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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-war military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Liège" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Liège"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle of Liège</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Liège-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Command in the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion_to_First_Quartermaster-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_to_First_Quartermaster-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Promotion to First Quartermaster-General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_to_First_Quartermaster-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Home_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Home_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Home Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Home_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>In government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front_(1916–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front_(1916–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Western Front (1916–1917)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front_(1916–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Front_(1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Front_(1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Western Front (1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Front_(1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Downfall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Great_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Great_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After the Great War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Great_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career_in_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career_in_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political career in the Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books (selection)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smaller_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Smaller publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_publisher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_publisher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>As publisher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_publisher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erich Ludendorff</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="إريش لودندورف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريش لودندورف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Эрых Людэндорф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрых Людэндорф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Ерих Лудендорф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерих Лудендорф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86" title="Έριχ Λούντεντορφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έριχ Λούντεντορφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="اریش لودندورف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریش لودندورف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EB%A3%A8%EB%8D%B4%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%ED%94%84" title="에리히 루덴도르프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에리히 루덴도르프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%86" title="Էրիխ Լյուդենդորֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրիխ Լյուդենդորֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A3" title="אריך לודנדורף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריך לודנדורף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ერიხ ლუდენდორფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერიხ ლუდენდორფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Эрих Людендорф – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрих Людендорф" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericus_Ludendorff" title="Ericus Ludendorff – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ericus Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erihs_L%C5%ABdendorfs" title="Erihs Lūdendorfs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erihs Lūdendorfs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Ерих Лудендорф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерих Лудендорф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="اريش لودندورف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريش لودندورف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B7" title="အဲရစ် လူဒင်ဒေါ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲရစ် လူဒင်ဒေါ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="エーリヒ・ルーデンドルフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エーリヒ・ルーデンドルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Людендорф, Эрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Людендорф, Эрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Ерих Лудендорф – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерих Лудендорф" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F" title="เอริช ลูเดินดอร์ฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอริช ลูเดินดอร์ฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Еріх Людендорф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еріх Людендорф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Erich Ludendorff" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·魯登道夫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="埃里希·魯登道夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·鲁登道夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃里希·鲁登道夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%99%BB%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB" title="埃里希·鲁登道夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃里希·鲁登道夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58579#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Erich Ludendorff</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_(cropped)(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0828-525_Erich_Ludendorff_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="443" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Ludendorff in 1915</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 June 1920 – 13 June 1928</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">National list</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Generalquartiermeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalquartiermeister">First Quartermaster General</a> of the <br /><a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Great General Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 August 1916 – 26 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Senior</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven">Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1865-04-09</span>)</span>9 April 1865<br /><a href="/wiki/Kruszewnia" title="Kruszewnia">Kruszewnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-12-20)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">DVFP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">NSFB</a> (1924–1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margarethe Schmidt</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1909; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1925)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_von_Kemnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde von Kemnitz">Mathilde von Kemnitz</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ludendorff" title="Hans Ludendorff">Hans Ludendorff</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Pernet" title="Heinz Pernet">Heinz Pernet</a> (stepson)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_Ludendorff_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erich Ludendorff's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erich_Ludendorff_signature.svg/120px-Erich_Ludendorff_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Erich_Ludendorff_signature.svg/250px-Erich_Ludendorff_signature.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1883–1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)">General der Infanterie</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">Battle of the Vistula River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">Battle of Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">Battle of Humin-Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">German summer offensive (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug–Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Schaulen_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga–Schaulen offensive">Riga–Schaulen offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive" title="Vilno-Dvinsk offensive">Vilno-Dvinsk offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Second Battle of the Somme">Second Battle of the Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> 1st Class</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈeːʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfʁiːdʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvɪlhɛlm<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈluːdn̩dɔʁf]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6d\/De-Ludendorff.ogg\/De-Ludendorff.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ludendorff.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/De-Ludendorff.ogg/De-Ludendorff.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ludendorff.ogg" title="File:De-Ludendorff.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a Prussian-born German military officer and politician. He achieved fame during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) for his central role in the German victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a> in 1914. After his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Generalquartiermeister" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalquartiermeister">First Quartermaster General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Army General Staff</a> in 1916, Ludendorff became Germany's chief policymaker in a <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung"><i>de facto</i> military dictatorship</a> until the country's defeat in 1918. Later during the years of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, he took part in the failed 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>, thereby contributing significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power</a>. </p><p>Erich Ludendorff came from a family of minor nobility in <a href="/wiki/Kruszewnia" title="Kruszewnia">Kruszewnia</a>, in the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>. After completing his education as a cadet, he was commissioned a junior officer in 1885. In 1893, he was admitted to the prestigious German War Academy, and only a year later was recommended by its commandant to the General Staff Corps. By 1904, he had rapidly risen in rank to become a member of the Army's <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Great General Staff</a>, where he oversaw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a>. </p><p>Despite being removed from the Great General Staff for meddling in politics, Ludendorff restored his standing in the army through his success as a commander in World War I. In August 1914, he led the successful German assault on Liège, earning him the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>. On the Eastern Front under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, Ludendorff was instrumental in inflicting a series of crushing defeats against the Russians, including at Tannenberg and the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Masurian Lakes</a>. </p><p>By August 1916, Ludendorff had successfully lobbied for Hindenburg's appointment as Supreme Commander as well as his own promotion to First Quartermaster General. Once he and Hindenburg had established a <i>de facto</i> military dictatorship, Ludendorff directed Germany's entire <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> until the end of the conflict. In this capacity, he secured Russia's defeat in the east and launched a new wave of offensives on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> resulting in advances not seen since the war's outbreak. However, by late 1918, all improvements in Germany's fortunes were reversed after its forces' decisive defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a> and the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>. Faced with the war effort's collapse and a growing popular <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> forced Ludendorff to resign. </p><p>After the war, Ludendorff became a prominent nationalist leader and a promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>, which posited that Germany's defeat and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">settlement reached at Versailles</a> were the result of a treasonous conspiracy by <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. He also took part in the failed 1920 Kapp Putsch and 1923 Beer Hall Putsch before unsuccessfully standing in the <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925 election</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">president</a> against Hindenburg, his wartime superior. Thereafter, he retired from politics and devoted his final years to the study of <a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">military theory</a>. His most famous work in this field was <i>The Total War</i>, where he argued that a nation's entire physical and moral resources should remain forever poised for <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> because peace was merely an interval in a never-ending chain of wars. Following his death from <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> in Munich in 1937, Ludendorff was given—against his explicit wishes—a state funeral organized and attended by Hitler. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludendorff was born on 9 April 1865 in <a href="/wiki/Kruszewnia" title="Kruszewnia">Ludendorff</a> near <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a></span></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (now Kruszewnia, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_County" title="Poznań County"><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl" style="font-style: normal;">Poznań</span></span> County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), the third of six children of August Wilhelm Ludendorff (1833–1905). His father was descended from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Pomeranian</a> merchants who had been raised to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erich's mother, Klara Jeanette Henriette von Tempelhoff (1840–1914), was the daughter of the noble but impoverished Friedrich August Napoleon von Tempelhoff (1804–1868) and his wife Jeannette Wilhelmine von Dziembowska (1816–1854), who came from a <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> landed family on the side of her father Stephan von Dziembowski (1779–1859). Through Dziembowski's wife Johanna Wilhelmine von Unruh (1793–1862), Erich was a remote descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Counts</a> of <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nhoff" title="Dönhoff">Dönhoff</a></span></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Liegnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Liegnitz">Dukes of Liegnitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brieg">Brieg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margraves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. </p><p>Ludendorff had a stable and comfortable childhood, growing up on a small family farm. He received his early schooling from a maternal aunt and had a gift for mathematics,<sup id="cite_ref-park_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ludendorff" title="Hans Ludendorff">Hans</a>, who became a distinguished astronomer. Upon passing the entrance exam for the Cadet School at <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6n" title="Plön">Plön</a></span></span> with distinction,<sup id="cite_ref-park_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-park-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was put in a class two years ahead of his age group, and thereafter he was consistently first in his class. The famous World War II General <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a> attended the same Cadet School, which produced many well-trained German officers. Ludendorff's education continued at the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hauptkadettenschule</i></span> at <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Lichterfelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Groß-Lichterfelde">Groß-Lichterfelde</a></span></span> near Berlin through to 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-DHM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-war_military_career">Pre-war military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-war military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg/220px-Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg/330px-Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Leutnant_Erich_Ludendorff_1882_in_Wesel_im_Alter_von_17_Jahren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Ludendorff at the age of 17 in 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, Ludendorff was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(military)" title="Subaltern (military)">subaltern</a> into the 57th Infantry Regiment, then at <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a>. Over the next eight years, he was promoted to lieutenant and saw further service in the 2nd Marine Battalion, based at <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, and in the 8th Grenadier Guards at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt on the Oder</a>. His service reports reveal the highest praise, with frequent commendations. In 1893, he entered the War Academy, where the commandant, General Meckel, recommended him to the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">General Staff</a>, to which he was appointed in 1894. He rose rapidly and was a senior staff officer at the headquarters of V Corps from 1902 to 1904. </p><p>Next he joined the Great General Staff in Berlin, which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred von Schlieffen">Alfred von Schlieffen</a>, Ludendorff directed the Second or Mobilization Section from 1904 to 1913. Soon he was joined by <a href="/wiki/Max_Bauer" title="Max Bauer">Max Bauer</a>, a brilliant artillery officer, who became a close friend. </p><p>In 1910 at age 45 "the 'old sinner', as he liked to hear himself called"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> married the daughter of a wealthy factory owner, Margarethe Schmidt (1875–1936). They met in a rainstorm when he offered his umbrella. She divorced to marry him, bringing three stepsons and a stepdaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-DHM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their marriage pleased both families and he was devoted to his stepchildren. </p><p>By 1911, Ludendorff was a full colonel. His section was responsible for writing the mass of detailed orders needed to bring the mobilized troops into position to implement the <a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan" title="Schlieffen Plan"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schlieffen</i></span> Plan</a>. For this they covertly surveyed frontier fortifications in Russia, France and Belgium. For instance, in 1911 Ludendorff visited the key Belgian fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. Before the war, he was an Oberst in General Staff who studied the march route of the army in case of war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, which became the largest party in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a></i></span> after the <a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">German federal elections of 1912</a>, seldom gave priority to army expenditures, whether to build up its reserves or to fund advanced weaponry such as <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>'s siege cannons. Instead, they preferred to concentrate military spending on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>. Ludendorff's calculations showed that to properly implement the Schlieffen Plan the Army lacked six corps. </p><p>Members of the General Staff were instructed to keep out of politics and the public eye,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Ludendorff shrugged off such restrictions. With a retired general, <a href="/wiki/August_Keim" title="August Keim">August Keim</a>, and the head of the Pan-German League, Heinrich Class, he vigorously lobbied the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> for the additional men.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 funding was approved for four additional corps but Ludendorff was transferred to regimental duties as commander of the 39th (Lower Rhine) <a href="/wiki/Fusilier" title="Fusilier">Fusiliers</a>, stationed at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>. "I attributed the change partly for my having pressed for those three additional army corps."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a> characterizes Ludendorff in her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August">The Guns of August</a></i> as Schlieffen's devoted disciple who was a glutton for work and a man of granite character but who was deliberately friendless and forbidding and therefore remained little known or liked. It is true that as his wife testified, "Anyone who knows Ludendorff knows that he has not a spark of humor...".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was voluble nonetheless, although he shunned small talk. John Lee,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that while Ludendorff was with his Fusiliers, "he became the perfect regimental commander ... the younger officers came to adore him." His adjutant, Wilhelm Breucker, became a devoted lifelong friend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Liège"><span id="Battle_of_Li.C3.A8ge"></span>Battle of Liège</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Liège"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Battle of Liège</a></div> <p>At the outbreak of war in the summer of 1914 Ludendorff was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff to the German Second Army under General <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Karl von Bülow">Karl von Bülow</a>. His assignment was largely due to his previous work investigating defenses of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Battle of Liège">Battle of Liège</a>, Ludendorff was an observer with the 14th Brigade, which was to infiltrate the city at night and secure the bridges before they could be destroyed. The brigade commander was killed on 5 August, so Ludendorff led the successful assault to occupy the city and its citadel. In the following days, two of the forts guarding the city were taken by desperate frontal infantry attacks, while the remaining forts were smashed by huge <a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(howitzer)" title="Big Bertha (howitzer)">Krupp 42-cm</a> and Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Skoda_305_mm_Model_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Skoda 305 mm Model 1911">Škoda 30.5-cm</a> howitzers. By 16 August, all the forts around Liège had fallen, allowing the German First Army to advance. As the victor of Liège, Ludendorff was awarded Germany's highest military decoration for gallantry, the <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a>, presented by Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> himself on 22 August.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_in_the_East">Command in the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Command in the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front (World War I)</a></div> <p>German mobilization earmarked a single army, the Eighth, to defend their eastern frontier. When two Russian armies invaded East Prussia earlier than expected the command of the Eighth Army, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Prittwitz" title="Maximilian von Prittwitz">Maximilian von Prittwitz</a> with <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Waldersee" title="Georg von Waldersee">Georg von Waldersee</a> as Chief of Staff, performed subpar and reportedly panicked. They accordingly were dismissed from command by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a></i></span> (OHL), the German Supreme Army Command. The War Cabinet chose a retired general, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, as commander, while the <i>OHL</i> assigned Ludendorff as his new chief of staff. Hindenburg and Ludendorff first met on their private train heading east. They agreed that they must annihilate the nearest Russian army before they tackled the second. On arrival, they discovered that <a href="/wiki/Max_Hoffmann" title="Max Hoffmann">Max Hoffmann</a> had already shifted much of the 8th Army by rail to the south to do just that, in an amazing feat of logistical planning. Nine days later the Eighth Army surrounded most of a Russian army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tannenberg (1914)">Tannenberg</a>, taking 92,000 prisoners in one of the great victories in German history. Twice during the battle Ludendorff wanted to break off, fearing that the second Russian army was about to strike their rear, but Hindenburg held firm. </p><p>The Germans turned on the second invading army in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a>; it fled with heavy losses to escape encirclement. During the rest of 1914, commanding an Army Group, Hindenburg and Ludendorff staved off the projected invasion of German <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> by dexterously moving their outnumbered forces into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Poland">Russian Poland</a>, fighting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">battle of the Vistula River</a>, which ended with a brilliantly executed withdrawal during which they destroyed the Polish railway lines and bridges needed for an invasion. When the Russians had repaired most of the damage the Germans struck their flank in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">battle of Łódź</a>, where they almost surrounded another Russian army. Masters of surprise and deft maneuver, the pair argued that if properly reinforced they could trap the entire Russian army in Poland. During the winter of 1914–15 they lobbied passionately for this strategy, but were rebuffed by the <i>OHL</i>. </p><p>Early in 1915 Hindenburg and Ludendorff surprised the Russian army that still held a toehold in East Prussia by attacking in a snowstorm and surrounding it in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a>. The <i>OHL</i> then transferred Ludendorff, but Hindenburg's personal plea to the Kaiser reunited them. <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, supreme commander at the <i>OHL</i>, came east to attack the flank of the Russian army that was pushing through the Carpathian passes towards Hungary. Employing overwhelming artillery, the Germans and Austro-Hungarians broke through the line between <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive"><span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl" style="font-style: normal;">Gorlice</span></span> and <span title="Polish-language text"><span lang="pl" style="font-style: normal;">Tarnów</span></span></a> and kept pushing until the Russians were driven out of most of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, in Austro-Hungarian Poland. During this advance Falkenhayn rejected schemes to try to cut off the Russians in Poland, preferring direct frontal attacks like <a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug–Narew Offensive</a>. Outgunned, during the summer of 1915 the Russian commander <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">shortened his lines</a> by withdrawing from most of Poland, destroying railroads, bridges, and many buildings while driving 743,000 Poles, 350,000 Jews, 300,000 Lithuanians and 250,000 Latvians into Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg/250px-Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg/330px-Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg/500px-Hindenburg-ludendorff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Hindenburg (seated) and Ludendorff. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Vogel_(painter)" title="Hugo Vogel (painter)">Hugo Vogel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the winter of 1915–16 Ludendorff's headquarters was in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>. The Germans occupied present-day Lithuania, western Latvia, and north eastern Poland, an area almost the size of France. Ludendorff demanded Germanization of the conquered territories and far-ranging annexations, offering land to German settlers; <i>see <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></i>. Far-reaching plans envisioned Courland and Lithuania turned into border states ruled by German military governors answerable only to the Kaiser.<sup id="cite_ref-Baranowski_2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baranowski_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed massive annexations and colonization in Eastern Europe in the event of the victory of the German Reich, and was one of the main supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Border_Strip" title="Polish Border Strip">Polish Border Strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff planned to combine German settlement and Germanisation in conquered areas with expulsions of native populations; and envisioned an eastern German empire whose resources would be used in future war with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-Baranowski_2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baranowski_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff's plans went as far as making <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> a German colony.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As to the various nations and ethnic groups in conquered territories, Ludendorff believed they were "incapable of producing real culture"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 March 1916, the Russians, now with adequate supplies of cannons and shells, attacked parts of the new German defenses, intending to penetrate at two points and then to <a href="/wiki/Pocket_(military)" title="Pocket (military)">pocket</a> the defenders. They attacked almost daily until the end of the month, but the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Naroch Offensive">Lake Naroch Offensive</a> failed, "choked in swamp and blood".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russians did better attacking the Austro-Hungarians in the south; the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a> cracked their lines with a well-prepared surprise wide-front attack led by well-schooled assault troops. The breakthrough was finally stemmed by Austro-Hungarian troops recalled from Italy stiffened with German advisers and reserves. In July, Russian attacks on the Germans in the north were beaten back. On 27 July 1916, Hindenburg was given command of all troops on the Eastern Front from the Baltic to <a href="/wiki/Brody" title="Brody">Brody</a> in Ukraine. Ludendorff and Hindenburg visited their new command on a special train, and then set up headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest-Litovsk</a>. By August 1916 their front was holding everywhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_to_First_Quartermaster-General">Promotion to First Quartermaster-General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Promotion to First Quartermaster-General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500,_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0707-500%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Ludendorff in his study at the General Headquarters, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">West</a> in 1916 the Germans attacked unsuccessfully at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a> and soon were reeling under British and French blows along the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a>. Ludendorff's friends at the <i>OHL</i>, led by Max Bauer, lobbied for him relentlessly. The balance was tipped when Romania entered the war on the side of the Entente, thrusting into Hungary. Falkenhayn was replaced as Chief of the General Staff by Hindenburg on 29 August 1916. Ludendorff was again his chief of staff as first <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_general" title="Quartermaster general">Quartermaster general</a>, with the stipulation that he would have joint responsibility.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)">General of the Infantry</a>. Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Bethmann_Hollweg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethmann Hollweg">Bethmann Hollweg</a> warned the War Cabinet: "You don't know Ludendorff, who is only great at a time of success. If things go badly he loses his nerve."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first concern was the sizable <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Army</a>, so troops sent from the Western Front checked Romanian and Russian incursions into Hungary. Then Romania was invaded from the south by German, Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian, and Ottoman troops commanded by <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a> and from the north by a German and Austro-Hungarian army commanded by Falkenhayn. Bucharest fell in December 1916. According to Mackensen, Ludendorff's distant management consisted of "floods of telegrams, as superfluous as they were offensive."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When sure that the Romanians would be defeated the <i>OHL</i> moved west, retaining the previous staff except for the operations officer, blamed for Verdun. They toured the Western Front meeting—and evaluating—commanders, learning about their problems and soliciting their opinions. At each meeting Ludendorff did most of talking for Hindenburg. There would be no further attacks at Verdun and the Somme would be defended by revised tactics that exposed fewer men to British shells. A new backup defensive line would be built, like the one they had constructed in the east. The Allies would call the new fortifications the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a>. The German goal was victory, which they defined as a Germany with extended borders that could be more easily defended in the next war. </p><p>Hindenburg was given titular command over all of the forces of the Central Powers. Ludendorff's hand was everywhere. Every day he was on the telephone with the staffs of their armies and the Army was deluged with "Ludendorff's paper barrage"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of orders, instructions and demands for information. His finger extended into every aspect of the German war effort. He issued the two daily communiques, and often met with the newspaper and newsreel reporters. Before long the public idolized him as the German Army's brain. Historian and correspondent <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a> later called him "virtually dictator of Germany from 1916 until the defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Home_Front">The Home Front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Home Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ludendorff had a goal: "One thing was certain—the power must be in my hands."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As stipulated by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_German_Empire" title="Constitution of the German Empire">Constitution of the German Empire</a> the government was run by civil servants appointed by the Kaiser. Confident that army officers were superior to civilians, the <i>OHL</i> volunteered to oversee the economy: procurement, raw materials, labor, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Max Bauer, with his industrialist friends, began by setting overambitious targets for military production in what they called the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Programme" title="Hindenburg Programme">Hindenburg Program</a>. Ludendorff enthusiastically participated in meetings on economic policy—loudly, sometimes pummeling the table with his fists. Implementation of the Program was assigned to General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Groener</a>, a staff officer who had directed the Field Railway Service effectively. His office was in the (civilian) War Ministry, not in the <i>OHL</i> as Ludendorff had wanted. Therefore, he assigned staff officers to most government ministries, so he knew what was going on and could press his demands. </p><p>War industry's major problem was the scarcity of skilled workers, therefore 125,000 men were released from the armed forces and trained workers were no longer conscripted. The <i>OHL</i> wanted to enroll most German men and women into national service, but the Reichstag legislated that only males 17–60 were subject to "patriotic service" and refused to bind war workers to their jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groener realized that they needed the support of the workers, so he insisted that union representatives be included on industrial dispute boards. He also advocated an excess profits tax. The industrialists were incensed. On 16 August 1917, Ludendorff telegraphed an order reassigning Groener to command the 33rd Infantry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, "unable to control labour and unwilling to control industry, the army failed miserably".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the public it seemed that Ludendorff was running the nation as well as the war. According to Ludendorff, "the authorities ... represented me as a dictator".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would not become Chancellor because the demands for running the war were too great.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipton" title="Frank Tipton">Frank Tipton</a> argues that while not technically a dictator, Ludendorff was "unquestionably the most powerful man in Germany" in 1917–18.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>OHL</i> did nothing to mitigate the crisis of growing food shortages in Germany. Despite the Allied blockade, everyone could have been fed adequately, but supplies were not managed effectively or fairly.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spring 1918, half of all the meat, eggs, and fruit consumed in Berlin were sold on the black market.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_government">In government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navy advocated <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a>, which would surely bring the United States into the war. At the Kaiser's request, his commanders met with his friend, the eminent chemist <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>, who knew America well, and who warned against the idea. Ludendorff promptly ended the meeting; it was "incompetent nonsense with which a civilian was wasting his time."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unrestricted submarine warfare began in February 1917, with the <i>OHL</i>’s strong support. This fatal mistake reflected poor military judgment in uncritically accepting the Navy’s contention that there were no effective potential countermeasures, like convoying, and confidence that the American armed forces were too feeble to fight effectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the end of the war, Germany would be at war with 27 nations. </p><p>Ludendorff, with the Kaiser's blessing,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helped <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> and other 30 or so revolutionaries in exile return to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff agreed to send the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in Switzerland by train through Germany from where they would then travel to Russia via Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin, however, still took some convincing, insisting that he be sent on a <a href="/wiki/Sealed_train" title="Sealed train">sealed train</a>. Lenin ultimately agreed on 31 March, and would depart Switzerland on 8 April.