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href="#Description_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious and historical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_scarabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_scarabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of scarabs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_scarabs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of scarabs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_scarabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funerary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Funerary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Commemorative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Royal name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_and_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Name and title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canaanite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canaanite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Canaanite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canaanite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phoenician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Phoenician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_popular_culture_reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_popular_culture_reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literary and popular culture reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_popular_culture_reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Scarab (artifact)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarabee" title="Skarabee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skarabee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جعران فرعوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعران فرعوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarabeo" title="Escarabeo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escarabeo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarabeu" title="Escarabeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escarabeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarab%C3%A6_(artefakt)" title="Skarabæ (artefakt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skarabæ (artefakt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarab%C3%A4us" title="Skarabäus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skarabäus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarabeus" title="Skarabeus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skarabeus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αιγυπτιακός σκαραβαίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγυπτιακός σκαραβαίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarabeo" title="Escarabeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escarabeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaraba_amuleto" title="Skaraba amuleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skaraba amuleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87)" title="اسکراب (دست‌ساخته) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکراب (دست‌ساخته)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarab%C3%A9e_(amulette)" title="Scarabée (amulette) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scarabée (amulette)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B8%8C" title="스카라브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스카라브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabeo_(amuleto)" title="Scarabeo (amuleto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scarabeo (amuleto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חרפושית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרפושית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkarabeusz" title="Szkarabeusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szkarabeusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="جعران فرعونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جعران فرعونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabee" title="Scarabee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scarabee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarab%C3%A9" title="Skarabé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skarabé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Скарабей (артефакт) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скарабей (артефакт)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarabej_(mitologija)" title="Skarabej (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skarabej (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Скарабеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скарабеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarabee" title="Skarabee – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skarabee" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarab%C3%A9" title="Skarabé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skarabé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கல் வண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல் வண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%94%B2%E8%9F%B2" title="聖甲蟲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖甲蟲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%94%B2%E8%9F%B2" title="聖甲蟲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖甲蟲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scarab beetle-shaped amulets and impression seals of ancient Egypt</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg/220px-Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg/330px-Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg/440px-Scarab_of_Sithathoryunet_with_the_Name_of_Amenemhat_III_MET_16.1.22_bot.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> scarab belonging to <a href="/wiki/Sithathoriunet" title="Sithathoriunet">Sithathoriunet</a> with the name of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a>, 1887–1813 BC, <a href="/wiki/Met_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Met Museum">MET</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg/220px-Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg/330px-Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg/440px-Scarab_MET_scarabgroup_1._op.