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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #225500; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#225500"><b>Suppress the dissenters</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Fascism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#84b468;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism"><img alt="Icon fascism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/b/b6/Icon_fascism.svg/100px-Icon_fascism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/b/b6/Icon_fascism.svg/150px-Icon_fascism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/b/b6/Icon_fascism.svg/200px-Icon_fascism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#225500; text-align:center;"><b>Bundle of rods</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#84b468;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#225500; text-align:center;"><b>Fascists</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#84b468;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Saxon" title="Kurt Saxon">Kurt Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Kleim" title="Milton Kleim">Milton Kleim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Murros" title="Kai Murros">Kai Murros</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#225500; text-align:center;"><b>Groups</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#84b468;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_Traditionalism" title="Perennial Traditionalism">Perennial Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis" title="Axis">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Fascism&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>[Germany] contained not only the largest workers movement in Europe at that time, but also one staunchly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Nevertheless, the völkisch movement with its antisemitism had its roots in the German past; <a href="/wiki/Fun:Cheese" title="Fun:Cheese">like worms destroying a cheese</a> völkisch prophets and movements started at the periphery of politics, eating their way to the center wherever the political organism was weakest and started to rot — in this case during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_L._Mosse" class="extiw" title="wp:George L. Mosse" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: George L. Mosse">George L. Mosse</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>völkisch movement</b> (German: <i><b>Völkische Bewegung</b></i>), also known as <b>folkist movement</b> was a German ethno-<a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communitarian" class="extiw" title="wp:communitarian" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: communitarian">communitarian</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> movement that had great presence in the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> from the late 19<sup>th</sup> century to the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2021-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrera2024-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:123</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mees2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mees2008-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup> It included political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" class="extiw" title="wp:German National People's Party" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: German National People's Party">German National People's Party</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps" class="extiw" title="wp:Freikorps" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Freikorps">Freikorps</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> associations and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> organizations such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Consul" class="extiw" title="wp:Organisation Consul" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Organisation Consul">Organisation Consul</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> clubs, loose groups and individuals and produced a large number of publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2021-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:60, 171</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messman1977_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messman1977-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21, 53</sup> </p><p>Their beliefs were built around the slogan of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blood_and_soil" class="extiw" title="wp:blood and soil" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: blood and soil">blood and soil</span></a>;<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> the blood ties of the German people and the land on which the German people live, and sees Germany itself as a living body (<i>Volkskörper</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamusLebourg2017_A-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The movement entered mainstream popularity in the 1870s Germany, with its ideology being <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">vilification of Jews</a> began in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century, and the völkists saw Jews as foreigners and considered them to be "neither a Nordic race nor an <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DuntLynskey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuntLynskey-11">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>The Völkists thrived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agrarianism" class="extiw" title="wp:agrarianism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: agrarianism">agrarianism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and opposed the growing modernism of 20<sup>th</sup>-century society.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrera2024-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:123</sup> The Völkisch movement also believed in a national revival and that this revival would only occur through the Germanization of Christianity (see <a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a>) or by outright rejection of it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> essentially served as the culmination of the movement, and died along with it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> However, its principles have experienced a revival in various German <a href="/wiki/Neo-pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-pagan">neo-pagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> groups, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> movements that emerged alongside <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EDW_2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDW_2017-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition_and_goals"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition and goals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_days"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early days</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early 20th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#From_Weimar_Republic_to_Nazi_Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">From Weimar Republic to Nazi Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Following_1945"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Following 1945</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition_and_goals">Definition and goals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and goals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The movement itself had no unified belief system per se, with the collective goal of the sub-movements being "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" title="Golden age">reviving the traditions of the historical Germanic peoples</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohe2016_Page36-20">[20]</a></sup> Although the Völkisch movement significantly predates the Weimar Republic-era <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conservative_revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:conservative revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: conservative revolution">conservative revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, the Völkisch movement was considered one of the three major parts of the said revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrera2024-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:123</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>The movement postulated that all other peoples in the world were "people who grew up within a certain area of land, who were forcibly united into one country by artificial means, and eventually became a nation", and only the Germanic people belonging to the Germany were "the only successful example of a people who have survived strongly in the great outdoors without any artificial interference". However, while primitive Germanic people had their strengths, due the people themselves receiving too little positive interference, they unknowingly fell behind these "artificial" peoples in some fields and rapidly weakened throughout history. Supposedly, the primitive Germanic people had the power to "easily destroy even the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which had conquered all of Europe", but the German people of the 19<sup>th</sup> century no longer had such power. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and Prussia, which were supposed to be German nations, were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain">Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in military and economy terms, and were oppressed by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in terms of army and patriotism. Thus, they believed that "reviving the <a href="/wiki/Good_old_days" title="Good old days">good old</a> Germanic <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>" was considered to be the most important thing for keeping their country alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohe2016_Page36-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>To do so, a major priority was to "eliminate the influence that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and (especially) the <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a>" in order to restore "the German people to their original form". Christianity, which was very important to most <a href="/wiki/European" class="mw-redirect" title="European">Europeans</a>, was not important from the perspective of the movement, and Christianity to have its non-Germanic elements removed, or to be abandoned altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>The supporters of the Völkisch movement wanted to return to the Germanic/German people as they were before the influence of other peoples, so they sought to revive the primitive Germanic faith before Christianity and to "restore the pure Germanic nation". All "Jews" who invented the existence of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and tried to break the German/European warrior culture through religious doctrines that promoted weakness, were to be expelled from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-DuntLynskey_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuntLynskey-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p><p>According to the Völkisch movement's theory, the true Germanic people had <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">white skin, blue eyes, blonde hair, little body odor, are muscular, tall, and prefer cold climates</a>. The movement believed that they themselves were the descendants or survivors of the ancient Germanic people. It was believed that for Germans to fully regain their "Germanic purity," they would need to spend decades intermarrying with Nordic peoples who had the superior genetics of the ancient Germanic peoples and increasing their offspring one after another.<sup id="cite_ref-GC85_3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC85_3-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took all these principles to even more extreme levels, targeting non-Jews, such as <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">Socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">Communists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>, to be purged and killed, with the goal of allowing mainstream Germans to quickly replace "undesirables".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohe2016_Page36-20">[20]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_days">Early days</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early days">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung,_1919.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg/250px-Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="313" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg/500px-Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1190" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Zeitschrift_der_V%C3%B6lkischen_Bewegung,_1919.