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<li id="toc-710s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#710s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>710s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-710s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-730s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#730s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>730s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-730s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-750s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#750s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>750s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-750s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-760s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#760s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>760s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-760s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-780s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#780s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>780s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-780s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-790s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#790s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>790s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-790s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-813" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#813"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>813</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-813-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-850s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#850s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>850s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-850s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jiedushi_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jiedushi_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jiedushi titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jiedushi_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_jiedushi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_jiedushi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable <i>jiedushi</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_jiedushi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Jiedushi</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiat-t%C5%8D%CD%98-s%C3%B9" title="Chiat-tō͘-sù – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiat-tō͘-sù" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ie-tu-%C5%A1%E2%80%99" title="Ťie-tu-š’ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ťie-tu-š’" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8F%84%EC%82%AC" title="절도사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절도사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="जिएदूशी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिएदूशी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="節度使 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="節度使" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Цзедуши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзедуши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiedushi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Цзєдуши – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цзєдуши" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_s%E1%BB%A9" title="Tiết độ sứ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiết độ sứ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="节度使" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="節度使 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="節度使" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title of regional military governors in China from the Tang to Yuan dynasties</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty#Military_Regionalism" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Military Regionalism in Tang China</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about Song, Liao, Jin dynasties. cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7171" class="extiw" title="s:zh:宋史/卷171">s:zh:宋史/卷171</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jiedushi" title="Talk:Jiedushi">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Jiedushi</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png/400px-Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png/600px-Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png/800px-Ten_Jiedushi_of_Tang.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the 10 major <i>jiedushi</i> of the Tang dynasty and their military strengths during <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a>'s reign (as of 745 AD)</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:節度使">節度使</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:节度使">节度使</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"<span class="nowrap">section planning representative(s)</span>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jiédùshǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">chieh<sup>2</sup>-tu<sup>4</sup>-shih<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕjě.tû.