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Group of scarabs, MET</figcaption></figure><p><b>Scarabs</b> are <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impression_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Impression seal">impression seals</a> shaped according to the <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">eponymous beetles</a>, which were widely popular throughout <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. They survive in large numbers today, and through their inscriptions and <a href="/wiki/Typology_(archaeology)" title="Typology (archaeology)">typology</a>, these <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> prove to be an important source of information for <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Egypt" title="Archaeology of Ancient Egypt">archaeologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">historians of ancient Egypt</a>, representing a significant body of <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">its art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though primarily worn as amulets and sometimes rings, scarabs were also inscribed for use as personal or administrative seals or were incorporated into other kinds of jewelry. Some scarabs were created for political or diplomatic purposes to commemorate or advertise royal achievements. Additionally, scarabs held <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religious significance</a> and played a role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Egyptian funerary practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_evolution">Dating and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dating and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likely due to their connections to the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a>, amulets in the form of <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">scarab beetles</a> became enormously popular in Ancient Egypt by the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (approx. 2000 BC) and remained popular for the rest of the pharaonic period and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">middle Bronze Age</a>, other ancient peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> imported scarabs from Egypt and also produced scarabs in Egyptian or local styles, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> (about 2055 BC) scarabs had become extremely common. They largely replaced <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder seals">cylinder seals</a> and circular "button seals" with simple geometric designs. Throughout the period in which they were made, scarabs were often engraved with the names of pharaohs and other royal figures. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, scarabs were also engraved with the names and titles of officials, to be used as official seals. During the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and Third Intermediate Period, scarabs with short prayers or mottos became popular, though these scarabs are somewhat difficult to translate. There are also scarabs that depict hunting scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_materials">Description and materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG/220px-Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG/330px-Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG/440px-Bead_net_with_scarab_HARGM3698.JPG 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Faience pectoral scarab with spread wings and bead net, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pump_Room,_Harrogate" title="Royal Pump Room, Harrogate">Royal Pump Room, Harrogate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Scarabs were typically carved or molded in the form of a scarab beetle (usually identified as <i><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeus_sacer" title="Scarabaeus sacer">Scarabaeus sacer</a></i>) with varying degrees of naturalism but usually at least indicating the head, wing case and legs but with a flat base. The base was usually inscribed with designs or <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> to form an <a href="/wiki/Impression_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Impression seal">impression seal</a>. They were usually drilled from end to end to allow them to be strung on a thread or incorporated into a swivel ring. The common length for standard scarabs is between 6 mm and 40 mm and most are between 10 mm and 20 mm. Larger scarabs were made from time to time for particular purposes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_scarabs_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III">commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scarabs were generally either carved from stone, or molded from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">Egyptian faience</a>, a type of Ancient Egyptian sintered-quartz ceramic. Once carved, they would typically be glazed blue or green and then fired. The most common stone used for scarabs was a form of <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a>, a soft stone that becomes hard when fired (forming <a href="/wiki/Enstatite" title="Enstatite">enstatite</a>), or porcelain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, hardstone scarabs most commonly were composed of green <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg/220px-Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg/330px-Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg/440px-Scarab_MET_22.1.272_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1573" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian amethyst scarab</figcaption></figure> <p>From the late <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> onwards, <a href="/wiki/Scarab_ring" title="Scarab ring">scarab rings</a> developed from simple scarabs tied to fingers with threads into rings with scarab <a href="/wiki/Bezel_(jewellery)" title="Bezel (jewellery)">bezels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>, and further into rings with cast scarabs in the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, typically strung on gold wire rather than string. Bezels emerged during the Old Kingdom period, often as amulets which were meant to represent <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, the Egyptian solar god. Scarabs used for jewelry and rings were often composed of glazed steatite, which was a popular medium in ancient Egypt, though the glaze on many of these rings has been eroded over time due to weathering.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the majority of scarabs would originally have been green or blue, much of the colored glazes have become discolored or erased by the elements over time, leaving most steatite scarabs appearing white or brown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_historical_significance">Religious and historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious and historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG/196px-Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG/294px-Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG/392px-Scarabaeidae_-_Scarabaeus_sacer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Scarabs are identified as the dung beetle <i><a href="/wiki/Scarabaeus_sacer" title="Scarabaeus sacer">Scarabaeus sacer</a></i>, pictured here rolling a ball of dung.