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><s>Toilet paper</s> Magazine advocating for Volkisch politics circa 1919</div></div></div> <p>The völkisch movement began to emerge in the second half of the 19th century, primarily inspired by <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">nostalgia</a> towards "harmonic" <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (aka the First Reich), being influenced by German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamusLebourg2017_A-8">[8]</a></sup> As such, Völkisch movement carries connotations of counter-<a href="/wiki/Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment">enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Additionally, in the aftermath of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" class="extiw" title="wp:German revolutions of 1848–1849" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> sentiment started to permeate in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> At the time, many Germans believed in a hierarchical class order (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/estates_of_the_realm" class="extiw" title="wp:estates of the realm" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: estates of the realm">estates of the realm</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), but became skeptical of the new class system (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> and/or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" class="extiw" title="wp:Marxian class theory" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Marxian class theory">Marxian class theory</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>) that emerged after the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. In particular, the common people in German-speaking countries did not feel close to the German Empire, which was unified in 1871, and were very dissatisfied with the delay in German unification led by Prussia. These conditions led to the Völkisch movement to begin infesting.<sup id="cite_ref-GC85_3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC85_3-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>People involved in the Völkisch movement rejected the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="wp:Lumières" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Lumières">Lumières</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of the Prussian monarchy and the militarism of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" class="extiw" title="wp:Junker (Prussia)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Junker (Prussia)">Junkers</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, and tended to prefer a proverbial "<a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>" among the "<a href="/wiki/Race" title="Race">race</a>" and the promotion of "<a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">individualistic military action</a>" in the struggle for hegemony with foreign nations led by the "state."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> </p><p>The word "Völkisch" initially meant the "<a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">lower class</a>" where commoners and the masses were located, but the popular movement gave it a "noble nuance" and transformed it into a word that suggests the "superiority of the German people over other peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohe2016_Page36-20">[20]</a></sup> Many thinkers of Völkisch movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" class="extiw" title="wp:Georges Vacher de Lapouge" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" class="extiw" title="wp:Ludwig Woltmann" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" class="extiw" title="wp:Alexis Carrel" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> strongly criticized the <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> faith believed by the upper-class <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>, which advocated equality for all (i.e. the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Classism" title="Classism">classism</a>.) Their reading of Darwin's "The Theory of Evolution" led them to advocate the ideal of "<a href="/wiki/Racialism" title="Racialism">racial struggle</a>" and a "hygienist" vision of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamusLebourg2017_A-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mees2008_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mees2008-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:24, 44, 62</sup> However, there were also Völkists ideologues who were vehemently opposed to Darwnism, such as General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" class="extiw" title="wp:Erich Ludendorff" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Ludendorff" class="extiw" title="wp:Mathilde Ludendorff" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mathilde Ludendorff">Mathilde Ludendorff</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (the "Völkist feminist icon") and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" class="extiw" title="wp:Julius Langbehn" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p><p>The supporters of the Völkisch movement believed that the world's ethnic groups should be classified and hierarchically categorized based on "<a href="/wiki/Racialism" title="Racialism">racialism</a>." They argued that the <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> race, which belonged to Germans and Scandinavian peoples, should be at the top of the <a href="/wiki/White_race" class="mw-redirect" title="White race">white race</a>, with <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white people still being the pinnacle of all races</a>. Based on this core theory, Völkisch thinkers believed that the German people should restore their "primordial purity", both <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biologically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>They also considered the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews">Jews</a> to be a threat to the purity of the German race. According to the Völkisch movement's theory, Christian-based religions invented by the Jews had "contaminated" the European continent by artificially interfering with the evolutionary process of humankind and brainwashing people into the idea of inequality and chosenness. It was deemed that such religions had to be eliminated to insure German prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamusLebourg2017_A-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The term "Völkisch" was forming a new nationalism that transcended national boundaries in German-speaking countries, while the German <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties deliberately treated "proletariat" as a synonym for "Völkisch," significantly shifting political thought in the German region to the left. The leftists believed that the "anti-privileged" and "anti-Christian" elements present in the popular movement could also be widely applied to the middle class, and that they would eventually be able to embrace the ideals of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> </p><p>The main activities of the popular movement were centered around Germanic <a href="/wiki/Mystic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystic">mystical</a> societies, which attempted in various ways to revive the indigenous German and <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> traditions. They often used quasi-theosophical and esoteric methods that were not based on scientific criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> </p><p>Due to a strong desire to restore blood purity, a "secret society" called the "Germanenorden" (Germanic Knights) was established in Berlin in 1912, with all of its members made to wear medieval clothing. To join the group, members had to prove that they didn't have "the blood of an non-Aryan" and swear that their spouses would also be of pure Aryan blood. Local branches of the sect regularly held pagan altars and midsummer carnivals, during which participants read the works of German mystics together.