CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Lord of the Rings - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e39d73e7-d63a-466b-b360-91ad19f52ec0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Lord_of_the_Rings","wgTitle":"The Lord of the Rings","wgCurRevisionId":1275335192,"wgRevisionId":1275335192,"wgArticleId":29798,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Use Oxford spelling from November 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Völsung cycle","The Lord of the Rings","1954 British novels","1954 fantasy novels","Allen \u0026 Unwin books","BILBY Award–winning works","Books by J. R. R. Tolkien","British adventure novels","British novels adapted into films","English fantasy novels","Epic novels","High fantasy novels","Middle-earth books","Mythopoeia","Novels set in fictional countries","Novels about talking trees","Sequel novels","Three-volume novels"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_Lord_of_the_Rings","wgRelevantArticleId":29798,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks" :"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q15228","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1840"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1227"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="981"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Lord of the Rings - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Lord_of_the_Rings rootpage-The_Lord_of_the_Rings skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Lord+of+the+Rings" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Lord+of+the+Rings" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+Lord+of+the+Rings" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Lord+of+the+Rings" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Plot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Plot </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plot-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Plot subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Plot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 The Fellowship of the Ring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Two_Towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Two_Towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The Two Towers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Two_Towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Return_of_the_King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Return_of_the_King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 The Return of the King </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Return_of_the_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Frame story </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_and_creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_and_creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Concept and creation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concept_and_creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concept and creation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concept_and_creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Illustrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Themes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Publication history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publication history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publication_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions_and_revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_and_revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Editions and revisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_and_revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_publication_of_drafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_publication_of_drafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Posthumous publication of drafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_publication_of_drafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Adaptations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adaptations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_pictures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_pictures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Motion pictures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_pictures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiobooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiobooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Audiobooks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiobooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_fantasy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_fantasy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Influence on fantasy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_fantasy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Impact on popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Lord of the Rings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" > 114 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(roman)" title="The Lord of the Rings (roman) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="The Lord of the Rings (roman)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Der Herr der Ringe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ़ द रिंग्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ़ द रिंग्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se_Hl%C4%81ford_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Hringa" title="Se Hlāford þāra Hringa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Se Hlāford þāra Hringa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85" title="سيد الخواتم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيد الخواتم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Sinyor_d%27os_Aniellos" title="O Sinyor d'os Aniellos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="O Sinyor d'os Aniellos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Se%C3%B1or_de_los_Aniellos" title="El Señor de los Aniellos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Señor de los Aniellos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCkl%C9%99rin_h%C3%B6kmdar%C4%B1" title="Üzüklərin hökmdarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Üzüklərin hökmdarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="দ্য লর্ড অব দ্য রিংস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্য লর্ড অব দ্য রিংস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%BA-ch%C3%AD_%C3%94ng" title="Chhiú-chí Ông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiú-chí Ông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Валадар Пярсцёнкаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валадар Пярсцёнкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Уладар Пярсьцёнкаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уладар Пярсьцёнкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Властелинът на пръстените – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Властелинът на пръстените" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodar_prstenova" title="Gospodar prstenova – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gospodar prstenova" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Senyor_dels_Anells" title="El Senyor dels Anells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="El Senyor dels Anells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1n_prsten%C5%AF" title="Pán prstenů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pán prstenů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringenes_Herre" title="Ringenes Herre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ringenes Herre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der Herr der Ringe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5rmuste_isand" title="Sõrmuste isand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõrmuste isand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%86%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο Άρχοντας των Δαχτυλιδιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сурксазор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сурксазор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Se%C3%B1or_de_los_Anillos" title="El Señor de los Anillos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Señor de los Anillos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mastro_de_l%27_Ringoj" title="La Mastro de l' Ringoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Mastro de l' Ringoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraztunen_Jauna" title="Eraztunen Jauna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraztunen Jauna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ارباب حلقه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارباب حلقه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringanna_Harri_(Skalds%C3%B8ga)" title="Ringanna Harri (Skaldsøga) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ringanna Harri (Skaldsøga)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Seigneur_des_anneaux" title="Le Seigneur des anneaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Seigneur des anneaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_fan_Alle_Ringen" title="Master fan Alle Ringen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Master fan Alle Ringen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiarna_na_bhF%C3%A1inn%C3%AD" title="Tiarna na bhFáinní – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tiarna na bhFáinní" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(leabhar)" title="The Lord of the Rings (leabhar) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="The Lord of the Rings (leabhar)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Se%C3%B1or_dos_Aneis" title="O Señor dos Aneis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="O Señor dos Aneis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4-k%C3%A0i" title="Mô-kài – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mô-kài" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%9C%EC%99%95" title="반지의 제왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반지의 제왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A8" title="Մատանիների տիրակալը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մատանիների տիրակալը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ़ द रिंग्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ़ द रिंग्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodar_prstenova" title="Gospodar prstenova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gospodar prstenova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Senior_del_Anellos" title="Le Senior del Anellos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Le Senior del Anellos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Къухдарæнты æлдар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къухдарæнты æлдар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hringadr%C3%B3ttinssaga" title="Hringadróttinssaga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hringadróttinssaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Signore_degli_Anelli" title="Il Signore degli Anelli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il Signore degli Anelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שר הטבעות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שר הטבעות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ದಿ ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರಿಂಗ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿ ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಆಫ್ ದಿ ರಿಂಗ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბეჭდების მბრძანებელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეჭდების მბრძანებელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%99%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Сақиналар әміршісі (роман) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сақиналар әміршісі (роман)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlodh_an_Bysowyer" title="Arlodh an Bysowyer – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Arlodh an Bysowyer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwana_wa_Mapete" title="Bwana wa Mapete – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bwana wa Mapete" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="The Lord of the Rings (pirtûk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="The Lord of the Rings (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Шакектер ээси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шакектер ээси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Seni%C3%ABur_de_la_Var%C3%ABtes" title="L Seniëur de la Varëtes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="L Seniëur de la Varëtes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anulorum_Erus" title="Anulorum Erus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anulorum Erus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gredzenu_pav%C4%93lnieks" title="Gredzenu pavēlnieks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gredzenu pavēlnieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDied%C5%B3_valdovas" title="Žiedų valdovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žiedų valdovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Senior_de_la_Anelos" title="La Senior de la Anelos – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="La Senior de la Anelos" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Scior_di_Anei" title="El Scior di Anei – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="El Scior di Anei" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gy%C5%B1r%C5%B1k_Ura_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="A Gyűrűk Ura (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Gyűrűk Ura (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Господарот на прстените (книга) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Господарот на прстените (книга)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ദ ലോർഡ് ഓഫ് ദ റിങ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ ലോർഡ് ഓഫ് ദ റിങ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ द रिंग्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द लॉर्ड ऑफ द रिंग्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="د لورد آو د رینگز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="د لورد آو د رینگز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Бөгжний эзэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бөгжний эзэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="လက်စွပ်များ၏ အရှင်သခင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်စွပ်များ၏ အရှင်သခင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_de_ban_van_de_ring" title="In de ban van de ring – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="In de ban van de ring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="द लर्ड अफ द रिङ्ग्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E8%BC%AA%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="指輪物語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="指輪物語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Her_faan_A_Ringer" title="A Her faan A Ringer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="A Her faan A Ringer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringenes_herre" title="Ringenes herre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ringenes herre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringdrotten" title="Ringdrotten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ringdrotten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_Senhor_dels_An%C3%A8ls" title="Lo Senhor dels Anèls – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lo Senhor dels Anèls" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzuklar_hukmdori" title="Uzuklar hukmdori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uzuklar hukmdori" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8" title="ਦ ਲਾਰਡ ਆਫ਼ ਦ ਰਿੰਗਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦ ਲਾਰਡ ਆਫ਼ ਦ ਰਿੰਗਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="لارڈ آف دا رنگز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لارڈ آف دا رنگز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adca_Pier%C5%9Bcieni" title="Władca Pierścieni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Władca Pierścieni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Senhor_dos_An%C3%A9is" title="O Senhor dos Anéis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Senhor dos Anéis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Herr_dr_Ringe" title="Dr Herr dr Ringe – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dr Herr dr Ringe" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%83p%C3%A2nul_inelelor" title="Stăpânul inelelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stăpânul inelelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwikunap_Apun" title="Siwikunap Apun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siwikunap Apun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Властелин колец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Властелин колец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Sennore_de_sos_Aneddos" title="Su Sennore de sos Aneddos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Su Sennore de sos Aneddos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(libri)" title="The Lord of the Rings (libri) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="The Lord of the Rings (libri)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="මුදුවේ අධිපති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුදුවේ අධිපති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1n_prste%C5%88ov_(knihy)" title="Pán prsteňov (knihy) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pán prsteňov (knihy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodar_prstanov" title="Gospodar prstanov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gospodar prstanov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شای ئەنگوستیلەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شای ئەنگوستیلەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Господар прстенова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Господар прстенова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taru_sormusten_herrasta" title="Taru sormusten herrasta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taru sormusten herrasta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen" title="Sagan om ringen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sagan om ringen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="த லோட் ஒவ் த ரிங்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="த லோட் ஒவ் த ரிங்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Балдаклар хөкемдары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Балдаклар хөкемдары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లార్డ్ ఆఫ్ ది రింగ్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లార్డ్ ఆఫ్ ది రింగ్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เดอะลอร์ดออฟเดอะริงส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดอะลอร์ดออฟเดอะริงส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCz%C3%BCklerin_Efendisi" title="Yüzüklerin Efendisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüzüklerin Efendisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9D%C3%BCz%C3%BCkleri%C5%88_pad%C5%9Fasy" title="Ýüzükleriň padşasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýüzükleriň padşasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Володар перснів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Володар перснів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2" title="دی لارڈ آف دی رنگز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دی لارڈ آف دی رنگز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAa_t%E1%BB%83_nh%E1%BB%AFng_chi%E1%BA%BFc_nh%E1%BA%ABn" title="Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chúa tể những chiếc nhẫn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%8E%AF%E7%8E%8B" title="指环王 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="指环王" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9A" title="דער האר פון די פינגערלעך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דער האר פון די פינגערלעך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92" title="魔戒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魔戒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="The Lord of the Rings" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%88%92" title="魔戒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔戒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=1275335192" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&id=1275335192&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Lord_of_the_Rings">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Lord_of_the_Rings">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_tourism" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15228" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1954–1955 fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the novel. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)">The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"War of the Ring" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="War of the Ring (disambiguation)">War of the Ring (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LOTR" redirects here. For Leave outside the Immigration Rules, see <a href="/wiki/Leave_to_enter#Leave_outside_the_Immigration_Rules" title="Leave to enter">Leave to enter § Leave outside the Immigration Rules</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Lord of the Rings <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.author=%5B%5BJ.+R.+R.+Tolkien%5D%5D&rft.date=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist+nowrap%22+%3E%0A%2A+29+July+1954+%28%27%27%5B%5BThe+Fellowship+of+the+Ring%5D%5D%27%27%29%0A%2A+11+November+1954+%28%27%27%5B%5BThe+Two+Towers%5D%5D%27%27%29%0A%2A+20+October+1955+%28%27%27%5B%5BThe+Return+of+the+King%5D%5D%27%27%29%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BAllen+%26+Unwin%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1077+%28first+single-volume+edition%29&rft_id=info:oclcnum/1487587"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif/220px-First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="391" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The first single-volume edition (1968), with artwork by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">Adventure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist nowrap"> <ul><li>29 July 1954 (<a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a>)</li> <li>11 November 1954 (<a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a>)</li> <li>20 October 1955 (<a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback and paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">1077 (first single-volume edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1487587">1487587</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Lord of the Rings is an <a href="/wiki/Epic_(genre)" title="Epic (genre)">epic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">high fantasy</a> novel<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> written by English author and scholar <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>. Set in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 children's book <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, The Lord of the Rings is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">best-selling books ever written</a>, with over 150 million copies sold.<a href="#cite_note-thestar-4">[2]</a> The title refers to the story's main <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Lord">Dark Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>, who <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda#Second_Age" title="History of Arda">in an earlier age</a> created the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a>, allowing him to rule the other <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">dwarves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">elves</a>, in his campaign to conquer all of Middle-earth. From homely beginnings in <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">the Shire</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbit</a> land reminiscent of the English countryside, the story ranges across Middle-earth, following <a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">the quest</a> to destroy the One Ring, seen mainly through the eyes of the hobbits <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meriadoc_Brandybuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Meriadoc Brandybuck">Merry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peregrin_Took" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrin Took">Pippin</a>. Aiding the hobbits are the wizard <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a>, the men <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a>, the elf <a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a>, and the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a>, who unite as the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a> in order to rally the Free Peoples of Middle-earth against Sauron's armies and give Frodo a chance to destroy the One Ring in the fires of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a>. Although often called a trilogy, the work was intended by Tolkien to be a single volume in a two-volume set, along with <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tale-7">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[T 3]</a> For economic reasons, it was first published over the course of a year, from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955, in three volumes rather than one,<a href="#cite_note-tale-7">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[4]</a> under the titles <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a>; The Silmarillion appeared only after the author's death. The work is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of chronologies, genealogies, and linguistic information.<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> These three volumes were later published as a <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">boxed set</a> in 1957, and even finally as a single volume in 1968, following the author's original intent. Tolkien's work, after an initially mixed <a href="/wiki/Reception_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien">reception</a> by the literary establishment, has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">extensive analysis of its themes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">literary devices</a>, and origins. <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influences">Influences</a> on this earlier work, and on the story of The Lord of the Rings, include <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, mythology, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">earlier fantasy works</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien#First_World_War" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">his own experiences in the First World War</a>. The Lord of the Rings is considered one of the greatest fantasy books ever written, and it has helped to create and shape the modern fantasy genre. Since release, it has been reprinted many times and <a href="/wiki/Translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Translations of The Lord of the Rings">translated into at least 38 languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-languages-11">[d]</a> Its enduring popularity has led to numerous references in popular culture, the founding of many societies by <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">fans of Tolkien's works</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[5]</a> and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works. It has <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">inspired many derivative works</a>, including paintings, music, <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth in film">films</a>, television, <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">video games</a>, and board games. Award-winning <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">adaptations of The Lord of the Rings</a> have been made for <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Rings (musical)">theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">film</a>. It was named Britain's best-loved novel of all time in a 2003 poll by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">BBC</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Fellowship of the Ring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring#Contents" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring § Contents</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/130px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/195px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/260px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> proves that <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a>'s Ring is the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> by throwing it into Frodo's fireplace, revealing the hidden text of the <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyme of the Rings">Rhyme of the Rings</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo Baggins</a> celebrates his birthday and leaves the Ring to <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a>, his heir. <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Wizard_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard (Middle-earth)">wizard</a>) suspects it is a <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Ring of Power</a>; seventeen years later, he confirms it was lost by the Dark Lord <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> and counsels Frodo to take it away from the Shire. Gandalf leaves, promising to return, but fails to do so. Frodo sets out on foot with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin Took</a> and gardener <a href="/wiki/Sam_Gamgee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Gamgee">Sam Gamgee</a>. They are pursued by <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Black Riders</a>, but meet some <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">Elves</a>, whose singing to <a href="/wiki/Elbereth" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbereth">Elbereth</a> wards off the Riders. The Hobbits take an evasive shortcut to Bucklebury Ferry, where they meet their friend <a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry Brandybuck</a>. Merry and Pippin reveal they know about the Ring and insist on joining Frodo on his journey. They try to shake off the Black Riders by cutting through the <a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a>. Merry and Pippin are trapped by the malign <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a>, but are rescued by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a>. Leaving Tom's house, they are caught by a <a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">barrow-wight</a>. Frodo, awakening from the barrow-wight's spell, calls Tom Bombadil, who frees them and gives them ancient swords from the wight's hoard. The Hobbits reach the village of <a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a>, where they meet <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Strider</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dunedain#Rangers_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedain">Ranger</a>. The innkeeper gives Frodo an old letter from Gandalf, which identifies Strider as a friend. Knowing the Black Riders will attempt to seize the Ring, Strider guides the group toward the <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elvish</a> sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Weathertop" class="mw-redirect" title="Weathertop">Weathertop</a>, they are attacked by five Black Riders. Their leader wounds Frodo with a cursed blade. Strider fights them off and treats Frodo with the herb athelas. They are joined by the Elf <a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a>, who rides with Frodo, now deathly ill, towards Rivendell. The Black Riders pursue Frodo into the Ford of Bruinen, where they are swept away by flood waters summoned by <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a>. Frodo recovers in Rivendell under Elrond's care. Gandalf informs Frodo that the Black Riders are the <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a>, Men enslaved by Rings of Power to serve Sauron. <a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a> discusses what to do with the Ring. Strider is revealed to be Aragorn, the heir of <a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a> who had cut the Ring from Sauron's hand in the Second Age, but claimed it for himself. The Ring was lost when Isildur was killed; it passed to <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a> and then to Bilbo. Gandalf reports that the chief wizard, <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>, is a traitor. The Council decides that the Ring must be destroyed in the fire of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>, where it was forged. Frodo takes this task upon himself. Elrond chooses companions for him: Sam, Merry, and Pippin; Gandalf; the Men Aragorn and <a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/Stewards_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewards of Gondor">Steward of Gondor</a>; the Elf <a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a>, representing the Free Peoples of the West. After a failed attempt to cross the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty Mountains">Misty Mountains</a>, the Fellowship risk the path through the <a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Mines of Moria</a>. They learn that <a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a> and his Dwarves, who had attempted to regain possession of Moria, were killed by <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orcs</a>. They are attacked by Orcs and a <a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrog</a>, a fire demon. Gandalf confronts the Balrog: both fall into an abyss. The others escape to the <a href="/wiki/Time_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Time in The Lord of the Rings">Elvish forest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a>, where the Lady <a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a> tests their loyalty, and gives them magical gifts. She allows Frodo and Sam to look into her vision-giving fountain, the Mirror of Galadriel. Frodo offers her the Ring: she refuses, knowing that it would master her. Galadriel's husband Celeborn gives the Fellowship boats, cloaks, and waybread. They travel down the <a href="/wiki/River_Anduin" class="mw-redirect" title="River Anduin">River Anduin</a>. At Amon Hen, Boromir tries to take the Ring, but Frodo puts on the Ring and disappears. Frodo chooses to cross the river and go alone to Mordor, but Sam, guessing what he intends, intercepts him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Two_Towers">The Two Towers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Two Towers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers#Contents" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers § Contents</a></div> A party of Orcs sent by <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> attack the Fellowship. Boromir tries to protect Merry and Pippin from the Orcs, but they kill him and capture the two Hobbits. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas decide to pursue the Orcs. The Orcs are killed by <a href="/wiki/Rohan_(Middle-earth)#People" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohan (Middle-earth)">Riders of Rohan</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a>. The Hobbits escape into <a href="/wiki/Fangorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fangorn">Fangorn</a> Forest, where they are befriended by the <a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ent</a> <a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a>. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas track the hobbits to Fangorn, where they meet Gandalf: he explains that he killed the Balrog; he too was killed in the fight, but was sent back to Middle-earth. He is now Gandalf the White, replacing Saruman as chief of the wizards. They ride to <a href="/wiki/Edoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Edoras">Edoras</a>, capital of Rohan. Gandalf frees King <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a> from the influence of Saruman's spy <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Gríma Wormtongue</a>. Théoden musters his army and rides to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Helm%27s_Deep" class="mw-redirect" title="Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a>; Gandalf departs to seek help from Treebeard. The Ents destroy <a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a>, Saruman's stronghold, and flood it, trapping the wizard in the tower of <a href="/wiki/Orthanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthanc">Orthanc</a>. Gandalf convinces Treebeard to send an army of <a href="/wiki/Huorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Huorn">Huorns</a> to Théoden's aid. He brings an army of Riders of Rohan to Helm's Deep. They defeat the Orcs, who flee into the forest of Huorns and are destroyed. Gandalf, Théoden, Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli ride to Isengard, where they find Merry and Pippin relaxing amidst the ruins. Gandalf offers Saruman a chance to turn away from evil. When Saruman refuses, Gandalf strips him of his rank and most of his powers. Wormtongue throws down a hard round object to try to kill Gandalf. Pippin picks it up; Gandalf swiftly takes it, but Pippin steals it in the night. It is a <a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">palantír</a>, a seeing-stone that Saruman used to speak with Sauron, becoming ensnared. Sauron sees Pippin, but misunderstands the circumstances. Gandalf rides for <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a>, chief city of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>, taking Pippin with him. Frodo and Sam struggle through the barren hills of the <a href="/wiki/Emyn_Muil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emyn Muil">Emyn Muil</a>. They realize they are being tracked; on a moonlit night they capture Gollum, who has followed them from Moria. Frodo makes Gollum swear to serve him, as Ringbearer, and asks him to guide them to Mordor. Gollum leads them across the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead Marshes">Dead Marshes</a>. Sam overhears Gollum debating with his alter ego, Sméagol, whether to steal the Ring. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Gate_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Gate (Middle-earth)">Black Gate</a> of Mordor is too well guarded, so they travel south through <a href="/wiki/Ithilien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithilien">Ithilien</a> to a secret pass that Gollum knows. They are captured by rangers led by <a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a>, Boromir's brother, and brought to the secret fastness of <a href="/wiki/Henneth_Ann%C3%BBn" class="mw-redirect" title="Henneth Annûn">Henneth Annûn</a>. Faramir resists the temptation to seize the Ring and, disobeying orders to arrest strangers, releases them. Gollum guides the hobbits to the pass, but leads them into the lair of the great spider <a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a> in the tunnels of <a href="/wiki/Cirith_Ungol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirith Ungol">Cirith Ungol</a>. Frodo holds up his gift, the <a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a>, which holds the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#Light" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">light</a> of <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a>'s star: it drives Shelob back. Frodo cuts through a giant web using his sword <a href="/wiki/Sting_(sword)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sting (sword)">Sting</a>. Shelob attacks again, and Frodo falls to her venom. Sam picks up Sting and the <a href="/wiki/The_Phial_of_Galadriel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Phial of Galadriel">Phial</a>. He wounds the monster. Believing Frodo to be dead, Sam takes the Ring to continue the quest alone. Orcs take Frodo; Sam overhears them saying that Frodo is still alive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Return_of_the_King">The Return of the King</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Return of the King">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King#Contents" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King § Contents</a></div> Sauron sends a great army against <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>. Gandalf arrives at <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a> to warn <a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a> of the attack, while Théoden musters the Riders of Rohan to go to Gondor's aid. Minas Tirith is besieged; the Lord of the Nazgûl uses a spell-wound <a href="/wiki/Battering_ram" title="Battering ram">battering ram</a> to destroy the city's gates. Denethor, deceived by Sauron, falls into despair. He burns himself alive on a pyre; Pippin and Gandalf rescue his son Faramir from the same fate. Aragorn, accompanied by Legolas, Gimli, and the <a href="/wiki/Rangers_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangers of the North">Rangers of the North</a>, takes the <a href="/wiki/Paths_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Paths of the Dead">Paths of the Dead</a> to recruit the Dead Men of Dunharrow, oathbreakers who will have no rest until they fight for the King of Gondor. Aragorn unleashes the Army of the Dead on the <a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Umbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsairs of Umbar">Corsairs of Umbar</a> invading southern Gondor. He and men of southern Gondor sail in the Corsairs' ships up the <a href="/wiki/Anduin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anduin">Anduin</a>, reaching Minas Tirith just in time to turn the tide of battle. Théoden's niece <a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a>, who joined the army in disguise, kills the Lord of the Nazgûl with help from Merry; both are wounded. Gondor and Rohan defeat Sauron's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Battle of the Pelennor Fields</a>, but Théoden is killed. Aragorn enters Minas Tirith and heals the sick. He leads an army through Ithilien to the Black Gate to distract Sauron from his true danger. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Battle of the Morannon</a>, his army is vastly outnumbered. Sam rescues Frodo from the tower of Cirith Ungol. They set out across Mordor. When they reach the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cracks_of_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cracks of Doom">Cracks of Doom</a>, Frodo cannot resist the Ring any longer: he claims it for himself and puts it on. Gollum reappears. He bites off Frodo's Ring finger. Celebrating wildly, Gollum loses his footing and falls into the Fire, taking the Ring with him. When the Ring is destroyed, Sauron loses his power. All he created collapses, the Nazgûl perish, and Aragorn wins the battle of the Morannon. Aragorn is crowned King, and weds <a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a>, Elrond's daughter. Théoden is buried; Éomer is crowned King of Rohan. His sister Éowyn is engaged to Faramir, now Steward of Gondor and Prince of Ithilien. Galadriel, Celeborn, and Gandalf say farewell to Treebeard, and to Aragorn. The four hobbits travel home, only to find it has been taken over by Saruman's men. Merry raises a rebellion and <a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">scours the Shire</a>. Saruman reveals crimes that Wormtongue has done, causing Wormtongue to turn on Saruman and kill him in front of <a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a>, Frodo's home. Wormtongue then is killed by hobbit archers. Merry and Pippin are celebrated as heroes. Sam marries Rosie Cotton and uses his gifts to heal the Shire. Frodo, broken by the quest, leaves a few years later, sailing from the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey Havens">Grey Havens</a> over the Sea to find peace. Extensive appendices outline more details of the history, cultures, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">genealogies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">languages</a> that Tolkien imagined for the peoples of Middle-earth. <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">In antiquarian style</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Groom_2020-13">[6]</a> they provide background details for the narrative, with much detail for Tolkien fans who want to know more about the stories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_story">Frame story</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frame story">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Tolkien's frame stories</a></div> Tolkien presents The Lord of the Rings within a fictional <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> where he is not the original author, but merely the translator of part of an ancient document, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hooker-14">[7]</a> That book is modelled on the real <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Hergest" title="Red Book of Hergest">Red Book of Hergest</a>, which similarly presents an older mythology. Various details of the frame story appear in the Prologue, its "Note on <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">Shire</a> Records", and in the Appendices, notably Appendix F. In this frame story, the Red Book is the purported source of Tolkien's other works relating to <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman_2006-15">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_and_creation">Concept and creation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concept and creation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a></div> Although a major work in itself, The Lord of the Rings was only the last movement of a much older set of narratives Tolkien had worked on since 1917 encompassing The Silmarillion,<a href="#cite_note-Doughan_2006-16">[9]</a> in a process he described as <a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">mythopoeia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[e]</a> The Lord of the Rings started as a sequel to Tolkien's work <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a>, published in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> The popularity of The Hobbit led George Allen & Unwin, the publishers, to request a sequel. Tolkien warned them that he wrote quite slowly, and responded with several stories he had already developed. Having rejected his contemporary drafts for <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a>, putting <a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a> on hold, and accepting <a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a>, Allen & Unwin continued to ask for more stories about <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977195-20">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img alt="Diagram of the documents comprising Tolkien's Legendarium, as interpreted very strictly, strictly, or more broadly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/370px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/555px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg/740px-Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="903" usemap="#ImageMap_53e7b5b30b6e353b" resource="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_53e7b5b30b6e353b"><area href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="50,23,101,76" alt="The Hobbit" title="The Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="148,23,214,76" alt="The Lord of the Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" shape="rect" coords="226,23,292,76" alt="The Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion" /><area href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" shape="rect" coords="300,23,360,76" alt="Unfinished Tales" title="Unfinished Tales" /><area href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="13,80,72,131" alt="The Annotated Hobbit" title="The Annotated Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" shape="rect" coords="77,80,135,131" alt="The History of The Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="147,80,213,131" alt="The History of The Lord of the Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" shape="rect" coords="101,170,159,230" alt="The Lost Road and Other Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings" /><area href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" shape="rect" coords="171,170,238,230" alt="The Notion Club Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers" /><area href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_explorations_of_time_travel" shape="rect" coords="36,169,244,234" alt="J. R. R. Tolkien's explorations of time travel" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's explorations of time travel" /><area href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" shape="rect" coords="14,273,62,333" alt="The Book of Lost Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales" /><area href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" shape="rect" coords="66,273,113,333" alt="The Lays of Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand" /><area href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="118,273,170,333" alt="The Shaping of Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="175,273,228,333" alt="The Shaping of Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" shape="rect" coords="236,273,288,333" alt="Morgoth's Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring" /><area href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" shape="rect" coords="292,273,355,333" alt="The War of the Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels" /><area href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" shape="rect" coords="116,344,246,376" alt="The History of Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth" /><area href="/wiki/Non-narrative_elements_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="22,383,112,400" alt="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings" title="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" shape="rect" coords="113,383,173,400" alt="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien" /><area href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" shape="rect" coords="173,383,222,400" alt="Tolkien's artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork" /><area href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" shape="rect" coords="222,383,295,400" alt="Tolkien's scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts" /><area href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" shape="rect" coords="295,383,333,400" alt="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings" /><area href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Legendarium.svg" shape="rect" coords="4,4,366,400" alt="commons:File:Tolkien's Legendarium.svg" title="commons:File:Tolkien's Legendarium.svg" /></map><figcaption>Navigable diagram of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Tolkien's legendarium</a>. The Lord of the Rings began as a sequel to The Hobbit but gradually took in elements of the legendarium, the mythology summarized in <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Persuaded by his publishers, he started "a new Hobbit" in December 1937.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> After several false starts, the story of the One Ring emerged. The idea for the first chapter ("A Long-Expected Party") arrived fully formed, although the reasons behind Bilbo's disappearance, the significance of the Ring, and the title The Lord of the Rings did not come until the spring of 1938.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> Originally, he planned to write a story in which Bilbo had used up all his treasure and was looking for another adventure to gain more; however, he remembered the Ring and its powers and thought that would be a better focus for the new work.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> As the story progressed, he brought in elements from <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a> mythology.<a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2005_critics-21">[13]</a> Writing was slow, because Tolkien had a full-time academic position, marked exams to bring in a little extra income, and wrote many drafts.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[T 4]</a> Tolkien abandoned The Lord of the Rings during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944,<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> as a serial for his son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a>, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. Tolkien made another major effort in 1946 and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside in the J. R. R. Tolkien Collection at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry in The Lord of the Rings</a></div> Unusually for 20th century novels, the prose narrative is supplemented throughout by <a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">over 60 pieces of poetry</a>. These include verse and songs of many genres: for wandering, <a href="/wiki/Marching_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Marching song">marching to war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">drinking</a>, and having a bath; narrating ancient myths, <a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">riddles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecies</a>, and magical incantations; and of praise and lament (<a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kullmann_2013-24">[15]</a> Some, such as riddles, charms, elegies, and narrating heroic actions are found in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature#Poetry" title="Old English literature">poetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kullmann_2013-24">[15]</a> Scholars have stated that the poetry is essential for the fiction to work aesthetically and thematically, as it adds information not given in the prose, and it brings out characters and their backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins_2014-25">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar_2005-26">[17]</a> The poetry has been judged to be of high technical skill, reflected in Tolkien's prose; for instance, he wrote much of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a>'s speech in metre.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmer_1993-27">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illustrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-narrative_elements_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings">Non-narrative elements in The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_inscription.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/330px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/495px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/660px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien's <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_Verse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring Verse">Ring Verse</a> was one of the few illustrations in the first edition. It is written in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a> script.</figcaption></figure> Tolkien worked on the text using <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">his maps of Middle-earth</a> as a guide, to ensure the elements of the story fitted together in time and space.<a href="#cite_note-Letters_Languages-28">[T 5]</a> He prepared a variety of types of illustration – maps, calligraphy, drawings, cover designs, even a facsimile painting of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mazarbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mazarbul">Book of Mazarbul</a> – but only the maps, the inscription on the Ring, and a drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Doors_of_Durin" class="mw-redirect" title="Doors of Durin">Doors of Durin</a> were included in the first edition.<a href="#cite_note-29">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_#141-30">[T 6]</a> The hardback editions sometimes had cover illustrations by Tolkien,<a href="#cite_note-31">[f]</a> sometimes by other artists. According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a>'s cover designs for <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a>'s paperback editions "achieved mass-cult status in the 1960s, particularly on college campuses" across America.<a href="#cite_note-Carmel_2020-32">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's influences">J. R. R. Tolkien's influences</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg/440px-Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg/660px-Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg/880px-Beowulf_eotenas_ylfe_orcneas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>'s eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, "ogres and elves and devil-corpses" helped to inspire Tolkien to create the <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Beowulf-33">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> Tolkien drew on <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's influences">a wide array of influences</a> including language,<a href="#cite_note-34">[T 7]</a> Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-letters-35">[T 8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Germanic heroic legend</a> including the Norse <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-36">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, especially at the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Nodens" title="Nodens">Nodens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anger_2013-37">[23]</a> ancient and modern literature, like Finnish 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[24]</a> and personal experience. He was inspired primarily by his profession, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>;<a href="#cite_note-39">[T 9]</a> his work centred on the study of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> literature, especially <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, and he acknowledged <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf in Middle-earth">its importance to his writings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Beowulf-33">[21]</a> He was a gifted linguist, influenced by Celtic,<a href="#cite_note-Burns_2005-40">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-36">[22]</a> Finnish,<a href="#cite_note-Kalevala-41">[26]</a> Slavic,<a href="#cite_note-42">[27]</a> and Greek language and mythology.<a href="#cite_note-43">[28]</a> Commentators have attempted to identify literary and topological antecedents for characters, places and events in Tolkien's writings; he acknowledged that he had enjoyed adventure stories by authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rider_Haggard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rider Haggard">Rider Haggard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2013-45">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hooker_2011-46">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts">Arts and Crafts</a> polymath <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> was a major influence,<a href="#cite_note-47">[T 10]</a> and Tolkien undoubtedly made use of some real place-names, such as Bag End, the name of his aunt's home.<a href="#cite_note-48">[32]</a> Tolkien stated, too, that he had been influenced by his childhood experiences of the English countryside of <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a>, and its urbanization by the growth of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[T 11]</a> and his personal experience of <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">fighting in the trenches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shellshocked-50">[33]</a> Moreover, the militarization and industrialization inspired the character of Sauron and his forces. The Orcs represented the worst of it as workers that have been tortured and brutalized by the war and industry.<a href="#cite_note-51">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes of The Lord of the Rings</a></div> Scholars and critics have identified <a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">many themes in the book</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">complex interlaced narrative</a>, including a reversed <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2010-52">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1975-53">[36]</a> the struggle of <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Flieger-54">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen#Love_and_death" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">death and immortality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hannon_2004-55">[38]</a> fate and free will,<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings-56">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">the addictive danger of power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[40]</a> and various aspects of Christianity such as the presence of three Christ figures, for <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">prophet, priest, and king</a>, as well as elements like hope and <a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">redemptive suffering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kreeft_2005-58">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[44]</a> There is a common theme throughout the work of <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien#The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">its sound</a>, and its relationship to peoples and places, along with hints of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a> in descriptions of weather and landscape.<a href="#cite_note-62">[45]</a> Out of these, Tolkien stated that the central theme is death and immortality.