</figcaption></figure><p>In ancient Egypt, the Scarab Beetle was a highly significant symbolic representation of the divine manifestation of the morning sun. The Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a> was believed to roll the sun across the sky each day at daybreak. In a similar fashion, some beetles of the family <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">Scarabaeidae</a> use their legs to roll dung into balls. Ancient Egyptians believed this action was symbolic of the sun's east to west journey across the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the scarab was seen as a reflection of the eternal cycle of life and was characterized as representing the idea of rebirth and regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scarab has ties to themes of manifestation and growth, and scarabs have been found all across Egypt which originate from many different periods in Egyptian history. Scarabs have also been found inside of sunken ships, like one discovered in <a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a>, Turkey, which was inscribed with the name of the Egyptian queen <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>. This scarab was among many luxury items excavated from the wreckage. Its unique inscription provides a framework of time for when the sinkage took place. This discovery gives ancient historians insight into the nature of Bronze Age trading goods and commercial networks of exchange within the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_scarabs">Types of scarabs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of scarabs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerary">Funerary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Funerary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heart_scarab" title="Heart scarab">Heart scarab</a></div><p> Scarab amulets were sometimes placed in tombs as part of the deceased's personal effects or jewelry, though not all scarabs had an association with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">ancient Egyptian funerary practices</a>. There are, however, three types of scarabs that seem to be specifically related to ancient funerary practices: <a href="/wiki/Heart_scarab" title="Heart scarab"><i>heart scarabs</i></a>, <i>pectoral scarabs</i> and <i>naturalistic scarabs</i>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg/220px-Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg/330px-Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg/440px-Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer_MET_36.3.2_EGDP013731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_Scarab_of_Hatnefer" title="Heart Scarab of Hatnefer">Heart Scarab of Hatnefer</a></i>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">MET Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Heart scarabs became popular in the early <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and remained in use until the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a>. They are typically 4 cm-12 cm long, and are often made from dark green or black stone not pierced for suspension. The heart was the most significant internal organ to ancient Egyptians, as they believed it to be the center of intellect and the mind. Therefore, the heart was left inside the deceased's body during the mummification process, while the other viscera were removed for separate preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To determine safe passage into the underworld, ancient Egyptians performed the <a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_souls" title="Weighing of souls">"weighing of the heart"</a> rite, which utilized heart scarabs. Heart scarabs were often hung around the mummy's neck with a gold wire and the scarab itself was held in a gold frame. The base of a heart scarab was usually carved, either directly or on a gold plate fixed to the base, with <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> which name the deceased and repeat some or all of spell 30B from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>. The spell commands the deceased's heart not to give evidence against the deceased when he/she is being judged by the gods of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> onwards, large (typically 3–8 cm long), relatively flat uninscribed pectoral scarabs were sewn together with a pair of separately made outstretched wings, onto the chests of mummies via holes formed at the edge of the scarab. Pectoral scarabs appear to be associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a>, who is often depicted in the same form.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Naturalistic_Scarab_-_Walters_42366_-_Right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian faience naturalistic scarab, 665-342 BC, <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Naturalistic scarabs are relatively small (typically 2 cm to 3 cm long), made from a wide variety of hardstones and Egyptian Faience, and are distinguished from other scarabs by their naturalistic carved three dimensional bases, which often also include an integral suspension loop running widthways. Groups of these funerary scarabs, often made from different materials, formed part of the battery of amulets which were believed by ancient Egyptians to protect mummies throughout the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>. </p><p>Ancient Egyptians believed that when a person died and underwent their final judgement, the gods of the underworld would ask many detailed and intricate questions which had to be answered precisely and ritually, according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>. Since many ancient Egyptians were illiterate, even placing a copy of this scroll in their coffin would not be enough to protect them from judgment for giving a wrong answer. As a result, the priests would read the questions and their appropriate answers to the beetle, which would then be killed, mummified, and placed in the ear of the deceased. It was believed that when the gods then asked their questions, the ghostly scarab would whisper the correct answer into the ear of the supplicant, who could then answer the gods wisely and correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative">Commemorative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commemorative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_scarabs_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III">Commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_lion_hunts_of_Amenhotep_III_during_the_first_ten_years_of_his_reign" title="The lion hunts of Amenhotep III during the first ten years of his reign">The lion hunts of Amenhotep III during the first ten years of his