<sup id="cite_ref-Mees2008_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mees2008-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:42</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> Another society of note was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_Society" class="extiw" title="wp:Thule Society" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Thule Society">Thule Society</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, where <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and handful of other Nazi big-wigs would enter into politics.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[note 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup> This so-called "playful experimentation" with German romanticism and folklore spread not only throughout the German Empire, but also in Austria, Czechia, and Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, there were also groups that brought them together. For example, the community of "Monte Verita" (Mountain of Truth) was founded in Ascona, Switzerland in 1900 by Swiss art critic Harald Szeemann (not be confused with <i>that</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Szeemann" class="extiw" title="wp:Harald Szeemann" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Harald Szeemann">Harald Szeemann</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), and aimed to make money by meticulously studying beautiful landscapes, architecture, and tourist attractions in German-speaking countries and introducing them to foreign travel agencies. "Monte Verita" described itself as "the southernmost of a people's movement, following a simple and primitive lifestyle like the Nordic peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></sup> </p><p>The founding of umbrella organizations on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> did not change the fact that the Völkisch movement remained fragmented and had few members. However, its ideas had already had a significant social impact before 1914 through multipliers such as the German National Commercial Assistants' Association, student clubs and associations, and the youth movement, as well as through the widely circulated works of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" class="extiw" title="wp:Paul de Lagarde" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Paul de Lagarde">Paul de Lagarde</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" class="extiw" title="wp:Julius Langbehn" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, and <a href="/wiki/H.S._Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="H.S. Chamberlain">H.S. Chamberlain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the First World War led to a loss of importance of the Völkisch movement, since there was other kinds of nationalism in the air. Many Völkisch publications being subject to preventive censorship and were also repeatedly banned. Despite the war, their primary focus was on the internal enemy. With the war, foreign policy became the focus of attention in Germany, and the nationalists produced little of their own on this issue. To the extent that ideas were expressed about Germany's foreign policy orientation, they were contradictory and incapable of reaching a consensus. The nationalists therefore sought to join forces with the old nationalism in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="From_Weimar_Republic_to_Nazi_Germany">From Weimar Republic to Nazi Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Weimar Republic to Nazi Germany">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Hitler leading a Nazi rally in Weimar, 1930.</div></div></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the political turmoil and instability in Germany created an environment ripe for various popular and radicalist movements. Some participants in the popular movement believed that the cause of the failure of the German Empire was that the old imperial system was too attached to Christian traditions. During the Weimar Republic, there were many popular movement groups, but the total number of adherents was not very large.<sup id="cite_ref-FraSte2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraSte2009-53">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>As of consequence, some Völkisch thinkers began attempts to create a "true German faith" (Deutschglaube) by "reviving the faith in the ancient Germanic gods" and to counter the Catholic and Protestant churches that continued to wield influence, even after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></sup> </p><p>The proponents of the occult, such as Ariosophy, were associated with the theory of the Völkisch movement in the 1920s, and artists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Fahrenkrok" class="extiw" title="wp:Ludwig Fahrenkrok" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ludwig Fahrenkrok">Ludwig Fahrenkrok</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidus" class="extiw" title="wp:Fidus" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Fidus">Fidus</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> also influenced the Völkisch movement, creating many artworks depicting the primitive Germanic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FraSte2009_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FraSte2009-53">[52]</a></sup> In May 1924, Kaiser Wilhelm II of the former Empire praised the Völkisch movement as having the power to "transcend Christianity and unify the entire German people", and the Kaiser's praise helped the Volksmovement to spread politically to both the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">left and right</a> in Germany. Thusly, the rhetoric of the Völkisch movement was seen as "heroic" in German politics, instead of being seen as creed of "calculating politicians".