupils to be searched for contraband items, the granting of anonymity to teachers accused by pupils, and the banning of expelled pupils being returned to schools via appeal panels. In higher education, the Conservatives have increased tuition fees to £9,250 per year, however have ensured that this will not be paid by anyone until they are earning over £25,000. The Scottish Conservatives also support the re-introduction of tuition fees in Scotland. In 2016 the Conservative government extended student loan access in England to postgraduate students to help improve access to education.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Within the EU, the UK was one of the largest recipients of research funding in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, receiving £7 billion between 2007 and 2015, which is invested in universities and research-intensive businesses.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Following the vote to leave the EU, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> guaranteed that the Conservative government would protect funding for existing research and development projects in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In 2017, the Conservatives introduced the <a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T Level</a> qualification aimed at improving the teaching and administration of technical education.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_policy">Family policy</h3></div> As prime minister, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> wanted to 'support family life in Britain' and put families at the centre of domestic social policymaking.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a> He stated in 2014 that there was 'no better place to start' in the Conservative mission of 'building society from the bottom up' than the family, which was responsible for individual welfare and well-being long before the welfare state came into play.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a> He also argued that 'family and politics are inextricably linked'.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a> Both Cameron and <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> This policy is now in place, offering 50 weeks total parental leave, of which 37 weeks are paid leave, which can be shared between both parents.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Other policies have included doubling the free hours of childcare for working parents of three and four-year-olds from 15 hours to 30 hours a week during term-time, although parents can reduce the number of hours per week to 22 and spread across 52 weeks of the year. The government also introduced a policy to fund 15 hours a week of free education and childcare for 2-year-olds in England if parents are receiving certain state benefits or the child has a SEN statement or diagnosis, worth £2,500 a year per child.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jobs_and_welfare_policy">Jobs and welfare policy</h3></div> One of the Conservatives' key policy goals in 2010 was to reduce the number of people unemployed, and increase the number of people in the workforce, by strengthening apprenticeships, skills and job training.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> Between 2010 and 2014, all claimants of <a href="/wiki/Incapacity_Benefit" title="Incapacity Benefit">Incapacity Benefit</a> were moved onto a new benefit scheme, <a href="/wiki/Employment_and_Support_Allowance" title="Employment and Support Allowance">Employment and Support Allowance</a>, which was then subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a> system alongside other welfare benefits in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> The Universal Credit system came under immense scrutiny following its introduction. Shortly after her appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Department for Work and Pensions">Department for Work and Pensions</a>, the then Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Amber Rudd</a> acknowledged there were real problems with the Universal Credit system, especially the wait times for initial payments and the housing payments aspect of the combined benefits.<a href="#cite_note-RiNov18-258">[258]</a> Rudd pledged specifically to review and address the uneven impact of Universal Credit implementation on economically disadvantaged women, which had been the subject of numerous reports by the Radio 4 <a href="/wiki/You_and_Yours" title="You and Yours">You and Yours</a> programme and others.<a href="#cite_note-RiNov18-258">[258]</a> Until 1999, Conservatives opposed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/National_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="National minimum wage">national minimum wage</a>, as they believed it would cost jobs, and businesses would be reluctant to start business in the UK from fear of high labour costs.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> However the party have since pledged support and in the <a href="/wiki/July_2015_United_Kingdom_budget" title="July 2015 United Kingdom budget">July 2015 budget</a>, Chancellor George Osborne announced a <a href="/wiki/National_Living_Wage" title="National Living Wage">National Living Wage</a> of £9/hour.<a href="#cite_note-measures-260">[260]</a> The National Minimum Wage in 2024 was £11.44 for those over 21.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The party support, and have implemented, the restoration of the link between pensions and earnings, and seek to raise retirement age from 65 to 67 by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_climate_change_policy">Energy and climate change policy</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> brought several '<a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">green</a>' issues to the forefront of his 2010 campaign. These included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces, a halt to airport growth, a tax on cars with exceptionally poor petrol mileage, and restrictions on car advertising. Many of these policies were implemented in the Coalition—including the '<a href="/wiki/The_Green_Deal" title="The Green Deal">Green Deal</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> A law was passed in 2019, that <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">UK greenhouse gas emissions</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-:3-264">[264]</a> The UK was the first major economy to embrace a legal obligation to achieve net zero carbon emissions.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In 2019, the Conservatives became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency (second in the UK after the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:3-264">[264]</a> In November 2020 the Conservatives announced a 10-point plan for a 'green industrial revolution', with <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">green enterprises</a>, an end to the sale of petrol and diesel cars, quadruple the amount of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">offshore wind power</a> capacity within a decade, fund a variety of emissions-cutting proposals, and spurn a proposed <a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">green post-COVID-19 recovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In 2021, the Conservatives announced plans to cut <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">carbon emissions</a> by 78% by 2035.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice,_crime_and_security_policy">Justice, crime and security policy</h3></div> In 2010 the Conservatives campaigned to cut the perceived bureaucracy of the modern police force and pledged greater legal protection to people convicted of defending themselves against intruders. The party has also campaigned for the creation of a UK Bill of Rights to replace the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>, but this was vetoed by their coalition partners the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> The Conservatives' 2017 manifesto pledged to create a national infrastructure police force, subsuming the existing <a href="/wiki/British_Transport_Police" title="British Transport Police">British Transport Police</a>; <a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Police" title="Ministry of Defence Police">Ministry of Defence Police</a> "to improve the protection of critical infrastructure such as nuclear sites, railways and the strategic road network".<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_and_infrastructure_policy">Transport and infrastructure policy</h3></div> The Conservatives have invested in public transport and infrastructure, aimed to promoting economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> This has included rail (including <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a>), electric vehicles, bus networks, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">active transport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In 2020 new funding for active travel infrastructure was announced by the Conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The party's stated aim was for England to be a "great walking and cycling nation" and for half of all journeys in towns and cities being walked or cycled by 2030. The plan was accompanied by £2 billion in additional funding over the following five years for cycling and walking. The plan also introduced new inspectorate, known as <a href="/wiki/Active_Travel_England" title="Active Travel England">Active Travel England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> In 2021 the Conservatives announced a white paper that would transform the operation of the railways. The rail network will be partly renationalised, with infrastructure and operations brought together under the state-owned public body <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News2-275">[275]</a> On 18 November 2021, the government announced the biggest ever public investment in Britain's rail network costing £96 billion and promising quicker and more frequent rail connections in the North and Midlands: the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Rail_Plan_for_the_North_and_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands">Integrated Rail Plan</a> includes substantially improved connections North-South as well as East-West and includes three new high speed lines.<a href="#cite_note-Gov-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_policy">European Union policy</h3></div> No subject has proved more divisive in the Conservative Party in recent history than the role of the United Kingdom within the European Union. Though the principal architect of the UK's entry into the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (which became the European Union) was Conservative Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>, most contemporary Conservative opinion is opposed to closer economic and particularly political union with the EU. This is a noticeable shift in British politics, as in the 1960s and 1970s the Conservatives were more pro-Europe than the Labour Party: for example, in the 1971 House of Commons vote on whether the UK should join the European Economic Community, only 39 of the then 330 Conservative MPs were opposed.<a href="#cite_note-georgiou-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> The Conservative Party has members with varying opinions of the EU, with <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a> Conservatives joining the affiliate <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Group_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Group for Europe">Conservative Group for Europe</a>, while some Eurosceptics left the party to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Independence Party">United Kingdom Independence Party</a>. Whilst the vast majority of Conservatives in recent decades have been Eurosceptics, views among this group regarding the UK's relationship with the EU have been polarised between moderate, soft Eurosceptics who support continued British membership but oppose further harmonisation of regulations affecting business and accept participation in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">multi-speed Europe</a>, and a more radical, economically libertarian faction who oppose policy initiatives from Brussels, support the rolling back of integration measures from the Maastricht Treaty onwards, and have become increasingly supportive of a complete withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-georgiou-278">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_policy">Constitutional policy</h3></div> Traditionally the Conservative Party has supported the uncodified <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">constitution of the United Kingdom</a> and its traditional <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">politics</a>. The party opposed many of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>'s reforms, such as the removal of the hereditary peers,<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> into British law, and the 2009 creation of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>, a function formerly <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">carried out by the House of Lords</a>. There was also a split on whether to introduce a British Bill of Rights that would replace the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>; David Cameron expressed support, but party <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">grandee</a> Ken Clarke described it as "xenophobic and legal nonsense".<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> In 2019, the Conservatives' manifesto committed to a broad constitutional review in a line which read "after Brexit we also need to look at the broader aspects of our constitution: the relationship between the government, parliament and the courts".<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_structure">Party structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg/220px-Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg/330px-Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg/440px-Conservative_Party_conference_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a> is held during the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference" title="Conservative Party Conference">Conservative Party Conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Conservative Party comprises the voluntary party, parliamentary party (sometimes called the political party) and the professional party. Members of the public join the party by becoming part of a local constituency <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Central-Office-v-Burrell-283">[283]</a> The country is also divided into regions, with each region containing a number of areas, both having a similar structure to constituency associations. The <a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a> sets the voluntary party's direction. It is composed of all association chairs, officers from areas and regions, and 42 representatives and the Conservative Women's Organisation.