reign</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg/260px-Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg/390px-Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg/519px-Commemorative_Scarab_of_Amenhotep_III_Recording_a_Lion_Hunt_MET_26.7.264_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Glazed steatite <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_scarabs_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III">commemorative scarab</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> recording a <a href="/wiki/The_lion_hunts_of_Amenhotep_III_during_the_first_ten_years_of_his_reign" title="The lion hunts of Amenhotep III during the first ten years of his reign">lion hunt</a> with the number of lions slain, 1390–1352 BC, MET</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (the immediate predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>) is famed for having <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_scarabs_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Commemorative scarabs of Amenhotep III">commemorative scarabs</a> manufactured. These were large (mostly between 3.5 cm and 10 cm long) and made of steatite, a grayish-green or brown colored talc. These scarabs were intricately crafted, created under royal supervision, and carried lengthy inscriptions describing one of five important events in his reign (all of which mention his queen, <a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a>). More than 200 of these have survived, and the locations in which they have been discovered suggest they were sent out as royal gifts and propaganda in support of Egyptian diplomatic activities. The crafting of these large scarabs was a continuation of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth Dynasty">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> tradition of making scarabs to celebrate specific royal achievements, such as the erection of <a href="/wiki/Obelisks" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisks">obelisks</a> at major temples during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Thuthmosis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuthmosis III">Thuthmosis III</a>. This tradition was revived centuries later during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Kushite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite">Kushite</a> pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> (721–707 BC) had large scarabs made to commemorate his victories in imitation of those previously produced for Amenhotep III.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_name">Royal name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Royal name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scarabs are often found inscribed with the names of pharaohs and more rarely with the names of their queens and other members of the royal family. Generally, there is a correlation between how long a king or queen ruled and how many scarabs have been found bearing one or more of their names. Famously, a golden scarab of <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Uluburun" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluburun">Uluburun</a> ship wreck. Most scarabs bearing a royal name can reasonably be dated to the period in which the person named lived. However, there are a number of important exceptions. Scarabs have been found bearing the names of pharaohs of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (particularly of well-known kings such as <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a>). It is now believed these were produced in later periods, most probably during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a>, when there was considerable interest in and imitation of the works of well-established kings of the past. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg/220px-Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg/330px-Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg/440px-Scarab_with_the_Throne_Names_of_Thutmoses_III_and_Hatshepsut_MET_eg27.3.164b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Scarabs with the throne names of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, MET</figcaption></figure> <p>Scarabs have also been found in vast numbers bearing the throne name of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> King <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (1504–1450 BC) <i>Men Kheper Re.</i> Many of these scarabs date from the long and successful reign of this warrior pharaoh or shortly thereafter, but the majority do not. Like all pharaohs, Thuthmosis was regarded as a god after his death. Unlike most pharaohs, his cult, centered on his mortuary temple, seems to have continued for years, if not centuries. As a result, many scarabs bearing the inscription <i>Men Kheper Re</i> are likely to commemorate Thuthmosis III but may have been produced hundreds of years later. Later pharaohs adopted the same throne name (including Piye of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, 747–716 BC) leading to some confusion. The hieroglyphs making <i>Men Kheper Re</i> seem to have become regarded as a protective charm in themselves and were inscribed on scarabs without any specific reference to Thuthmosis III. It can be doubted that in many cases the carver understood the meaning of the inscription but reproduced it blindly. On a lesser scale the same may be true of the throne name of <a href="/wiki/Rameses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameses II">Rameses II</a> (1279–1212 BC) <i>User Maat Re</i> ("the justice of Ra is powerful"), which is commonly found on scarabs which otherwise do not appear to date from his reign. The birth names of pharaohs were also popular names among private individuals and so, for example, a scarab simply bearing the name "<a href="/wiki/Amenhotep" title="Amenhotep">Amenhotep</a>" need not be associated with any particular king who also bore that name. </p><p>The significance of a scarab bearing a royal name is unclear and probably changed over time and from scarab to scarab. Many may simply have been made privately in honor of a ruler during or after his lifetime. Some may also have been royal gifts. In some cases, scarabs with royal names may have been official seals or badges of office, perhaps connected with the royal estates or household. Others, although relatively few, may have been personal seals owned by the royal individual named on them. As the king fulfilled many different roles in ancient Egyptian society, so scarabs naming a pharaoh may have had a direct or indirect connection with a wide range of private and public activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_and_title">Name and title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Name and title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_Senebsumai_Petrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Scarab_Senebsumai_Petrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Scarab seal of the ancient Egyptian <i>keeper of the seal</i> (i.e. treasurer) <a href="/wiki/Senebsumai" title="Senebsumai">Senebsumai</a>. The inscription says: <i>"Royal sealer, companion, keeper of the seal, Senebsumai"</i>. From Kahun, early 13th Dynasty, Second Intermediate Period, now likely in the <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the late Middle Kingdom, changes in the administration led to scarabs being inscribed with the names and titles of non-royal individuals, usually officials.