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the nationalists rejected everything that was praised as <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">progress</a> in the Weimar Republic. They rejected both the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> parties and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> Although the nationalists officially condemned political violence, they maintained links with right-wing extremist militia and other cells, participating in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" class="extiw" title="wp:Kapp Putsch" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>. They were also involved in assassinations and murders of <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> activists. In addition to the change in the political system, the influx of demobilized soldiers into their organizations may have contributed to the radicalization of the nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup> </p><p>After the number of ethno-nationalist organizations and supporters had initially increased significantly after 1918, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschv%C3%B6lkischer_Schutz-_und_Trutzbund" class="extiw" title="wp:Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund">Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation) briefly forming an influential cartel of ethno-nationalist associations, and them entering state parliaments and the Reichstag. From c. 1924/1925, due to structural issues, the ethno-nationalist movement was gradually pushed into political marginalization by ideologically closer towards <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>, the new melting pot of the German <a href="/wiki/Radical_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical right">radical right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> </p><p>During this period, especially after the re-foundation of the NSDAP, differences were emphasized by both sides. They often expressed themselves as a generational conflict between old nationalists and young National Socialists. Nevertheless, there were close similarities between the two movements - especially ideologically. The most obvious overlap in personnel between nationalists and National Socialists was in the settlement with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaman_League" class="extiw" title="wp:Artaman League" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Artaman League">Artaman League</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup> </p><p>Although individual ethno-nationalist organizations and leaders joined National Socialism - to varying degrees - and the transfer of power to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> was welcomed by the majority of ethno-nationalist groups, the ethno-nationalist organizations (and their leadership) that continued to exist after 1933 quickly lost importance. Some were absorbed into the National Socialist organizational structure, the majority dissolved or eked out a shadowy existence that was tantamount to dissolution until; any that remained were detained or banned by the victorious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Powers" class="extiw" title="wp:Allied Powers" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Allied Powers">Allied Powers</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> countries after the end of the war. By 1945, many supporters had joined the criminal blood-and-soil ideology of the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messman1977_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messman1977-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Following_1945">Following 1945</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Following 1945">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Völkisch movement had peaked with the Nazis, and after the latter got beaten shitless during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the former also crashed with force. Isolated attempts at a new organizational beginnings after 1945 have been unsuccessful, with the exception to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" class="extiw" title="wp:Artgemeinschaft" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (Artgemeinschaft Germanic Faith Community), which was founded by a former <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> officer named Wilhelm Kusserow.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup> Additionally, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" class="extiw" title="wp:Heathenry (new religious movement)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry / Germanic Neopaganism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> has been scrutinized for its ancient Germanic traditionalism being ripe for <a href="/wiki/Racialism" title="Racialism">racialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EDW_2017_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDW_2017-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup> </p><p>Elements of German ethnic religion and worldviews can also be found beyond these German neo-Germanic pagan and <a href="/wiki/Folkism" title="Folkism">folkist</a> groups; they are part of the international neo-pagan movements, mixed with ideologies of other origins and in a frequently mediated form, and often no longer immediately recognizable as ethnic. These remnants of ethnic thinking are not limited to small subcultures, but find their way into wider social circles and widespread distribution through popular genres through their mediation, which goes hand in hand with their popularization. According to German literary scholar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_von_Schnurbein" class="extiw" title="wp:Stefanie von Schnurbein" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Stefanie von Schnurbein">Stefanie von Schnurbein</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, products of fantasy literature based on the model of J. R. R. Tolkien's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="extiw" title="wp:The Lord of the Rings" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> can also be classified in this context. She also cites <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Grundy" class="extiw" title="wp:Stephan Grundy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Stephan Grundy">Stephan Grundy</span></a>'s<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> best-selling novel "Rheingold" as another example.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> </p><p>Ideological elements of the movement can also be found in international right-wing extremism and in associations such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgermanische_Heidnische_Front" class="extiw" title="wp:Allgermanische Heidnische Front" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Allgermanische Heidnische Front">Allgermanische Heidnische Front</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (AHF),<sup id="cite_ref-Gardell2003_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardell2003-70">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:76-84</sup> and partly in various alternative movements and subcultures. Several neo-pagan <a href="/wiki/Asatru" title="Asatru">Asatru</a> religious communities either reject or downplay relations with <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> scene, which does not exclude the spread of elements of ethnic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardell2003_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardell2003-70">[69]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:276</sup> </p><p>The esoteric traditions of a nationalistic "<a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism#Far-right_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">right-wing esotericism</a>" are currently being taken up by some right-wing extremist groups to legitimize their racism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a></sup> Völkisch-style ethno-nationalistic elements are also often used within the music genres of neofolk or pagan metal.