<a href="#cite_note-63">[T 12]</a> To those who supposed that the book was an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of events in the 20th century, Tolkien replied in the foreword to the Second Edition that it was not, saying he preferred "history, true or feigned, with its varied applicability to the thought and experience of readers." Some commentators have criticized the book for being a story about men for boys, with no significant women; or about a purely rural world with no bearing on modern life in cities; of containing no sign of religion; or of racism. Other commentators responded by noting that there are three <a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">powerful women in the book</a>, Galadriel, Éowyn, and Arwen; that life, even in rural Hobbiton, is not idealized; that <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity is a pervasive theme</a>; and that <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Tolkien was sharply anti-racist</a> both in peacetime and during the Second World War, while Middle-earth is evidently polycultural.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_2003-64">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rearick_2004-65">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar_2004-66">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publication history">edit</a>]</div> A dispute with his publisher, <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>, led Tolkien to offer the work to <a href="/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons" title="William Collins, Sons">William Collins</a> in 1950. Tolkien intended <a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a> (itself largely unrevised at this point) to be published along with The Lord of the Rings, but Allen & Unwin were unwilling to do this. After Milton Waldman, his contact at Collins, expressed the belief that The Lord of the Rings itself "urgently wanted cutting", Tolkien eventually demanded that they publish the book in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977211_ff.-67">[49]</a> Collins did not; and so Tolkien wrote to Allen and Unwin, saying, "I would gladly consider the publication of any part of the stuff", fearing his work would never see the light of day.<a href="#cite_note-genesis-19">[11]</a> For publication, the work was <a href="/wiki/Three-volume_novel" title="Three-volume novel">divided into three volumes</a> to minimize any potential financial loss due to the high cost of type-setting and modest anticipated sales: <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a> (Books I and II), <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a> (Books III and IV), and <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a> (Books V and VI plus six appendices).<a href="#cite_note-68">[50]</a> Delays in producing appendices, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">maps</a> and especially an index led to the volumes being published later than originally hoped – on 29 July 1954, on 11 November 1954 and on 20 October 1955 respectively in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977220–221-69">[51]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a> published The Fellowship of the Ring on 21 October 1954, The Two Towers on 21 April 1955, and The Return of the King on 5 January 1956.<a href="#cite_note-70">[52]</a> The Return of the King was especially delayed as Tolkien revised the ending and prepared appendices (some of which had to be left out because of space constraints). Tolkien did not like the title The Return of the King, believing it gave away too much of the storyline, but deferred to his publisher's preference.<a href="#cite_note-71">[53]</a> Tolkien wrote that the title The Two Towers "can be left ambiguous",<a href="#cite_note-TheLetters1981-72">[T 13]</a> but considered naming the two as <a href="/wiki/Isengard#Orthanc_tower" title="Isengard">Orthanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barad-d%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Barad-dûr">Barad-dûr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a> and Barad-dûr, or Orthanc and the <a href="/wiki/Minor_places_in_Middle-earth#Tower_of_Cirith_Ungol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor places in Middle-earth">Tower of Cirith Ungol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[T 14]</a> However, a month later he wrote a note published at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring and later drew a cover illustration, both of which identified the pair as <a href="/wiki/Minas_Morgul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minas Morgul">Minas Morgul</a> and Orthanc.<a href="#cite_note-74">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[55]</a> Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two-book volume, preferring instead the use of book titles: e.g. The Lord of the Rings: Vol. 1, The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South; Vol. 2, The Treason of Isengard and The Ring Goes East; Vol. 3, The War of the Ring and The End of the Third Age. However, these individual book titles were dropped, and after pressure from his publishers, Tolkien suggested the volume titles: Vol. 1, The Shadow Grows; Vol. 2, The Ring in the Shadow; Vol. 3, The War of the Ring or The Return of the King.<a href="#cite_note-76">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[57]</a> Because the three-volume binding was so widely distributed, the work is often referred to as the Lord of the Rings "trilogy". In a letter to the poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, who famously reviewed the final volume in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-audenNYT-78">[58]</a> Tolkien himself made use of the term "trilogy" for the work<a href="#cite_note-79">[T 15]</a> though he did at other times consider this incorrect, as it was written and conceived as a single book.<a href="#cite_note-80">[T 16]</a> It is often called a novel; however, Tolkien objected to this term as he viewed it as a <a href="/wiki/Heroic_romance" title="Heroic romance">heroic romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Letter_329-81">[T 17]</a> The books were published under a profit-sharing arrangement, whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, after which he would take a large share of the profits.<a href="#cite_note-82">[59]</a> It has ultimately become one of the best-selling novels ever written, with at least 50 million copies sold by 2003<a href="#cite_note-83">[60]</a> and over 150 million copies sold by 2007.<a href="#cite_note-thestar-4">[2]</a> The work was published in the UK by Allen & Unwin until 1990, when the publisher and its assets were acquired by <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_and_revisions">Editions and revisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Editions and revisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg/260px-Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b0/Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg/390px-Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/Remington_Covers_for_Ballantine_Lord_of_the_Rings_1960s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a>'s cover illustrations for the <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a> paperback version "achieved mass-cult status" on American college campuses in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Carmel_2020-32">[20]</a> They were parodied by <a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Frith" title="Michael K. Frith">Michael K. Frith</a>'s cover design for the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1960s <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Wollheim" title="Donald A. Wollheim">Donald A. Wollheim</a>, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher <a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace Books</a>, claimed that The Lord of the Rings was not protected in the United States under <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">American copyright law</a> because Houghton Mifflin, the US hardcover publisher, had neglected to copyright the work in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-88">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-silver-89">[66]</a> Then, in 1965, Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> to him. Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection.<a href="#cite_note-Ripp-90">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grass-roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass-roots">Grass-roots</a> pressure from these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-91">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[T 18]</a> Authorized editions followed from <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> to tremendous commercial success. Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright. This text became the Second Edition of The Lord of the Rings, published in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-reynolds-91">[68]</a> The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year, selling a quarter of a million copies within ten months. On 4 September 1966, the novel debuted on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>'s Paperback Bestsellers list as number three, and was number one by 4 December, a position it held for eight weeks.<a href="#cite_note-93">[69]</a> Houghton Mifflin editions after 1994 consolidate variant revisions by Tolkien, and corrections supervised by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a>, which resulted, after some initial glitches, in a computer-based unified text.<a href="#cite_note-94">[70]</a> In 2004, for the 50th Anniversary Edition, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a>, under supervision from Christopher Tolkien, studied and revised the text to eliminate as many errors and inconsistencies as possible, some of which had been introduced by well-meaning compositors of the first printing in 1954, and never been corrected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005xl–xliv-95">[71]</a> The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers. Yet more corrections were made in the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-96">[72]</a> Several editions, including the 50th Anniversary Edition, print the whole work in one volume, with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions.<a href="#cite_note-50th_Anniversary_Edition-97">[T 19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_publication_of_drafts">Posthumous publication of drafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Posthumous publication of drafts">edit</a>]</div> From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of The Lord of the Rings, chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text's development, in volumes 6–9 of his <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of Middle-earth</a> series. The four volumes carry the titles <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return of the Shadow">The Return of the Shadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Treason_of_Isengard" class="mw-redirect" title="The Treason of Isengard">The Treason of Isengard</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Ring">The War of the Ring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauron_Defeated" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauron Defeated">Sauron Defeated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations of The Lord of the Rings</a></div> The work has been translated, with varying degrees of success, into at least 38,<a href="#cite_note-languages-11">[d]</a> and reportedly at least 70, languages.<a href="#cite_note-99">[74]</a> Tolkien, an expert in <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, examined many of these translations, and made comments on each that reflect both the translation process and his work. As he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators, such as the <a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish translation</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ke_Ohlmarks" title="Åke Ohlmarks">Åke Ohlmarks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[T 20]</a> Tolkien wrote a "<a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Names_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings">Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings</a>" (1967). Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the fictitious <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a>, using the English language to represent the <a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a> of the "original", Tolkien suggested that translators attempt to capture the interplay between English and the invented nomenclature of the English work, and gave several examples along with general guidance.<a href="#cite_note-101">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005750–782-102">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> Early <a href="/wiki/Reception_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien">reviews of the work were mixed</a>. The initial review in the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a> described it as "among the greatest works of imaginative fiction of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-Box-103">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">Sunday Times</a> echoed this sentiment, stating that "the English-speaking world is divided into those who have read The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and those who are going to read them."<a href="#cite_note-Box-103">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a> appeared to predict the books' popularity, writing in its review that they were "destined to outlast our time".<a href="#cite_note-104">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, a former pupil of Tolkien's and an admirer of his writings, regarded The Lord of the Rings as a "masterpiece", further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[79]</a> Kenneth F. Slater wrote in <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Science_Fiction" title="Nebula Science Fiction">Nebula Science Fiction</a>, April 1955, "... if you don't read it, you have missed one of the finest books of its type ever to appear".<a href="#cite_note-106">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[81]</a> On the other hand, in 1955, the Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Muir" title="Edwin Muir">Edwin Muir</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a>, writing that "All the characters are boys masquerading as adult heroes ... and will never come to puberty ... Hardly one of them knows anything about women", causing Tolkien to complain angrily to his publisher.<a href="#cite_note-Lobdell_2013_in_Drout-108">[82]</a> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> wrote a review entitled "Oo, Those Awful Orcs!", calling Tolkien's work "juvenile trash", and saying "Dr. Tolkien has little skill at narrative and no instinct for literary form."<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_1956-109">[83]</a> Within Tolkien's literary group, <a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a>, the work had a mixed reception. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Dyson" title="Hugo Dyson">Hugo Dyson</a> complained loudly at its readings,<a href="#cite_note-110">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[g]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> had very different feelings, writing, "here are beauties which pierce like swords or burn like cold iron. Here is a book which will break your heart."<a href="#cite_note-Doughan_2006-16">[9]</a> Lewis observed that the writing is rich, in that some of the 'good' characters have darker sides, and likewise some of the villains have "good impulses".<a href="#cite_note-112">[85]</a> Despite the mixed reviews and the lack of a paperback until the 1960s, The Lord of the Rings initially sold well in hardback.<a href="#cite_note-Doughan_2006-16">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later">Later</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Tolkien's prose style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_hostility_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary hostility to J. R. R. Tolkien">Literary hostility to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> Judith Shulevitz, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, criticized the "pedantry" of <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's style">Tolkien's literary style</a>, saying that he "formulated a high-minded belief in the importance of his mission as a literary preservationist, which turns out to be death to literature itself".<a href="#cite_note-113">[86]</a> The critic Richard Jenkyns, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, criticized the work for a lack of psychological depth. Both the characters and the work itself were, according to Jenkyns, "anemic, and lacking in fibre".<a href="#cite_note-114">[87]</a> The science fiction author <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> interprets the work as holding unquestioning devotion to a traditional hierarchical social structure.<a href="#cite_note-115">[88]</a> In his essay "<a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a>", fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> critiques the world-view displayed by the book as deeply conservative, in both the "<a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a>" of the narrative voice and the <a href="/wiki/Power_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power structure">power structures</a> in the narrative.<a href="#cite_note-116">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a>, like Tolkien an English philologist, notes the wide gulf between Tolkien's supporters, both popular and academic, and his literary detractors, and attempts to explain in detail both why the literary establishment disliked The Lord of the Rings, and the work's subtlety, themes, and merits, including the <a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">impression of depth</a> that it conveys.<a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2005_critics-21">[13]</a> The scholar of humanities <a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Brian Rosebury</a> analysed Tolkien's prose style in detail, showing that it was generally quite plain, varying to suit the voices of the different characters, and rising to a heroic register for special moments.<a href="#cite_note-Rosebury_2003-117">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> In 1957, The Lord of the Rings was awarded the <a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy Award</a>. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace Books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a> paperbacks helped The Lord of the Rings become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by all of three different measures: sales, library borrowings, and reader surveys.<a href="#cite_note-118">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2009-119">[92]</a> In the 2003 "<a href="/wiki/Big_Read" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Read">Big Read</a>" survey conducted in Britain by the BBC, The Lord of the Rings was found to be the "Nation's best-loved book". In similar 2004 polls both Germany<a href="#cite_note-120">[93]</a> and Australia<a href="#cite_note-121">[94]</a> chose The Lord of the Rings as their favourite book. In a 1999 poll of <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> customers, The Lord of the Rings was judged to be their favourite "book of the millennium".<a href="#cite_note-122">[95]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> listed The Lord of the Rings on its <a href="/wiki/BBC%27s_100_Most_Inspiring_Novels" title="BBC's 100 Most Inspiring Novels">list of the "100 most inspiring novels"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-123">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings</a></div> The Lord of the Rings has been adapted into various media, including radio, stage, motion pictures, and videogames. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> The book has been adapted for radio four times. In 1955 and 1956, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> broadcast <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>, a 13-part radio adaptation of the story. In the 1960s radio station <a href="/wiki/WBAI" title="WBAI">WBAI</a> produced a short <a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings#Audio" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">radio adaptation</a>. A 1979 dramatization of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> was broadcast in the United States and subsequently issued on tape and CD. In 1981, the BBC broadcast <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a>, a new dramatization in 26 half-hour instalments.<a href="#cite_note-124">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_pictures">Motion pictures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Motion pictures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth in film">Middle-earth in film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings</a></div> A variety of filmmakers considered adapting Tolkien's book, among them <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>, who thought it <a href="/wiki/Unfilmable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfilmable">unfilmable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TolkienEncyl2006_15-126">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-128">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Edelmann" title="Heinz Edelmann">Heinz Edelmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[104]</a> A Swedish live action television film, <a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a>, was broadcast in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-132">[105]</a> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Ralph Bakshi</a> made an animated <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">film version</a> covering The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers, to mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-133">[106]</a> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankin/Bass Productions">Rankin/Bass</a> released <a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">an animated TV special</a> based on the closing chapters of The Return of the King, gaining mixed reviews.<a href="#cite_note-134">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[108]</a> In Finland, a live action television miniseries, <a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a>, was broadcast in 1993 based on The Lord of the Rings, with a flashback to Bilbo's encounter with Gollum in The Hobbit.<a href="#cite_note-136">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[110]</a> A far more successful adaptation was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s live action <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings film trilogy</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> and released in three instalments as <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers</a> (2002), and <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King</a> (2003). All three parts won multiple <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, including consecutive <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> nominations. The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one-billion-dollar barrier and won a total of 11 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscars</a> (something only two other films in history, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a>, have accomplished), including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Adapted Screenplay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[112]</a> Commentators including Tolkien scholars, literary critics and film critics are divided on <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_film_versus_book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord of the Rings: film versus book">how faithfully Jackson adapted Tolkien's work, or whether a film version is inevitably different</a>, and if so the reasons for any changes, and the effectiveness of the result.<a href="#cite_note-Bogstad_Kaveny_2011-140">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a>, a 2009 film by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bouchard" title="Chris Bouchard">Chris Bouchard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[115]</a> and the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a>, written by Paula DiSante and directed by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Madison" title="Kate Madison">Kate Madison</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">fan films</a> based on details in the appendices of The Lord of the Rings.<a href="#cite_note-143">[116]</a> From September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> has been presenting a multi-season television series of stories, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power</a>. It is set at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Age">Second Age</a>, long before the time of The Lord of the Rings, based on materials in the novel's appendices.<a href="#cite_note-144">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[119]</a> In early 2023, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery" title="Warner Bros. Discovery">Warner Bros. Discovery</a> announced that multiple new movies set in Middle-earth are in development, and will be produced along with <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a> and Freemode.<a href="#cite_note-147">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiobooks">Audiobooks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Audiobooks">edit</a>]</div> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Books" title="Recorded Books">Recorded Books</a> published an <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audio version</a> of The Lord of the Rings,<a href="#cite_note-148">[121]</a> read by the British actor <a href="/wiki/Rob_Inglis" title="Rob Inglis">Rob Inglis</a>. A large-scale musical theatre adaptation, <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="The Lord of the Rings (musical)">The Lord of the Rings</a>, was first staged in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto, Ontario, Canada</a> in 2006 and opened in London in June 2007; it was a commercial failure.<a href="#cite_note-149">[122]</a> In 2013, the artist Phil Dragash recorded the whole of the book, using the score from Peter Jackson's movies.<a href="#cite_note-150">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[125]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 lockdown">COVID-19 lockdown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a> read the entire book of <a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> online to raise money for charity.<a href="#cite_note-153">[126]</a> He then recorded the work again as an audiobook.<a href="#cite_note-154">[127]</a> The cover art was done by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a>. In 2021, Serkis recorded The Lord of the Rings novels.<a href="#cite_note-155">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_fantasy">Influence on fantasy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Influence on fantasy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></div> The enormous popularity of Tolkien's work expanded the demand for fantasy. Largely thanks to The Lord of the Rings, the genre flowered throughout the 1960s and enjoys popularity to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-156">[129]</a> The opus has spawned many imitations, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Shannara" title="The Sword of Shannara">The Sword of Shannara</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a> called "the single most cold-blooded, complete rip-off of another book that I have ever read,"<a href="#cite_note-carter-157">[130]</a> as well as alternate interpretations of the story, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a>, which popularized the <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action-adventure game</a> genre in the 1980s, was inspired by The Lord of the Rings among other fantasy books.<a href="#cite_note-158">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>, which popularized the <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing game</a> genre in the 1970s, features several races from The Lord of the Rings, including <a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">halflings</a> (hobbits), elves, dwarves, <a href="/wiki/Half-elven" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-elven">half-elves</a>, orcs, and dragons. However, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gary Gygax</a>, the lead designer of the game, stated that he included these elements as a marketing move to draw on the popularity the work enjoyed at the time he was developing the game.<a href="#cite_note-160">[133]</a> Because Dungeons & Dragons has gone on to <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">influence many popular games</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing video games">role-playing video games</a>, the influence of The Lord of the Rings extends to many of them, with titles such as <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest" title="Dragon Quest">Dragon Quest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-kurt-162">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warcraft" title="Warcraft">Warcraft</a> series, and <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a> series of games<a href="#cite_note-163">[136]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">video games set in Middle-earth</a> itself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music of Middle-earth</a></div> In 1965, the composer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a>, best known for his collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Flanders" title="Michael Flanders">Michael Flanders</a> as <a href="/wiki/Flanders_%26_Swann" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanders & Swann">Flanders & Swann</a>, set six poems from The Lord of the Rings and one from <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a> ("Errantry") to music. When Swann met with Tolkien to play the songs for his approval, Tolkien suggested for "<a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a>" (Galadriel's lament) a setting reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Plain_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain chant">plain chant</a>, which Swann accepted.<a href="#cite_note-164">[137]</a> The songs were published in 1967 as <a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[138]</a> and a recording of the songs performed by singer William Elvin with Swann on piano was issued that same year by <a href="/wiki/Caedmon_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Caedmon Records">Caedmon Records</a> as Poems and Songs of Middle Earth.<a href="#cite_note-166">[139]</a> Rock bands of the 1970s were musically and lyrically inspired by the fantasy-embracing counter-culture of the time. The British rock band <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> recorded several songs that contain explicit references to The Lord of the Rings, such as mentioning Gollum and Mordor in "<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty Mountains">Misty Mountains</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>", and Ringwraiths in "<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>". In 1970, the Swedish musician <a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a> released an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Concept_album" title="Concept album">concept album</a> entitled Sagan om ringen ("The Saga of the Ring", the title of the Swedish translation at the time).