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scarabs exhibit precision unmatched in other periods, including early Middle Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>, and start of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Dynasty">18th Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the scarab ceased its utilitarian use as a personal seal soon after the collapse of the Middle Kingdom, it retained its religious and magical importance throughout the dynastic period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canaanite">Canaanite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canaanite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></div> <p>Canaanite scarabs imitate contemporary Egyptian late Middle Kingdom designs, while also introducing new decorative elements and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarabs made by Canaanite artisans show extensive use of linear and <a href="/wiki/Cross_hatching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross hatching">cross hatching</a> on the bodies of the various figures, representations of native animals, and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Palm_branch" title="Palm branch">palm branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarabs</a> are scarab seals dating to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>. As anra scarabs have overwhelmingly been found in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> (~80%), it has been suggested it was marketed by the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/15th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Dynasty">15th Dynasty</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenician">Phoenician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phoenician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> seal engravers adopted the scarab from the Egyptians in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> empire, from the later sixth century BC to the mid-fourth century BC. The majority of these scarabs have been unearthed in the western Phoenician (<a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a>) burial grounds of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, with numerous others originating in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a> on Sardinia was a major center of production and distribution, and scarabs were transported to the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> in the 5th century by Greek and Phoenician merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Etruscan scarab was most popular in <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a> from the last decades of the 6th century BC. </p><p>Phoenician scarabs were carved with not only Egyptian themes, but also Etruscan and western Greek imagery. The innovations include Egyptianizing (the standard of Phoenicia), native Levantine (more <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syrian</a> in style and subject matter), and Hellenizing (mainly following late <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greek</a> subject matter and styles, also called Graeco-Phoenician). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Signet ring, with cartouche of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun"><img alt="Signet ring, with cartouche of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun :'Perfect God, Lord of the Two Lands' – ('Neter-Nefer, Neb-taui')" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/120px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/180px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/240px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring">Signet ring</a>, with cartouche of the Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mould for a scarab, MET"><img alt="Mould for a scarab, MET" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg/120px-Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg/180px-Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg/240px-Mold_for_a_Scarab_MET_LC-11_215_684_EGDP026608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mould for a scarab, MET</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab550bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern scarab produced for the tourist trade."><img alt="A modern scarab produced for the tourist trade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/77px-Scarab550bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/116px-Scarab550bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Scarab550bc.jpg/155px-Scarab550bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern scarab produced for the tourist trade.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pendant in the shape of a winged scarab carrying the Eye of Horus, from the treasury of Tut's tomb"><img alt="A pendant in the shape of a winged scarab carrying the Eye of Horus, from the treasury of Tut's tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/90px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/135px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg/180px-Tutankhamun_pendant_with_Wadjet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pendant in the shape of a winged scarab carrying the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a>, from the treasury of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Tutankhamun" title="Tomb of Tutankhamun">Tut's tomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carnelian Etruscan scarab 500–450 BC"><img alt="Carnelian Etruscan scarab 500–450 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg/120px-Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg/180px-Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg/240px-Carnelian_scarab_MET_DP111342.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="2596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carnelian Etruscan scarab 500–450 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheshi royal scarab locations in the Levant, Egypt and Nubia. Scarabs are the only evidence for his reign"><img alt="Sheshi royal scarab locations in the Levant, Egypt and Nubia. Scarabs are the only evidence for his reign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png/68px-Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png/102px-Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png/136px-Sheshi_scarabs_locations.