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with Welt am Sonntag in 2016, the then chairwoman of the <a href="/wiki/AfD" class="mw-redirect" title="AfD">AfD</a>, Frauke Petry, advocated removing the term "völkisch" from its Nazi connections and giving it a positive connotation. <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For further info, see <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occultism" title="Nazi occultism">Nazi occultism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For further info, see <a href="/wiki/Asatru#Racist_interpretations" title="Asatru">Asatru#Racist_interpretations</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lkisch_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosse, G. L. (2021). <i>The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. Preface/Page ix. ISBN: 9780299332044</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2021_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2021_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, B. (2021). <i>The SA Generals and the Rise of Nazism</i>: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN: 9780813184326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrera2024-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrera2024_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrera, M. (2024). <i>Politics and Social Visions: Ideology, Conflict, and Solidarity in the EU</i>. OUP Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mees2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mees2008_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mees2008_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Mees2008_4-2">4.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Mees, B. (2008). <i>The Science of the Swastika</i>. Central European University Press. ISBN:9786155211577</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Politics in German Literature</i> (1998) Camden House. Page 83. ISBN:9781571130822</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosse, G. L. (2021). The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press. Page 159. ISBN: 9780299332044</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messman1977-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Messman1977_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Messman1977_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Messman, C. A., Messman, C. (1977) <i>Völkisch Paramilitarism in the Weimar Republic: A Case Study in Power Relationships (Part 1).</i> University of Wisconsin--Madison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamusLebourg2017_A-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-2">8.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CamusLebourg2017_A_8-3">8.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (2017). <i>Far-Right Politics in Europe</i>. Harvard University Press. Pages 16-18. ISBN 9780674971530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor, G. (1998). <i>Hitler: The Pathology of Evil</i>. Brassey's. Page 138. ISBN:9781574881325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph W. Bendersky (2000) <i>A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8304-1567-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuntLynskey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DuntLynskey_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DuntLynskey_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunt, I., Lynskey, D. (2024) <i>Fascism: The Story of an Idea (An Origin Story Book)</i>. Orion. ISBN: 9781399612937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heschel, S. (2008) <i>The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany</i>. Princeton University Press. Page 44. ISBN:9780691125312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosse, G. L. (2021). <i>The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich.</i> University of Wisconsin Press. Page 248. ISBN: 9780299332044</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stackelberg, R. (2007). The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany. Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 9781134393855</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, C. (2002). <i>The rise of the Nazis</i>. Manchester University Press. Page 44. ISBN: 9780719060670</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDW_2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EDW_2017_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EDW_2017_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation journal cs1">White, Ethan Doyle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jre/10/3/article-p241_241.xml?language=en">"Northern Gods for Northern Folk: Racial Identity and Right-wing Ideology among Britain's Folkish Heathens"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion in Europe</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18748929-01003001">10.1163/18748929-01003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-8929">1874-8929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Northern+Gods+for+Northern+Folk%3A+Racial+Identity+and+Right-wing+Ideology+among+Britain%27s+Folkish+Heathens&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18748929-01003001&rft.issn=1874-8929&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ethan+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjre%2F10%2F3%2Farticle-p241_241.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFGardell2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardell, Mattias (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11vc85p"><i><span></span></i>Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism<i><span></span></i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11vc85p">10.2307/j.ctv11vc85p</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3059-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3059-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-3059-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11vc85p">j.ctv11vc85p</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11vc85p%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11vc85p&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3059-2&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11vc85p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pleasure and Pain in US Public Culture</i>. (2024). University of Alabama Press. Page 10. ISBN:9780817361709</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Jürgen Lutzhöft (1971) <i>Der Nordische Gedanke in Deutschland 1920–1940</i> (Stuttgart. Ernst Klett Verlag), p. 19. ISBN: 978-3129054703</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dohe2016_Page36-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-1">20.