ʂɨ̀]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jit-douh-sí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zit<sup>3</sup>-dou<sup>6</sup>-si<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsit̚˧ tɔw˨ si˧˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>jiedushi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">節度使</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">절도사</span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">romaja</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Jeoldosa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Tiết độ sứ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a>: Tarduş) or <b>jiedu</b>, was a regional military governor in China; the title was established in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. The post of <i>jiedushi</i> has been translated as "military commissioner", "<a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a>", or "regional commander". Originally introduced in 711 to counter external threats, the <i>jiedushi</i> were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures, the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Powerful <i>jiedushi</i> eventually became <i><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">fanzhen</a></i> rulers (<i>de facto</i> warlords) and overrode the power of the central government of Tang. An early example of this was <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a>, who was appointed <i>jiedushi</i> of three regions, which he used to start the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> that abruptly ended the golden age of the Tang dynasty. Even after the difficult suppression of that rebellion, some <i>jiedushi</i> such as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Three Fanzhen of Hebei</a> were allowed to retain their powers due to the weakened state of the court. The <i>jiedushi</i> were one of the primary factors which contributed to the political division of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, a period marked by continuous infighting among rival kingdoms, dynasties, and regional regimes established by <i>jiedushi</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="710s">710s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 710s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hexi Jiedushi was created in 711 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Liangzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangzhou District">Liang Prefecture</a>. It was lost to the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> in 766. Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Song" title="Xiao Song">Xiao Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niu_Xianke" title="Niu Xianke">Niu Xianke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geshu_Han" title="Geshu Han">Geshu Han</a>, and Cui Xiyi (崔希逸) were <i>jiedushi</i> of Hexi. </p><p>Longyou Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Shan Prefecture (<a href="/wiki/Ledu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledu District">Ledu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>). In 747, Geshu Han was appointed <i>jiedushi</i> of Longyou. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shuofang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuofang">Shuofang</a> Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Ling Prefecture (southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>). It controlled <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, and north <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>. In 756 the jiedushi of Shuofang, <a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a>, defeated the rebel <a href="/wiki/Shi_Siming" title="Shi Siming">Shi Siming</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> and recovered <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> from the rebels in 757. He was made Commandery Prince of Fenyang in 762 and retook Chang'an from the Tibetan Empire in 763. Shuofang was taken over by the warlord Han Zun (韓遵) in 887. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou Jiedushi</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fanyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanyang">Fanyang</a> Jiedushi, was created in 713. It assumed control of <a href="/wiki/Lulong" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulong">Lulong</a> in 762 and controlled You, Ji, Ping, Tan, Gui, and Yan prefectures. Its territory lay primarily in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Hai_River" title="Hai River">Hai River</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. It was headquartered in Ji county (southwest of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). An Lushan was promoted to <i>jiedushi</i> of Pinglu, Fanyang (in north <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), and Hedong (central <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) with an army of 150 000. He rebelled against the Tang dynasty in 755. <a href="/wiki/Li_Guangbi" title="Li Guangbi">Li Guangbi</a> was promoted to <i>jiedushi</i> of Fanyang after recovering much territory from the rebels in Hebei, but he died soon after in 764. <a href="/wiki/Li_Huaixian" title="Li Huaixian">Li Huaixian</a>, former general of An Lushan, delivered <a href="/wiki/Shi_Chaoyi" title="Shi Chaoyi">Shi Chaoyi</a>'s head to the Tang and surrendered in 763, becoming <i>jiedushi</i> of Youzhou and Lulong. Zhang Shougui (張守珪) was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Youzhou. <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Tao" title="Zhu Tao">Zhu Tao</a> was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Lulong. </p><p>Jiannan Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Yi Prefecture (益州) (<a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>). It was split into Jiannan Dongchuan Jiedushi and Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi in 757 and then merged again from 763 to 764, and then split again from 766 to 779. It controlled 25 prefectures in Chengdu and areas to its north and south in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. East River controlled 12 prefectures from <a href="/wiki/Jiange" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiange">Jiange</a> to <a href="/wiki/Luzhou" title="Luzhou">Luzhou</a>. It was headquartered in Zi Prefecture (梓州) (<a href="/wiki/Santai" class="mw-redirect" title="Santai">Santai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>). West