<a href="#cite_note-Snider-167">[140]</a> The album was subsequently released internationally as <a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Snider-167">[140]</a> From the 1980s onwards, many heavy metal acts have been influenced by Tolkien.<a href="#cite_note-168">[141]</a> In 1988, the Dutch composer and trombonist <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> completed his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_%22The_Lord_of_the_Rings%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"">Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings"</a>. It had 5 movements, titled "Gandalf", "Lothlórien", "Gollum", "Journey in the Dark", and "Hobbits".<a href="#cite_note-169">[142]</a> The 1991 album <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Moons" title="Shepherd Moons">Shepherd Moons</a> by the Irish musician <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a> contains an instrumental titled "Lothlórien", in reference to the home of the wood-elves.<a href="#cite_note-OnlyTimeLPsleeve-170">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_popular_culture">Impact on popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Impact on popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of Tolkien's mythology">Impact of Tolkien's mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matamata_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Matamata_sign.jpg/220px-Matamata_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Matamata_sign.jpg/330px-Matamata_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Matamata_sign.jpg/440px-Matamata_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"Welcome to Hobbiton" sign in <a href="/wiki/Matamata,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Matamata, New Zealand">Matamata, New Zealand</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s film version was shot</figcaption></figure> The Lord of the Rings has had a profound and wide-ranging impact on popular culture, beginning with its publication in the 1950s, but especially during the 1960s and 1970s, when young people embraced it as a <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> saga.<a href="#cite_note-171">[144]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Frodo_Lives!" title="Frodo Lives!">Frodo Lives!</a>" and "Gandalf for President" were two phrases popular among United States <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fans</a> during this time.<a href="#cite_note-172">[145]</a> Its impact is such that the words "Tolkienian" and "Tolkienesque" have entered the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, and many of his fantasy terms, formerly little-known in English, such as "<a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orc</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Warg</a>", have become widespread in that domain.<a href="#cite_note-173">[146]</a> Among its effects are numerous <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodies</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Lampoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Lampoon">Harvard Lampoon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a>, which has had the distinction of remaining continuously in print from its publication in 1969, and of being translated into at least 11 languages.<a href="#cite_note-174">[147]</a> In 1969, Tolkien sold the merchandising rights to The Lord of The Rings and The Hobbit to <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> under an agreement stipulating a lump sum payment of £10,000<a href="#cite_note-175">[148]</a> (equivalent to £208,000 in 2023) plus a 7.5% royalty after costs,<a href="#cite_note-176">[149]</a> payable to Allen & Unwin and the author.<a href="#cite_note-177">[150]</a> In 1976, three years after the author's death, United Artists sold the rights to <a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> Company, who now trade as <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien Enterprises">Tolkien Enterprises</a>. Since then all "authorised" merchandise has been signed off by Tolkien Enterprises, although the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property rights</a> of the specific likenesses of characters and other imagery from various adaptations is generally held by the adaptors.<a href="#cite_note-178">[151]</a> Outside commercial exploitation from adaptations, from the late 1960s onwards there has been an increasing variety of original licensed merchandise, with posters and calendars created by illustrators such as <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[152]</a> The work was named Britain's best novel of all time in the BBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[153]</a> In 2015, the BBC ranked The Lord of the Rings 26th on its list of the 100 greatest British novels.<a href="#cite_note-181">[154]</a> It was included in <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>'s list of "<a href="/wiki/Le_Monde%27s_100_Books_of_the_Century" title="Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century">100 Books of the Century</a>".<a href="#cite_note-182">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> disliked having the word "novel" applied to his works, preferring the phrase "heroic <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a>", but "novel" is commonly applied.<a href="#cite_note-2">[T 1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Tolkien has the wizard Gandalf say to the hobbit Frodo "the Black Riders are the Ringwraiths, the Nine Servants of the Lord of the Rings."<a href="#cite_note-5">[T 2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Volume I: Prologue, The Ring Sets Out, The Ring Goes South; Volume II: The Treason of Isengard, The Ring Goes East; Volume III: The War of the Ring, The End of the Third Age, Appendices A–F. </li> <li id="cite_note-languages-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-languages_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-languages_11-1">b</a> At least 38 languages are listed at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530043707/http://www.tolkien.co.uk/faq3.aspx">FAQ</a>. This number is a very conservative estimate; some 56 translations are listed at <a href="/wiki/Translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Translations of The Lord of the Rings">translations of The Lord of the Rings</a>, and 57 languages are listed at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/">Elrond's Library</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Tolkien created the word to define a different view of myth from C. S. Lewis's "lies breathed through silver", writing the poem "<a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia_(poem)" title="Mythopoeia (poem)">Mythopoeia</a>" to present his argument; it was first published in <a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-HammondScull620-17">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See the lead images in the articles on the three separate volumes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Dyson's actual comment, <a href="/wiki/Bowdlerized" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowdlerized">bowdlerized</a> in the TV version, was "Not another fucking Elf!" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrovier2007" class="citation web cs1">Grovier, Kelly (29 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/29/jrrtolkien.fiction">"In the Name of the Father"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002212305/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/29/jrrtolkien.fiction">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=In+the+Name+of+the+Father&rft.date=2007-04-29&rft.aulast=Grovier&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2Fapr%2F29%2Fjrrtolkien.fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #329 to Peter Szabo Szentmihalyi, October 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954a). <a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942">9552942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9552942&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> book 2, ch. 1 "Many Meetings" </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #126 to Milton Waldman (draft), 10 March 1950 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #17 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Stanley Unwin</a>, 15 October 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_Languages-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_Languages_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #144 to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, 25 April 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_#141-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_#141_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #141 to Allen & Unwin, 9 October 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTolkien1997">Tolkien 1997</a>, pp. 162–197 "English and Welsh" </li> <li id="cite_note-letters-35"><a href="#cite_ref-letters_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #142 to Robert Murray, S. J., 2 December 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #165 to <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 30 June 1955 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #19 to <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Unwin_(publisher)" title="Stanley Unwin (publisher)">Stanley Unwin</a>, 31 December 1960 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #178 to Allen & Unwin, 12 December 1955, and #303 to Nicholas Thomas, 6 May 1968 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958 </li> <li id="cite_note-TheLetters1981-72"><a href="#cite_ref-TheLetters1981_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #140 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 17 August 1953 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #143 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 22 January 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #163 to <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, 7 June 1955 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #149 to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, 9 September 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_329-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter_329_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #239 to Peter Szabo Szentmihalyi, draft, October 1971 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letters #270, #273 and #277 </li> <li id="cite_note-50th_Anniversary_Edition-97"><a href="#cite_ref-50th_Anniversary_Edition_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2004" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R. (2004). The Lord of the Rings 50th Anniversary Edition. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10320-7"><bdi>978-0-261-10320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+50th+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10320-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letters #228 and #229 to Allen & Unwin, 24 January 1961 and 23 February 1961 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Secondary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (1980) [1979]. "The Lord of the Rings: Tolkien's Epic". Tolkien's Art: A Mythology for England. Macmillan. pp. 97–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-29034-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-29034-8"><bdi>0-333-29034-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+Tolkien%27s+Epic&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Art%3A+A+Mythology+for+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-333-29034-8&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thestar-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thestar_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thestar_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2007" class="citation web cs1">Wagner, Vit (16 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035210/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/203389">"Tolkien proves he's still the king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/203389">the original</a> on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Tolkien+proves+he%27s+still+the+king&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Vit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticle%2F203389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tale-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tale_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tale_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231904/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/LOTR-The-Tale-of-a-Text.pdf">"The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/LOTR-The-Tale-of-a-Text.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+The+Tale+of+a+Text&rft.pub=The+Tolkien+Society&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2FLOTR-The-Tale-of-a-Text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101074147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A672022">"The Life and Works for JRR Tolkien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 7 February 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A672022">the original</a> on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Works+for+JRR+Tolkien&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA672022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilsdorf2007" class="citation news cs1">Gilsdorf, Ethan (23 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/travel/escapes/23Ahead.html">"Elvish Impersonators"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205101604/http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/03/23/travel/escapes/23Ahead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Elvish+Impersonators&rft.date=2007-03-23&rft.aulast=Gilsdorf&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F23%2Ftravel%2Fescapes%2F23Ahead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groom_2020-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Groom_2020_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom2020" class="citation book cs1">Groom, Nick (2020) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118517468.ch20">"The English Literary Tradition: Shakespeare to the Gothic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. 286–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118517468.ch20">10.1002/9781118517468.ch20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119656029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119656029"><bdi>978-1119656029</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1183854105">1183854105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+English+Literary+Tradition%3A+Shakespeare+to+the+Gothic&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1183854105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118517468.ch20&rft.isbn=978-1119656029&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118517468.ch20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooker-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Hooker_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Mark T. (2006). "The Feigned-manuscript Topos". A Tolkienian Mathomium: a collection of articles on J. R. R. Tolkien and his legendarium. Llyfrawr. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-4631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-4631-4"><bdi>978-1-4382-4631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feigned-manuscript+Topos&rft.btitle=A+Tolkienian+Mathomium%3A+a+collection+of+articles+on+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+and+his+legendarium&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Llyfrawr&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-4631-4&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman_2006-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_2006_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Mary R. (October 2006). "The Story Was Already Written: Narrative Theory in "The Lord of the Rings"". Narrative. 14 (3): 272–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fnar.2006.0010">10.1353/nar.2006.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-3685">1063-3685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20107391">20107391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162244172">162244172</a>. <q>the frame of the Red Book of Westmarch, which becomes one of the major structural devices Tolkien uses to invite meta-fictional reflection... He claims, in essence, that the story was already written...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narrative&rft.atitle=The+Story+Was+Already+Written%3A+Narrative+Theory+in+%22The+Lord+of+the+Rings%22&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=2006-10&rft.issn=1063-3685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162244172%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20107391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fnar.2006.0010&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doughan_2006-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doughan_2006_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doughan_2006_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doughan_2006_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoughan" class="citation web cs1">Doughan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html">"J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biographical Sketch"</a>. TolkienSociety.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060303050751/http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2006. Retrieved 16 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Biographical+Sketch&rft.pub=TolkienSociety.org&rft.aulast=Doughan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.org%2Ftolkien%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HammondScull620-17"><a href="#cite_ref-HammondScull620_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide: II. Reader's Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 620–622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-821453-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-821453-1"><bdi>978-0-00-821453-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Companion+and+Guide%3A+II.+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E620-%3C%2Fspan%3E622&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-821453-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genesis-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genesis_19-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 187–208 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977195-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977195_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shippey_2005_critics-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_critics_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_critics_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 1–6, 260–261, and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261%2C+and+passim&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/tolkien.shtml#original">"J. R. R. Tolkien Collection: Marquette Archives | Raynor Memorial Libraries | Marquette University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219041430/http://www.marquette.edu/library/archives/tolkien.shtml#original">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Collection%3A+Marquette+Archives+%7C+Raynor+Memorial+Libraries+%7C+Marquette+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marquette.edu%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2Ftolkien.shtml%23original&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kullmann_2013-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kullmann_2013_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kullmann_2013_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKullmann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kullmann, Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connotations.de/article/thomas-kullmann-poetic-insertions-in-tolkiens-the-lord-of-the-rings/">"Poetic Insertions in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Connotations:_A_Journal_for_Critical_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate">Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate</a>. 23 (2): 283–309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108030807/http://www.connotations.de/article/thomas-kullmann-poetic-insertions-in-tolkiens-the-lord-of-the-rings/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connotations%3A+A+Journal+for+Critical+Debate&rft.atitle=Poetic+Insertions+in+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kullmann&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connotations.de%2Farticle%2Fthomas-kullmann-poetic-insertions-in-tolkiens-the-lord-of-the-rings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higgins_2014-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Higgins_2014_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2014" class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol1/iss1/4">"Tolkien's Poetry (2013), edited by Julian Eilmann and Allan Turner"</a>. Journal of Tolkien Research. 1 (1). Article 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801054309/https://scholar.valpo.edu/journaloftolkienresearch/vol1/iss1/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tolkien+Research&rft.atitle=Tolkien%27s+Poetry+%282013%29%2C+edited+by+Julian+Eilmann+and+Allan+Turner&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Article+4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.valpo.edu%2Fjournaloftolkienresearch%2Fvol1%2Fiss1%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straubhaar_2005-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Straubhaar_2005_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubhaar2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif</a> (2005). "Gilraen's Linnod : Function, Genre, Prototypes". Journal of Tolkien Studies. 2 (1): 235–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.2005.0032">10.1353/tks.2005.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1547-3163">1547-3163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170378314">170378314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tolkien+Studies&rft.atitle=Gilraen%27s+Linnod+%3A+Function%2C+Genre%2C+Prototypes&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170378314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1547-3163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftks.2005.0032&rft.aulast=Straubhaar&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Ballif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmer_1993-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmer_1993_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edwin_Zimmer" title="Paul Edwin Zimmer">Zimmer, Paul Edwin</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol19/iss2/2">"Another Opinion of 'The Verse of J. R. R. Tolkien'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a>. 19 (2). Article 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=Another+Opinion+of+%27The+Verse+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=Article+2&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol19%2Fiss2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holmes, John R. (2013) [2007]. "Art and Illustrations by Tolkien". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 27–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Art+and+Illustrations+by+Tolkien&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmel_2020-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carmel_2020_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carmel_2020_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmel2020" class="citation news cs1">Carmel, Julia (15 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/books/barbara-remington-dead.html">"Barbara Remington, Illustrator of Tolkien Book Covers, Dies at 90"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barbara+Remington%2C+Illustrator+of+Tolkien+Book+Covers%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft.aulast=Carmel&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F15%2Fbooks%2Fbarbara-remington-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shippey_2005_Beowulf-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_Beowulf_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2005_Beowulf_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 74, 169–170 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.pages=74%2C+169-170+and+passim&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSolopova2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>. Palgrave. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4671-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Middle-earth%3A+Discovering+Medieval+Literature+Through+the+Fiction+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4671-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rft.au=Solopova%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anger_2013-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Anger_2013_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnger2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anger, Don N. (2013) [2007]. "Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 563–564. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Excavation+of+the+Prehistoric%2C+Roman+and+Post-Roman+Site+in+Lydney+Park%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E564&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Anger&rft.aufirst=Don+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoble_Smith2013" class="citation book cs1">Noble Smith (2013). "Chapter 5: Dealing with "the Big People"". The Wisdom of the Shire: A Short Guide to a Long and Happy Life. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Griffin</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250038296" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250038296"><bdi>978-1250038296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Dealing+with+%22the+Big+People%22&rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+the+Shire%3A+A+Short+Guide+to+a+Long+and+Happy+Life&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1250038296&rft.au=Noble+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns_2005-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_2005_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Burns, Marjorie</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms: Celtic and Norse in Tolkien's Middle-earth</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 13–29 and passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3806-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3806-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-3806-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perilous+Realms%3A+Celtic+and+Norse+in+Tolkien%27s+Middle-earth&rft.pages=13-29+and+passim&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3806-7&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalevala-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalevala_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandwerk2004" class="citation news cs1">Handwerk, Brian (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316192124/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/12/1219_tolkienroots.html">"Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic"</a>. National Geographic News. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/12/1219_tolkienroots.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Lord+of+the+Rings+Inspired+by+an+Ancient+Epic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.aulast=Handwerk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2F12%2F1219_tolkienroots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmenko" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuzmenko, Dmitry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143036/http://kuzmenko.org.ua/uk/tolkienslavic">"Slavic echoes in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien"</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kuzmenko.org.ua/uk/tolkienslavic">the original</a> on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavic+echoes+in+the+works+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.aulast=Kuzmenko&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkuzmenko.org.ua%2Fuk%2Ftolkienslavic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2001" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Michael (2001). Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6025-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6025-9"><bdi>1-4039-6025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbits%2C+Elves%2C+and+Wizards%3A+Exploring+the+Wonders+and+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-4039-6025-9&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick1967" class="citation journal cs1">Resnick, Henry (1967). "An Interview with Tolkien". <a href="/wiki/Niekas" title="Niekas">Niekas</a>: 37–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Niekas&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_2013-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_2013_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nelson, Dale (2013) [2007]. "Literary Influences, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 366–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Influences%2C+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooker_2011-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Hooker_2011_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2011" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Mark T. (2011). "Reading John Buchan in Search of Tolkien". In Fisher, Jason (ed.). Tolkien and the Study of his Sources: Critical essays. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. pp. 162–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6482-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6482-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-6482-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731009810">731009810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+John+Buchan+in+Search+of+Tolkien&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Study+of+his+Sources%3A+Critical+essays&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731009810&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6482-1&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.explorethepast.co.uk/2013/05/lord-of-the-rings-inspiration-in-the-archives/">"Lord of the Rings inspiration in the archives"</a>. Explore the Past (Worcestershire Historic Environment Record). 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+the+Past+%28Worcestershire+Historic+Environment+Record%29&rft.atitle=Lord+of+the+Rings+inspiration+in+the+archives&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorethepast.co.uk%2F2013%2F05%2Flord-of-the-rings-inspiration-in-the-archives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shellshocked-50"><a href="#cite_ref-shellshocked_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2006" class="citation news cs1">Livingston, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+shell-shocked+hobbit%3A+the+First+World+War+and+Tolkien's+trauma+of...