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1917 the Reichstag passed a resolution for peace without annexations or indemnities. They would be content with the successful defensive war undertaken in 1914. The <i>OHL</i> was unable to defeat the resolution or to have it substantially watered down. The commanders despised Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg as weak, so they forced his resignation by repeatedly threatening to resign themselves, despite the Kaiser's admonition that this was not their business. Bethmann Hollweg was replaced by a minor functionary, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Georg Michaelis</a>, the food minister, who announced that he would deal with the resolution as "in his own fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this put-down, the Reichstag voted the financial credits needed for continuing the war. </p><p>Following the overthrow of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>, the new Russian government launched the <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerensky Offensive">Kerensky Offensive</a> in July 1917, attacking the Austro-Hungarian lines in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>. After minor successes the Russians were driven back and many of their soldiers refused to fight. The counterattack was halted only after the line was pushed 240 kilometres (150 mi) eastwards. The Germans capped the year in the East by capturing the strong Russian fortress of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jugla" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jugla">Riga</a> in September 1917, starting with a brief, overwhelming artillery barrage using many gas shells then followed by infiltrating infantry. The Bolsheviks seized power and soon were at the peace table. </p><p>Ludendorff insisted on the huge territorial losses forced on Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, even though this required that a million German soldiers remain in the east. During the peace negotiations with Russia, his representative kept demanding the economic concessions coveted by German industrialists. The commanders kept blocking attempts to frame a plausible peace offer to the western powers by insisting on borders expanded for future defense. Ludendorff regarded the Germans as the "master race"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after victory planned to settle ex-soldiers in the Baltic states and in <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, where they would take over property seized from Balts and the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludendorff,_1919,_II,_p._76_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludendorff,_1919,_II,_p._76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One after another the <i>OHL</i> toppled government ministers they regarded as weak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front_(1916–1917)"><span id="Western_Front_.281916.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Western Front (1916–1917)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Front (1916–1917)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A,_Paul_von_Hindenburg,_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/230px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/345px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg/460px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-127-09A%2C_Paul_von_Hindenburg%2C_Erich_Ludendorff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Hindenburg and Ludendorff (pointing), 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the <i>OHL's</i> questionable interventions in politics and diplomacy, their armies continued to excel. The commanders would agree on what was to be done and then Ludendorff and the <i>OHL</i> staff produced the mass of orders specifying exactly what was to be accomplished. On the western front they stopped packing defenders in the front line, which reduced losses to enemy artillery. They issued a directive on elastic defense, in which attackers who penetrated a lightly held front line entered a battle zone in which they were punished by artillery and counterattacks. It remained German Army doctrine through <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; schools taught the new tactics to all ranks. Its effectiveness is illustrated by comparing the first half of 1916 in which 77 German soldiers died or went missing for every 100 British to the second half when 55 Germans were lost for every 100 British.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 1917 the OHL was sure that the new French commander, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>, would attack, and correctly foresaw that he would try to pinch off the German salient between <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noyon" title="Noyon">Noyon</a>. So the OHL withdrew German forces to the segment of the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindenburg line">Hindenburg line</a> across the base of the salient in <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alberich" title="Operation Alberich">Operation Alberich</a></span></span>, leaving the ground they gave up as a depopulated waste land. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Second Battle of the Aisne">Nivelle Offensive</a> in April 1917 was blunted by mobile defense in depth. <a href="/wiki/French_Army_Mutinies" class="mw-redirect" title="French Army Mutinies">Many French units mutinied</a>, though the <i>OHL</i> never grasped the extent of the disarray. </p><p>The British supported their allies with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">a successful attack near Arras</a> and had another success in June 1917 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)" title="Battle of Messines (1917)">at Messines Ridge in Flanders</a>. Then at the end of July 1917, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">the British attacked Passchendaele Ridge</a>. At first the defense was directed by General <a href="/wiki/Fritz_von_Lossberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz von Lossberg">von Lossberg</a>, a pioneer in defense in depth, but when the British adjusted their tactics, Ludendorff took over day-to-day control. The British eventually took Passchendaele Ridge at great cost. </p><p>Ludendorff worried about declining morale, so in July 1917 <i>OHL</i> established a propaganda unit. In October 1917 they began mandatory patriotic lectures to the troops, who were assured that if the war was lost they would "become slaves of international capital".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lecturers were to "ensure that a fight is kept up against all agitators, croakers, and weaklings".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg,_Kaiser,_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG/250px-Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG/330px-Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG/500px-Hindenburg%2C_Kaiser%2C_Ludendorff_HD-SN-99-02150.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2962" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Hindenburg, Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, and Ludendorff, January 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>To bolster the wobbling Austro-Hungarian government, the Germans provided some troops and led a joint attack in Italy in October. They sliced through the Italian lines in the mountains at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Caporetto</a>. Two hundred and fifty thousand Italians were captured and the rest of Italian Army was forced to retreat to the Grappa-Piave defensive line. </p><p>On 20 November 1917, the British achieved a total surprise by attacking at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Cambrai</a>. A short, intense bombardment preceded an attack by tanks, which led the infantry through the German wire. It was Ludendorff's 52nd birthday, but he was too upset to attend the celebratory dinner. The British were not organized to exploit their breakthrough, and German reserves counterattacked, in some places driving the British back beyond their starting lines. </p><p>At the beginning of 1918 almost a million munition workers struck; one demand was peace without annexations. <i>OHL</i> ordered that <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'all strikers fit to bear arms' be sent to the front, thereby degrading military service."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Front_(1918)"><span id="Western_Front_.281918.29"></span>Western Front (1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Front (1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg/250px-Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg/330px-Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg/500px-Hindenburg_and_Ludendorff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="5008" /></a><figcaption>Hindenburg and Ludendorff in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>With Russia out of the war, the Germans outnumbered the Allies on the Western Front. After extensive consultations, <i>OHL</i> planned a series of attacks to drive the British out of the war. During the winter all ranks were schooled in the innovative tactics proven at Caporetto and Riga. The first attack, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a>, was on 21 March 1918 near Cambrai. After an effective <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane bombardment">hurricane bombardment</a> coordinated by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bruchm%C3%BCller" title="Georg Bruchmüller">Bruchmüller</a>, they slashed through the British lines, surmounting the obstacles that had thwarted their enemies for three years. On the first day they occupied as large an area as the Allies had won on the Somme after 140 days. The Allies were aghast, but it was not the triumph <i>OHL</i> had hoped for: they had planned another Tannenberg by surrounding tens of thousands of British troops in the Cambrai salient,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but had been thwarted by stout defense and fighting withdrawal. They lost as many men as the defenders—the first day was the bloodiest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the dead was Ludendorff’s oldest stepson; a younger had been killed earlier. The Germans were unable to cut any vital railway. When Ludendorff motored near the front he was displeased by seeing how: "The numerous slightly wounded made things difficult by the stupid and displeasing way in which they hurried to the rear."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans doubled the number of troops being sent to France. </p><p>Their next attack was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">in Flanders</a>. Again they broke through, advancing 30 km (19 mi), and forcing the British to give back all of the ground that they had won the preceding year after weeks of battle. But the Germans were stopped short of the rail junction that was their goal. Next, to draw French reserves south, they struck along the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">Chemin des Dames</a></i></span>. In their most successful attack yet they advanced 12 km (7.5 mi) on the first day, crossing the Marne but stopping 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Paris. However each German triumph weakened their army and its morale. From 20 March 1918 to 25 June the German front lengthened from 390 kilometres (240 mi) to 510 kilometres (320 mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Then the Germans struck near Reims, to seize additional railway lines for use in the salient, but were foiled by brilliant French elastic tactics. Undeterred, on 18 July 1918 Ludendorff, still "aggressive and confident",<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveled to Flanders to confer about the next attack there. A telephone call reported that the French and Americans, led by a mass of tanks, had smashed through the right flank of their salient pointing toward Paris, on the opening day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Battle of Soissons</a>. Everyone present realized that surely they had lost the war. Ludendorff was shattered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>OHL</i> began to withdraw step by step to new defensive lines, first evacuating all of their wounded and supplies. Ludendorff's communiques, which hitherto had been largely factual, now distorted the news, for instance claiming that American troops had to be herded onto troop ships by special police.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 August 1918, the Germans were completely surprised at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a> when British tanks broke through the defenses and intact German formations surrendered. To Ludendorff it was the "black day in the history of the German Army".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German retreats continued, pressed by Allied attacks. <i>OHL</i> still vigorously opposed offering to give up the territory they desired in France and Belgium, so the German government was unable to make a plausible peace proposal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ludendorff became increasingly cantankerous, railing at his staff without cause, publicly accusing Hindenburg of talking nonsense, and sometimes bursting into tears. Bauer wanted him replaced, but instead a doctor, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberstabarzt</i></span> Hochheimer, was brought to <i>OHL.