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="2783" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Sheshi</a> royal scarab locations in the Levant, Egypt and Nubia. Scarabs are the only evidence for his reign</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarabgenera.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Scarab genera, Petrie "Scarabs""><img alt="Scarab genera, Petrie "Scarabs"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Scarabgenera.png/90px-Scarabgenera.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Scarabgenera.png/134px-Scarabgenera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Scarabgenera.png/179px-Scarabgenera.png 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scarab genera, Petrie "Scarabs"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarabsymmetry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Introduction of symmetry, scarabs, Petrie "A History of Egypt""><img alt="Introduction of symmetry, scarabs, Petrie "A History of Egypt"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scarabsymmetry.png/120px-Scarabsymmetry.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scarabsymmetry.png/180px-Scarabsymmetry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Scarabsymmetry.png/240px-Scarabsymmetry.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Introduction of symmetry, scarabs, Petrie "A History of Egypt"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_popular_culture_reference">Literary and popular culture reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literary and popular culture reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Blandings" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandings">Blandings novel</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Something_Fresh" title="Something Fresh">Something Fresh</a></i> (1915) – involves the pilfering of a rare Egyptian scarab (a "<a href="/wiki/Cheops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheops">Cheops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>") as a key plot device.</li> <li>In British crime novelist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_Must_Advertise" title="Murder Must Advertise">Murder Must Advertise</a></i> a catapulted scarab is the murder weapon.</li> <li>The rock band <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a> uses various types of scarabs as their main logo and in the cover art of the albums <i><a href="/wiki/Departure_(Journey_album)" title="Departure (Journey album)">Departure</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Captured_(Journey_album)" title="Captured (Journey album)">Captured</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_(Journey_album)" title="Escape (Journey album)">Escape</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(Journey_album)" title="Greatest Hits (Journey album)">Greatest Hits</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arrival_(Journey_album)" title="Arrival (Journey album)">Arrival</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Generations_(Journey_album)" title="Generations (Journey album)">Generations</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Revelation_(Journey_album)" title="Revelation (Journey album)">Revelation</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Journey" title="The Essential Journey">The Essential Journey</a>.</i></li> <li>The Dutch print-maker <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> (1898–1972) created a wood engraving in 1935 depicting two scarabs or <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetles</a>.</li> <li>In Stephen Sommers' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_film)" title="The Mummy (1999 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1999), the scarab is used as a deadly, ancient beetle that eats the internal and external organs, killing whom ever it comes into contact with.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone" title="The Twilight Zone">The Twilight Zone</a></i> episode <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Nile_(The_Twilight_Zone)" title="Queen of the Nile (The Twilight Zone)">Queen of the Nile</a>, the main character Pamela Morris has an ancient scarab beetle amulet that can drain the youth of anyone she places it on, enabling her to remain young forever. Morris tells her final victim that she got it from "the pharaohs, who understood its power."</li> <li>In Disney's animated movie <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, the location of the Cave of Wonders is revealed when two halves of a scarab beetle are joined.</li> <li>Scarabs are used as the monetary unit of planet Sauria (originally known as Dinosaur Planet) in the 2002 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_Adventures" title="Star Fox Adventures">Star Fox Adventures</a></i>.</li> <li>Scarabs appear in droves in <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider:_The_Last_Revelation" title="Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation">Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation</a></i>. They deal damage to <a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</a> throughout the game.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_and_Dragons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeons and Dragons">Dungeons and Dragons</a></i>, there is a magic item called the <i>Scarab of Protection</i>. It protects its wearer against deathly curses and similar effects, usually caused by undead monsters and necromancy. However, each scarab can only stop so many of these attacks before it is destroyed, crumbling to dust.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Impression seal">Impression seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">Stamp seal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecollector.com/egyptian-scarabs/">"Ancient Egyptian Scarabs: 10 Curated Facts to Know"</a>. <i>TheCollector</i>. 2021-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JHU+Archaeological+Museum&rft.atitle=Heart+Scarab&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologicalmuseum.jhu.edu%2Fstaff-projects%2Fancient-egyptian-amulets%2Fheart-scarab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum2023" class="citation web cs1">Museum, Egypt (2023-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egypt-museum.com/brooch-of-ancient-scarab-in-a-modern-winged-mount/">"Brooch of Ancient Egyptian Scarab in a Modern Winged Mount"</a>. <i>Egypt Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Blankenberg-van (2023-08-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/5949"><i>The Large Commemorative Scarabs of Amenhotep III</i></a>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-67014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-67014-3"><bdi>978-90-04-67014-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Large+Commemorative+Scarabs+of+Amenhotep+III&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft.isbn=978-90-04-67014-3&rft.aulast=Delden&rft.aufirst=C.