-a0154698400">"The Shellshocked Hobbit: The First World War and Tolkien's Trauma of the Ring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a>. Mythopoeic Society. pp. 77–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223203526/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+shell-shocked+hobbit%3A+the+First+World+War+and+Tolkien%27s+trauma+of...-a0154698400">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=The+Shellshocked+Hobbit%3A+The+First+World+War+and+Tolkien%27s+Trauma+of+the+Ring&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Bshell-shocked%2Bhobbit%253A%2Bthe%2BFirst%2BWorld%2BWar%2Band%2BTolkien%27s%2Btrauma%2Bof...-a0154698400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Ali Arslan (8 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dankanator.com/62698/how-war-inspired-j-r-r-tolkien-write-lord-of-the-rings/">"How War Inspired JRR Tolkien To Write Lord Of The Rings"</a>. Dankanator.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dankanator&rft.atitle=How+War+Inspired+JRR+Tolkien+To+Write+Lord+Of+The+Rings&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ali+Arslan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdankanator.com%2F62698%2Fhow-war-inspired-j-r-r-tolkien-write-lord-of-the-rings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2010-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2010_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lori M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUl_kTyiTuAC&pg=PA161">Portals of Power: Magical Agency and Transformation in Literary Fantasy</a>. McFarland. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5655-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-5655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portals+of+Power%3A+Magical+Agency+and+Transformation+in+Literary+Fantasy&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5655-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lori+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUl_kTyiTuAC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_1975-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_1975_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">West, Richard C.</a> (1975). "Narrative Pattern in 'The Fellowship of the Ring'". In <a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Lobdell, Jared</a> (ed.). A Tolkien Compass. Open Court. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0"><bdi>978-0-87548-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narrative+Pattern+in+%27The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring%27&rft.btitle=A+Tolkien+Compass&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-303-0&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flieger-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Flieger_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-744-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-744-6"><bdi>978-0-87338-744-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Light%3A+Logos+and+Language+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-744-6&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannon_2004-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Hannon_2004_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hannon, Patrice (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol24/iss2/4/">"The Lord of the Rings as Elegy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a>. 24 (2): 36–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mythlore&rft.atitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+as+Elegy&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hannon&rft.aufirst=Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fmythlore%2Fvol24%2Fiss2%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpacks2005" class="citation book cs1">Spacks, Patricia Meyer (2005). "<a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Power and Meaning in 'The Lord of the Rings'</a>". In Isaacs, Neil David; <a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Zimbardo, Rose A.</a> (eds.). Understanding The Lord of the Rings: The Best of Tolkien Criticism. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. pp. 58–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-42253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-42253-1"><bdi>978-0-618-42253-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+and+Meaning+in+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27&rft.btitle=Understanding+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+The+Best+of+Tolkien+Criticism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-42253-1&rft.aulast=Spacks&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Meyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkinsHill1975" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Agnes; Hill, Helen (1975). "The Corruption of Power". In <a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Lobdell, Jared</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a>. Open Court. pp. 57–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0"><bdi>978-0-87548-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Corruption+of+Power&rft.btitle=A+Tolkien+Compass&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-303-0&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft.au=Hill%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreeft_2005-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Kreeft_2005_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreeft2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft, Peter J.</a> (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124173906/http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/pkreeft_christlotr_nov05.asp">"The Presence of Christ in The Lord of the Rings"</a>. Ignatius Insight. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2005/pkreeft_christlotr_nov05.asp">the original</a> on 24 November 2005. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ignatius+Insight&rft.atitle=The+Presence+of+Christ+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Kreeft&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignatiusinsight.com%2Ffeatures2005%2Fpkreeft_christlotr_nov05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerry2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerry, Paul E. (2010). Kerry, Paul E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32FODDQdKLIC&q=Tolkien+Frodo+Christ&pg=PA33">The Ring and the Cross: Christianity and the Lord of the Rings</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson. pp. 32–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-065-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-065-9"><bdi>978-1-61147-065-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+and+the+Cross%3A+Christianity+and+the+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61147-065-9&rft.aulast=Kerry&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32FODDQdKLIC%26q%3DTolkien%2BFrodo%2BChrist%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2002" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Forrest W. (1 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chalcedon.edu/magazine/christian-typologies-in-the-lord-of-the-rings">"Christian Typologies in The Lord of the Rings"</a>. Chalcedon. Retrieved 26 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Typologies+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=Chalcedon&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Forrest+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchalcedon.edu%2Fmagazine%2Fchristian-typologies-in-the-lord-of-the-rings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Stan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220231901/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/arts/al0160.html">"20 Ways 'The Lord of the Rings' Is Both Christian and Catholic"</a>. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/arts/al0160.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=20+Ways+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27+Is+Both+Christian+and+Catholic&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fal0160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 129–133, 245–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10275-0"><bdi>978-0-261-10275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E133%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10275-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood_2003-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_2003_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Wood, Ralph C.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood">The Gospel According to Tolkien</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt00wood/page/2">2</a>-4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23466-9"><bdi>978-0-664-23466-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Tolkien&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23466-9&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelaccordingt00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rearick_2004-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Rearick_2004_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRearick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rearick, Anderson (2004). "Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World". Modern Fiction Studies. 50 (4): 866–867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmfs.2005.0008">10.1353/mfs.2005.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162647975">162647975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+Only+Good+Orc+a+Dead+Orc%3F+The+Dark+Face+of+Racism+Examined+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E866-%3C%2Fspan%3E867&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmfs.2005.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162647975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rearick&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straubhaar_2004-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Straubhaar_2004_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubhaar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif</a> (2004). "Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-earth". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A reader</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. 112–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth%2C+Late+Roman+History%2C+and+Multiculturalism+in+Tolkien%27s+Middle-earth&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%3A+A+reader&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rft.aulast=Straubhaar&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Ballif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977211_ff.-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977211_ff._67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 211 ff.. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Unwin, Rayner</a> (1999). George Allen & Unwin: A Remembrancer. Merlin Unwin Books. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873674-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-873674-37-6"><bdi>1-873674-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Allen+%26+Unwin%3A+A+Remembrancer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Merlin+Unwin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-873674-37-6&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Rayner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977220–221-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter1977220–221_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter1977">Carpenter 1977</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings (publication history) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2012" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R. (15 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWZzLPhY4o0C&q=1954;+an+American+edition+followed+on+21+October+of+the+same+year,+of+Boston&pg=PT4">The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of the Lord of the Rings</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-054795201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-054795201-7"><bdi>978-054795201-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115130014/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWZzLPhY4o0C&pg=PT4&dq=1954;+an+American+edition+followed+on+21+October+of+the+same+year,+of+Boston&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7yN_4uMPUAhWkYZoKHYvsBRMQ6AEIJjAA">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring%3A+Being+the+First+Part+of+the+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.isbn=978-054795201-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWZzLPhY4o0C%26q%3D1954%3B%2Ban%2BAmerican%2Bedition%2Bfollowed%2Bon%2B21%2BOctober%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Byear%2C%2Bof%2BBoston%26pg%3DPT4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "From Book to Script", The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Appendices (DVD). <a href="/wiki/New_Line_Cinema" title="New Line Cinema">New Line Cinema</a>. 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954">Tolkien 1954</a>, Book 2, ch. 10 "The Breaking of the Fellowship". Note at end: "The second part is called The Two Towers, since the events recounted in it are dominated by Orthanc, ..., and the fortress of Minas Morgul..." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.harpercollins.co.uk/hcwebimages/hccovers/032800/032878-fc170.jpg">"Tolkien's own cover design for The Two Towers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065943/http://images.harpercollins.co.uk/hcwebimages/hccovers/032800/032878-fc170.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+own+cover+design+for+The+Two+Towers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.harpercollins.co.uk%2Fhcwebimages%2Fhccovers%2F032800%2F032878-fc170.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, letter #137, #140, #143 all to <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Rayner Unwin</a>, his publisher, in 1953-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Tolkien, Christopher</a> (2000). The War of the Ring: The History of The Lord of the Rings. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-08359-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-08359-6"><bdi>0-618-08359-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Ring%3A+The+History+of+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-618-08359-6&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-audenNYT-78"><a href="#cite_ref-audenNYT_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuden1956" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden, W. H.</a> (26 January 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/26/movies/LOTR-RETURN.html">"At the End of the Quest, Victory: Book Review, "The Return of the King""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130224036/http://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/26/movies/LOTR-RETURN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+the+End+of+the+Quest%2C+Victory%3A+Book+Review%2C+%22The+Return+of+the+King%22&rft.date=1956-01-26&rft.aulast=Auden&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1956%2F01%2F26%2Fmovies%2FLOTR-RETURN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Sturgis, Amy H.</a> (2013) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0loOBA3ejIC&pg=PA385">"Publication History"</a>. In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 385–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Publication+History&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Amy+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0loOBA3ejIC%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPate2003" class="citation news cs1">Pate, Nancy (20 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2003-08-20-0308190249-story.html">"Lord of the Rings Films Work Magic on Tolkien Book Sales"</a>. SunSentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120221205/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2003-08-20-0308190249-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SunSentinel&rft.atitle=Lord+of+the+Rings+Films+Work+Magic+on+Tolkien+Book+Sales&rft.date=2003-08-20&rft.aulast=Pate&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Ffl-xpm-2003-08-20-0308190249-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Anthony (27 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/nov/27/guardianobituaries.books">"Rayner Unwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224252/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2000/nov/27/guardianobituaries.books">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rayner+Unwin&rft.date=2000-11-27&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2000%2Fnov%2F27%2Fguardianobituaries.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rayner_Unwin" title="Rayner Unwin">Unwin, Rayner</a> (1999). George Allen & Unwin: A Remembrancer. Merlin Unwin Books. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873674-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-873674-37-6"><bdi>1-873674-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Allen+%26+Unwin%3A+A+Remembrancer&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Merlin+Unwin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-873674-37-6&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Rayner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Wide_Walrus" class="citation web cs1">The World Wide Walrus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ringlord.com/people/walrus/lotr/botr.html">"Bored of the Rings"</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bored+of+the+Rings&rft.au=The+World+Wide+Walrus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fringlord.com%2Fpeople%2Fwalrus%2Flotr%2Fbotr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?528637">"Bibliography: Cover: Bored of the Rings"</a>. The Internet Speculative Fiction Database. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Internet+Speculative+Fiction+Database&rft.atitle=Bibliography%3A+Cover%3A+Bored+of+the+Rings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isfdb.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftitle.cgi%3F528637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2006/Issues/06Wollheim.html">"Betsy Wollheim: The Family Trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Locus_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Locus Online">Locus Online</a>. June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234722/http://www.locusmag.com/2006/Issues/06Wollheim.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Locus+Online&rft.atitle=Betsy+Wollheim%3A+The+Family+Trade&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2006%2FIssues%2F06Wollheim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver-89"><a href="#cite_ref-silver_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Silverberg, Robert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reflectionsrefra00silv/page/253">Reflections & Refractions: Thoughts on Science Fiction, Science, and Other Matters</a>. Underwood. pp. 253–256]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887424-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-887424-22-9"><bdi>1-887424-22-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+%26+Refractions%3A+Thoughts+on+Science+Fiction%2C+Science%2C+and+Other+Matters&rft.pages=253-256&rft.pub=Underwood&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-887424-22-9&rft.aulast=Silverberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freflectionsrefra00silv%2Fpage%2F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ripp-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Ripp_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipp" class="citation web cs1">Ripp, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ils.unc.edu/MSpapers/2908.pdf">"Middle America Meets Middle-earth: American Publication and Discussion of J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings"</a> (PDF). p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105143951/http://ils.unc.edu/MSpapers/2908.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+America+Meets+Middle-earth%3A+American+Publication+and+Discussion+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pages=38&rft.aulast=Ripp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fils.unc.edu%2FMSpapers%2F2908.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reynolds-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reynolds_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908022929/http://www.tolkiensociety.com/tolkien/tale.html">"The Lord of the Rings: The Tale of a Text"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkiensociety.com/tolkien/tale.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+The+Tale+of+a+Text&rft.pub=The+Tolkien+Society&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolkiensociety.com%2Ftolkien%2Ftale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2016" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Chris (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115130014/https://books.google.com/books?id=01UDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT98">Medievalist Comics and the American Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. p. PT98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0851-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-0851-6"><bdi>978-1-4968-0851-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01UDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT98">the original</a> on 15 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medievalist+Comics+and+the+American+Century&rft.pages=PT98&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-0851-6&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01UDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> "Notes on the text" pp. xi–xiii, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a>, in the 1994 HarperCollins edition of The Fellowship of the Ring. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005xl–xliv-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005xl–xliv_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, pp. xl–xliv. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/21/lord-of-the-rings-comparison-2/">"Lord of the Rings Comparison"</a>. 21 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007220421/https://wayneandchristina.wordpress.com/2014/12/21/lord-of-the-rings-comparison-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+of+the+Rings+Comparison&rft.date=2014-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwayneandchristina.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F12%2F21%2Flord-of-the-rings-comparison-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Tolkien, Christopher</a> (2002) [1988–1992]. <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Lord of the Rings">The History of the Lord of the Rings</a>: Box Set (The History of Middle-earth). <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10370-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10370-2"><bdi>978-0-261-10370-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43216229">43216229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+Box+Set+%28The+History+of+Middle-earth%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43216229&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10370-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/">"Elrond's Library – Translations of Tolkien all over the world"</a>. www.elrondslibrary.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042343/http://www.elrondslibrary.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2020. <q>I have gathered in my library editions of these books in 70 languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elrondslibrary.fr&rft.atitle=Elrond%27s+Library+%E2%80%93+Translations+of+Tolkien+all+over+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elrondslibrary.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobdell1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Lobdell, Jared</a> (1975). "<a href="/wiki/Guide_to_the_Names_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings">Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings</a>". <a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court</a>. pp. 153–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-303-0"><bdi>978-0-87548-303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Names+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.btitle=A+Tolkien+Compass&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-303-0&rft.aulast=Lobdell&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005750–782-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005750–782_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, pp. 750–782. </li> <li id="cite_note-Box-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Box_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Box_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210071507/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Lord-of-the-Rings-Boxed-Set/J-R-R-Tolkien/e/9780618260584/#TABS">"The Lord of the Rings Boxed Set (Lord of the Rings Trilogy Series) section: Editorial reviews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Lord-of-the-Rings-Boxed-Set/J-R-R-Tolkien/e/9780618260584#TABS">the original</a> on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+Boxed+Set+%28Lord+of+the+Rings+Trilogy+Series%29+section%3A+Editorial+reviews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.barnesandnoble.com%2FThe-Lord-of-the-Rings-Boxed-Set%2FJ-R-R-Tolkien%2Fe%2F9780618260584%23TABS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155414/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?z=y&ean=9780345339706&displayonly=REV">"From the Critics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbninquiry.asp?z=y&ean=9780345339706&displayonly=REV">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.barnesandnoble.com%2Fbooksearch%2Fisbninquiry.asp%3Fz%3Dy%26ean%3D9780345339706%26displayonly%3DREV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuden1956" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden, W. H.</a> (22 January 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/22/books/tolkien-king.html">"At the End of the Quest, Victory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220002634/http://www.nytimes.com/1956/01/22/books/tolkien-king.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+the+End+of+the+Quest%2C+Victory&rft.date=1956-01-22&rft.aulast=Auden&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1956%2F01%2F22%2Fbooks%2Ftolkien-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fancyclopedia.org/ken-slater">"Ken Slater"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030144502/http://fancyclopedia.org/ken-slater">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ken+Slater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffancyclopedia.org%2Fken-slater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/linwood/SF/Nebula/KFS12.htm">"Something to Read NSF 12"</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Something+to+Read+NSF+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.ws%2Flinwood%2FSF%2FNebula%2FKFS12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobdell_2013_in_Drout-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Lobdell_2013_in_Drout_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobdell2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Lobdell, Jared</a> (2013) [2007]. "Criticism of Tolkien, Twentieth Century". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 109–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criticism+of+Tolkien%2C+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96942-0&rft.aulast=Lobdell&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_1956-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_1956_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1956" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Wilson, Edmund</a> (14 April 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jrrvf.com/sda/critiques/The_Nation.html">"Oo, Those Awful Orcs! A review of The Fellowship of the Ring"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. Retrieved 1 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Oo%2C+Those+Awful+Orcs%21+A+review+of+The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.date=1956-04-14&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrrvf.com%2Fsda%2Fcritiques%2FThe_Nation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Derek Bailey (Director) and <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a> (Narrator) (1992). A Film Portrait of J. R. R. Tolkien (Television documentary). Visual Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Film+Portrait+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Visual+Corporation&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> C. S. Lewis, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne Hammond</a> (2006), <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a>, HarperCollins, article 'The Lord of the Rings', § Reviews, p. 549; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39113-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39113-4">978-0-618-39113-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulevitz2001" class="citation news cs1">Shulevitz, Judith (22 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/22/bookend/bookend.html">"Hobbits in Hollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409163022/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/22/bookend/bookend.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hobbits+in+Hollywood&rft.date=2001-04-22&rft.aulast=Shulevitz&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F04%2F22%2Fbookend%2Fbookend.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkyns2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Jenkyns, Richard (28 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/bored-the-rings">"Bored of the Rings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Bored+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2002-01-28&rft.aulast=Jenkyns&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnr.com%2Farticle%2Fbored-the-rings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrin2002" class="citation web cs1">Brin, David (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060323053147/http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html">"We Hobbits are a Merry Folk: an incautious and heretical re-appraisal of J. R. R. Tolkien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon Magazine">Salon Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidbrin.com/tolkienarticle1.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon+Magazine&rft.atitle=We+Hobbits+are+a+Merry+Folk%3A+an+incautious+and+heretical+re-appraisal+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Brin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidbrin.com%2Ftolkienarticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorcock" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Moorcock, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionsf.com/article.php?id=953">"Epic Pooh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080324100956/http://www.revolutionsf.com/article.php?id=953">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epic+Pooh&rft.aulast=Moorcock&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionsf.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosebury_2003-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosebury_2003_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosebury2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Rosebury, Brian</a> (2003) [1992]. <a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a>. Palgrave. pp. 71–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403-91263-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403-91263-3"><bdi>978-1403-91263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+A+Cultural+Phenomenon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1403-91263-3&rft.aulast=Rosebury&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiler2003" class="citation news cs1">Seiler, Andy (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm">"'Rings' comes full circle"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212081213/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Rings%27+comes+full+circle&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmovies%2Fnews%2F2003-12-12-lotr-main_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_2009-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_2009_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2009" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Steve (2009). The Power of Tolkien's Prose: Middle-Earth's Magical Style. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61992-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61992-0"><bdi>978-0-230-61992-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Tolkien%27s+Prose%3A+Middle-Earth%27s+Magical+Style&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61992-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiver2004" class="citation web cs1">Diver, Krysia (5 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs">"A lord for Germany"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060328084516/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/10/04/1096871805007.html?from=storyrhs">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=A+lord+for+Germany&rft.date=2004-10-05&rft.aulast=Diver&rft.aufirst=Krysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2004%2F10%2F04%2F1096871805007.html%3Ffrom%3Dstoryrhs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2005" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Callista (5 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116213130/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200512/s1523327.htm">"Epic trilogy tops favourite film poll"</a>. ABC News Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200512/s1523327.htm">the original</a> on 16 January 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Epic+trilogy+tops+favourite+film+poll&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Callista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200512%2Fs1523327.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hehir2001" class="citation web cs1">O'Hehir, Andrew (4 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/">"The book of the century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213000712/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2001/06/04/tolkien/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+book+of+the+century&rft.date=2001-06-04&rft.aulast=O%27Hehir&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fbooks%2Ffeature%2F2001%2F06%2F04%2Ftolkien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Bbc2019-11-05_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">"100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 5 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191108030557/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50302788">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. <q>The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+%27most+inspiring%27+novels+revealed+by+BBC+Arts&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50302788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115144511/https://www.radioriel.org/content/daily-programme/riel-radio-theatre-the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-2/">"Riel Radio Theatre — The Lord of the Rings, Episode 2"</a>. Radioriel. 15 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioriel.org/content/daily-programme/riel-radio-theatre-the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-2/">the original</a> on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riel+Radio+Theatre+%E2%80%94+The+Lord+of+the+Rings%2C+Episode+2&rft.pub=Radioriel&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradioriel.org%2Fcontent%2Fdaily-programme%2Friel-radio-theatre-the-lord-of-the-rings-episode-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/radio4/fm/1981-03-08#at-12.00">"Genome BETA Radio Times 1923 – 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 1981. Retrieved 24 August 2020. <q>12.00: The Lord of the Rings: 1: The Long Awaited Party by J. R. R. Tolkien prepared for radio in 26 episodes by Brian Sibley Starring Ian Holm as Frodo and Michael Hordern as Gandalf</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genome+BETA+Radio+Times+1923+%E2%80%93+2009&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenome.ch.bbc.co.uk%2Fschedules%2Fradio4%2Ffm%2F1981-03-08%23at-12.00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TolkienEncyl2006_15-126"><a href="#cite_ref-TolkienEncyl2006_15_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrout2006">Drout 2006</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> See also interview in "Show" magazine vol. 1, Number 1 1970 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramwell2014" class="citation book cs1">Bramwell, Tony (2014). Magical Mystery Tours: My Life with the Beatles. Pavilion Books. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910232-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910232-16-3"><bdi>978-1-910232-16-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magical+Mystery+Tours%3A+My+Life+with+the+Beatles&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Pavilion+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-910232-16-3&rft.aulast=Bramwell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian Jay (2013). Jim Henson: The Biography. New York: Ballantine. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52611-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-52611-3"><bdi>978-0-345-52611-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jim+Henson%3A+The+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-345-52611-3&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/28/rings.beatles/index.html">"Beatles plan for Rings film"</a>. CNN. 28 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020409143012/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/28/rings.beatles/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Beatles+plan+for+Rings+film&rft.date=2002-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMovies%2F03%2F28%2Frings.beatles%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Taylor, Patrick (19 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oneroomwithaview.com/2014/01/19/best-films-never-made-8-john-boormans-the-lord-of-the-rings/">Best Films Never Made #8: John Boorman's The Lord of the Rings."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210924/https://oneroomwithaview.com/2014/01/19/best-films-never-made-8-john-boormans-the-lord-of-the-rings/">Archived</a> 16 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> OneRoomWithaView.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> K-Special, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svtplay.se/video/4364349/i-trollkarlens-hatt/i-trollkarlens-hatt-avsnitt-1">I trollkarlens hatt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027005737/http://www.svtplay.se/video/4364349/i-trollkarlens-hatt/i-trollkarlens-hatt-avsnitt-1">Archived</a> 2015-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (at 24m30s), <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveriges television">Sveriges television</a>, 23 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaslin2001" class="citation web cs1">Gaslin, Glenn (21 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2001/11/hobbits_on_film.html">"Ralph Bakshi's unfairly maligned Lord of the Rings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bakshi%27s+unfairly+maligned+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.date=2001-11-21&rft.aulast=Gaslin&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Farts%2Fculturebox%2F2001%2F11%2Fhobbits_on_film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassady2010" class="citation web cs1">Cassady, Charles (9 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-return-of-the-king-1980">"The Return of the King (1980)"</a>. Common Sense Media. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Sense+Media&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+the+King+%281980%29&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.aulast=Cassady&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonsensemedia.org%2Fmovie-reviews%2Fthe-return-of-the-king-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreydanus" class="citation web cs1">Greydanus, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://decentfilms.com/reviews/returnoftheking1980">"The Return of the King (1980)"</a>. Decent Films. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decent+Films&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+the+King+%281980%29&rft.aulast=Greydanus&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdecentfilms.com%2Freviews%2Freturnoftheking1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Yle teettää oman sovituksen Taru sormusten herrasta-sadusta" [Yle to produce its own version of the tale of The Lord of the Rings]. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish). 18 June 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Yle+teett%C3%A4%C3%A4+oman+sovituksen+Taru+sormusten+herrasta-sadusta&rft.date=1991-06-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKajava1993" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kajava, Jukka (29 March 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs.fi/paivanlehti/arkisto/?haku=Klonkku&ref=arkisto%2F&page=4">"Tolkienin taruista on tehty tv-sarja: Hobitien ilme syntyi jo Ryhmäteatterin Suomenlinnan tulkinnassa"</a> [Tolkien's tales have been turned into a TV series: The Hobbits have been brought to live in the Ryhmäteatteri theatre]. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a> (in Finnish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Tolkienin+taruista+on+tehty+tv-sarja%3A+Hobitien+ilme+syntyi+jo+Ryhm%C3%A4teatterin+Suomenlinnan+tulkinnassa&rft.date=1993-03-29&rft.aulast=Kajava&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fpaivanlehti%2Farkisto%2F%3Fhaku%3DKlonkku%26ref%3Darkisto%252F%26page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2016" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Adam (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512095324/http://mashable.com/2016/01/14/star-wars-oscars-numbers/">"'Star Wars' ties 'Lord of the Rings' with 30 Oscar nominations, the most for any series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2016/01/14/star-wars-oscars-numbers/">the original</a> on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashable&rft.atitle=%27Star+Wars%27+ties+%27Lord+of+the+Rings%27+with+30+Oscar+nominations%2C+the+most+for+any+series&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F2016%2F01%2F14%2Fstar-wars-oscars-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> The Return of the King peak positions <ul><li>U.S. and Canada: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604193553/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm">"All Time Domestic Box Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic/">the original</a> on 4 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=All+Time+Domestic+Box+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Falltime%2Fdomestic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Worldwide: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040605104640/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/">"All Time Worldwide Box Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/">the original</a> on 5 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Box+Office+Mojo&rft.atitle=All+Time+Worldwide+Box+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Falltime%2Fworld%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogstad_Kaveny_2011-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Bogstad_Kaveny_2011_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogstadKaveny2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogstad, Janice M.; Kaveny, Philip E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNjKrXRP0G8C&pg=PA5">"Introduction"</a>. In Janice M. Bogstad; Philip E. Kaveny (eds.). Picturing Tolkien: Essays on Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings Film Trilogy. McFarland. pp. 5–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8473-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8473-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-8473-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Picturing+Tolkien%3A+Essays+on+Peter+Jackson%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+Film+Trilogy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8473-7&rft.aulast=Bogstad&rft.aufirst=Janice+M.&rft.au=Kaveny%2C+Philip+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNjKrXRP0G8C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2009" class="citation news cs1">Masters, Tim (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8022623.stm">"Making Middle-earth on a shoestring"</a>. BBC News. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503050355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8022623.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Making+Middle-earth+on+a+shoestring&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F8022623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydell2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Sydell" title="Laura Sydell">Sydell, Laura</a> (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103673352">"High-Def 'Hunt For Gollum' New Lord of the Fanvids"</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503012438/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103673352">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=High-Def+%27Hunt+For+Gollum%27+New+Lord+of+the+Fanvids&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Sydell&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D103673352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont2010" class="citation web cs1">Lamont, Tom (7 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/mar/07/born-of-hope-lord-rings">"Born of Hope – and a lot of charity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105134218/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/mar/07/born-of-hope-lord-rings">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Born+of+Hope+%E2%80%93+and+a+lot+of+charity&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2010%2Fmar%2F07%2Fborn-of-hope-lord-rings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxon2017" class="citation web cs1">Axon, Samuel (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/11/amazon-will-run-a-multi-season-lord-of-the-rings-prequel-tv-series/">"Amazon will run a multi-season Lord of the Rings prequel TV series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114012646/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/11/amazon-will-run-a-multi-season-lord-of-the-rings-prequel-tv-series/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Amazon+will+run+a+multi-season+Lord+of+the+Rings+prequel+TV+series&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Axon&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2017%2F11%2Famazon-will-run-a-multi-season-lord-of-the-rings-prequel-tv-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLOTRonPrime2019" class="citation web cs1">@LOTRonPrime (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210204627/https://twitter.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768">"Welcome to the Second Age:https://amazon.com/lotronprime"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/LOTRonPrime/status/1103656946509344768">the original</a> on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Second+Age%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Famazon.com%2Flotronprime&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.au=LOTRonPrime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FLOTRonPrime%2Fstatus%2F1103656946509344768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2022" class="citation web cs1">White, Peter (19 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2022/01/amazon-prime-video-reveals-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-title-1234915012/">"Amazon Prime Video Reveals 'The Lord Of The Rings' Series Title & Teases Second Age Tales"</a>. Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Amazon+Prime+Video+Reveals+%27The+Lord+Of+The+Rings%27+Series+Title+%26+Teases+Second+Age+Tales&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2022%2F01%2Famazon-prime-video-reveals-the-lord-of-the-rings-series-title-1234915012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald2023" class="citation web cs1">Ronald, Issy (24 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/24/entertainment/lord-of-the-rings-warner-bros-movies-intl-scli/index.html">"New 'Lord of the Rings' movie series in the works at Warner Bros"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=New+%27Lord+of+the+Rings%27+movie+series+in+the+works+at+Warner+Bros.&rft.date=2023-02-24&rft.aulast=Ronald&rft.aufirst=Issy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F02%2F24%2Fentertainment%2Flord-of-the-rings-warner-bros-movies-intl-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis1990" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Inglis, Rob (narrator) (1990). The Lord of the Rings. Recorded Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4025-1627-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4025-1627-4"><bdi>1-4025-1627-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=Recorded+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1-4025-1627-4&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Rob+%28narrator%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/gallery/2014/feb/25/the-fastest-west-end-flops-in-pictures">"The fastest West End flops – in pictures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+fastest+West+End+flops+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2Fgallery%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fthe-fastest-west-end-flops-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phildragash.com/index.html">"Phil Dragash"</a>. Phil Dragash. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phil+Dragash&rft.atitle=Phil+Dragash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phildragash.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/rootntwig">"Root & Twig"</a>. SoundCloud. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SoundCloud&rft.atitle=Root+%26+Twig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Frootntwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-fellowship-of-the-ring_soundscape-by-phil-dragash">"Lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Soundscape by Phil Dragash"</a>. archive.org. 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Lord+of+The+Rings%3A+The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring+%E2%80%93+Soundscape+by+Phil+Dragash&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-fellowship-of-the-ring_soundscape-by-phil-dragash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52568497">"Coronavirus: Andy Serkis reads entire Hobbit live online for charity"</a>. BBC News. 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coronavirus%3A+Andy+Serkis+reads+entire+Hobbit+live+online+for+charity&rft.date=2020-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-52568497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audible.com/pd/The-Hobbit-Audiobook/1705009050">The Hobbit</a> – via www.audible.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hobbit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audible.com%2Fpd%2FThe-Hobbit-Audiobook%2F1705009050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/andy-serkis-records-lord-rings-audiobooks-harpercollins-1267526">"Andy Serkis records Lord of the Rings audiobooks for HarperCollins"</a>. The Bookseller. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=Andy+Serkis+records+Lord+of+the+Rings+audiobooks+for+HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fnews%2Fandy-serkis-records-lord-rings-audiobooks-harpercollins-1267526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFimi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Fimi, Dimitra</a> (2020) [2014]. "Later Fantasy Fiction: Tolkien's Legacy". In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. 335–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119656029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119656029"><bdi>978-1119656029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Later+Fantasy+Fiction%3A+Tolkien%27s+Legacy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1119656029&rft.aulast=Fimi&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carter-157"><a href="#cite_ref-carter_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Carter, Lin</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/The_Year%27s_Best_Fantasy_Stories:_4" title="The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4">The Year's Best Fantasy Stories: 4</a>. <a href="/wiki/DAW_Books" title="DAW Books">DAW Books</a>. pp. 207–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year%27s+Best+Fantasy+Stories%3A+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=DAW+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Classic: Zelda und Link" [Classic: Zelda and Link]. <a href="/wiki/Club_Nintendo" title="Club Nintendo">Club Nintendo</a> (in German). Vol. 1996, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of Europe">Nintendo of Europe</a>. April 1996. p. 72. <q>[The two program designers Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka were responsible for the game, who set themselves the goal of developing a fairytale adventure game with action elements... ...Takashi Tezuka, a great lover of fantasy novels such as Tolkien's Lord of the Rings, wrote the script for the first two games in the Zelda series].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Club+Nintendo&rft.atitle=Classic%3A+Zelda+und+Link&rft.volume=1996&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1996-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907074051/http://www.miyamotoshrine.com/theman/interviews/230403.shtml">"Shigeru Miyamoto Interview"</a>. Super PLAY (in Swedish) (4/03). Medströms Dataförlag AB. March 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miyamotoshrine.com/theman/interviews/230403.shtml">the original</a> on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2006. <q>Shigeru Miyamoto: All ideas for The legend of Zelda were mine and Takashi Tezukas...Books, movies and our own lives. Legend of Zelda was based on my childhood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Super+PLAY&rft.atitle=Shigeru+Miyamoto+Interview&rft.issue=4%2F03&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miyamotoshrine.com%2Ftheman%2Finterviews%2F230403.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGygax" class="citation web cs1">Gygax, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theonering.net/features/interviews/gary_gygax.html">"Gary Gygax – Creator of Dungeons & Dragons"</a>. The One Ring.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627200615/http://www.theonering.net/features/interviews/gary_gygax.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gary+Gygax+%E2%80%93+Creator+of+Dungeons+%26+Dragons&rft.pub=The+One+Ring.net&rft.aulast=Gygax&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theonering.net%2Ffeatures%2Finterviews%2Fgary_gygax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1809/the_gamasutra_quantum_leap_awards_.php">"The Gamasutra Quantum Leap Awards: Role-Playing Games"</a>. Honorable Mention: Dragon Warrior. <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a>. 6 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313052025/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1809/the_gamasutra_quantum_leap_awards_.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Honorable+Mention%3A+Dragon+Warrior&rft.atitle=The+Gamasutra+Quantum+Leap+Awards%3A+Role-Playing+Games&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F1809%2Fthe_gamasutra_quantum_leap_awards_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurt-162"><a href="#cite_ref-kurt_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalata" class="citation web cs1">Kalata, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3520/the_history_of_dragon_quest.php?print=1">"The History of Dragon Quest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722102055/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3520/the_history_of_dragon_quest.php?print=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Dragon+Quest&rft.aulast=Kalata&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Ffeature%2F3520%2Fthe_history_of_dragon_quest.php%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2006" class="citation web cs1">Douglass, Perry (17 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.ign.com/articles/2006/05/18/the-influence-of-literature-and-myth-in-videogames">"The Influence of Literature and Myth in Videogames"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corp</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118052856/http://uk.ign.com/articles/2006/05/18/the-influence-of-literature-and-myth-in-videogames">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Literature+and+Myth+in+Videogames&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F05%2F18%2Fthe-influence-of-literature-and-myth-in-videogames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Tolkien had recorded a version of his theme on a friend's tape recorder in 1952. This was later issued by <a href="/wiki/Caedmon_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Caedmon Records">Caedmon Records</a> in 1975 as part of J. R. R. Tolkien reads and sings The Lord of the Rings (LP recording TC1478). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkienSwann1967" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R.; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Swann, Donald</a> (1967). <a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On: A Song Cycle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Goes+Ever+On%3A+A+Song+Cycle&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft.au=Swann%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkienSwann1967" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R.; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Swann, Donald</a> (1967). <a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a> (LP recording). Caedmon Records. TC1231/TC91231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poems+and+Songs+of+Middle+Earth&rft.pub=Caedmon+Records&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft.au=Swann%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snider-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snider_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snider_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnider2008" class="citation book cs1">Snider, Charles (2008). The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock. Strawberry Bricks. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-17566-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-17566-9"><bdi>978-0-615-17566-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strawberry+Bricks+Guide+to+Progressive+Rock&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Strawberry+Bricks&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-615-17566-9&rft.aulast=Snider&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Greene, Andy (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ramble-on-rockers-who-love-the-lord-of-the-rings-20121213">"Ramble On: Rockers Who Love 'The Lord of the Rings'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816094012/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/ramble-on-rockers-who-love-the-lord-of-the-rings-20121213">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Ramble+On%3A+Rockers+Who+Love+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Framble-on-rockers-who-love-the-lord-of-the-rings-20121213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rundel.de/en/artikel/the_lord_of_the_rings/AM06">"The Lord of the Rings Der Herr der Ringe Symphony No. 1 Sinfonie Nr. 1"</a>. Rundel. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings+Der+Herr+der+Ringe+Symphony+No.+1+Sinfonie+Nr.+1&rft.pub=Rundel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rundel.de%2Fen%2Fartikel%2Fthe_lord_of_the_rings%2FAM06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlyTimeLPsleeve-170"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlyTimeLPsleeve_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2002" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Ryan, Roma (2002). Only Time — The Collection (Booklet notes, pages 15, 16, 19, 21). Enya. Warner Music. 0927 49211-2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Only+Time+%E2%80%94+The+Collection&rft.pub=Warner+Music&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeist2001" class="citation book cs1">Feist, Raymond (2001). Meditations on Middle-earth. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30290-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30290-8"><bdi>0-312-30290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Middle-earth&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-312-30290-8&rft.aulast=Feist&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (2000). J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-05702-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-05702-1"><bdi>0-618-05702-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-618-05702-1&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliver2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gilliver" title="Peter Gilliver">Gilliver, Peter</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ringofwordstolki00gill">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 174, 201–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861069-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861069-6"><bdi>0-19-861069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+Words%3A+Tolkien+and+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=174%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-861069-6&rft.aulast=Gilliver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fringofwordstolki00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratman2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">Bratman, David</a> (2013) [2007]. "Parodies". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 503–504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1"><bdi>978-0-415-86511-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parodies&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-86511-1&rft.aulast=Bratman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914165119/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-812509-tolkien-sold-film-rights-for-10000.do">"Tolkien sold film rights for £10,000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a>. 12 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-812509-tolkien-sold-film-rights-for-10000.do">the original</a> on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Tolkien+sold+film+rights+for+%C2%A310%2C000&rft.date=2001-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisislondon.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-812509-tolkien-sold-film-rights-for-10000.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulley2009" class="citation news cs1">Pulley, Brett (15 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aiAEIATGLREU">"'Hobbit' Heirs Seek $220 Million for 'Rings' Rights (Update1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802173616/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aiAEIATGLREU">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Hobbit%27+Heirs+Seek+%24220+Million+for+%27Rings%27+Rights+%28Update1%29&rft.date=2009-07-15&rft.aulast=Pulley&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaiAEIATGLREU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow2008" class="citation news cs1">Harlow, John (28 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hobbit-movies-meet-dire-foe-in-son-of-tolkien-lxnpmnsd2rp">"Hobbit movies meet dire foe in son of Tolkien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615224143/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3999008.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Hobbit+movies+meet+dire+foe+in+son+of+Tolkien&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhobbit-movies-meet-dire-foe-in-son-of-tolkien-lxnpmnsd2rp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathijs2006" class="citation book cs1">Mathijs, Ernest (2006). The Lord of the Rings: Popular Culture in Global Context. <a href="/wiki/Wallflower_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallflower Press">Wallflower Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-82-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904764-82-3"><bdi>978-1-904764-82-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+Popular+Culture+in+Global+Context&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904764-82-3&rft.aulast=Mathijs&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmel2020" class="citation news cs1">Carmel, Julia (15 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/15/books/barbara-remington-dead.html">"Barbara Remington, Illustrator of Tolkien Book Covers, Dies at 90"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barbara+Remington%2C+Illustrator+of+Tolkien+Book+Covers%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2020-02-15&rft.aulast=Carmel&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F15%2Fbooks%2Fbarbara-remington-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzard2003" class="citation news cs1">Ezard, John (15 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/dec/15/bbc.books">"Tolkien runs rings round Big Read rivals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tolkien+runs+rings+round+Big+Read+rivals&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.aulast=Ezard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2003%2Fdec%2F15%2Fbbc.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiabattari2015" class="citation web cs1">Ciabattari, Jane (7 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151204-the-100-greatest-british-novels">"The 100 greatest British novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170427/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20151204-the-100-greatest-british-novels">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+100+greatest+British+novels&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Ciabattari&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20151204-the-100-greatest-british-novels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavigneau1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Josyane_Savigneau" title="Josyane Savigneau">Savigneau, Josyane</a> (15 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527083227/http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=46796">"Écrivains et choix sentimentaux"</a> [Authors and sentimental choices]. Le Monde (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVES&type_item=ART_ARCH_30J&objet_id=46796">the original</a> on 27 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%C3%89crivains+et+choix+sentimentaux&rft.date=1999-10-15&rft.aulast=Savigneau&rft.aufirst=Josyane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fcgi-bin%2FACHATS%2Facheter.cgi%3Foffre%3DARCHIVES%26type_item%3DART_ARCH_30J%26objet_id%3D46796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-928037-3"><bdi>978-0-04-928037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-04-928037-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrout2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Drout" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Drout">Drout, Michael D. C.</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96942-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96942-0&rft.aulast=Drout&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a>. Houghton Mifflin Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720907-1"><bdi>978-0-00-720907-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+A+Reader%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-720907-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Tolkien, Christopher</a> (ed.) (1988–1992). <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a>, 4 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-261-10263-7"><bdi>978-0-261-10263-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monsters+and+the+Critics%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-261-10263-7&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Lord+of+the+Rings" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_tourism#Q15228" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:The Lord of the Rings tourism">The Lord of the Rings tourism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolkien.co.uk">Tolkien website of Harper Collins</a> (the British publisher)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/features/lordoftheringstrilogy/">Tolkien website of Houghton Mifflin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424073011/http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/features/lordoftheringstrilogy/">Archived</a> 24 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (the American publisher)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=lord_of_the_rings_the">Lord of the Rings, The</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215349/http://sf-encyclopedia.uk/fe.php?nm=lord_of_the_rings_the">Archived</a> 2 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Lord_of_the_Rings313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Template talk:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Lord of the Rings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructing_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Constructing The Lord of the Rings">Constructing The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Volumes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stories <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translating_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Translating The Lord of the Rings">Translating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="List of translations of The Lord of the Rings">List of translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_into_Swedish" title="Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reception <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxonmoot" title="Oxonmoot">Oxonmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkienmoot" title="Tolkienmoot">Tolkienmoot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/60px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/90px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/One_Ring_Blender_Render.png/120px-One_Ring_Blender_Render.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Ring" title="Company of the Ring">Company of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Poetry in The Lord of the Rings">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Elbereth_Gilthoniel" title="A Elbereth Gilthoniel">A Elbereth Gilthoniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C3%A1ri%C3%AB" title="Namárië">Namárië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_E%C3%A4rendil" title="Song of Eärendil">Song of Eärendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On_(song)" title="The Road Goes Ever On (song)">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverbs_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Proverbs in The Lord of the Rings">Proverbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_to_power_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Addiction to power in The Lord of the Rings">Addiction to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_race" title="Tolkien and race">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Sexuality in The Lord of the Rings">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Women in The Lord of the Rings">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_devices_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary devices in The Lord of the Rings">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_pairing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Character pairing in The Lord of the Rings">Character pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_framing_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Editorial framing of The Lord of the Rings">Editorial framing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotranslation_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Pseudotranslation in The Lord of the Rings">Pseudotranslation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_of_depth_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Impression of depth in The Lord of the Rings">Impression of depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_structure_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Narrative structure of The Lord of the Rings">Narrative structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interlacing_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Interlacing in The Lord of the Rings">Interlacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storytelling_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Storytelling in The Lord of the Rings">Storytelling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Pooh" title="Epic Pooh">Epic Pooh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radagast" title="Radagast">Radagast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples#Free_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Free peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balin_(Middle-earth)" title="Balin (Middle-earth)">Balin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legolas" title="Legolas">Legolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thranduil" title="Thranduil">Thranduil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo_Baggins" title="Bilbo Baggins">Bilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_Brandybuck" title="Merry Brandybuck">Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pippin_Took" title="Pippin Took">Pippin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samwise_Gamgee" title="Samwise Gamgee">Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boromir" title="Boromir">Boromir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denethor" title="Denethor">Denethor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramir" title="Faramir">Faramir</a></li></ul></li> <li>of <a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89omer" title="Éomer">Éomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89owyn" title="Éowyn">Éowyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oden" title="Théoden">Théoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADma_Wormtongue" title="Gríma Wormtongue">Wormtongue</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-wight" title="Barrow-wight">Barrow-wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Willow" title="Old Man Willow">Old Man Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelob" title="Shelob">Shelob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warg" title="Warg">Wargs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_in_the_Water" title="Watcher in the Water">Watcher in the Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Eriador <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Forest" title="Old Forest">Old Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helm%27s_Deep" title="Battle of Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pelennor_Fields" title="Battle of the Pelennor Fields">Pelennor Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon" title="Battle of the Morannon">Morannon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliphaunt" title="Oliphaunt">Oliphaunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantírs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phial_of_Galadriel" title="Phial of Galadriel">Phial of Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adaptations_and_derivative_works341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Adaptations of The Lord of the Rings">Adaptations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">derivative works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bored_of_the_Rings" title="Bored of the Rings">Bored of the Rings</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Ringbearer" title="The Last Ringbearer">The Last Ringbearer</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddle_Earth" title="Muddle Earth">Muddle Earth</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Illustrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Remington" title="Barbara Remington">Barbara Remington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship!" title="Fellowship!">Fellowship!</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(musical)" title="The Lord of the Rings (musical)">The Lord of the Rings</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_Inspired_by_Lord_of_the_Rings_(Bo_Hansson_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings (Bo Hansson album)">Music Inspired by Lord of the Rings</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ramble_On" title="Ramble On">Ramble On</a>" (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountain_Hop" title="Misty Mountain Hop">Misty Mountain Hop</a>" (1971)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Evermore" title="The Battle of Evermore">The Battle of Evermore</a>" (1971)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1955_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1955 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1979_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1979 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordes_of_the_Things_(radio_series)" title="Hordes of the Things (radio series)">Hordes of the Things</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1981_radio_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1981 radio series)">The Lord of the Rings</a> (BBC, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Herr_der_Ringe" title="Der Herr der Ringe">Der Herr der Ringe</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(1978_film)" title="The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)">The Lord of the Rings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bakshi" title="Ralph Bakshi">Bakshi</a>, 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King_(1980_film)" title="The Return of the King (1980 film)">The Return of the King</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankin/Bass_Animated_Entertainment" title="Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment">Rankin/Bass</a>, 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_War_of_the_Rohirrim" title="The Lord of the Rings: The War of the Rohirrim">The War of the Rohirrim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kenji_Kamiyama" title="Kenji Kamiyama">Kamiyama</a>, 2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">Peter Jackson series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Concerning_Hobbits" title="Concerning Hobbits">Concerning Hobbits</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Into_the_West_(song)" title="Into the West (song)">Into the West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/May_It_Be" title="May It Be">May It Be</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Production of The Lord of the Rings film series">Production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbiton_Movie_Set" title="Hobbiton Movie Set">Hobbiton Movie Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson%27s_interpretation_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Peter Jackson's interpretation of The Lord of the Rings">Peter Jackson's interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_om_ringen_(1971_film)" title="Sagan om ringen (1971 film)">Sagan om ringen</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khraniteli" title="Khraniteli">Khraniteli</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobitit" title="Hobitit">Hobitit</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a> (2022) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fan-made</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Gollum" title="The Hunt for Gollum">The Hunt for Gollum</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_of_Hope" title="Born of Hope">Born of Hope</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Journey_to_Rivendell" title="The Lord of the Rings: Journey to Rivendell">Journey to Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings:_Game_One" title="Lord of the Rings: Game One">Game One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Mordor" title="Shadows of Mordor">Game Two: Shadows of Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Middle_Earth" title="War in Middle Earth">War in Middle Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1990_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1990 video game)">Vol. I (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._I_(1994_video_game)" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. I (1994 video game)">Vol. I (SNES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_Riders_of_Rohan" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendor" title="Elendor">Elendor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien%27s_The_Lord_of_the_Rings,_Vol._II:_The_Two_Towers" title="J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Vol. II: The Two Towers">Vol. II: The Two Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Two_Towers_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (video game)">The Two Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King_(video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (video game)">The Return of the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_of_the_Ring" title="The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age">The Third Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Third_Age_(Game_Boy_Advance_video_game)" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Third Age (Game Boy Advance video game)">Game Boy Advance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth">The Battle for Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Tactics" title="The Lord of the Rings: Tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II">The Battle for Middle-earth II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Battle_for_Middle-earth_II:_The_Rise_of_the_Witch-king" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II: The Rise of the Witch-king">The Rise of the Witch-king</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Conquest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Aragorn%27s_Quest" title="The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest">Aragorn's Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_War_in_the_North" title="The Lord of the Rings: War in the North">War in the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(video_game)" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings (video game)">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_Middle-earth" title="Guardians of Middle-earth">Guardians of Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_Mordor" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor">Shadow of Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth:_Shadow_of_War" title="Middle-earth: Shadow of War">Shadow of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Gollum" title="The Lord of the Rings: Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_Return_to_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings: Return to Moria">Return to Moria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online" title="The Lord of the Rings Online">The Lord of the Rings Online</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mines_of_Moria" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria">Mines of Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Siege_of_Mirkwood" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Siege of Mirkwood">Siege of Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Rise_of_Isengard" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Rise of Isengard">Rise of Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Riders_of_Rohan" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Riders of Rohan">Riders of Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Helm%27s_Deep" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Helm's Deep">Helm's Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Mordor" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Minas_Morgul" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Minas Morgul">Minas Morgul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_War_of_Three_Peaks" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: War of Three Peaks">War of Three Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Fate_of_Gundabad" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Fate of Gundabad">Fate of Gundabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Online:_Before_the_Shadow" title="The Lord of the Rings Online: Before the Shadow">Before the Shadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabletop role- playing games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Role_Playing" title="Middle-earth Role Playing">Middle-earth Role Playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Roleplaying_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game">The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_One_Ring_Roleplaying_Game" title="The One Ring Roleplaying Game">The One Ring Roleplaying Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Middle-earth" title="Adventures in Middle-earth">Adventures in Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(board_game)" title="Middle Earth (board game)">Middle Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(SPI_game)" title="War of the Ring (SPI game)">War of the Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor:_The_Siege_of_Minas_Tirith" title="Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith">Gondor: The Siege of Minas Tirith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron_(game)" title="Sauron (game)">Sauron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Rings_(board_game)" title="Lord of the Rings (board game)">Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring_(board_game)" title="War of the Ring (board game)">War of the Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Collectible_Card_Game" title="Middle-earth Collectible Card Game">Middle-earth Collectible Card Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_Trading_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game">The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Card_Game" title="The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game">The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Strategy_Battle_Game" title="Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game">Middle-earth Strategy Battle Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lego_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Lego The Lord of the Rings">Lego The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle-earth371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> (1937)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a> (1954-55) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of Middle-earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a> (1987) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a> (1988–92) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arda" title="History of Arda">Fictional universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations, legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of The Lord of the Rings film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of The Hobbit film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of The Rings of Power TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="J._R._R._Tolkien245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Template talk:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Special:EditPage/Template:J. R. R. Tolkien"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="J._R._R._Tolkien245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Poetry and songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_for_the_Philologists" title="Songs for the Philologists">Songs for the Philologists</a> (1936) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagme_Bloma" title="Bagme Bloma">Bagme Bloma</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Homecoming_of_Beorhtnoth_Beorhthelm%27s_Son" title="The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son">The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son</a> (1953)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Walking_Song" title="A Walking Song">A Walking Song</a>" (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a> (1962) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Errantry" title="Errantry">Errantry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fastitocalon_(poem)" title="Fastitocalon (poem)">Fastitocalon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sea-Bell" title="The Sea-Bell">The Sea-Bell</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Moon_Stayed_Up_Too_Late" title="The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late">The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Arthur" title="The Fall of Arthur">The Fall of Arthur</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Poems_of_J.R.R._Tolkien" title="The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien">The Collected Poems of J.R.R. Tolkien</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tolkien%27s_alliterative_verse" title="List of Tolkien's alliterative verse">List of Tolkien's alliterative verse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/50px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/75px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tolkien_monogram.svg/100px-Tolkien_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="43" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> (1937)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Leaf_by_Niggle" title="Leaf by Niggle">Leaf by Niggle</a>" (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lay_of_Aotrou_and_Itroun" title="The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun">The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a> (1955)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Reader" title="The Tolkien Reader">The Tolkien Reader</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_of_Wootton_Major" title="Smith of Wootton Major">Smith of Wootton Major</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Father_Christmas_Letters" title="The Father Christmas Letters">The Father Christmas Letters</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bliss" title="Mr. Bliss">Mr. Bliss</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a> (1983–1996) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roverandom" title="Roverandom">Roverandom</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a> (Middle English text, 1925) </li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Coach_Horses" title="The Devil's Coach Horses">The Devil's Coach Horses</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse_and_Hali_Mei%C3%B0had" title="Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad">Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad</a>" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sigelwara_Land" title="Sigelwara Land">Sigelwara Land</a>" (1932–34)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chaucer_as_a_Philologist:_The_Reeve%27s_Tale" title="Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale">Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale</a>" (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_The_Monsters_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics">Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>" (1939) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucatastrophe" title="Eucatastrophe">Eucatastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Beowulf" title="On Translating Beowulf">On Translating Beowulf</a>" (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancrene_Wisse" title="Ancrene Wisse">Ancrene Wisse</a> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a>" (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> (as translator and lexicographer, 1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_(poem)" title="Pearl (poem)">Pearl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Orfeo" title="Sir Orfeo">Sir Orfeo</a> (translations, 1975) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_(poem)" title="Exodus (poem)">Exodus</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_and_Hengest" title="Finn and Hengest">Finn and Hengest</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monsters_and_the_Critics,_and_Other_Essays" title="The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays">The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_the_Critics" title="Beowulf and the Critics">Beowulf and the Critics</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf:_A_Translation_and_Commentary" title="Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary">Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Sellic_Spell" title="Sellic Spell">Sellic Spell</a>" (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Secret_Vice" title="A Secret Vice">A Secret Vice</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Humphrey Carpenter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Biography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography</a> (1977, authorized biography)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McIlwaine" title="Catherine McIlwaine">Catherine McIlwaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moseley_(writer)" title="Charles Moseley (writer)">Charles Moseley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Caldecott" title="Stratford Caldecott">Stratford Caldecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_T._Dickerson" title="Matthew T. Dickerson">Matthew T. Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Colin Duriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Ordway" title="Holly Ordway">Holly Ordway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Rutledge" title="Fleming Rutledge">Fleming Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_C._Wood" title="Ralph C. Wood">Ralph C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Literary critics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Anderson" title="Douglas A. Anderson">Douglas A. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Birns" title="Nicholas Birns">Nicholas Birns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_J._Birzer" title="Bradley J. Birzer">Bradley J. Birzer</a></li> <li>Janice Bogstad & Philip Kaveny <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bratman" title="David Bratman">David Bratman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_on_Film" title="Tolkien on Film">Tolkien on Film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Curry" title="Patrick Curry">Patrick Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden" title="Bradford Lee Eden">Bradford Lee Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi" title="Dimitra Fimi">Dimitra Fimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Fisher" title="Jason Fisher">Jason Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Foster (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Groom" title="Nick Groom">Nick Groom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Wayne G. Hammond</a> & <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Christina Scull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_A_Descriptive_Bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography">J. R. R. Tolkien: A Descriptive Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Artist_and_Illustrator" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator">J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randel_Helms" title="Randel Helms">Randel Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Honegger" title="Thomas Honegger">Thomas Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth">The Keys of Middle-earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Anne_Reid" title="Robin Anne Reid">Robin Anne Reid</a></li> <li>Brian Rosebury <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon">Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Amy H. Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vaninskaya" title="Anna Vaninskaya">Anna Vaninskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Whittingham" title="Elizabeth Whittingham">Elizabeth Whittingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Zimbardo" title="Rose Zimbardo">Rose Zimbardo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Understanding_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Understanding The Lord of the Rings">Understanding The Lord of the Rings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Linguists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Appleyard" title="Anthony Appleyard">Anthony Appleyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arden_R._Smith" title="Arden R. Smith">Arden R. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Turner" title="Allan Turner">Allan Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medievalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classicists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Burns" title="Marjorie Burns">Marjorie Burns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(scholar)" title="Jonathan Evans (scholar)">Jonathan Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Vincent Ferré">Vincent Ferré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergely_Nagy_(scholar)" title="Gergely Nagy (scholar)">Gergely Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ballif_Straubhaar" title="Sandra Ballif Straubhaar">Sandra Ballif Straubhaar</a></li> <li>Hamish Williams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Classical_World_(book)" title="Tolkien and the Classical World (book)">Tolkien and the Classical World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Popular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">Robert Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_GoodKnight" title="Glen GoodKnight">Glen GoodKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martinez_(Tolkien_scholar)" title="Michael Martinez (Tolkien scholar)">Michael Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Noad" title="Charles Noad">Charles Noad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tyler" title="Tony Tyler">J. E. A. Tyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_family" title="Tolkien family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Morgan" title="Francis Xavier Morgan">Francis Xavier Morgan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages constructed by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_Linguistic_Fellowship" title="Elvish Linguistic Fellowship">Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Tolkien and the modernists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Estate" title="Tolkien Estate">Tolkien Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Tolkien fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Gateway" title="Tolkien Gateway">Tolkien Gateway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Society" title="The Tolkien Society">The Tolkien Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Society_Awards" title="Tolkien Society Awards">Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_research" title="Tolkien research">Tolkien research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythlore" title="Mythlore">Mythlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Studies" title="Tolkien Studies">Tolkien Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_(film)" title="Tolkien (film)">Tolkien</a> (biographical film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a> (album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Völsung_Cycle67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#e7e7e7"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:V%C3%B6lsung" title="Template:Völsung"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:V%C3%B6lsung" title="Template talk:Völsung"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:V%C3%B6lsung" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Völsung"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Völsung_Cycle67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Attestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham_hogback" title="Heysham hogback">Heysham hogback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda#Heroic_lays" title="Poetic Edda">Niflung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norna-Gests_%C3%BE%C3%A1ttr" title="Norna-Gests þáttr">Norna-Gests þáttr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones" title="Sigurd stones">Sigurd stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Volsunga saga</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmunds_Schwert_(1889)_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Sigmund's Sword" (1989) by Johannes Gehrts."><img alt=""Sigmund's Sword" (1989) by Johannes Gehrts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/100px-Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/150px-Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/200px-Sigmunds_Schwert_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="683" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brynhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granmar" title="Granmar">Granmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gudrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgi_Hundingsbane" title="Helgi Hundingsbane">Helgi Hundingsbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gne" title="Högne">Högne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerir" title="Rerir">Rerir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siggeir" title="Siggeir">Siggeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigi" title="Sigi">Sigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signy" title="Signy">Signy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinfj%C3%B6tli" title="Sinfjötli">Sinfjötli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svanhildr" title="Svanhildr">Svanhildr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung" title="Völsung">Völsung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andvaranaut" title="Andvaranaut">Andvaranaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstokkr" title="Barnstokkr">Barnstokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gram_(mythology)" title="Gram (mythology)">Gram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e7e7e7;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0rekssaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Þiðrekssaga">Þiðrekssaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagbard_and_Signy" title="Hagbard and Signy">Hagbard and Signy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sigurd_and_Gudr%C3%BAn" title="The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún">The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Sigurd_the_Volsung_and_the_Fall_of_the_Niblungs" title="The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs">The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kalevala" title="Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kalevala" title="Template talk:Kalevala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kalevala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki_The_Kalevala_25px&#124;Runonlaulajan_kädet_-merkki259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">The Kalevala</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det,_peilikuva.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki"><img alt="Runonlaulajan kädet -merkki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/25px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/38px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg/50px-Runonlaulajan_k%C3%A4det%2C_peilikuva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="325" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahti" title="Ahti">Ahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmatar" title="Ilmatar">Ilmatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loviatar" title="Loviatar">Loviatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4iv%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Päivätär">Päivätär</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuutar" title="Kuutar">Kuutar</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surma_(Finnish_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surma (Finnish mythology)">Surma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapio_(spirit)" title="Tapio (spirit)">Tapio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuippana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuippana">Kuippana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonetar" title="Tuonetar">Tuonetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoni" title="Tuoni">Tuoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukko" title="Ukko">Ukko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jumala" title="Jumala">Jumala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauni_(deity)" title="Rauni (deity)">Rauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Untamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Untamo (page does not exist)">Untamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vammatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vammatar (page does not exist)">Vammatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellamo" title="Vellamo">Vellamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmarinen" title="Ilmarinen">Ilmarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullervo" title="Kullervo">Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmink%C3%A4inen" title="Lemminkäinen">Lemminkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen" title="Väinämöinen">Väinämöinen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lempo" title="Lempo">Lempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joukahainen" title="Joukahainen">Joukahainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louhi" title="Louhi">Louhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aino_(mythology)" title="Aino (mythology)">Aino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antero_Vipunen" title="Antero Vipunen">Antero Vipunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku-Turso_(creature)" title="Iku-Turso (creature)">Iku-Turso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielikki" title="Mielikki">Mielikki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tellervo" title="Tellervo">Tellervo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyyrikki" title="Nyyrikki">Nyyrikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otso" title="Otso">Otso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampsa_Pellervoinen" title="Sampsa Pellervoinen">Sampsa Pellervoinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C3%B6j%C3%A4t%C3%A4r" title="Syöjätär">Syöjätär</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahtola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahtola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Ahtola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metsola_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metsola (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Metsola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohjola" title="Pohjola">Pohjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuonela" title="Tuonela">Tuonela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4in%C3%B6l%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Väinölä (page does not exist)">Väinölä</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Things</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_(mead)" title="Sima (mead)">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turja_(Kalevala)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turja (Kalevala) (page does not exist)">Turja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukonvasara" title="Ukonvasara">Ukonvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Vuoksi" class="mw-redirect" title="River Vuoksi">Vuoksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works inspired by the Kalevala</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Mon_and_Man" title="The Children of Mon and Man">The Children of Mon and Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(Kernaghan_novel)" title="The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel)">The Snow Queen</a> (2000 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Hiawatha" title="The Song of Hiawatha">The Song of Hiawatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tomten_in_%C3%85bo_Castle" title="The Tomten in Åbo Castle">The Tomten in Åbo Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_of_Serpents" title="The Wall of Serpents">The Wall of Serpents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_(film)" title="Sampo (film)">Sampo</a> (1959 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_of_the_North:_Kalevala_Heroes" title="Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes">Adventurers of the North: Kalevala Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9" title="Elric of Melniboné">Elric of Melniboné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish paganism">Finnish paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Influences on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Danger" title="Iron Danger">Iron Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Warrior_(film)" title="Jade Warrior (film)">Jade Warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Kalewainen_in_Pochjola" title="Die Kalewainen in Pochjola">Die Kalewainen in Pochjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala:_The_New_Era" title="Kalevala: The New Era">Kalevala: The New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_Day" title="Kalevala Day">Kalevala Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala_House" title="Kalevala House">Kalevala House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kalevala_translations" title="List of Kalevala translations">Kalevala translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanteletar" title="Kanteletar">Kanteletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologia_Fennica" title="Mythologia Fennica">Mythologia Fennica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noita_(video_game)" title="Noita (video game)">Noita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsessan_av_Cypern_(Pacius)" title="Prinsessan av Cypern (Pacius)">The Princess of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Kalevala" title="The Quest for Kalevala">The Quest for Kalevala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kullervo" title="The Story of Kullervo">The Story of Kullervo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalevala,_Russia" title="Kalevala, Russia">Uhtua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_I_Love_Best_Yearly:_Older_Readers_Award61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BILBY_Older_Readers_Award" title="Template:BILBY Older Readers Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BILBY_Older_Readers_Award" title="Template talk:BILBY Older Readers Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BILBY_Older_Readers_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BILBY Older Readers Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_I_Love_Best_Yearly:_Older_Readers_Award61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BILBY_Award" title="BILBY Award">Books I Love Best Yearly: Older Readers Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Diary_of_Adrian_Mole,_Aged_13%C2%BE" title="The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾">The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sue_Townsend" title="Sue Townsend">Sue Townsend</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outsiders_(novel)" title="The Outsiders (novel)">The Outsiders</a> by <a href="/wiki/S._E._Hinton" title="S. E. Hinton">S. E. Hinton</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_Wally%3F_(book)" title="Where's Wally? (book)">Where's Wally?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Handford" title="Martin Handford">Martin Handford</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_in_the_Attic" title="Flowers in the Attic">Flowers in the Attic</a> by <a href="/wiki/V._C._Andrews" title="V. C. Andrews">V. C. Andrews</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Alibrandi_(novel)" title="Looking for Alibrandi (novel)">Looking for Alibrandi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Melina_Marchetta" title="Melina Marchetta">Melina Marchetta</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">Jurassic Park</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow,_When_the_War_Began" title="Tomorrow, When the War Began">Tomorrow, When the War Began</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Marsden_(writer)" title="John Marsden (writer)">John Marsden</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumface" title="Bumface">Bumface</a> by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Gleitzman" title="Morris Gleitzman">Morris Gleitzman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Alibrandi_(novel)" title="Looking for Alibrandi (novel)">Looking for Alibrandi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Melina_Marchetta" title="Melina Marchetta">Melina Marchetta</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> series by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Lord of the Rings</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_of_a_Kind_(American_TV_series)#Books" title="Two of a Kind (American TV series)">Two of a Kind</a> series by various authors (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix" title="Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix">Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince" title="Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince">Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eragon" title="Eragon">Eragon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(Meyer_novel)" title="Twilight (Meyer novel)">Twilight</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Moon_(novel)" title="New Moon (novel)">New Moon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Thief" title="The Lightning Thief">The Lightning Thief</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games_(novel)" title="The Hunger Games (novel)">The Hunger Games</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catching_Fire" title="Catching Fire">Catching Fire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maze_Runner" title="The Maze Runner">The Maze Runner</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Dashner" title="James Dashner">James Dashner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockingjay" title="Mockingjay">Mockingjay</a> by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Collins" title="Suzanne Collins">Suzanne Collins</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15228#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184093601">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4124318-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97079452">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939715m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939715m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2006373559&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3049459">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007599744305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/ccefd76a-b870-4ed0-aa04-d391c8e98cb6">MusicBrainz work</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/fcfd5f6d-ab4a-4091-9521-fc10bfe1c0f7">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=1275335192">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&oldid=1275335192</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:V%C3%B6lsung_cycle" title="Category:Völsung cycle">Völsung cycle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Category:The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_British_novels" title="Category:1954 British novels">1954 British novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_fantasy_novels" title="Category:1954 fantasy novels">1954 fantasy novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allen_%26_Unwin_books" title="Category:Allen & Unwin books">Allen & Unwin books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:BILBY_Award%E2%80%93winning_works" title="Category:BILBY Award–winning works">BILBY Award–winning works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Category:Books by J. R. R. Tolkien">Books by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_adventure_novels" title="Category:British adventure novels">British adventure novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_films" title="Category:British novels adapted into films">British novels adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_fantasy_novels" title="Category:English fantasy novels">English fantasy novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epic_novels" title="Category:Epic novels">Epic novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_fantasy_novels" title="Category:High fantasy novels">High fantasy novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth_books" title="Category:Middle-earth books">Middle-earth books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythopoeia" title="Category:Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_set_in_fictional_countries" title="Category:Novels set in fictional countries">Novels set in fictional countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_talking_trees" title="Category:Novels about talking trees">Novels about talking trees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sequel_novels" title="Category:Sequel novels">Sequel novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Three-volume_novels" title="Category:Three-volume novels">Three-volume novels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from November 2024">Use Oxford spelling from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 12:22 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >The Lord of the Rings</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 114 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-n4k9s","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.729","walltime":"2.965","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14298,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":561901,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9296,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":612276,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2437.553 1 -total"," 52.35% 1276.129 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.93% 436.941 52 Template:Cite_web"," 14.13% 344.421 49 Template:Cite_book"," 9.35% 227.889 19 Template:Navbox"," 7.31% 178.281 24 Template:Cite_news"," 6.05% 147.419 1 Template:Lotr"," 5.15% 125.568 5 Template:Sfn"," 4.55% 110.981 7 Template:Efn"," 4.12% 100.507 1 Template:Infobox_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.614","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9978772,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ballantine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuden1956\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAxon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogstadKaveny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramwell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBratman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmel2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassady2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChance1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiabattari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiver2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoughan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrout2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeist2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFimi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlieger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaslin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilsdorf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreydanus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroom2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrovier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGygax\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondScull2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondScull2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandwerk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInglis1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkyns2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKajava1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalata\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreeft2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKullmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzmenko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamont2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeSolopova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingston2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobdell1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobdell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathijs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorcock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoble_Smith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hehir2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPate2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkinsHill1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRearick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResnick1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRipp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosebury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavigneau1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShippey2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShulevitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverberg1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnider2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpacks2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraubhaar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraubhaar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSturgis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSydell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_World_Wide_Walrus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkien1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkien2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkien2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkien2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkien2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolkienSwann1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUnwin1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"Company_of_the_Ring\"] = 1,\n [\"Fellowship_of_the_Ring\"] = 1,\n [\"Members\"] = 1,\n [\"Plot_summary\"] = 1,\n [\"The_Council_of_Elrond\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"'\"] = 3,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BILBY Older Readers Award\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 52,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lord Of The Rings, The\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 22,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"J. R. R. Tolkien\"] = 1,\n [\"Kalevala\"] = 1,\n [\"Lotr\"] = 1,\n [\"ME-ref\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Middle-earth\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Tolkien's legendarium\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Völsung\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Tolkien19%d%d\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","12.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","7.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.5"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","380","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5sn88","timestamp":"20250214040451","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15228","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15228","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T04:55:06Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T12:22:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e9\/First_Single_Volume_Edition_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings.gif","headline":"1954\u20131955 fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien"}</script> </body> </html>