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-2">20.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dohe2016_Page36_20-3">20.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dohe, Carrie B. (2016) <i>Jung's Wandering Archetype: Race and religion in analytical psychology</i>. Routledge. Page 36. ISBN 978-1-317-49807-0.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flipo, F. (2018). <i>The Coming Authoritarian Ecology</i>. Wiley. Page 235. ISBN: 9781786302427</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mission und Gewalt: der Umgang christlicher Missionen mit Gewalt und die Ausbreitung des Christentums in Afrika und Asien in der Zeit von 1792 bis 1918/19. (2000). Steiner. Page 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronenberg, A. T. (1970). The Volksbund Für Das Deutschtum Im Ausland: Völkisch Ideology and German Foreign Policy, 1881-1939. Stanford University. Page 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt-Rohr1932" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt-Rohr, Georg (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_sprache_als_bildnerin_der_v%C3%B6lker/92-Tjv8wEjMC"><i>Die sprache als bildnerin der völker: eine wessens- und lebenskunde der volkstümer</i></a> [<i>Language as the creator of peoples: a study of the essence and life of peoples</i>] (in German). Ohio State University: E. Diederichs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+sprache+als+bildnerin+der+v%C3%B6lker%3A+eine+wessens-+und+lebenskunde+der+volkst%C3%BCmer&rft.place=Ohio+State+University&rft.pub=E.+Diederichs&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Rohr&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FDie_sprache_als_bildnerin_der_v%25C3%25B6lker%2F92-Tjv8wEjMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald Banse. Landschaft und Seele. München 1928, p. 469. ISBN: 9783486758085 (In German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosse, G. L. (2024). <i>Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. Page 67. ISBN: 9780299347642</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitehead, G. D. (2024). <i>The Performance of Viking Identity in Museums: Useful Heritage in the British Isles, Iceland, and Norway.</i> Taylor & Francis. ISBN: 9781351036009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GC85_3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GC85_3_28-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GC85_3_28-1">28.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke1985" class="citation book cs1">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (1985). <i>The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology</i> (1992 ed.). New York University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3060-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occult+Roots+of+Nazism%3A+Secret+Aryan+Cults+and+Their+Influence+on+Nazi+Ideology&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1992&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3060-7&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupeux, Louis (1992) <i>La Révolution conservatrice allemande sous la République de Weimar</i>. Kimé. p. 115–125. ISBN 978-2908212181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birken, Lawrence (1994). <i>Volkish Nationalism in Perspective</i>. The History Teacher 27 (2): 133–143. doi:10.2307/494715. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 494715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatheway, J. G. (1992). The Ideological Origins of the Pursuit of Perfection Within the Nazi SS. (n.p.): University of Wisconsin--Madison. Page 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sternhell, Z. (2010). The Anti-enlightenment Tradition. Yale University Press. Pages 121, 125, 126. ISBN: 9780300135541</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wistrich, R. S. (1989). The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz Joseph. Liverpool University Press. Page 206. ISBN: 9781909821880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritze, R. H. (2022). Hope and Fear: Modern Myths, Conspiracy Theories and Pseudo History.  Reaktion Books. Page 144. ISBN: 9781789145403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBirken1994" class="citation journal cs1">Birken, Lawrence (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494715">"Volkish Nationalism in Perspective"</a>. <i>The History Teacher</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F494715">10.2307/494715</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2745">0018-2745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/494715">494715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Volkish+Nationalism+in+Perspective&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0018-2745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F494715&rft.aulast=Birken&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F494715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Field, G. G. (1981). Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN:9780231048606</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blamires, C., Jackson, P. (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing. Page 35. ISBN:9781576079416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton, C. (2005). <i>Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk.</i> Polity Press. Page 177. ISBN:9780745631776</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich.</i> (1994). Indiana University Press. Page 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Bownas, J. L. (2018). The Myth of the Modern Hero: Changing Perceptions of Heroism. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN:9781845199029</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabinowitz, B. (2023). Defensive Nationalism: Explaining the Rise of Populism and Fascism in the 21st Century. Oxford University Press. Page 167. ISBN:9780197672037</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosse, G. L. (2021). The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press. Chapter: "Ideological Foundations". ISBN: 9780299332044</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Staudenmaier, P. (2014). Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era. Brill. Chapter 2. ISBN: 9789004270152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Global Impact of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: A Century-Old Myth.