<a href="#cite_note-organisation-284">[284]</a> The Convention meets twice a year. Its Annual General Meeting is usually held at Spring Forum, with another meeting usually held at the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference" title="Conservative Party Conference">Conservative Party Conference</a>. In the organisation of the Conservative Party, constituency associations dominate selection of local candidates, and some associations have organised <a href="/wiki/Open_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Open primary">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)_parliamentary_primaries" title="Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary primaries">parliamentary primaries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Backbench" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbench">backbench</a> MPs, meeting weekly while parliament is sitting. Frontbench MPs have an open invitation to attend. The 1922 Committee plays a crucial role in the selection of party leaders. All Conservative MPs are members of the 1922 Committee by default. There are 20 executive members of the committee, agreed by consensus among backbench MPs. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> (CCHQ) is effectively head of the Professional Party and leads <a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political funding in the United Kingdom">financing</a>, organisation of elections and drafting of policy. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> is the party's ultimate <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> body, responsible for all operational matters (including fundraising, membership and candidates) and is made up of representatives from each (voluntary, political and professional) section of the Party.<a href="#cite_note-organisation-284">[284]</a> The Party Board meets about once a month and works closely with CCHQ, elected representatives and the voluntary membership mainly through a number of management sub-committees (such as membership, candidates and conferences). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_popular_vote.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UK_popular_vote.svg/350px-UK_popular_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UK_popular_vote.svg/525px-UK_popular_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UK_popular_vote.svg/700px-UK_popular_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Share of the vote received by Conservatives (blue), Whigs/Liberals/Liberal Democrats (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey) in general elections since 1832<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></figcaption></figure> Membership peaked in the mid-1950s at approximately 3 million, before declining steadily through the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-hoclibrary-287">[287]</a> Despite an initial boost shortly after <a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">David Cameron's election as leader</a> in December 2005, membership resumed its decline in 2006 to a lower level than when he was elected. In 2010 the Conservative Party had about 177,000 members according to activist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Tim Montgomerie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> and in 2013 membership was estimated by the party itself at 134,000.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> The Conservative Party had a membership of 124,000 in March 2018.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In May 2019 its membership was thought to be around 160,000, with over half of its members being over 55.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Its membership rose to 200,000 in March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> In July 2022 it had 172,437 members.<a href="#cite_note-July_2022_membership-294">[294]</a> The membership fee for the Conservative Party is £25, or £5 if the member is under the age of 23. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospective_parliamentary_candidates">Prospective parliamentary candidates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prospective_parliamentary_candidate" title="Prospective parliamentary candidate">Prospective parliamentary candidate</a></div> Associations select their constituency's candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Central-Office-v-Burrell-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-dummies-295">[295]</a> Some associations <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)_parliamentary_primaries" title="Conservative Party (UK) parliamentary primaries">have organised open parliamentary primaries</a>. A constituency Association must choose a candidate using the rules approved by, and (in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) from a list established by, the Committee on Candidates of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_the_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of the Conservative Party">Board of the Conservative Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Prospective candidates apply to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Central_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Central Office">Conservative Central Office</a> to be included on the approved list of candidates, some candidates will be given the option of applying for any seat they choose, while others may be restricted to certain constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-personal-representation-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-costly-298">[298]</a> A Conservative MP can only be deselected at a special general meeting of the local Conservative association, which can only be organised if backed by a petition of more than fifty members.<a href="#cite_note-personal-representation-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Conservatives">Young Conservatives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives (UK)</a></div><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">youth wing</a> of the Conservative Party for members aged 25 and under. The organisation aims to increase youth ownership and engagement in local associations.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> From 1998 to 2015, the youth wing was called <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a>, and had branches at universities and at parliamentary constituency level. It was shut down in 2015 after allegations that bullying by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Clarke_(politician)" title="Mark Clarke (politician)">Mark Clarke</a> had caused the suicide of Elliot Johnson, a 21-year-old party activist.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The current incarnation was launched in March 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3></div> The major annual party events are the Spring Forum and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference" title="Conservative Party Conference">Conservative Party Conference</a>, which takes place in Autumn in alternately Manchester or Birmingham. This is when the <a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a> holds meetings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> In the first decade of the 21st century, half the party's funding came from a cluster of fifty "donor groups", and a third of it from only fifteen.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> In the year after the 2010 general election, half the Conservatives' funding came from the financial sector.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> For 2013, the Conservative Party had an income of £25.4 million, of which £749,000 came from membership subscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> In 2015, according to accounts filed with the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_Kingdom)" title="Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)">Electoral Commission</a>, the party had an income of about £41.8 million and expenditures of about £41 million.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Construction businesses, including the <a href="/wiki/Wates_Group" title="Wates Group">Wates Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/JCB_(heavy_equipment_manufacturer)" title="JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)">JCB</a>, have also been significant donors to the party, contributing £430,000 and £8.1m respectively between 2007 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-TCI-25Aug2017-307">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Board_(Conservative_Party)" title="Advisory Board (Conservative Party)">Advisory Board</a> of the party represents donors who have given significant sums to the party, typically in excess of £250,000.<a href="#cite_note-TimesFeb22-308">[308]</a> In December 2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported 10% of Conservative peers were large party donors and gave nearly £50m in total. 27 out of the party's 274 peers had given over £100,000 to the Conservatives. At least 6 large donor peers got government jobs in the 10 years to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-guardian29/12/2022-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_ties_to_Russian_oligarchs">Financial ties to Russian oligarchs</h4></div> The Conservative Party has received funding from <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a>, beginning in the early 2000s, for which it has been criticised.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBradley-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Scrutiny became more prominent after <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum" title="Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum">alleged interference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Brexit_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Brexit referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a> by the Kremlin to support the <a href="/wiki/Vote_Leave" title="Vote Leave">Vote Leave campaign</a>, and increased after the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_Russia_report" title="Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report">Intelligence and Security Committee Russia</a> report into <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_British_politics" title="Russian interference in British politics">Russian interference in British politics</a> was published in July 2020. Concerns over Conservative Party funds have become increasingly controversial due to Vladimir Putin's human rights abuses and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PoliticoWebber-312">[312]</a> One of the first was Lubov Chernukhin, wife of former deputy finance minister and investment company <a href="/wiki/VEB.RF" title="VEB.RF">VEB.RF</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chernukhin" title="Vladimir Chernukhin">Vladmir Chernukhin</a>, who had donated north of £2.2 million as of the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FinCEN_Files_reporting_team_2020_i036-314">[314]</a> Donations to British political parties is only legal for citizens; the individuals who donated to the party had dual UK-Russian citizenship, and the donations were legal and properly declared.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Midolo_O'Neill_Fisher_2020_m974-315">[315]</a> However, an investigation conducted by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> shortly after the invasion of Ukraine determined that a £399,810 donation made by British-Israeli businessman <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Sheleg" title="Ehud Sheleg">Ehud Sheleg</a> in 2018 was in fact given directly to him by his father-in-law, Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kopylov" title="Sergei Kopylov">Sergei Kopytov</a>. Kopytov, a former minister in Russian-occupied Crimea, has strong ties to Vladimir Putin's government.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBradley-310">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a> reported that in January 2021, they "[traced] a clear line back from this donation to its ultimate source", and reported it accordingly to the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBradley-310">[310]</a> An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Good_Law_Project" title="Good Law Project">Good Law Project</a> found that in spite of Johnson's claims that donations from those with links to the Russian government was to stop,<a href="#cite_note-PoliticoWebber-312">[312]</a> since the start of the war, the Conservatives have accepted at least £243,000 from Russia and Kremlin-associated donors.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> In February 2022, the Labour Party used Electoral Commission information to calculate that donors who had made money from Russia or Russians had given £1.93m to either the Conservative party or constituency associations since <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson's premiership</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Then-party leader Liz Truss said that the donations would not be returned, stating that they had been "properly declared".<a href="#cite_note-Gutteridge_2022_c850-318">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3></div> The Conservative Party is a member of a number of international organisations, most notably the <a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a> which unites right-wing parties including the United States <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> and the South Korean <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a>. At a European level, the Conservatives are members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> (ECR Party), which unites conservative parties in opposition to a federal <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, through which the Conservatives have ties to the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> and the governing parties of Israel and Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> respectively. In the European Parliament, the Conservative Party's MEPs sat in the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> Group (ECR Group), which is affiliated to the ACRE. Party leader David Cameron pushed the foundation of the ECR, which was launched in 2009, along with the Czech <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a> and the Polish <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a>, before which the Conservative Party's MEPs sat in the <a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a>, which had become a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">European People's Party</a> in the 1990s. Since the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 European election">2014 European election</a>, the ECR Group has been the third-largest group, with the largest members being the Conservatives (nineteen MEPs), Law and Justice (eighteen MEPs), the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Conservative_Reformers" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Conservative Reformers">Liberal Conservative Reformers</a> (five MEPs), and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a> (four MEPs each). In June 2009 the Conservatives required a further four partners apart from the Polish and Czech supports to qualify for official <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">fraction</a> status in the parliament; the rules state that a European parliamentary caucus requires at least 25 <a href="/wiki/MEPs" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPs">MEPs</a> from at least seven of the 27 <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_03062009-319">[319]</a> In forming the caucus, the party broke with two decades of co-operation by the UK's Conservative Party with the mainstream European Christian Democrats and conservatives in the European parliament, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP). It did so on the grounds that it is dominated by European <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalists</a> and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon treaty">Lisbon treaty</a>, which the Conservatives were generally highly critical of.