River controlled the Chengdu area and surrounding prefectures. <a href="/wiki/Wei_Gao" title="Wei Gao">Wei Gao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xianyu_Zhongtong" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianyu Zhongtong">Xianyu Zhongtong</a> were <i>jiedushi</i> of Jiannan. </p><p>Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Ying Prefecture (營州) (<a href="/wiki/Chaoyang,_Liaoning" title="Chaoyang, Liaoning">Chaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>). It controlled Pinglu, Lulong and other prefectures in <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, and northeast Hebei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="730s">730s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 730s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hedong Jiedushi was created in 730 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a>, controlling Shi, Lan, Fen, Xin, and Dai prefectures in central and north Shanxi. Liu Gongchuo (柳公綽) was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Hedong. In 883 <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a> was appointed <i>jiedushi</i> of Hedong after recovering Chang'an from <a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao" title="Huang Chao">Huang Chao</a>. In 885 Li Keyong captured Chang'an and laid waste to it. He was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> in 902 and died in 908. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a> was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Hedong. </p><p>Lingwu Jiedushi was created in 733 and headquartered in Huile (回樂) (southwest of <a href="/wiki/Lingwu" title="Lingwu">Lingwu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>). It controlled Ling, Hui, and Yan prefectures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="750s">750s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 750s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huainan West Circuit Jiedushi, also known as Huaixi Jiedushi, was created in 756 and lasted until 818. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Yingchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yingchuan">Yingchuan Prefecture</a> (潁川郡) (<a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shou_Prefecture" title="Shou Prefecture">Shou Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shou_County" title="Shou County">Shou County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), <a href="/wiki/An_Prefecture" title="An Prefecture">An Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anlu" title="Anlu">Anlu</a> northwest of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cai_Prefecture" title="Cai Prefecture">Cai Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Runan_County" title="Runan County">Runan County</a>, southeast <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) from 773 to 776, and <a href="/wiki/Bian_Prefecture" title="Bian Prefecture">Bian Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>) from 776 to 779. In 757 <a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> was appointed jiedushi of Huainan. <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhongchen" title="Li Zhongchen">Li Zhongchen</a> was <i>jiedushi</i> until he was expelled by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Li_Xilie" title="Li Xilie">Li Xilie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yuanji" title="Wu Yuanji">Wu Yuanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(chancellor)" title="Wang Bo (chancellor)">Wang Bo</a> were <i>jiedushi</i> of Huainan. </p><p>Jiangxi Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Prefecture" title="Hong Prefecture">Hong Prefecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>). It was renamed Zhennan Jiedushi in 865. It controlled Hong, Jiang, Xin, Yuan, Fu, Rao, Qian, and Ji prefectures, covering mostly <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Li_Gao" title="Li Gao">Li Gao</a> was the <i>jiedushi</i> of Jiangxi during the Li Xilie rebellion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. It ended in 862 when its territory was split into West and East circuits. Lingnan West Circuit covered <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">northern Vietnam</a>. It was headquartered in Yong Prefecture (邕州) (south of <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>). Lingnan East Circuit covered <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and was headquartered in Guangzhou. </p><p>Hezhong Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Hedong (southwest of <a href="/wiki/Yongji,_Shanxi" title="Yongji, Shanxi">Yongji, Shanxi</a>). It controlled Jin, Jiang, Ci, and Xi prefectures. </p><p>Jingli Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Jingzhou (ancient China)">Jingzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jingzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingzhou District">Jingzhou District</a>, south central <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). It controlled 17 prefectures in <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. It was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a> in 905. </p><p>Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Xiangzhou_District,_Xiangyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangzhou District, Xiangyang">Xiangzhou</a>. Its territory encompassed areas of <a href="/wiki/Suizhou" title="Suizhou">Suizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiyan" title="Shiyan">Shiyan</a>, Hubei, <a href="/wiki/Nanyang,_Henan" title="Nanyang, Henan">Nanyang</a>, and Henan. In 763 <a href="/wiki/Liang_Chongyi" title="Liang Chongyi">Liang Chongyi</a> was appointed <i>jiedushi</i> of Shannan East Circuit. He committed suicide in 781. <a