</i> (2012). Taylor & Francis. Page 4. ISBN: 9781136706103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Krebs, C. B. (2011). A Most Dangerous Book: Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich. W. W. Norton. ISBN: 9780393062960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritze, R. H. (2022). Hope and Fear: Modern Myths, Conspiracy Theories and Pseudo History. Reaktion Books. Page 155. ISBN:9781789145403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">François, S. (2023). Nazi Occultism: Between the SS and Esotericism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN:9781000840049</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Austrian manifestations were surveyed by Rudolf G. Ardelt, Zwischen Demoktratie und Faschismus: Deutschnationales Gedankengut in Österreich, 1919–1930 (Vienna and Salzburg) 1972 (not translated into English)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidi Paris and Peter Gente (1982). Monte Verita: A Mountain for Minorities. Translated by Hedwig Pachter, Semiotext, the German Issue IV(2):1. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFGuinness2015" class="citation book cs1">Guinness, Jonathan (2015). <i>The House of Mitford</i>. Orion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474603188" title="Special:BookSources/9781474603188"><bdi>9781474603188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Mitford&rft.pub=Orion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781474603188&rft.aulast=Guinness&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stefan Breuer: <i>Die Völkischen in Deutschland</i>. Darmstadt 2008, Page. 147. ISBN: 9783534213542 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FraSte2009-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FraSte2009_53-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FraSte2009_53-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFFran.C3.A7ois2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">François, Stéphane (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/">"Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?"</a>. <i>Fragments sur les Temps Présents</i> (in français)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fragments+sur+les+Temps+Pr%C3%A9sents&rft.atitle=Qu%27est+ce+que+la+R%C3%A9volution+Conservatrice+%3F&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftempspresents.com%2F2009%2F08%2F24%2Fstephane-francoisqu%25e2%2580%2599est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ustorf, W. (2000). Sailing on the Next Tide: Missions, Missiology, and the Third Reich. P. Lang.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die völkisch-religiöse Bewegung im Nationalsozialismus: Eine Beziehungs- und Konfliktgeschichte. (2012). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN: 9783647369969 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Stapel, "Das Elementare in der völkischen Bewegung", Deutsches Volkstum, 5 May 1924, pp. 213–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> S. Schindelmeiser: Geschichte der Baltia, Bd. 2, München 2010. Page 233. ISBN: 978-3-00-028704-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Lohalm: Völkischer Radikalismus. Die Geschichte des Deutschvölkischen Schutz- und Trutz-Bundes 1919–1923, Hamburg 1970; Hermann Wilhelm: Dichter, Denker, Fememörder. Rechtsradikalismus und Antisemitismus in München von der Jahrhundertwende bis 1921, Berlin 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian. Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris. New York: Norton (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Werner Jochmann: Nationalsozialismus und Revolution : Ursprung und Geschichte der NSDAP in Hamburg 1922 - 1933. Dokumente. Europäische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg 1963, pg. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepage, J. G. (2009). Hitler Youth, 1922-1945: An Illustrated History. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 16-17. ISBN:9780786452811</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, R. S. (2005). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. ABC-CLIO. Page 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mühlberger, D. (2004). <i>Hitler's Voice: Organisation & development of the Nazi Party.</i> P. Lang. Page 231-280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2708880"/><cite id="CITEREFBildung" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/themen/rechtsextremismus/dossier-rechtsextremismus/500830/artgemeinschaft/">"Artgemeinschaft"</a>. <i>bpb.de</i> (in Deutsch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft.atitle=Artgemeinschaft&rft.aulast=Bildung&rft.aufirst=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fthemen%2Frechtsextremismus%2Fdossier-rechtsextremismus%2F500830%2Fartgemeinschaft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AV%C3%B6lkisch+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stefanie von Schnurbein: Göttertrost in Wendezeiten. Neugermanisches Heidentum zwischen New Age und Rechtsradikalismus. Munich 1993, Pg. 46. (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gasper, Müller, Valentin: Lexikon der Sekten, Sondergruppen und Weltanschauungen. Verlag Herder, Freiburg 1990. (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse: Syracuse Academic Press. Page 78 .ISBN 978-0-8156-0396-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardell, Matthias (2003). <i>Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Stefanie von Schnurbein: Kontinuität durch Dichtung – Moderne Fantasyromane als Mediatoren völkisch-religiöser Denkmuster. In: Uwe Puschner u. G. Ulrich Großmann: Völkisch und national. Darmstadt 2009, Page 284. (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardell2003-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gardell2003_70-0">69.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gardell2003_70-1">69.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardell, M. (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. ISBN: 9780822384502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporary Esotericism. (2014). Taylor & Francis. Page 244. ISBN:9781317543572</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Medievalism and Metal Music Studies: Throwing Down the Gauntlet.</i> (2019). Emerald Publishing Limited. Page 75. ISBN:9781787563957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revisiting the "Nazi Occult": Histories, Realities, Legacies.</i> (2015). Camden House. Pages 14, 279 & 292 ISBN:9781571139061.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article158049092/Petry-will-den-Begriff-voelkisch-positiv-besetzen.html">Petry will den Begriff „völkisch“ positiv besetzen</a>, Die Welt vom 11. September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2016-09/afd-frauke-petry-volk-buergerkrieg">Frauke Petry wirbt für den Begriff „völkisch“</a>, Die Zeit, 11. September 2016</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Völkisch_movement&oldid=2724986">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Völkisch_movement&oldid=2724986</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Fascism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ableism" title="Category:Ableism">Ableism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-intellectualism" title="Category:Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authoritarianism" title="Category:Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" 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