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_03062009-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logo">Logo</h3></div> When Sir Christopher Lawson was appointed as a marketing director at Conservative Central Office in 1981, he developed a logo design based on the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_flame" title="Olympic flame">Olympic flame</a> in the colours of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1992-320">[320]</a> which was intended to represent leadership, striving to win, dedication, and a sense of community.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> The emblem was adopted for the 1983 general election.<a href="#cite_note-Bruce1992-320">[320]</a> In 1989, the party's director of communications, Brendan Bruce, found through <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a> that recognition of the symbol was low and that people found it old fashioned and uninspiring. Using a design company headed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peters_(designer)" title="Michael Peters (designer)">Michael Peters</a>, an image of a hand carrying a torch was developed, which referenced the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> In 2006, there was a rebranding exercise to emphasise the Conservatives' commitment to environmentalism; a project costing £40,000 resulted in a sketched silhouette of an <a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">oak tree</a>, a national symbol, which was said to represent "strength, endurance, renewal and growth".<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> A change from green to the traditional Conservative blue colour appeared in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> followed by a version with the Union Jack superimposed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> An alternative version featuring the colours of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow flag</a> was unveiled for an <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> event at the 2009 conference in Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_factions">Party factions</h2></div> The Conservative Party has a variety of internal factions or ideologies, including <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">one-nation conservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-new_identity-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">social conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional conservatism">traditional conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-whitaker-332">[332]</a> and, since 2016, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ba23-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windsor_2022_p732-333">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-nation_Conservatives">One-nation Conservatives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #154e9d; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">Conservatism series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0;font-size:180%;font-weight:normal; background:#154e9d"><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil, or The Two Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby, or The New Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Charter" title="Industrial Charter">Industrial Charter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:One-nation_conservatism" title="Template:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:One-nation_conservatism" title="Template talk:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:One-nation_conservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:One-nation conservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation conservatism</a> was the party's dominant ideology in the 20th century until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> in the 1970s. It has included in its ranks Conservative Prime Ministers such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> One-nation Conservatives in the contemporary party include former <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_State" title="First Secretary of State">First Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Damian Green</a>, the current chair of the <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a> caucus. The name itself comes from a famous phrase of <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a>. Ideologically, one-nation conservatism identifies itself with a broad <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternalistic conservative">paternalistic conservative</a> stance. One-nation Conservatives are often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a>. Adherents believe in social cohesion and support social institutions that maintain harmony between different interest groups, classes, and—more recently—different races or religions. These institutions have typically included the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and local government. One-nation Conservatives often invoke <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> and his emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> ("little platoons") as the foundations of society, as well as his opposition to radical politics of all types. The Red Tory theory of <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Blond" title="Phillip Blond">Phillip Blond</a> is a strand of the one-nation school of thought; prominent Red Tories include former Cabinet Ministers <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Eric Pickles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Norman" title="Jesse Norman">Jesse Norman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> There is a difference of opinion among supporters regarding the European Union. Some support it perhaps stemming from an extension of the cohesion principle to the international level, though others are strongly against the EU (such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tapsell_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Tapsell (UK politician)">Peter Tapsell</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free-market_Conservatives">Free-market Conservatives</h3></div> The "free-market wing" of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberals">economic liberals</a> achieved dominance after the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975. Their goal was to reduce the role of the government in the economy and to this end, they supported cuts in direct taxation, the <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nationalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalised">nationalised</a> industries and a reduction in the size and scope of the welfare state. Supporters of the "free-market wing" have been labelled as "<a href="/wiki/Thatcherites" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherites">Thatcherites</a>". The group has disparate views of social policy: Thatcher herself was <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a> and a practising <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> but the free-market wing in the Conservative Party harbour a range of social opinions from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil libertarian">civil libertarian</a> views of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">David Davis</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional conservatism">traditional conservatism</a> of former party leaders <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>. The Thatcherite wing is also associated with the concept of a "classless society".<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> Whilst a number of party members are <a href="/wiki/Pro-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-European">pro-European</a>, some free-marketeers are <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a>, perceiving most EU regulations as interference in the free market and/or a threat to British sovereignty. EU centralisation also conflicts with the localist ideals that have grown in prominence within the party in recent years. Rare Thatcherite Europhiles included <a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Leon Brittan</a>. Many take inspiration from Thatcher's Bruges speech in 1988, in which she declared that "we have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain only to see them reimposed at a European level". A number of free-market Conservatives have signed the <a href="/wiki/Better_Off_Out" title="Better Off Out">Better Off Out</a> pledge to leave the EU.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> Thatcherites and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberals">economic liberals</a> in the party tend to support <a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a>, something exhibited between Margaret Thatcher and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. Thatcher herself claimed philosophical inspiration from the works of Burke and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> for her defence of liberal economics. Groups associated with this tradition include the <a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a> Group and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a>, whilst Enoch Powell and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a> are usually cited as early influences in the movement.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> Some free-market supporters and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democrats">Christian Democrats</a> within the party tend to advocate the <a href="/wiki/Social_Market_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Market Economy">Social Market Economy</a>, which supports free markets alongside social and environmental responsibility, as well a welfare state. Joseph was the first to introduce the model idea into British politics, writing the publication: Why Britain needs a Social Market Economy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">General topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">People </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionalist_Conservatives">Traditionalist Conservatives</h3></div> This <a href="/wiki/Socially_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially conservative">socially conservative</a> right-wing grouping is currently associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a> (or Faith, Flag and Family), and is the oldest tradition within the Conservative Party, closely associated with <a href="/wiki/High_Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Toryism">High Toryism</a>. The name stems from its support for three social institutions: the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary British state</a> and the family. To this end, it emphasises the country's <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> heritage, oppose any transfer of power away from the United Kingdom—either downwards to the nations and regions or upwards to the European Union—and seek to place greater emphasis on traditional family structures to repair what it sees as a broken society in the UK. It is a strong advocate of marriage and believes the Conservative Party should back the institution with tax breaks and have opposed the alleged assaults on both traditional family structures and fatherhood.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Prominent MPs from this wing of the party include <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rosindell" title="Andrew Rosindell">Andrew Rosindell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Edward Leigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a>—the latter two being prominent Roman Catholics, notable in a faction marked out by its support for the established Church of England. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_between_the_factions">Relationships between the factions</h3></div> Sometimes two groupings have united to oppose the third. Both Thatcherite and traditionalist Conservatives rebelled over Europe (and in particular Maastricht) during <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>'s premiership; and traditionalist and One Nation MPs united to inflict Margaret Thatcher's only major defeat in Parliament, over Sunday trading. Not all Conservative MPs can be easily placed within one of the above groupings. For example, John Major was the ostensibly "Thatcherite" candidate during the <a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990 leadership election</a>, but he consistently promoted One-Nation Conservatives to the higher reaches of his cabinet during his time as Prime Minister. These included <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a> as Chancellor of the Exchequer and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a> as Deputy Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance_and_campaigns">Electoral performance and campaigns</h2></div> National campaigning within the Conservative Party is fundamentally managed by <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters#Campaigning" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">the CCHQ campaigning team</a>, which is part of its central office<a href="#cite_note-conservatives.com-341">[341]</a> However, it also delegates local responsibility to Conservative associations in the area, usually to a team of Conservative activists and volunteers<a href="#cite_note-conservatives.com-341">[341]</a> in that area, but campaigns are still deployed from and thus managed by <a href="/wiki/CCHQ" class="mw-redirect" title="CCHQ">CCHQ</a> National campaigning sometimes occurs in-house by volunteers and staff at <a href="/wiki/CCHQ" class="mw-redirect" title="CCHQ">CCHQ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The Voter Communications Department is line-managed by the Conservative Director of Communications who upholds overall responsibility, though she has many staff supporting her, and the whole of CCHQ at election time, her department being one of the most predominant at this time, including project managers, executive assistants, politicians, and volunteers.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> The Conservative Party also has regional call centres and VoteSource do-it-from-home accounts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_general_election_results">UK general election results</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)</a></div> This chart shows the electoral performance of the Conservative Party in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections" title="List of United Kingdom general elections">each general election</a> since 1835.