href="/wiki/Yu_Di_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Yu Di (Tang dynasty)">Yu Di</a> was a jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zhenhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenhai">Zhenhai</a> Army Jiedushi, also known as <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> West Circuit Jiedushi (浙江西道) was created in 758 and lay in parts of <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, Zhejiang, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, and Jiangxi. It was headquartered in Sheng Prefecture (昇州) (<a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>). In 761 it moved to <a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou">Xuanzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xuancheng" title="Xuancheng">Xuancheng</a>, southeast <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>), 787 to <a href="/wiki/Runzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Runzhou">Runzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhenjiang" title="Zhenjiang">Zhenjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>), and 808 to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>). The <i>jiedushi</i> of Zhenhai Army, <a href="/wiki/Du_Shenquan" title="Du Shenquan">Du Shenquan</a>, played a pivotal role in defeating the rebel <a href="/wiki/Pang_Xun" title="Pang Xun">Pang Xun</a>. <a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a>, another <i>jiedushi</i> of Zhenhai Army, was chief minister in 785. </p><p>Zhenwu Jiedushi was created in 758 and headquartered in the Chanyu Protectorate (northwest of <a href="/wiki/Horinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horinger">Horinger</a>). It controlled the Chanyu Protectorate, Lin Prefecture (麟州), Sheng Prefecture (勝州), East Shouxiang city (東受降城), and held areas in <a href="/wiki/Shenmu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmu County">Shenmu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Baotou" title="Baotou">Baotou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. It was merged into Shuofang Jiedushi in 764. <a href="/wiki/Zhuye_Chixin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuye Chixin">Zhuye Chixin</a> was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Zhenwu. </p><p>Binning Jiedushi existed from 759 until 885, when it was renamed Jingnan Army. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Bin_Prefecture_(Shaanxi)" title="Bin Prefecture (Shaanxi)">Bin Prefecture (Shaanxi)</a> and governed <a href="/wiki/Changwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Changwu">Changwu</a> and parts of Gansu. </p><p>Shanguo Jiedushi was created in 759 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Shanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanzhou">Shanzhou</a>. It controlled Shan, Guo, and Hua prefectures. It was renamed Baoyi Army in 889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2008439_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008439-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="760s">760s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 760s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fengxiang Jiedushi was created in 760 and included <a href="/wiki/Fengxiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengxiang">Fengxiang</a> and Long Prefecture (隴州) (<a href="/wiki/Long_County,_Shaanxi" title="Long County, Shaanxi">Long County, Shaanxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huating_County,_Gansu" class="mw-redirect" title="Huating County, Gansu">Huating County, Gansu</a>). It was headquartered in Fengxiang. <a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhu" title="Zheng Zhu">Zheng Zhu</a> were <i>jiedushi</i> of Fengxiang. </p><p>Chengde Army Jiedushi was one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Three Fanzhen of Hebei</a> after the An Lushan Rebellion. From 762 it was headquartered in Heng Prefecture (恆州)/Zhen Prefecture (鎮州) (<a href="/wiki/Zhengding" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengding">Zhengding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), and controlled Heng, Ji, Shen, Zhao, De, and Di prefectures. Its territory were primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanhuang">Zanhuang</a>, and Hebei. <a href="/wiki/Li_Baochen" title="Li Baochen">Li Baochen</a>, adopted son of An Lushan, was in charge of Heng Prefecture under <a href="/wiki/An_Qingxu" title="An Qingxu">An Qingxu</a>. He surrendered to Tang and retained control over central Hebei east of the <a href="/wiki/Taihang_Mountains" title="Taihang Mountains">Taihang Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Li_Weiyue" title="Li Weiyue">Li Weiyue</a> requested succession of Chengde Army in 781 and was denied, so he rebelled, and was killed a year later by his subordinate general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Wujun" title="Wang Wujun">Wang Wujun</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Lingkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Lingkun (page does not exist)">Han Lingkun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Chengzong" title="Wang Chengzong">Wang Chengzong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Tingcou" title="Wang Tingcou">Wang Tingcou</a> were <i>jiedushi</i> of the Chengde Army. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Jiedushi was revived in 762 and was sometimes known as the Biansong Jiedushi from then onward. It officially became the Biansong Jiedushi in 776 until 781 when it was renamed Xuanwu Army. The Biansong Jiedushi was headquartered in Bian Prefecture (<a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>), and governed <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a> as well as east Henan. In 781 its seat was moved to Song Prefecture (宋州) (south of <a href="/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>, east central <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>). Biansong Jiedushi was the home territory of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a>. </p><p>Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 762 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Qingzhou" title="Qingzhou">Qingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. It controlled 15 prefectures encompassing most of Shandong and parts of Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu. <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhengji" title="Li Zhengji">Li Zhengji</a> became the <i>jiedushi</i> of Ziqing-Pinglu after the An Lushan Rebellion and worked together with <a href="/wiki/Tian_Yue" title="Tian Yue">Tian Yue</a> to curtail the imperial court's attempt to weaken local powers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Weibo_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Weibo (Tang dynasty)">Weibo</a> Jiedushi was created in 763 and headquartered in Wei Prefecture (northeast of <a href="/wiki/Daming_County" title="Daming County">Daming County</a> and southeast of <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, south <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>). It controlled Wei, Bo, Bei, Wei, Chan, and Xiang prefectures in Shandong, north Henan, and south Hebei. It was renamed Tianxiong Army in 904. <a href="/wiki/Tian_Chengsi" title="Tian Chengsi">Tian Chengsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Hongzheng" title="Tian Hongzheng">Tian Hongzheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tian_Xu" title="Tian Xu">Tian Xu</a> were <i>jiedushi</i> of Weibo. </p><p>Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi was created in 766 and headquartered in Xiang Prefecture (<a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>). </p><p>Jingyuan Jiedushi was created in 768 and lasted until 894 when it was renamed Zhangyi Army. Jingyuan's territory was located in <a href="/wiki/Jingchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingchuan">Jingchuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_County,_Gansu" title="Zhenyuan County, Gansu">Zhenyuan</a>, Gansu, and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. Its headquarter was in <a href="/wiki/Jing_Prefecture_(Gansu)" title="Jing Prefecture (Gansu)">Jing Prefecture</a> (north of <a href="/wiki/Jingchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingchuan">Jingchuan</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>. Surviving the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> in 751, <a href="/wiki/Duan_Xiushi" title="Duan Xiushi">Duan Xiushi</a> went on to become the <i>jiedushi</i> of Jingyuan until he was dismissed in 780 by <a href="/wiki/Yang_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Yang Yan (Tang dynasty)">Yang Yan</a>. He was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Jingyuan_mutiny" title="Jingyuan mutiny">Jingyuan mutiny</a> in 783 for denouncing the usurper <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ci" title="Zhu Ci">Zhu Ci</a>. Jingyuan was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> in 899. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="780s">780s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 780s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi was created in 780 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture (梁州) (east of <a href="/wiki/Hanzhong" title="Hanzhong">Hanzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>). It was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a> in 902. </p><p>Heyang Sancheng Jiedushi was created in 781 and headquartered in Heyang (河陽) (south of <a href="/wiki/Mengzhou" title="Mengzhou">Mengzhou</a>). It controlled <a href="/wiki/Mengzhou" title="Mengzhou">Mengzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mengjin_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengjin County">Mengjin</a>. </p><p>Yiwu Army Jiedushi was created in 782 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Dingzhou" title="Dingzhou">Dingzhou</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>). Sun Fangjian (孫方諫) was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Yiwu Army. </p><p>Henghai Army Jiedushi was created in 785 and lasted until 829. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Cangzhou" title="Cangzhou">Cangzhou</a> (southeast <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>) and controlled Cang, Jing, De, and Di prefectures. </p><p>Xiasui Jiedushi was created in 787 and controlled Xia, Sui, Yin, and You prefectures in <a href="/wiki/Shenmu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmu County">Shenmu</a> and south Ih Ju League, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="790s">790s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 790s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wuning Jiedushi was created in 795 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shi_Pu" title="Shi Pu">Shi Pu</a> was a <i>jiedushi</i> of Wuning. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shi_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Shi (Tang dynasty)">Wang Shi</a> was appointed <i>jiedushi</i> of Wuning in 862. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="813">813</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 813"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Caizhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caizhou">Caizhou</a> Jiedushi controlled Cai, Shen, and Guang prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Runan_County" title="Runan County">Runan</a>, southeast Henan. </p><p>Chenxu Jiedushi was in charge of Chen and Xu prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Xuchang" title="Xuchang">Xuchang</a>. </p><p>Eyue Jiedushi was in charge of E, Mian, An, Huang, Qi, and Yue prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Jiangxia_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxia District">Jiangxia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wuchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang">Wuchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a> Jiedushi controlled Xiang, Deng, Fu, Ying, Tang, Sui, Jun, and Fang prefectures in north Hubei and southwest Henan around 813. It was headquartered in Xiangyang. </p><p>Xusi Jiedushi controlled Xu, Su, and Hao prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Xuzhou" title="Xuzhou">Xuzhou</a>. </p><p>Zhenghua Jiedushi controlled Zheng and Hua prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">Baima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="850s">850s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 851 the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi</a> Army Jiedushi was created from territories reclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yichao" title="Zhang Yichao">Zhang Yichao</a> from the Tibetan Empire. It was situated east <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and Gansu, and was headquartered in Sha Prefecture (west of <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="940s">940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qingyuan Army Jiedushi was created in 949 and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>. It controlled <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, and other areas in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Congxiao" title="Liu Congxiao">Liu Congxiao</a> was made <i>jiedushi</i> of Qingyuan Army in 949 after <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a>'s fall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="950s">950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 951 <a href="/wiki/Bian_Hao" title="Bian Hao">Bian Hao</a> crushed <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Chu</a> and was promoted to <i>jiedushi</i> of Wu'an Army (in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jiedushi_titles">Jiedushi titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jiedushi titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anhua Jiedushi (安化)</li> <li>Biansong Jiedushi (汴宋)</li> <li>Binning Jiedushi (邠寧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Prefecture" title="Cai Prefecture">Caizhou</a> Jiedushi (蔡州)</li> <li>Chengde Army Jiedushi (成德軍)</li> <li>Chengxu Jiedushi (陳許)</li> <li>Eyue Jiedushi (鄂岳)</li> <li>Fanyang Jiedushi (范陽)</li> <li>Fenghua Jiedushi (奉化)</li> <li>Fengxiang Jiedushi (鳳翔)</li> <li>Fufang Jiedushi (鄜坊)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi</a> Army Jiedushi (歸義軍)</li> <li>Hedong Jiedushi (河東)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Jiedushi (河南)</li> <li>Henghai Army Jiedushi (橫海軍)</li> <li>Hexi Jiedushi (河西)</li> <li>Heyangsancheng Jiedushi (河陽三城)</li> <li>Hezhong Jiedushi (河中)</li> <li>Huainan Jiedushi (淮南)</li> <li>Huaixi Jiedushi (淮西)</li> <li>Jiangxi Jiedushi (江西)</li> <li>Jiannan Jiedushi (劍南)</li> <li>Jiannan East River Jiedushi (劍南東川)</li> <li>Jiannan West River Jiedushi (劍南西川)</li> <li>Jianxiong Army Jiedushi (建雄軍)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghai_Jiedushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinghai Jiedushi">Jinghai Jiedushi</a> (靜海)</li> <li>Jingjiang Army Jiedushi (靜江軍)</li> <li>Jingli Jiedushi (荊澧)</li> <li>Jingyuan Jiedushi (涇原)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a> Jiedushi (嶺南)</li> <li>Lingwu Jiedushi (靈武)</li> <li>Lulong Jiedushi (盧龍)</li> <li>Ningyuan Army Jiedushi (寧遠軍)</li> <li>Pinglu Jiedushi (平盧)</li> <li>Qingyuan Army Jiedushi (清源軍)</li> <li>Qinlong Jiedushi (秦隴)</li> <li>Shanguo Jiedushi (陜虢)</li> <li>Shannan Jiedushi (山南)</li> <li>Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi (山南東道)</li> <li>Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi (山南西道)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuofang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuofang">Shuofang</a> Jiedushi (朔方)</li> <li>Tianxiong Army Jiedushi (天雄軍)</li> <li>Weibo Jiedushi (魏博)</li> <li>Weiwu Army Jiedushi (威武軍)</li> <li>Wu'an Army Jiedushi (武安軍)</li> <li>Wuchang Jiedushi (武昌)</li> <li>Wuning Jiedushi (武寧)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a> Jiedushi (襄陽)</li> <li>Xiasui Jiedushi (夏绥)</li> <li>Xuanwu Army Jiedushi (宣武軍)</li> <li>Xusi Jiedushi (徐泗)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanmen_Jiedushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanmen Jiedushi">Yanmen Jiedushi</a> (<small><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%81%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:雁門">雁門</a></span></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%B4%88%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:鴈門">鴈門</a></span></span>,</span> <small><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</a></small><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%81%E9%97%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:雁门">雁门</a></span></span>)</span></li> <li>Yiding Jiedushi (易定)</li> <li>Yiwu Army Jiedushi (義武軍)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Youzhou Jiedushi</a> (幽州)</li> <li>Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi (昭義軍)</li> <li>Zhendong Jiedushi (鎮東)</li> <li>Zhenghua Jiedushi (鄭滑)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenhai">Zhenhai</a> Army Jiedushi (鎮海軍)</li> <li>Zhennan Jiedushi (鎮南)</li> <li>Zhenwu Jiedushi (振武)</li> <li>Zhongwu Jiedushi (中吳)</li> <li>Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi (淄青平盧)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_jiedushi">Notable <i>jiedushi</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable jiedushi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable <i>jiedushi</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_no_Nakamaro" title="Abe