+Blankenberg-van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F5949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323744">"Scarab seal and modern impression: Osiris flanked by protective deities | Iron Age"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Scarabs+of+the+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmuseums-static%2Fdigitalegypt%2Fseals%2F2inter2.html%23section1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Horn1962" class="citation journal cs1">H. Horn, Siegfried (January 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/371660?journalCode=jnes">"Scarabs from Schechem"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>21</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371660">10.1086/371660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Scarabs+from+Schechem&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1962-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371660&rft.aulast=H.+Horn&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F371660%3FjournalCode%3Djnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Tor" class="citation journal cs1">Ben-Tor, Daphna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33419414">"Scarabs, Chronology, and Interconnections: Egypt and Palestine in the Second Intermediate Period"</a>. <i>Academia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia&rft.atitle=Scarabs%2C+Chronology%2C+and+Interconnections%3A+Egypt+and+Palestine+in+the+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft.aulast=Ben-Tor&rft.aufirst=Daphna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33419414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dq5NJT8JevYC&q=canaanite+scarabs+finest"><i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i></a>. Published at the Fund's Office. 1948.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.pub=Published+at+the+Fund%27s+Office&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDq5NJT8JevYC%26q%3Dcanaanite%2Bscarabs%2Bfinest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie2013" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (2013-10-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ5sAAAAQBAJ&dq=canaanite+scarabs+fine&pg=RA1-PA4"><i>Ancient Gaza: Volume 2</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06609-9"><bdi>978-1-108-06609-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Gaza%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06609-9&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=William+Matthew+Flinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZ5sAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcanaanite%2Bscarabs%2Bfine%26pg%3DRA1-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1998" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Fiona V. (1998). <i>The Anra scarab: an archaeological and historical approach</i>. pp. 11–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30861%2F9781841712178">10.30861/9781841712178</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F26878">1842/26878</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841712178" title="Special:BookSources/9781841712178"><bdi>9781841712178</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127185087">127185087</a>. <q>Eighty percent of all Anra scarabs were found in Palestine, it would appear that this scarab was marketed specifically by the 15th dynasty for the Palestinian market</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anra+scarab%3A+an+archaeological+and+historical+approach&rft.pages=11-298&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1842%2F26878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127185087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30861%2F9781841712178&rft.isbn=9781841712178&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Fiona+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/carc/gems/Styles-and-Periods/Classical-Phoenician-Scarabs">"Classical-Phoenician-Scarabs"</a>. <i>www.carc.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.carc.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Classical-Phoenician-Scarabs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carc.ox.ac.uk%2Fcarc%2Fgems%2FStyles-and-Periods%2FClassical-Phoenician-Scarabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/323744">"Scarab seal and modern impression: Osiris flanked by protective deities | Iron Age"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Scarab+seal+and+modern+impression%3A+Osiris+flanked+by+protective+deities+%7C+Iron+Age&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F323744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrews, Carol, 1994. <i>Amulets of Ancient Egypt,</i> chapter 4: <i>Scarabs for the living and funerary Scarabs,</i> pp. 50–59, Andrews, Carol, 1993, University of Texas Press; (softcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70464-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70464-X">0-292-70464-X</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/image/Ancient-Egyptian-scarab-amulet-with-wings/">"Ancient Egyptian Scarab Amulet with Wings"</a>. australianmuseum.net.au. 22 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Scarab+Amulet+with+Wings&rft.pub=australianmuseum.net.au&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2Fimage%2FAncient-Egyptian-scarab-amulet-with-wings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Tor" class="citation web cs1">Ben-Tor, Daphna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2012923">"Egyptian-Levantine Relations And Chronology In The Middle Bronze Age: Scarab Research." The Synchronisation Of Civilisations In The Eastern Mediterranean In The Second Millennium B.C. II. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 239"</a>. Academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian-Levantine+Relations+And+Chronology+In+The+Middle+Bronze+Age%3A+Scarab+Research.%22+The+Synchronisation+Of+Civilisations+In+The+Eastern+Mediterranean+In+The+Second+Millennium+B.C.+II.+N.p.%3A+n.p.%2C+n.d.+239&rft.pub=Academia.edu&rft.aulast=Ben-Tor&rft.aufirst=Daphna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2012923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Blankenberg-van_Delden" title="C. Blankenberg-van Delden">Blankenberg-van Delden, C.</a>, 1969. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/5949">The large commemorative Scarabs of Amenhotep III</a></i>. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui, Vol. 15. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00474-0">978-90-04-00474-0</a>.