<a href="#cite_note-demon-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> For all election results, including: devolved elections, London elections, Police and Crime Commissioner elections, combined authority elections and European Parliament elections see: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)</a> For results of the Tories, the party's predecessor, see <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)#Electoral_performance" title="Tories (British political party)">here</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th rowspan="2">Leader </th> <th colspan="2">Votes </th> <th colspan="3">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">Position </th> <th rowspan="2">Government </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Share </th> <th>No. </th> <th>± </th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">261,269 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">273 / 658<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 98 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.5% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">379,694 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">314 / 658<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 41 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.7% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Whig </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">379,694 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">367 / 658<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 53 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.8% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative<a href="#cite_note-Election_1841-346">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,481 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">325 / 656<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><a href="#cite_note-Peel-347">[b]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 42 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.5% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Whig<a href="#cite_note-Election_1847-348">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">311,481 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">330 / 654<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 50%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><a href="#cite_note-Peel-347">[b]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50.5% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority<a href="#cite_note-Election_1852-349">[d]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">239,712 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">264 / 654<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.4% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Whig<a href="#cite_note-Election_1857-350">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">193,232 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">34.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">298 / 654<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 46%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 34 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.6% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority<a href="#cite_note-Election_1859-351">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">346,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">289 / 658<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.9% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a><a href="#cite_note-Election_1865-352">[g]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[fn 1]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">903,318 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">271 / 658<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 18 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.2% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,091,708 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">350 / 652<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 79 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.7% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,462,351 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">237 / 652<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 36%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 113 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.3% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal<a href="#cite_note-Election_1880-354">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[fn 2]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,869,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">247 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 37%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.9% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority<a href="#cite_note-Election_1885-356">[i]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,417,627 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">393 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 59%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 146 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58.7% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,028,586 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">314 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 79 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.9% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority<a href="#cite_note-Election_1892-357">[j]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,759,484 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">411 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 97 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.3% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal Unionist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,637,683 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">402 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.0% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal Unionist<a href="#cite_note-Election_1900-358">[k]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,278,076 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">156 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 23%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 246 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.3% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="1910-1"><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,919,236 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">272 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 116 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.6% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal minority </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="1910-2"><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,753 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">271 / 670<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.5% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Liberal minority </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" data-sort-value="1912" style="text-align: center;">Merged with <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a> in 1912 to become the Conservative and Unionist Party </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[fn 3]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,003,848 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">379 / 707<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 54%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div>332 elected with <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coupon</a> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 108 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.6% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Liberal">Coalition Liberal</a>–Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,294,465 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.5% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">344 / 615<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.9% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,286,159 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">258 / 625<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 86 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.3% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority<a href="#cite_note-Election_1923-360">[l]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,418,983 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">412 / 615<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 124 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67.0% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[fn 4]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,252,527 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">260 / 615<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 152 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.3% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour minority </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,377,022 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">470 / 615<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 76%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 210 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76.4% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–Liberal–<a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Organisation" title="National Labour Organisation">National Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,025,083 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">386 / 615<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 83 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62.8% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National</a>–National Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,716,211 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">197 / 640<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 189 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.8% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,507,061 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">282 / 625<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 85 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.1% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,724,418 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.0% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">302 / 625<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.3% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–<a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="eden"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,310,891 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">324 / 630<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 22 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.4% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–National Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="macm"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,750,875 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">345 / 630<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 55%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 21 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54.8% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–National Liberal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="dougl"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,002,642 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">298 / 630<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 47 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.3% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,418,455 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">250 / 630<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.7% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[fn 5]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,145,123 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">330 / 630<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 80 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.4% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="1974-1"><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,872,180 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">297 / 635<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.8% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour minority </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="1974-2"><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,462,565 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">277 / 635<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 44%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 20 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.6% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,697,923 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">339 / 635<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 62 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.4% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1983 United Kingdom general election">1983</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,012,316 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">397 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 61%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 38 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.1% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1987 United Kingdom general election">1987</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,760,935 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.2% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">376 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 21 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57.8% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,093,007 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">336 / 651<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 40 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.6% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">1997</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,600,943 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">165 / 659<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 171 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.0% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="hag"><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,357,615 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">166 / 659<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.2% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="how"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Michael Howard</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,785,941 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">198 / 646<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 31%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.7% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,704,647 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.1% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">306 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 108 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.1% </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative–<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,334,920 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.9% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">330 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 24 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50.8% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="may"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,636,684 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.3% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">317 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 49%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.8% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative minority with <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">DUP confidence and supply</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="johnson"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,966,451 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.6% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">365 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56.2% </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Conservative </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="johnson"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,828,925 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.7% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">121 / 650<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 244 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.6% </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2nd </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Labour </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Election_1841-346"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1841_346-0">^</a> Majority government (1841-1846); Opposition (1846-1847). </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peel_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peel_347-1">b</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelites</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1847-348"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1847_348-0">^</a> Opposition (1847-1852); Minority government (1852). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1852-349"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1852_349-0">^</a> Minority government (1852); Opposition (1852-1857). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1857-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1857_350-0">^</a> Opposition (1857-1858); Minority government (1858-1859). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1859-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1859_351-0">^</a> Minority government (1859); Opposition (1859-1865). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1865-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1865_352-0">^</a> Opposition (1865-1866); Minority government (1866-1868). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1880-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1880_354-0">^</a> Opposition (1880-1885); Minority government (1885). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1885-356"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1885_356-0">^</a> Minority government (1885-1886); Opposition (1886). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1892-357"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1892_357-0">^</a> Minority government (1892); Opposition (1892-1895). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1900-358"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1900_358-0">^</a> Majority government (1900-1905); Opposition (1905-1906). </li> <li id="cite_note-Election_1923-360"><a href="#cite_ref-Election_1923_360-0">^</a> Minority government (1923); Opposition (1923-1924). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_groups">Associated groups</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_British_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organisations associated with the British Conservative Party">List of organisations associated with the British Conservative Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_groups">Ideological groups</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 28%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monday Club">The Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservatism" title="Blue Collar Conservatism">Blue Collar Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservatives_(UK)" title="New Conservatives (UK)">New Conservatives</a>, launched in 2023 by mostly "<a href="/wiki/Red_wall_(British_politics)" title="Red wall (British politics)">red wall</a>" MPs<a href="#cite_note-363">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[347]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_groups">Interest groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 28%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 32%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Think_tanks">Think tanks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 28%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 32%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliances">Alliances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 28%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_League_(United_Kingdom)" title="Economic League (United Kingdom)">Economic League</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 32%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="European Democrat Group">European Democrat Group</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_Conservatives_and_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists">Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> – New Force</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_structures">Party structures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 28%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 32%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> (CCHQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future_Scotland" title="Conservative Future Scotland">Conservative Future Scotland</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties_by_country" title="List of conservative parties by country">List of conservative parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">List of political parties in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> The first election held under the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Act 1867</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> The first election held under the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Representation of the People Act 1884</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> The first election held under the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> The first election held under the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a> which gave all women aged over 21 the vote. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">Representation of the People Act 1969</a>. </li> </ol></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCroft2022" class="citation web cs1">Croft, Ethan (11 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/londoners-diary-rishi-sunak-donor-stephen-massey-top-tory-job-chief-executive-david-bowie-extras-song-ricky-gervais-b1039289.html">"Rishi Sunak donor gets top job with the Tories"</a>. Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Rishi+Sunak+donor+gets+top+job+with+the+Tories&rft.date=2022-11-11&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flondoners-diary%2Flondoners-diary-rishi-sunak-donor-stephen-massey-top-tory-job-chief-executive-david-bowie-extras-song-ricky-gervais-b1039289.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2018" class="citation news cs1">Wilkins, Jessica (17 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/news/93688/conservatives-re-launch-youth-wing-bid-take">"Conservatives re-launch youth wing in a bid to take on Labour"</a>. PoliticsHome.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709125701/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/conservative-party/news/93688/conservatives-re-launch-youth-wing-bid-take">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019. 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-definition-what-is-conservative-party-values-whig-history-uk-britain-a8622246.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What+does+Tory+mean+and+where+does+this+term+come+from%3F&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Lizzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Ftory-definition-what-is-conservative-party-values-whig-history-uk-britain-a8622246.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Keating (political scientist)">Keating, Michael</a> (2024). "Scotland's Constitutional Odyssey". In Cremades, Javier; Hermida, Cristina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7">Encyclopedia of Contemporary Constitutionalism</a>. London/Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-31739-7">10.1007/978-3-319-31739-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-31739-7"><bdi>978-3-319-31739-7</bdi></a>. <q>It was also, like the Labour Party at the same time, able to play the European center-left against the dominant rightwing Conservative Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scotland%27s+Constitutional+Odyssey&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Constitutionalism&rft.place=London%2FBerlin&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31739-7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-31739-7&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferencework%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-31739-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull-Dugarte2023" class="citation journal cs1">Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J. (February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-6765.12531">"Do Opportunistic Snap Elections Affect Political Trust? Evidence from a Natural Experiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Research" title="European Journal of Political Research">European Journal of Political Research</a>. 62 (1). New York/Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 308–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-6765.12531">10.1111/1475-6765.12531</a>. <q>H2a assumes right-leaning voters are congruent with the incumbent right-wing Conservative party</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Do+Opportunistic+Snap+Elections+Affect+Political+Trust%3F+Evidence+from+a+Natural+Experiment&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=308-325&rft.date=2023-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-6765.12531&rft.aulast=Turnbull-Dugarte&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1475-6765.12531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaBa23-22"><a href="#cite_ref-SaBa23_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainiBankoleBegum2023" class="citation journal cs1">Saini, Rima; Bankole, Michael; Begum, Neema (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03063968231164599">"The 2022 Conservative Leadership Campaign and Post-racial Gatekeeping"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a>. 65 (2): 55–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03063968231164599">10.1177/03063968231164599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3968">0306-3968</a>. <q>...the Conservative Party's history in incorporating ethnic minorities, and the recent post-racial turn within the party whereby increasing party diversity has coincided with an increasing turn to the Right</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Race+%26+Class&rft.atitle=The+2022+Conservative+Leadership+Campaign+and+Post-racial+Gatekeeping&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-74&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F03063968231164599&rft.issn=0306-3968&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.aufirst=Rima&rft.au=Bankole%2C+Michael&rft.au=Begum%2C+Neema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F03063968231164599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ba23-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ba23_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ba23_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bale" title="Tim Bale">Bale, Tim</a> (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015">The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. pp. 3–8, 291, <a href="/wiki/Et_passim" class="mw-redirect" title="Et passim">et passim</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509546015" title="Special:BookSources/9781509546015"><bdi>9781509546015</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914194203/https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023. <q>[...] rather than the installation of a supposedly more 'technocratic' cabinet halting and even reversing any transformation on the part of the Conservative Party from a mainstream centre-right formation into an ersatz radical right-wing populist outfit, it could just as easily accelerate and accentuate it. Of course, radical right-wing populist parties are about more than migration and, indeed, culture wars more generally. Typically, they also put a premium on charismatic leadership and, if in office, on the rights of the executive over other branches of government and any intermediate institutions. And this is exactly what we have seen from the Conservative Party since 2019</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Party+After+Brexit%3A+Turmoil+and+Transformation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=3-8%2C+291%2C+%27%27et+passim%27%27&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2023-03&rft.isbn=9781509546015&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politybooks.com%2Fbookdetail%3Fbook_slug%3Dthe-conservative-party-after-brexit-turmoil-and-transformation--9781509546015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deGSh22-24"><a href="#cite_ref-deGSh22_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_GeusShorrocks2022" class="citation book cs1">de Geus, Roosmarijn A.; Shorrocks, Rosalind (2022). "Where Do Female Conservatives Stand? A Cross-National Analysis of the Issue Positions and Ideological Placement of Female Right-Wing Candidates". In Och, Malliga; Shames, Shauna; Cooperman, Rosalyn (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Sell-Outs-or-Warriors-for-Change-A-Comparative-Look-at-Conservative-W/Cooperman-Och-Shames/p/book/9781032346571">Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Conservative Women in Politics in Democracies</a>. Abingdon/New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032346571" title="Special:BookSources/9781032346571"><bdi>9781032346571</bdi></a>. <q>right-wing parties are also increasing the presence of women within their ranks. Prominent female European leaders include Theresa May (until recently) and Angela Merkel, from the right-wing Conservative Party in the UK and the Christian Democratic Party in Germany respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Where+Do+Female+Conservatives+Stand%3F+A+Cross-National+Analysis+of+the+Issue+Positions+and+Ideological+Placement+of+Female+Right-Wing+Candidates&rft.btitle=Sell-Outs+or+Warriors+for+Change%3F+A+Comparative+Look+at+Conservative+Women+in+Politics+in+Democracies&rft.place=Abingdon%2FNew+York&rft.pages=1-29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781032346571&rft.aulast=de+Geus&rft.aufirst=Roosmarijn+A.