no Nakamaro">Abe no Nakamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xianzhi" title="Gao Xianzhi">Gao Xianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshu_Han" title="Geshu Han">Geshu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Ziyi" title="Guo Ziyi">Guo Ziyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_Th%E1%BB%ABa_D%E1%BB%A5" title="Khúc Thừa Dụ">Qu Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Congjian" title="Liu Congjian">Liu Congjian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Rengong" title="Liu Rengong">Liu Rengong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jiqian" title="Li Jiqian">Li Jiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guangbi" title="Li Guangbi">Li Guangbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaozu_of_Later_Jin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozu of Later Jin">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Siming" title="Shi Siming">Shi Siming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Chengsi" title="Tian Chengsi">Tian Chengsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhongsi" title="Wang Zhongsi">Wang Zhongsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shidao" title="Li Shidao">Li Shidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yuanheng" title="Wu Yuanheng">Wu Yuanheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Three <i>Fanzhen</i> of Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor#Imperial_provinces" title="Roman governor">Roman Imperial Provincial Governor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310204625/http://www.hist.nthu.edu.tw/download.php?filename=12_6a802511.pdf&dir=users_sharing%2F26&title=mid-level.pdf">"Middle Ranking Official of the Tang dynasty (唐代中層文官)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.nthu.edu.tw/download.php?filename=12_6a802511.pdf&dir=users_sharing%2F26&title=mid-level.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Ranking+Official+of+the+Tang+dynasty+%28%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AE%98%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.nthu.edu.tw%2Fdownload.php%3Ffilename%3D12_6a802511.pdf%26dir%3Dusers_sharing%252F26%26title%3Dmid-level.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiedushi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008439-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiong2008439_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXiong2008">Xiong 2008</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiedushi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiedushi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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the Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_empresses_and_queens" title="List of Chinese empresses and queens">Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consort_kin" title="Consort kin">Consort kin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_harem_system" title="Imperial Chinese harem system">Harem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Grand Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-official</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Nine-rank system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Courts" title="Nine Courts">Nine Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Directorates" title="Five Directorates">Five Directorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial examinations">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hanlin Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_(Shuyuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Academies (Shuyuan)">Academies (Shuyuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_territory_in_dynastic_China" title="Administration of territory in dynastic China">Territorial administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">Yamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Kings of the Han dynasty">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Lords_and_Nine_Ministers" title="Three Lords and Nine Ministers">Three Lords and Nine Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ducal_Ministers" title="Three Ducal Ministers">Three Ducal Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ministers" title="Nine Ministers">Nine Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_of_Han_dynasty_titles" title="Translation of Han dynasty titles">Translated titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Bureau of Military Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shumishi" title="Shumishi">Shumishi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangshu_Sheng" title="Shangshu Sheng">Shangshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Menxia Sheng</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late Imperial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bureaus" title="Three Bureaus">Three Bureaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrance_Bureau" title="Remonstrance Bureau">Remonstrance Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator and provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_square" title="Mandarin square">Mandarin square</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qing" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Qing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Imperial guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Tang Imperial Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidered_Uniform_Guard" title="Embroidered Uniform Guard">Embroidered Uniform Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Qing Imperial Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Government of the Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a 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