</i> He had worked closely with Ludendorff in Poland during the winter of 1915–16 on plans to bring in German colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludendorff,_1919,_II,_p._76_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludendorff,_1919,_II,_p._76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the war he had a practice in nervous diseases. Hochheimer "spoke as a friend and he listened as a friend",<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> convincing Ludendorff that he could not work effectively with one hour of sleep a night and that he must relearn how to relax. After a month away from headquarters Ludendorff had recovered from the severest symptoms of battle fatigue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downfall">Downfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Downfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 September 1918, Ludendorff and Hindenburg suddenly told an incredulous Kaiser that they could not guarantee the integrity of the Western front "for two hours" and they must have an immediate armistice. A new Chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Maximilian_of_Baden" title="Prince Maximilian of Baden">Prince Maximilian of Baden</a>, approached President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, but Wilson's terms were unacceptable to the German leadership, and so the German army fought on. The chancellor told the Kaiser that he and his cabinet would resign unless Ludendorff was removed, but that Hindenburg must remain to hold the army together.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kaiser called his commanders in, curtly accepting Ludendorff's resignation and then rejecting Hindenburg's. Fuming, Ludendorff would not accompany the field marshal back to headquarters: "I refused to ride with you because you have treated me so shabbily".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludendorff had assiduously sought all of the credit; now he was rewarded with all of the blame. Widely despised, and with revolution breaking out, he was hidden by his brother and a network of friends until he slipped out of Germany disguised in blue spectacles and a false beard<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fake <a href="/wiki/Finnish_passport" title="Finnish passport">Finnish passport</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> settling in a Swedish admirer's country home until the Swedish government asked him to leave in February 1919. Within seven months, he wrote two volumes of detailed memoirs. Friends, led by Breucker, provided him with documents and negotiated with publishers. Groener (who is not mentioned in the book) characterized it as a showcase of his "caesar-mania".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a brilliant general, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">John Wheeler-Bennett</a>, stating that he was "certainly one of the greatest routine military organizers that the world has ever seen",<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he also said he was a ruinous political meddler.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The influential military analyst <a href="/wiki/Hans_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Hans Delbrück">Hans Delbrück</a> concluded that "The Empire was built by <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Moltke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">Tirpitz</a> and Ludendorff."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Great_War">After the Great War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After the Great War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In exile, Ludendorff wrote numerous books and articles about the German military's conduct of the war while forming the foundation for the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchstosslegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstosslegende">Dolchstosslegende</a></i></span>, the "stab-in-the-back theory," for which he is considered largely responsible,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> insisting that a domestic crisis had sparked Germany's surrender while the military situation held firm, ignoring that he himself had pressed the politicians for an armistice on military grounds. Ludendorff was convinced that Germany had fought a defensive war and, in his opinion, that Kaiser Wilhelm II had failed to organize a proper counter-propaganda campaign or provide efficient leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludendorff was extremely suspicious of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> and leftists, whom he blamed for the humiliation of Germany through the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a>. Ludendorff claimed that he paid close attention to the business element (especially the Jews), and saw them turn their backs on the war effort by—as he saw it—letting profit, rather than patriotism, dictate production and financing. </p><p>Again focusing on the left, Ludendorff was appalled by the strikes that took place towards the end of the war and the way that the home front collapsed before the military front did, with the former poisoning the morale of soldiers on temporary leave. Most importantly, Ludendorff felt that the German people as a whole had underestimated what was at stake in the war; he was convinced that the Entente had started the war and was determined to dismantle Germany completely. </p><p>Ludendorff wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">Revolution</a> the Germans have made themselves pariahs among the nations, incapable of winning allies, <a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">helots</a> in the service of foreigners and foreign capital, and deprived of all self-respect. In twenty years' time, the German people will curse the parties who now boast of having made the Revolution. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erich Ludendorff, <i>My War Memories, 1914–1918</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_the_Republic">Political career in the Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political career in the Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A,_M%C3%BCnchen,_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00344A%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_nach_Hitler-Ludendorff_Prozess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Ludendorff (center) with Hitler and other early Nazi leaders and prominent radical German nationalists, April 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Ludendorff returned to Berlin in February 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staying at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Adlon" title="Hotel Adlon">Adlon Hotel</a>, he talked with another resident, Sir <a href="/wiki/Neill_Malcolm" title="Neill Malcolm">Neill Malcolm</a>, the head of the British Military Mission. After Ludendorff presented his excuses for the German defeat Malcolm said, "You mean that you were stabbed in the back?" <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>— coining a key catchphrase for the German right wing. </p><p>On 12 March 1920, 5,000 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span> troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_L%C3%BCttwitz" title="Walther von Lüttwitz">Walther von Lüttwitz</a> marched on the Chancellery, forcing the government led by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a> to flee the city. The putschists proclaimed a new government with a right-wing politician, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Wolfgang Kapp</a> as the new "chancellor". Ludendorff and Max Bauer were part of the putsch. The <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> was soon defeated by a general strike that brought Berlin to a standstill. The leaders fled, Ludendorff to Bavaria, where a right-wing coup had succeeded. He published two volumes of annotated—and in a few instances pruned—documents and commentaries documenting his war service.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reconciled with Hindenburg, who began to visit every year. </p><p>In May 1923, Ludendorff had an agreeable first meeting with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, and soon he had regular contacts with Nazis. On 8 November 1923, the Bavarian <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatskommissar</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Gustav von Kahr</a> was addressing a jammed meeting in a large beer hall, the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerbr%C3%A4ukeller" title="Bürgerbräukeller">Bürgerbräukeller</a></i>. Hitler, waving a pistol, jumped onto the stage, announcing that the national revolution was underway. The hall was occupied by armed men who covered the audience with a machine gun, the first move in the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>. Hitler announced that he would lead the Reich Government and Ludendorff would command the army. He addressed the now enthusiastically supportive audience and then spent the night in the War Ministry, unsuccessfully trying to obtain the army's backing. </p><p>The next morning, 3,000 armed Nazis formed outside of the <i>Bürgerbräukeller</i> and marched into central Munich, the leaders just behind the flag bearers. They were blocked by a cordon of police, and firing broke out for less than a minute. Several of the Nazis in front were hit or dropped to the ground. Ludendorff and his adjutant Major Streck marched to the police line where they pushed aside the rifle barrels. He was respectfully arrested. He was indignant when he was sent home while the other leaders remained in custody. Four police officers and 15 Nazis had been killed, including Ludendorff's servant, Kurt Neubauer. </p><p>They were tried in early 1924. Ludendorff was acquitted, but <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Pernet" title="Heinz Pernet">Heinz Pernet</a>, Ludendorff's stepson, was convicted of "aiding and abetting treason," given a fifteen-month sentence. Hitler went to prison but was released after nine months. Ludendorff's 60th birthday was celebrated by massed bands and a large torchlight parade. In <a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924</a>, he was elected to the Reichstag as a representative of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">NSFB</a> (a coalition of the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Völkisch</i></span> Freedom Party (<a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">DVFP</a>) and members of the Nazi Party), serving until 1928. In 1925, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Tannenbergbund" title="Tannenbergbund">Tannenbergbund</a>, a German nationalist organization which was both anti-Semitic and anti-Catholic, and published literature espousing conspiracy theories involving Jews, Catholics—especially <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evans201_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans201-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his views became more extreme under the influence of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_von_Kemnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde von Kemnitz">Mathilde von Kemnitz</a>, Ludendorff gradually began to part company with Hitler, who was surreptitiously working to undermine the reputation of his one serious rival for the leadership of the extreme right in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-evans201_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans201-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stranded relationships between NSDAP and other far right or nationalist movements only increased the gap between Hitler and Ludendorff's ideas; the surge of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> as the armed wing of National Socialism also made redundant the presence inside the party of a "military" leader (Ludendorff) interacting with the "political" leader (Hitler). By February 1926, Hitler's movement was in the process of breaking ties with Ludendorff-sponsored Tannenbergbund.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Ludendorff had been persuaded to run for President of the Republic in the <a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">March 1925 election</a> as the DVFP candidate, in alliance with the Nazis, but received only 1.1 per cent of the vote; there is some evidence that Hitler himself persuaded Ludendorff to run, knowing that the results would be humiliating.<sup id="cite_ref-evans201_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans201-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No one had a majority in the initial round of the election, so a second round was needed; Hindenburg entered the race and was narrowly elected. Ludendorff felt so humiliated by what he saw as a betrayal by his old friend that he broke off relations with Hindenburg, and in 1927 refused to even stand beside the field marshal at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Tannenberg_memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannenberg memorial">Tannenberg memorial</a>. He attacked Hindenburg abusively for not having acted in a "nationalistic soldier-like fashion". The Berlin-based liberal newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a></i></span> states in its article "Ludendorff's hate tirades against Hindenburg—Poisonous gas from Hitler's camp" that Ludendorff was, as of 29 March 1930, deeply grounded in Nazi ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludendorff_beschimpft_Hindenburg_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludendorff_beschimpft_Hindenburg-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipton notes that Ludendorff was a <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinist</a> who believed that war was the "foundation of human society", and that military dictatorship was the normal form of government in a society in which every resource must be mobilized.