&rft.au=Shorrocks%2C+Rosalind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FSell-Outs-or-Warriors-for-Change-A-Comparative-Look-at-Conservative-W%2FCooperman-Och-Shames%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781032346571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoAndrews2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, José M.; Andrews, Rhys (September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/129657/1/Politics%20of%20contracting%20RDD%20-%20Alonso%20and%20Andrews.pdf">"Political Ideology and Social Services Contracting: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Public_Administration_Review" title="Public Administration Review">Public Administration Review</a>. 80 (5). Hoboken: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 743–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpuar.13177">10.1111/puar.13177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214198195">214198195</a>. <q>In particular, there is a clear partisan division between the main left-wing party (Labour) and political parties with pronounced pro-market preferences, such as the right-wing Conservative Party</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Political+Ideology+and+Social+Services+Contracting%3A+Evidence+from+a+Regression+Discontinuity+Design&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=743-754&rft.date=2020-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpuar.13177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214198195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forca.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F129657%2F1%2FPolitics%2520of%2520contracting%2520RDD%2520-%2520Alonso%2520and%2520Andrews.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlzuabiBrownTaylor2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alzuabi, Raslan; Brown, Sarah; Taylor, Karl (October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socec.2022.101917">"Charitable behaviour and political affiliation: Evidence for the UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Behavioral_and_Experimental_Economics" title="Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics">Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics</a>. 100. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 101917. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socec.2022.101917">10.1016/j.socec.2022.101917</a>. <q>...alignment to the Liberal Democrats (centre to left wing) and the Green Party (left wing) are positively associated with charitable behaviour at both the extensive and intensive margins, relative to being aligned with the right wing Conservative Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Behavioral+and+Experimental+Economics&rft.atitle=Charitable+behaviour+and+political+affiliation%3A+Evidence+for+the+UK&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=101917&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socec.2022.101917&rft.aulast=Alzuabi&rft.aufirst=Raslan&rft.au=Brown%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.socec.2022.101917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleart2021" class="citation book cs1">Oleart, Alvaro (2021). "Framing TTIP in the UK". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-53637-4">Framing TTIP in the European Public Spheres: Towards an Empowering Dissensus for EU Integration</a>. Cham: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 153–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-53637-4_6">10.1007/978-3-030-53637-4_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-53636-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-53636-7"><bdi>978-3-030-53636-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229439399">229439399</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003072105/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-53637-4">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023. <q>the right-wing Conservative Party in government supported TTIP...This logic reproduced also a government-opposition dynamic, whereby the right-wing Conservative Party championed the agreement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Framing+TTIP+in+the+UK&rft.btitle=Framing+TTIP+in+the+European+Public+Spheres%3A+Towards+an+Empowering+Dissensus+for+EU+Integration&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=153-177&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229439399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-53637-4_6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-53636-7&rft.aulast=Oleart&rft.aufirst=Alvaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-53637-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editorial_Board2024" class="citation news cs1">The Editorial Board (3 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/853c1662-bcf6-4bed-8e4a-53f5186f03c0">"The Conservatives' Deepening Turn to the Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. London: The FT Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+Conservatives%27+Deepening+Turn+to+the+Right&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft.au=The+Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F853c1662-bcf6-4bed-8e4a-53f5186f03c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wal22-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Wal22_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220824082637/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/01/righter-than-right-tory-conservative-hardline-drift-public-opinion">"Righter than Right: Tories' Hardline Drift May Lose the Public"</a>. The Guardian. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/01/righter-than-right-tory-conservative-hardline-drift-public-opinion">the original</a> on 24 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Righter+than+Right%3A+Tories%27+Hardline+Drift+May+Lose+the+Public&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2Faug%2F01%2Frighter-than-right-tory-conservative-hardline-drift-public-opinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bale, Tim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0263395718754718">"Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism"</a>. Politics. 38 (3): 263–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263395718754718">10.1177/0263395718754718</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-3957">0263-3957</a>. <q>This article makes clear that UKIP's achievement cannot be understood without taking into account both the populist interventions and the internal politics of its mainstream centre-right competitor. We cannot, in other words, understand populist Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom unless we appreciate that, as this article has shown, the Conservatives, not UKIP, were the United Kingdom's first populist Eurosceptic party...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=Who+leads+and+who+follows%3F+The+symbiotic+relationship+between+UKIP+and+the+Conservatives+%E2%80%93+and+populism+and+Euroscepticism&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-277&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263395718754718&rft.issn=0263-3957&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0263395718754718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidfeldtBrandenburg2018" class="citation journal cs1">Widfeldt, Anders; Brandenburg, Heinz (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032321717723509">"What Kind of Party Is the UK Independence Party? The Future of the Extreme Right in Britain or Just Another Tory Party?"</a>. Political Studies. 66 (3): 577–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032321717723509">10.1177/0032321717723509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>. <q>As far as socio-demographics and attitudes are concerned, the basis of UKIP support comes across as much more similar to that of BNP than of the Conservatives. ... The unfolding plot from the previous section implies that while BNP supporters come across as relatively homogeneous in their – largely positive – evaluations of UKIP, not all UKIP supporters seem to reciprocate. There could, therefore, be significant variations in how they relate to both the extreme right and the moderate centre-right neighbour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Kind+of+Party+Is+the+UK+Independence+Party%3F+The+Future+of+the+Extreme+Right+in+Britain+or+Just+Another+Tory+Party%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=577-600&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032321717723509&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft.aulast=Widfeldt&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Brandenburg%2C+Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0032321717723509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbBale2014" class="citation journal cs1">Webb, Paul; Bale, Tim (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9248.12130">"Why Do Tories Defect to UKIP? Conservative Party Members and the Temptations of the Populist Radical Right"</a>. Political Studies. 62 (4): 961–970. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.12130">10.1111/1467-9248.12130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>. <q>For one thing, as we have already suggested, the problems posed by UKIP for the Conservatives are akin to those posed to other European centre-right parties by populist radical right challengers: there is no prima facie reason to think that if large numbers of the Tory rank-and-file are considering switching their vote to UKIP that the same does not apply to, say, members of the ÖVP in Austria (who might switch to the FPÖ), or of the Dutch VVD and CDA (who might vote for the PVV), or of Denmark's Venstre (who might cast their ballot for the DF), or of KOK in Finland (who might be tempted by the Finns Party), or even of the French UMP (who might plump for Marine Le Pen's FN).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Tories+Defect+to+UKIP%3F+Conservative+Party+Members+and+the+Temptations+of+the+Populist+Radical+Right&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=961-970&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9248.12130&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Bale%2C+Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9248.12130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordGoodwinCutts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, Robert; Goodwin, Matthew J.; Cutts, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x">"Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: Support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament elections"</a>. European Journal of Political Research. 51 (2): 204–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01994.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01994.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4130">0304-4130</a>. <q>The more strident Euroscepticism of the Conservative Party under David Cameron, who has withdrawn the party from the pro-integration European People's Party, appointed the strongly Eurosceptic William Hague as foreign secretary and at the 2010 general election ﬁelded the most Eurosceptic slate of Westminster candidates in recent history, suggest the centre-right Tories have recognised the discontent among strategic UKIP supporters and are attempting to win them back.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Strategic+Eurosceptics+and+polite+xenophobes%3A+Support+for+the+United+Kingdom+Independence+Party+%28UKIP%29+in+the+2009+European+Parliament+elections&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-234&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01994.x&rft.issn=0304-4130&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Cutts%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2011.01994.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterPearson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Neil; Pearson, Mitya (22 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684876">"From green crap to net zero: Conservative climate policy 2015–2022"</a>. British Politics. 19: 154–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41293-022-00222-x">10.1057/s41293-022-00222-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-918X">1746-918X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684876">9684876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38625241">38625241</a>. <q>European centre-right parties often face common strategic challenges, such as competition from the radical right, but the UK Conservative Party case study shows that responding to these challenges does not necessarily demand the abandonment of climate commitments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Politics&rft.atitle=From+green+crap+to+net+zero%3A+Conservative+climate+policy+2015%E2%80%932022&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=154-174&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9684876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1746-918X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38625241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41293-022-00222-x&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Mitya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9684876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansde_GeusGreen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Geoffrey; de Geus, Roosmarijn; Green, Jane (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323217211051191">"Boris Johnson to the Rescue? How the Conservatives Won the Radical-Right Vote in the 2019 General Election"</a>. Political Studies. 71 (4): 984–1005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00323217211051191">10.1177/00323217211051191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3217">0032-3217</a>. <q>...By the 2019 election, however, support for UKIP and its successor anti-EU party, the Brexit Party, was effectively ended, at least for the time being. The primary beneficiaries of this electoral elimination were the Conservative Party – the mainstream centre–right party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+to+the+Rescue%3F+How+the+Conservatives+Won+the+Radical-Right+Vote+in+the+2019+General+Election&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=984-1005&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00323217211051191&rft.issn=0032-3217&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=de+Geus%2C+Roosmarijn&rft.au=Green%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F00323217211051191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou-ChadiCohenWagner2021" class="citation journal cs1">Abou-Chadi, Tarik; Cohen, Denis; Wagner, Markus (2021). "The centre-right versus the radical right: the role of migration issues and economic grievances". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 48 (2): 366–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369183X.2020.1853903">10.1080/1369183X.2020.1853903</a>. <q>Specifically, the centre-right contains Christian Democratic parties such as the German CDU, Conservative parties such as the British Tories or the French Gaullists, and classically Liberal parties such as Venstre in Denmark or the VVD in the Netherlands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+and+Migration+Studies&rft.atitle=The+centre-right+versus+the+radical+right%3A+the+role+of+migration+issues+and+economic+grievances&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=366-384&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369183X.2020.1853903&rft.aulast=Abou-Chadi&rft.aufirst=Tarik&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Denis&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyMiller2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Paul D; Miller, Charles (2020). 