</li> <li>Budge, 1977, (1926). <i>The Dwellers on the Nile,</i> <a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</a>, (Dover Publications), c 1977, (originally, c 1926, by Religious Tract Society, titled as: <i>The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapter of the Life, History, Religion and Literature of the Ancient-Egyptians</i>); pp 265–268: <i>"account of the hunting of wild cattle by Amenhetep III"</i>, "taken from a great Scarab"; (there are 16 <a href="/wiki/Register_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Register (sculpture)">registers</a>-(lines) of hieroglyphs); (softcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23501-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23501-7">0-486-23501-7</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1997" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Elaine A. (17 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.unl.edu/research/entomology/Egyptian_Sacred_Scarab/egs-text.htm">"Sacred Scarab"</a>. McClung Museum. N.p<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Scarab&rft.pub=McClung+Museum.+N.p.&rft.date=1997-04-17&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Elaine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.unl.edu%2Fresearch%2Fentomology%2FEgyptian_Sacred_Scarab%2Fegs-text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kerrigan, Michael. "Tiy's Wedding Scarab." The Ancients in Their Own Words. N.p.: Fall River, 2009. 54–55. Print.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewberry,_Percy_E.1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Newberry" title="Percy Newberry">Newberry, Percy E.</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007690778"><i>Scarabs: an introduction to the study of Egyptian seals and signet rings</i></a>. University of Liverpool. Institute of archaeology. Egyptian antiquities. London: Archibald Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scarabs%3A+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+Egyptian+seals+and+signet+rings&rft.place=London&rft.series=University+of+Liverpool.+Institute+of+archaeology.+Egyptian+antiquities&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Newberry%2C+Percy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007690778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span> With forty-four plates and one hundred and sixteen illustrations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatch,_Diana_Craig" class="citation web cs1">Patch, Diana Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/exhibitions/2614/Magic_in_Miniature:_Ancient_Egyptian_Scarabs_Seals__and__Amulets">"Exhibitions: Magic in Miniature: Ancient Egyptian Scarabs, Seals & Amulets"</a>. Brooklyn Museum Archive, n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibitions%3A+Magic+in+Miniature%3A+Ancient+Egyptian+Scarabs%2C+Seals+%26+Amulets&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum+Archive%2C+n.d.&rft.au=Patch%2C+Diana+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fexhibitions%2F2614%2FMagic_in_Miniature%3A_Ancient_Egyptian_Scarabs_Seals__and__Amulets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schulz, R., Seidel, M. <i>Egypt, The World of the Pharaohs,</i> Eds. Regine Schulz and Matthias Seidel, (w/ 34 contributing Authors), (Konemann, Germany), c 1998. <i>( 2 ) Scarab seals,</i> (as <a href="/wiki/Impression_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Impression seal">impression seals</a>), (Top/Bottom, 1.5 cm), and <i>"Commemorative Scarab"</i> of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, (Top/Bottom hieroglyphs), p. 353. (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89508-913-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89508-913-3">3-89508-913-3</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparavigna2009" class="citation ssrn cs1">Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina (2009). "Ancient Egyptian Seals and Scarabs". The Ancient Seals. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2823472">2823472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Seals+and+Scarabs&rft.pages=The+Ancient+Seals&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2823472%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Sparavigna&rft.aufirst=Amelia+Carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/41.160.162">"Stamp Scarab Seal with Winged Figures [Levant or Syria] (Bequest of W. Gedney Beatty 1941 (41.160.162))"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Stamp+Scarab+Seal+with+Winged+Figures+%5BLevant+or+Syria%5D+%28Bequest+of+W.+Gedney+Beatty+1941+%2841.160.162%29%29&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fworks-of-art%2F41.160.162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScarab+%28artifact%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, John, and F. L. Griffith. The Sacred Beetle: A Popular Treatise on Egyptian Scarabs in Art and History. Five hundred examples of Scarabs and cylinders, the translations by F. Llewellyn Griffith. London: John Murray, 1902. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1853124">1853124</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarab_(artifact)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_scarabs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Egyptian scarabs">Ancient Egyptian scarabs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scarab" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scarab">Scarab</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=2166">1.1 cm Scaraboid impression seal.</a> <a href="/wiki/Hapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapy">Hapy</a>, Nile god holding Water-vessel, and kneeling on <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyph</a> for <i>"Lord"</i>, "Lord of the Nile". (Click on picture. Top, and bottom views.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalegyptianmuseum.org/record.aspx?id=2300">'Positive-impression' cowrie-Scaraboid.</a> <i>Collection of Ten</i> Scaraboid seals. (Click on picture. Top, and bottom views.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/82622/rec/1">Hatshepsut: from Queen to Pharaoh</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains a significant amount of material on Scarabs (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fV2PIlAVBuw">Scarab Beetles and the people of Ancient Egypt</a> Great video on Scarab Beetles.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps333748.jpg&retpage=15609">Heart Scarab Amulet</a> Picture of a Heart Scarab Amulet from the British Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vacationsinegypt.com/scarab-meaning/">Scarab-Meaning</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><b>F</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Four sons of Horus</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/32px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a 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