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Margaret_L._Anderson" title="Margaret L. Anderson">Margaret L. Anderson</a> notes that after the war, Ludendorff wanted Germany to go to war against all of Europe, and that he became a pagan worshipper of the Nordic god <a href="/wiki/W%C5%8Dden" class="mw-redirect" title="Wōden">Wotan</a> (Odin); he detested not only <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, which he regarded as a weakening force.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg/250px-Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg/330px-Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg/500px-Grabmal_Ludendorff_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Ludendorff's grave</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1926, Ludendorff divorced Margarethe Schmidt and married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_von_Kemnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde von Kemnitz">Mathilde von Kemnitz</a> (1877–1966). They published books and essays claiming that the world's problems were the result of Christianity, especially the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, but also conspiracies by Jews and the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>. They founded the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Gotterkenntnis" class="extiw" title="de:Bund für Deutsche Gotterkenntnis">Bund für Gotteserkenntnis</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> (Society for the Knowledge of God), a small and rather obscure <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoterical</a> society of <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Hitler came to power, Ludendorff was no longer sympathetic to him. The Nazis distanced themselves from Ludendorff because of his eccentric <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 January 1933, the occasion of Hitler's appointment as Chancellor by President Hindenburg, Ludendorff allegedly sent the following telegram to Hindenburg:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I solemnly prophesy that this accursed man will cast our Reich into the abyss and bring our nation to inconceivable misery. Future generations will damn you in your grave for what you have done.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some historians consider this text to be a forgery.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to regain Ludendorff's favor, Hitler arrived unannounced at Ludendorff's home on his 70th birthday in 1935 to promote him to field marshal. Infuriated, Ludendorff allegedly rebuffed Hitler by telling him: "An officer is named General Field-Marshal on the battlefield! Not at a birthday tea-party in the midst of peace."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote two further books on military themes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ludendorff died of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a> in the private clinic <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Josephinum</i></span> in Munich, on 20 December 1937 at the age of 72.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given—against his explicit wishes—a state funeral organized and attended by Hitler, who declined to speak at his eulogy. He was buried in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neuer Friedhof</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Tutzing" title="Tutzing">Tutzing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He received the following honours:<sup id="cite_ref-Machine_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machine-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Max_Joseph" title="Military Order of Max Joseph">Military Order of Max Joseph</a> (Bavaria)</li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, with Star (Prussia)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i></span> (military), <i>8 August 1914</i>; with Oak Leaves, <i>23 February 1915</i> (Prussia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Grand Cross of the Iron Cross">Grand Cross of the Iron Cross</a>, <i>24 March 1918</i> (Prussia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1914) 1st and 2nd Classes</li> <li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Order of the Zähringer Lion</a>, 2nd Class (Baden)</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_St._Henry" title="Military Order of St. Henry">Military Order of St. Henry</a> (Saxony)</li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Military Merit Order</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Württemberg</i></span>)</li> <li>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis</a>, with Swords and Laurels (Oldenburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Mecklenburg-Schwerin)" title="Military Merit Cross (Mecklenburg-Schwerin)">Military Merit Cross</a>, 2nd class (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Cross</a>, 1st Class, with War Decoration (Austria-Hungary)</li> <li>Commander of the Imperial Austrian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a>, with Star, <i>1913</i> (Austria-Hungary)<sup id="cite_ref-osterreich_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osterreich-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Austrian Imperial <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Austria)" title="Order of Leopold (Austria)">Order of Leopold</a>, <i>1917</i> (Austria-Hungary)<sup id="cite_ref-osterreich_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osterreich-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gold <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Medal</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Signum Laudis</i></span>, Austria-Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_for_Merit_in_War" title="Cross for Merit in War">Cross for Merit in War</a> (Saxe-<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Meiningen</i></span>)</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty" title="Order of the Cross of Liberty">Order of the Cross of Liberty</a>, with Swords (Finland)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_(selection)"><span id="Books_.28selection.29"></span>Books (selection)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books (selection)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg/220px-Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg/330px-Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg/440px-Erich_Ludendorff_-_Meine_Kriegserinnerungen_-_Ernst_Mittler_und_Sohn_-_Berlin_1919_-_Bild_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3149" data-file-height="5123" /></a><figcaption>Erich Ludendorff – <i>Meine Kriegserinnerungen</i> – Ernst Mittler und Sohn – Berlin 1919</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1919: <i>Meine Kriegserinnerungen 1914–1918</i>. Berlin: Mittler & Sohn (republished 1936) <ul><li>translated into English by Frederic Appleby Holt as <i>My War Memories 1914–1918</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Heinemann" title="Hutchinson Heinemann">Hutchinson & Co.</a>, 1919 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mywarmemories19101lude/">vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45378">vol. II</a>; American edition as <i>Ludendorff's Own Story</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Brothers</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>1920: (ed.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/urkundenderobers00lude">Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung über ihre Tätigkeit, 1916–18</a></i>, Berlin: <a href="/wiki/E.S._Mittler_%26_Sohn" title="E.S. Mittler & Sohn">E. S. Mittler</a> <ul><li>translated into English by F.A. Holt as <i>The General Staff and its Problems: The History of the Relations between the High Command and the German Imperial Government as Revealed by Official Documents</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Heinemann" title="Hutchinson Heinemann">Hutchinson and Son</a>, 1920 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalstaffitsp01lude">vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalstaffitsp02lude/">vol. II</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1933: <i>Mein militärischer Werdegang. Blätter der Erinnerung an unser stolzes Heer.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1937: with Mitarbeitern: <i>Mathilde Ludendorff – ihr Werk und Wirken.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1937: <i>Auf dem Weg zur Feldherrnhalle. Lebenserinnerungen an die Zeit des 9. November 1923.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1939: with Mathilde Ludendorff: <i>Die Judenmacht, ihr Wesen und Ende.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smaller_publications">Smaller publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Smaller publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1926: <i>Die Revolution von oben. Das Kriegsende und die Vorgänge beim Waffenstillstand. Zwei Vorträge.</i> Lorch: Karl Rohm</li> <li>1932: <i>Schändliche Geheimnisse der Hochgrade.</i> Ludendorffs Verlag, Munchen</li> <li>1934: <i>Wie der Weltkrieg 1914 „gemacht“ wurde.</i> Munich: Völkischer Verlag</li> <li>1934: <i>Das Marne-Drama. Der Fall Moltke-Hentsch.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1934: <i>"Tannenberg". Zum 20. Jahrestag der Schlacht.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1934: <i>Die politischen Hintergründe des 9. November 1923.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1935: <i>Über Unbotmäßigkeit im Kriege.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1935: <i>Französische Fälschung meiner Denkschrift von 1912 über den drohenden Krieg.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1938–40: <i>Feldherrnworte.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li> <li>1939: <i>Tannenberg. Geschichtliche Wahrheit über die Schlacht.</i> Munich: Ludendorffs Verlag</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_publisher">As publisher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As publisher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1929–1933 (banned): <i>Ludendorffs Volkswarte</i> ("Ludendorff's Peoples' Viewpoint"; weekly) Munich</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dioscuri_(World_War_I)" title="Dioscuri (World War I)">Dioscuri (World War I)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Chief of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The editors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_historique" title="Revue historique">Revue historique</a></i> considered it a "collection of texts published with an <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologetic</a> intention, but of capital interest".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Brownell, and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Drace-Brownell" title="Denise Drace-Brownell">Denise Drace-Brownell</a>, <i>The First Nazi: Erich Ludendorff, The Man Who Made Hitler Possible</i> (2016) ch 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-park-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-park_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-park_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1978" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Roger (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tormentedwarrior0000park/page/13"><i>Tormented warrior. Ludendorff and the supreme command</i></a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tormentedwarrior0000park/page/13">13–14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-21482-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-21482-1"><bdi>0-340-21482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+warrior.+Ludendorff+and+the+supreme+command&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-340-21482-1&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftormentedwarrior0000park%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan2017" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Amy (11 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/hindenburg-and-ludendorff/">"Hindenburg and Ludendorff"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=Hindenburg+and+Ludendorff&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fhindenburg-and-ludendorff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DHM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DHM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/LudendorffErich/index.html">"Biografie Erich Ludendorff (German)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biografie+Erich+Ludendorff+%28German%29&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fbiografien%2FLudendorffErich%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, 1978, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/12/20/archives/ludendoref-dies-world-war-figure-end-comes-suddenly-when-he-appears.html">"Ludendoref Dies; World War Figure; End Comes Suddenly When He Appears to Be Recovering From an Operation"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 20 December 1937. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ludendoref+Dies%3B+World+War+Figure%3B+End+Comes+Suddenly+When+He+Appears+to+Be+Recovering+From+an+Operation&rft.date=1937-12-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F12%2F20%2Farchives%2Fludendoref-dies-world-war-figure-end-comes-suddenly-when-he-appears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Stein1920" class="citation book cs1">von Stein, General (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warministerhiswo00stei"><i>A War Minister and his work. Reminiscences of 1914–1918</i></a>. London: Skeffington & Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warministerhiswo00stei/page/39">39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+Minister+and+his+work.+Reminiscences+of+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Skeffington+%26+Son&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=von+Stein&rft.aufirst=General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarministerhiswo00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, John (2005). <i>The warlords : Hindenburg and Ludendorff</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+warlords+%3A+Hindenburg+and+Ludendorff&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1919" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, Erich (1919). <i>Ludendorff's Own Story</i>. Vol. I. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludendorff%27s+Own+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1929" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, M (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77193"><i>My married life with Ludendorff</i></a>. London: Hutchinson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77193/page/n25">25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+married+life+with+Ludendorff&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.77193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, 2005, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, 1978. p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2015" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2015). <i>To Hell and back. Europe 1914–1949</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Hell+and+back.+Europe+1914%E2%80%931949&rft.place=London&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baranowski_2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baranowski_2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baranowski_2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler</i>, p. 102, Shelley Baranowski, Cambridge University, Press 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Armies of occupation</i> page 128 Roy Arnold Prete, A. Hamish Ion – Wilfrid Laurier University Press 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The silent dictatorship: the politics of the German high command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918</i>. page 193, Martin Kitchen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Modern Germany, Volume 3: 1840–1945</i>. Hajo Holborn, p. 488, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The German Myth of the East: 1800 to the Present</i>. Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius –2010, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludendorff, 1919, <b>I</b>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1978" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Roger (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tormentedwarrior0000park"><i>Tormented warrior, Ludendorff and the supreme Command</i></a></span>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tormentedwarrior0000park/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340214824" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340214824"><bdi>978-0340214824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+warrior%2C+Ludendorff+and+the+supreme+Command&rft.place=London&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0340214824&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftormentedwarrior0000park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Müller1961" class="citation book cs1">von Müller, Georg (1961). Görlitz, Walter (ed.). <i>The Kaiser and his court : the diaries, notebooks, and letters of Admiral Georg Alexander von Müller, chief of the naval cabinet, 1914–1918</i>. London: Macdonald. p. 406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser+and+his+court+%3A+the+diaries%2C+notebooks%2C+and+letters+of+Admiral+Georg+Alexander+von+M%C3%BCller%2C+chief+of+the+naval+cabinet%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Macdonald&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=von+M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1949" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston S. (1949). <i>The World Crisis</i>. New York: Charles Scribner Sons. p. 685.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner+Sons&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBinding1929" class="citation book cs1">Binding, Rudolph (1929). <i>A Fatalist at War</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fatalist+at+War&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Binding&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a>, <i>Midcentury Journey: The Western World through Its Years of Conflict</i> (New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1952), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludendorff, 1919, <b>2</b>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1966" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Gerald D. (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyindustrylabo0000feld"><i>Army, Industry, and Labor in Germany 1914–1918</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyindustrylabo0000feld/page/180">180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army%2C+Industry%2C+and+Labor+in+Germany+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Gerald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyindustrylabo0000feld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, John (2005). <i>The warlords: Hindenburg and Ludendorff</i>. 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Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyshousedivid00gaul/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807826669" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807826669"><bdi>978-0807826669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enemy%27s+house+divided&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0807826669&rft.aulast=de+Gaulle&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemyshousedivid00gaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelbrück1922" class="citation book cs1">Delbrück, Hans (1922). <i>Ludendorffs selbstportrait</i>. 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London: Cassell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastfourmonthsen00mauruoft/page/67">67</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+four+months%3A+The+end+of+the+war+in+the+west&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Maurice&rft.aufirst=Major-General+Sir+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastfourmonthsen00mauruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludendorff, 1919, <b>II</b>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoerester1952" class="citation book cs1">Foerester, Wolfgang (1952). <i>Der Feldherr Ludendorff im Unglück</i>. 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London: Rupert Hart-Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludendorff+Soldier%3A+Dictator%3A+Revolutionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart-Davis&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJorma_Keränen1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jorma Keränen (1992). <i>Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka: Ludendorff saa suomalaisen passin</i> (in Finnish). Gummerus. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-20-3800-5" title="Special:BookSources/951-20-3800-5"><bdi>951-20-3800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+itsen%C3%A4istymisen+kronikka%3A+Ludendorff+saa+suomalaisen+passin&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Gummerus&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=951-20-3800-5&rft.au=Jorma+Ker%C3%A4nen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreucker1953" class="citation book cs1">Breucker, Wilhelm (1953). <i>Die Tragik Ludendorffs. Eine kritische erinnerung an den general und seine zeit</i>. Berlin: Helmut Rauschenbusch. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tragik+Ludendorffs.+Eine+kritische+erinnerung+an+den+general+und+seine+zeit&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Helmut+Rauschenbusch&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Breucker&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler-Bennett1938" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler-Bennett, John (1938). 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Wheeler-Bennett (Spring 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1938/spring/wheelerbennett-ludendorff-soldier/">"Ludendorff: The Soldier and the Politician"</a>. <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Ludendorff%3A+The+Soldier+and+the+Politician&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1938&rft.au=John+W.+Wheeler-Bennett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F1938%2Fspring%2Fwheelerbennett-ludendorff-soldier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, 1978, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1920" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, Erich (1920). <i>Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung über ihre Tätigkeit, 1916–18 / herausgegeben von Erich Ludendorff</i>. Berlin: E. S. Mittler.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urkunden+der+Obersten+Heeresleitung+%C3%BCber+ihre+T%C3%A4tigkeit%2C+1916%E2%80%9318+%2F+herausgegeben+von+Erich+Ludendorff&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=E.+S.+Mittler&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans201-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans201_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans201_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans201_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> (2003) <i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i> New York: Penguin. pp. 201–202 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3">0-14-303469-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Thomas, Christopher Campbell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9993/THOMAS-DISSERTATION.pdf"><i>Compass, square and swastika: Freemasonry in the Third Reich</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Compass%2C+square+and+swastika%3A+Freemasonry+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2FETD-TAMU-2011-08-9993%2FTHOMAS-DISSERTATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib209175">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Heil Ludendorff" : Erich Ludendorff and Nazism, 1925–1937 / by Steven Naftzger. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+by+the+Sword.+The+Fall+of+the+Hohenzollern+and+Habsburg+Empires+from+History+167b%2C+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Second+Reich&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Margaret+Lavinia+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.berkeley.edu%2Ffaculty%2FAnderson%2FH167B%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007225053/http://www.ludendorff.info/Wichtigste/englisch.htm">"The God-cognition by Mathilde Ludendorff (1877–1966)"</a>. Bund für Gotterkenntnis Ludendorff e.V. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ludendorff.info/Wichtigste/englisch.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+God-cognition+by+Mathilde+Ludendorff+%281877%E2%80%931966%29&rft.pub=Bund+f%C3%BCr+Gotterkenntnis+Ludendorff+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ludendorff.info%2FWichtigste%2Fenglisch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicholls, <i>Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Brownell, and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Drace-Brownell" title="Denise Drace-Brownell">Denise Drace-Brownell</a>, <i>The First Nazi: Erich Ludendorff, The Man Who Made Hitler Possible</i> (2016) ch 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian. <i>Hitler</i>. Longman, 1991, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1999_4.pdf">47. Jahrgang, Oktober 1999</a></i></span> (PDF; 7 MB), S. 559–562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parkinson, 1978, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1936" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, Erich (1936). <i>The nation at war</i>. Translated by A.S. Rappoport. London: Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nation+at+war&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludendorffs Verlag: <i>Der letzte Weg des Feldherrn Erich Ludendorff</i>, München 1938, S. 8: Das Kranken- und Sterbezimmer im Josephinum in München.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machine-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Machine_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prussianmachine.com/aok/ludendorff.htm">"Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff"</a>. <i>the Prussian Machine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Prussian+Machine&rft.atitle=Erich+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Ludendorff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprussianmachine.com%2Faok%2Fludendorff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osterreich-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osterreich_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osterreich_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=424&size=45">"Ritter-orden"</a>. <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie</i>. Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1918. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&size=45&page=449">75</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1918&page=646&size=45">272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischen+Monarchie&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=75%2C+272&rft.pub=Druck+und+Verlag+der+K.K.+Hof-+und+Staatsdruckerei&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1918%26page%3D424%26size%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTiainen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiainen, Jani (2010). <i>Suomen kunniamerkit / The orders, decorations, and medals of Finland</i> (in Finnish and English). Tampere: Apali. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5877-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5877-03-8"><bdi>978-952-5877-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+kunniamerkit+%2F+The+orders%2C+decorations%2C+and+medals+of+Finland&rft.place=Tampere&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Apali&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-952-5877-03-8&rft.aulast=Tiainen&rft.aufirst=Jani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2">"Recueils périodiques et sociétés savantes", <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_historique" title="Revue historique">Revue historique</a></i>, <b>142</b> (2): 292, 1923, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40944199">40944199</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+historique&rft.atitle=Recueils+p%C3%A9riodiques+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+savantes&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40944199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1971" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, Erich (1971) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL825738W/Ludendorff%27s_own_story_August_1914-November_1918"><i>Ludendorff's Own Story: August 1914 – November 1918; the Great War from the siege of Liège to the signing of the armistice as viewed from the grand headquarters of the German Army</i></a>. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-5956-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-5956-6"><bdi>0-8369-5956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludendorff%27s+Own+Story%3A+August+1914+%E2%80%93+November+1918%3B+the+Great+War+from+the+siege+of+Li%C3%A8ge+to+the+signing+of+the+armistice+as+viewed+from+the+grand+headquarters+of+the+German+Army&rft.place=Freeport%2C+NY&rft.pub=Books+for+Libraries+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8369-5956-6&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL825738W%2FLudendorff%2527s_own_story_August_1914-November_1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ludendorff, Erich. <i>The Coming War</i>. Faber and Faber, 1931. (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weltkrieg droht auf deutschem Boden</i></span>)</li> <li>Ludendorff, Erich. <i>The Nation at War</i>. Hutchinson, London, 1936. (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der totale Krieg</i></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsprey1991" class="citation book cs1">Asprey, Robert B (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanhighcomman00aspr"><i>The German High Command at War: Hindenburg and Ludendorff and the First World War</i></a>. New York: W. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-08226-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-08226-2"><bdi>0-688-08226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+High+Command+at+War%3A+Hindenburg+and+Ludendorff+and+the+First+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-688-08226-2&rft.aulast=Asprey&rft.aufirst=Robert+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanhighcomman00aspr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Astore, William J. "The Tragic Pursuit of Total Victory." <i>MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History</i> (Autumn 2007) 20#1) pp. 64–73.</li> <li>Brownell, William and Denise Drace-Brownell. <i>The First Nazi: Erich Ludendorff, The Man Who Made Hitler Possible</i> (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2016). 356 pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=50802">highly negative online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed1966" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, Donald J. (1966). <i>Ludendorff: Genius of World War I</i>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ludendorff%3A+Genius+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, LTC William A. <i>Ludendorff: Strategist</i> (Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210317055831/http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA250915">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, John (2005). <i>The Warlords: Hindenburg and Ludendorff</i>. London: Orion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84675-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84675-2"><bdi>0-297-84675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warlords%3A+Hindenburg+and+Ludendorff&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orion+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-297-84675-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivesay1919" class="citation book cs1">Livesay, John Frederick Bligh (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canada100days00liveuoft"><i>Canada's Hundred Days: With the Canadian Corps from Amiens to Mons, Aug. 8 – Nov. 11, 1918</i></a>. Toronto: Thomas Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Hundred+Days%3A+With+the+Canadian+Corps+from+Amiens+to+Mons%2C+Aug.+8+%E2%80%93+Nov.+11%2C+1918&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Thomas+Allen&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Livesay&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick+Bligh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanada100days00liveuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkinson1978" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Roger (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tormentedwarrior0000park"><i>Tormented Warrior. Ludendorff and the supreme command</i></a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-21482-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-21482-1"><bdi>0-340-21482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormented+Warrior.+Ludendorff+and+the+supreme+command&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-340-21482-1&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftormentedwarrior0000park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Showalter, Dennis, and William J. Astore. <i>Hindenburg: Icon of German Militarism </i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hindenburg-German-Militarism-Military-Profiles/dp/1574886533/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Amm, Bettina: <i>Ludendorff-Bewegung</i>. In: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Handbuch des Antisemitismus</i>. Judenfeindlichkeit in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Band 5: <i>Organisationen, Institutionen, Bewegungen</i>. De Gruyter, Berlin 2012. pp. 393 ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24078-2">978-3-598-24078-2</a>.</li> <li>Gruchmann, Lothar: <i>Ludendorffs „prophetischer“ Brief an Hindenburg vom Januar/Februar 1933. Eine Legende</i>. In: <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte.</i> Band 47, 1999. pp. 559–562.</li> <li>Nebelin, Manfred: <i>Ludendorff. Diktator im Ersten Weltkrieg.</i> Siedler, München 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-965-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-965-3">978-3-88680-965-3</a>.</li> <li>Pöhlmann, Markus: <i>Der moderne Alexander im Maschinenkrieg</i>. In: Stig Förster (Hrsg.): <i>Kriegsherren der Weltgeschichte. 22 historische Porträts</i>. Beck, München 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-54983-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-54983-7">3-406-54983-7</a> pp. 268–286.</li> <li>Puschner, Uwe; Vollnhals, Clemens (Hrgb.); Die völkisch-religiöse Bewegung im Nationalsozialismus; Göttingen 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36996-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-36996-8">978-3-525-36996-8</a>.</li> <li>Schwab, Andreas: <i>Vom totalen Krieg zur deutschen Gotterkenntnis. Die Weltanschauung Erich Ludendorffs</i>. In: <i>Schriftenreihe der Eidgenössischen Militärbibliothek und des Historischen Dienstes.</i> Nr. 17, Bern 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThoss,_Bruno1987" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thoss, Bruno (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016333/images/index.html?seite=299">"Ludendorff, Erich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 15. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">285–</span>290</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ludendorff%2C+Erich&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Thoss%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016333%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErich+Ludendorff" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn118574841.html">full text online</a>).</li> <li>Wegehaupt, Phillip: "Ludendorff, Erich". In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): <i>Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Bd. 2: Personen</i>. De Gruyter Saur, Berlin 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-44159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-44159-2">978-3-598-44159-2</a>, pp. 494 ff. (retrieved über Verlag Walter de Gruyter Online).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Ludendorff&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Erich_Ludendorff" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/17jun/mencken.htm">Ludendorff by H. L. Mencken</a> published in the June 1917 edition of the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/FWWludendorff.htm">Biography of Erich Ludendorff</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_Educational" title="Spartacus Educational">Spartacus Educational</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/MyWarMemories19481918" class="extiw" title="iarchive:MyWarMemories19481918"><i>My War Memories</i> by Erich Ludendorff</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011695">Newspaper clippings about Erich Ludendorff</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Freytag-Loringhoven" title="Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven">Hugo von Freytag-Loringhoven</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Quartermaster-General of the German Army </b><br />29 August 1916 – 26 October 1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a> </b><br />19 November 1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Gibson" title="Hugh S. 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Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Friedrich_Karl_of_Prussia_(1828%E2%80%931885)" title="Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)">Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Werder" title="August von Werder">August Graf von Werder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Frederick Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1914 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erich Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Bavaria" title="Prince Leopold of Bavaria">Prince Leopold of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1939 Grand Cross</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sup>‡</sup> <a 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Hitler's personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Nazism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#Nazism_and_Fascism_as_products_of_the_Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_morality" title="Nazi morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <p>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> <p>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_doctors" title="List of Nazi doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_and_pseudonyms_of_Nazis" title="List of nicknames and pseudonyms of Nazis">Nicknames and pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_publishers" title="List of Nazi publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_analogies" title="Nazi analogies">Analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Propaganda and the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish/Israeli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Ideology" title="National Radical Camp">Polish</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Slovakia)" title="German Party (Slovakia)">German Party (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar_US" title="Betar US">Betar US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentials_of_Hindutva" title="Essentials of Hindutva">Essentials of Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06268232?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/eee6ced4-beb0-4d00-9fd2-7d4f88824985">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118574841">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/908741">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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