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211025708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jul/25/qanda.rostaylor">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. 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Havighurst, Modern England, 1901–1984 (2nd ed. 1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernengland19000havi">online free to borrow</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew_Francis_2011-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_Francis_2011_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_Francis_2011_74-1">b</a> Matthew Francis, "A Crusade to Enfranchise the Many': Thatcherism and the 'Property-Owning Democracy." Twentieth Century British History (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Zweiniger-Bargileowska, Ina. "Rationing, austerity and the Conservative party recovery after 1945." Historical Journal (1994) 37#1 pp. 173–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKynaston,_David2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kynaston" title="David Kynaston">Kynaston, David</a> (2007). Austerity Britain: 1945–1951. 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Retrieved 14 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.ie&rft.atitle=Anyone+with+information+on+Tory+%27serial+rapist%27+claims%2C+must+report+them+to+police%2C+says+Sunak&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Blewitt&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Fbritain%2Fanyone-with-information-on-tory-serial-rapist-claims-must-report-them-to-police-says-sunak%2Fa1927628403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2023_s403-130"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2023_s403_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-67325120">"Deputy PM Oliver Dowden denies cover-up over MP rape allegations"</a>. BBC News. 5 November 2023. 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Retrieved 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+resigns%3A+Five+things+that+led+to+the+PM%27s+downfall&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-62070422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Guy,_Luke_MGee_and_Ivana_Kottasova2022" class="citation news cs1">Jack Guy, Luke MGee and Ivana Kottasova (7 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/07/07/europe/boris-johnson-resignation-intl/index.html">"UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson resigns after mutiny in his party"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=UK+Prime+Minister+Boris+Johnson+resigns+after+mutiny+in+his+party&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft.au=Jack+Guy%2C+Luke+MGee+and+Ivana+Kottasova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2022%2F07%2F07%2Feurope%2Fboris-johnson-resignation-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62150409">"Boris Johnson: The inside story of the prime minister's downfall"</a>. BBC News. 13 July 2022. 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Retrieved 21 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+of+UK+political+parties&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.aulast=McGuinness&rft.aufirst=Feargal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbriefing-papers%2FSN05125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2010" class="citation news cs1">Mulholland, Hélène (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2010/oct/05/tories-fears-falling-membership">"Tories voice fears over falling membership"</a>. The Guardian. 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The Conservative party refused to confirm the figure</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tories+voice+fears+over+falling+membership&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2010%2Foct%2F05%2Ftories-fears-falling-membership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24143443">"Conservative membership has nearly halved under Cameron"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97152-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97152-9"><bdi>978-1-118-97152-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Politics+For+Dummies&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97152-9&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-gbBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Constitution of the Conservative Party, Schedule 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-personal-representation-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-personal-representation_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-personal-representation_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Colomer" title="Josep Colomer">Colomer, Josep M.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IsX9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">Personal Representation: The Neglected Dimension of Electoral Systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Consortium_for_Political_Research" title="European Consortium for Political Research">European Consortium for Political Research</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781907301575" title="Special:BookSources/9781907301575"><bdi>9781907301575</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913231455/https://books.google.com/books?id=IsX9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2024. 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Retrieved 23 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Lord+Feldman+had+%27gravest+possible+reservations%27+about+Mark+Clarke%2C+the+Tatler+Tory%2C+when+handed+complaint+of+bullying&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F08%2F18%2Flord-feldman-had-gravest-possible-reservations-about-mark-clarke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattenstone2015" class="citation news cs1">Hattenstone, Simon (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/nov/27/elliott-johnson-young-tory-destroyed-by-party-he-loved-mark-clarke">"Elliott Johnson: the young Tory destroyed by the party he loved"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Conservative+Party+ministers+bankrolled+by+donors+linked+to+Russia&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Midolo%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Sean&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fconservative-party-ministers-bankrolled-by-donors-linked-to-russia-2hm5jhwpx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodlawproject.org/revealed-the-tories-are-still-receiving-funds-from-russia-linked-donors/">"Revealed: The Tories are still receiving funds from Russia-linked donors"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+Law+Project&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+The+Tories+are+still+receiving+funds+from+Russia-linked+donors&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodlawproject.org%2Frevealed-the-tories-are-still-receiving-funds-from-russia-linked-donors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Peter (23 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/feb/23/oligarchs-funding-tories">"Party funding linked to Russia – how much have Tories benefited?"</a>. 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London: Kogan Page Ltd. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0749406691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0749406691"><bdi>978-0749406691</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108140521/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXiGAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2021. 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Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visionofbritain.org.uk&rft.atitle=1835+General+Election+Results+%26%23124%3B+From+A+Vision+of+Britain+through+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Felection%2F1835-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2023" class="citation news cs1">Langford, Eleanor (3 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/who-new-conservatives-plan-pressure-rishi-sunak-migration-2449479">"Who are the 'New Conservatives'? Their 12-point plan to pressure Rishi Sunak on migration, explained"</a>. The 'i' newspaper. 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Retrieved 3 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+New+Conservatives%3F&rft.date=2023-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fpodcast%2Fwho-are-the-new-conservatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bale, Tim. The Conservatives since 1945: the Drivers of Party Change. (2012, Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923437-0">978-0-19-923437-0</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBale2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bale" title="Tim Bale">Bale, Tim</a> (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4858-3"><bdi>978-0-7456-4858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Party%3A+From+Thatcher+to+Cameron&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4858-3&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ball, Stuart. Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918–1945 (Oxford UP, 2013).</li> <li>Beer, Samuel. "The Conservative Party of Great Britain," Journal of Politics 14#1 (February 1952), pp. 41–71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126388">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215132009/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2126388">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2011" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Robert (2011). The Conservative Party from Peel to Major (4th ed.). London: Faber Finds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Party+from+Peel+to+Major&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Faber+Finds&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blake, Robert and Louis William Roger, eds. Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War (Oxford UP, 1992), 581 pp; 29 essays by scholars on specialized topics</li> <li>Blake, Robert. The Conservative Party From Peel To Churchill (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.117670/2015.117670.The-Conservative-Party-From-Peel-To-Churchill.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor. The Growth of the British Party System Volume I: 1640–1923 (1965); The Growth of the British Party System Volume II: 1924–1964, revised to 1966 Conservative-Labour Confrontation (1967)</li> <li>Campbell, John. Margaret Thatcher; Volume Two: The Iron Lady (Pimlico (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6781-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6781-4">0-7126-6781-4</a></li> <li>Charmley, John. "Tories and Conservatives." in David Brown, Robert Crowcroft, and Gordon Pentland eds., The Oxford Handbook of Modern British Political History, 1800–2000 (2018): 306.</li> <li>Dorey, Peter; Garnett, Mark; Denham, Andrew. From Crisis to Coalition: The Conservative Party, 1997–2010 (2011) Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54238-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54238-9">978-0-230-54238-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Crisis-Coalition-Conservative-Party-1997-2010/dp/0230542387/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616234840/https://www.amazon.com/Crisis-Coalition-Conservative-Party-1997-2010/dp/0230542387">Archived</a> 16 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li> ——— . British conservatism: the politics and philosophy of inequality (IB Tauris, 2010), Covers more than just political party.</li> <li>Ensor, R. C. K. England, 1870–1914 (1936) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/england187019140000enso">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2004" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Eric J. (2004). Thatcher and Thatcherism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thatcher+and+Thatcherism&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Garnett, Mark, and Philip Lynch. The conservatives in crisis: the Tories after 1997 (1994)</li> <li>Green, E. H. H. Ideologies of conservatism: conservative political ideas in the twentieth century (2004)</li> <li>Green, E. H. H. The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914 (1995).</li> <li> ——— . The Crisis of conservatism: The politics, economics, and ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914 (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Harris (author)">Harris, Robert</a>. The Conservatives – A History (2011) Bantam Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06511-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-06511-2">978-0-593-06511-2</a></li> <li>Hayton, Richard, and Andrew Scott Crines, eds. Conservative orators from Baldwin to Cameron (2015).</li> <li>Hazell, Robert and Ben Yong, eds. The Politics of Coalition: How the Conservative-Liberal Democrat Government Works (Hart Publishing, 2012).</li> <li>Heppell, Timothy, and David Seawright, eds. Cameron and the Conservatives: The Transition to Coalition Government (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).</li> <li>King, Anthony, ed. British Political Opinion 1937–2000: The Gallup Polls (2001)</li> <li>Lawrence, Jon. Electing Our Masters: The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair (Oxford University Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Electing-Our-Masters-Hustings-Politics-ebook/dp/B005NJS8K2/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503095149/http://www.amazon.com/Electing-Our-Masters-Hustings-Politics-ebook/dp/B005NJS8K2">Archived</a> 3 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>McKenzie, R. T., and A. Silver. Angels in Marble: Working-class Conservatives in Urban England (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowat,_Charles_Loch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowat, Charles Loch">Mowat, Charles Loch</a>. Britain between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955) 694 pp;</li> <li>Norton, Bruce F. Politics in Britain (2007) textbook</li> <li>Parry, J. P. "Disraeli and England," Historical Journal 43#3 (2000), pp. 699–728 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020975">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020975">Archived</a> 9 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson2001" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, David (2001). Liberalism and Conservatism, 1846–1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism+and+Conservatism%2C+1846%E2%80%931905&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Powell, David. British Politics, 1910–1935: The Crisis of the Party System (2004)</li> <li>Roberts, Andrew. Churchill: Walking with Destiny (2018), a fully detailed biography.</li> <li>Reitan, Earl Aaron. The Thatcher Revolution: Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair, and the Transformation of Modern Britain, 1979–2001 (2003) Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2203-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2203-2">0-7425-2203-2</a></li> <li>Searle, G. R. A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 (2005) 976pp broad survey</li> <li>Seldon, Anthony and Stuart Ball, eds. Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (1994) 896pp; essays by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202387.001.0001/acprof-9780198202387">Contents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129045114/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202387.001.0001/acprof-9780198202387">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Shannon, Richard. The Age of Disraeli, 1868–1881: The Rise of Tory Democracy (A History of the Conservative Party Series) (1992)</li> <li>Shannon, Richard. The Age of Salisbury, 1881–1902: Unionism and Empire (A History of the Conservative Party) (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowdon,_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdon, Peter">Snowdon, Peter</a>. Back from the Brink: The Extraordinary Fall and Rise of the Conservative Party (2010) HarperPress <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-730884-2">978-0-00-730884-2</a></li> <li>Taylor, A. J. P. English History, 1914–1945 (1965), a standard political history of the era</li> <li>Thackeray, David. "Home and Politics: Women and Conservative Activism in Early Twentieth‐Century Britain," Journal of British Studies (2010) 49#4 pp. 826–48.</li> <li>Windscheffel, Alex. "Men or Measures? Conservative Party Politics, 1815–1951," Historical Journal Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 2002), pp. 937–51 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133535">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122121/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3133535">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Crowson, N. J., ed. The Longman Companion to the Conservative Party Since 1830 (2001); chronologies; relations with women, minorities, trade unions, EU, Ireland, social reform and empire.</li> <li>Harrison, Brian. "Margaret Thatcher's Impact on Historical Writing", in William Roger Louis, ed., Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics, and Culture in Britain (London, 2013), 307–21.</li> <li>Kowol, Kit. "Renaissance on the Right? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party." Twentieth Century British History 27#2 (2016): 290–304. online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowol2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kowol, Kit (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24731956">"Renaissance on the Right? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party"</a>. Twentieth Century British History. 27 (2): 290–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhww012">10.1093/tcbh/hww012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721223510/http://www.academia.edu/24731956/Renaissance_on_the_Right_New_Directions_in_the_History_of_the_Post-War_Conservative_Party">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+British+History&rft.atitle=Renaissance+on+the+Right%3F+New+Directions+in+the+History+of+the+Post-War+Conservative+Party&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-304&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftcbh%2Fhww012&rft.aulast=Kowol&rft.aufirst=Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24731956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservative+Party+%28UK%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Porter, Bernard. "'Though Not an Historian Myself...'Margaret Thatcher and the Historians." Twentieth Century British History 5#2 (1994): 246–56.</li> <li>Turner, John. "The British Conservative Party in the Twentieth Century: from Beginning to End?." Contemporary European History 8#2 (1999): 275–87.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722212655/http://www.scottishconservatives.com/">Conservatives in Scotland</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bracknellconservatives.org.uk/sites/www.bracknellconservatives.org.uk/files/constitution_0.pdf">Constitution of the Conservative Party</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232528/http://www.bracknellconservatives.org.uk/sites/www.bracknellconservatives.org.uk/files/constitution_0.pdf">Archived</a> 2 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807021757/http://www.conservative-party.net/">conservative-party.net</a> – Conservative website directory (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/conservatives/">Guardian Politics</a> – Special Report: 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li>vacant (1848–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leaders (1922–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party">Chairmen (1911–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Political parties in the United Kingdom"><abbr 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (404, including 43 <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">Labour Co-op</a>*)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative</a> (121)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>† (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform</a> (5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green (E&W)</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">TUV</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">UUP</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> (13)‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (806)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative</a> (273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">Crossbenchers</a> (185)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (187)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> (78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">UUP</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green (E&W)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-affiliated_members_of_the_House_of_Lords#List_of_Non-affiliated_Peers" title="Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords">Non-affiliated</a> (43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-affiliated_members_of_the_House_of_Lords#List_of_Independent_Peers" title="Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords">Independents</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> (25)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> (129)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a> (31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a> (22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Liberal_Democrats" title="Scottish Liberal Democrats">Scottish Liberal Democrats</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Party" title="Alba Party">Alba</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament">Presiding Officer</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> (60)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> (30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a> (16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> (12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Welsh Liberal Democrats</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> (90)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> (27)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> (24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a> (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Unionist" title="Independent Unionist">Independent Unionists</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Nationalist" title="Independent Nationalist">Independent Nationalist</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a> (25)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour" title="London Labour">London Labour</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a> (8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Greens</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">London Liberal Democrats</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolish_the_Welsh_Assembly_Party" title="Abolish the Welsh Assembly Party">Abolish the Welsh Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Party" title="Animal Welfare Party">Animal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspire_(political_party)" title="Aspire (political party)">Aspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Democrats" title="English Democrats">English Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party Northern Ireland">Green (NI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Justice_%26_Anti-Corruption_Party" title="The Justice & Anti-Corruption Party">Justice & Anti-Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK,_1989)" title="Liberal Party (UK, 1989)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Independents" title="Lincolnshire Independents">Lincolnshire Independents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propel_(political_party)" title="Propel (political party)">Propel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Party" title="Reclaim Party">Reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejoin_EU" title="Rejoin EU">Rejoin EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party" title="Women's Equality Party">Women's Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Party" title="Yorkshire Party">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">*<a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> candidates stand jointly with the Labour Party. ‡5 independent MPs work together in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Alliance_(UK)" title="Independent Alliance (UK)">Independent Alliance</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_group" title="Technical group">technical group</a>. †Sinn Féin have elected members and offices at Westminster, but as <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionists</a> do not take their seats.</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_representation" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom by representation">List of political parties by representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Democracy_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_Democracy_Union" title="Template talk:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_Democracy_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International Democracy Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Democracy_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_Conservatives_and_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists">Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Democrat Union">Asia Pacific Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Democrat_Union" title="Caribbean Democrat Union">Caribbean Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Union_of_Africa" title="Democrat Union of Africa">Democrat Union of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women's Democrat Union">International Women's Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Young_Democrat_Union" title="International Young Democrat Union">International Young Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Latin_American_Parties" title="Union of Latin American Parties">Union of Latin American Parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Member_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Member parties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla"><img alt="Anguilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palmavon_Webster" title="Palmavon Webster">Palmavon Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Independence_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Independence Party">National Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize"><img alt="Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)" title="United Democratic Party (Belize)">United Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democrat Movement">Social Democrat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democrats_(Brazil)" title="Democrats (Brazil)">Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Union" title="Independent Democratic Union">Independent Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Rally" title="Democratic Rally">Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Civic_Democratic_Party_(Czech_Republic)" title="Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)">Civic Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dominica_Freedom_Party" title="Dominica Freedom Party">Dominica Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Force" title="National Progressive Force">National Progressive Force</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Ecuador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Christian Party (Ecuador)">Social Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Alliance" title="Nationalist Republican Alliance">Nationalist Republican Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isamaa" title="Isamaa">Isamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Movement" title="United National Movement">United National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Patriotic_Party" title="New Patriotic Party">New Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(Grenada)" title="New National Party (Grenada)">New National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Guatemala)" title="Unionist Party (Guatemala)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Honduras" title="National Party of Honduras">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Iceland)" title="Independence Party (Iceland)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Democratic_Party" title="Maldivian Democratic Party">Maldivian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Moldova" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova">Liberal Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:3.0em;white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO–DPMNE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Peru)" title="Christian People's Party (Peru)">Christian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Social_Centre_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party">CDS–PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Movement" title="People's Action Movement">People's Action Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Workers_Party_(Saint_Lucia)" title="United Workers Party (Saint Lucia)">United Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="New Democratic Party (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">New Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Serbia">Democratic Party of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands"><img alt="Turks and Caicos Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Movement_(Turks_and_Caicos_Islands)" title="People's Democratic Movement (Turks and Caicos Islands)">People's Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democratic_Change" title="Forum for Democratic Change">Forum for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Venezuela" title="Project Venezuela">Project Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123644202">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154203727">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121522-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.idref.fr/149112947">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Party_(UK)&oldid=1258733352">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Party_(UK)&oldid=1258733352</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Category:Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1834_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:1834 establishments in the United Kingdom">1834 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