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<span>Ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_ritual_suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_ritual_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Female ritual suicide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Female_ritual_suicide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female ritual suicide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female_ritual_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_social_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_social_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious and social context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_social_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As capital punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorded_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recorded events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In modern Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Seppuku</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هارا كيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارا كيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81" title="সেপ্পুকু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেপ্পুকু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koah-pak" title="Koah-pak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Koah-pak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Харакіры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харакіры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara-ciri" title="Hara-ciri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hara-ciri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Χαρακίρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρακίρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiro" title="Harakiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harakiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هاراکیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاراکیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara-kiri" title="Hara-kiri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hara-kiri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%B3%B5" title="할복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="할복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Հարակիրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարակիրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="ספוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="სეპუკუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სეპუკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepuku" title="Sepuku – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sepuku" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/befsraku" title="befsraku – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="befsraku" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeppuku" title="Szeppuku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szeppuku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹരാകിരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹരാകിരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="सेप्पुकु – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेप्पुकु" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="切腹" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakiri" title="Harakiri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harakiri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarakiri" title="Xarakiri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xarakiri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82" title="ਸੇਪੂਕੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਪੂਕੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харакири – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харакири" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carachiri" title="Carachiri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carachiri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepuku" title="Sepuku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sepuku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Сепуку – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сепуку" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஹராகிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹராகிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8" title="เซ็ปปูกุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซ็ปปูกุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Сепуку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сепуку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Seppuku" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="切腹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="切腹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8F%E8%82%9A" title="劏肚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="劏肚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%85%B9" title="切腹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="切腹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Seppuku" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Harakiri" and "Hara-kiri" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harakiri_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harakiri (disambiguation)">Harakiri (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seppuku.jpg/260px-Seppuku.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seppuku.jpg/390px-Seppuku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seppuku.jpg/520px-Seppuku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Staged <i>seppuku</i> with ritual attire and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaishakunin" title="Kaishakunin">kaishakunin</a></i> assistant, 1897 </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Seppuku</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/80px-Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/160px-Seppuku_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="194" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Seppuku" in <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">切腹</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">せっぷく</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">セップク</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Seppuku</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>Seppuku</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">切腹</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cutting [the] belly</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, also called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>harakiri</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腹切り</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">abdomen/belly cutting</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, a native Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kanji#Kun'yomi_(native_reading)" title="Kanji">kun reading</a>)</span>, is a form of Japanese ritualistic <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> by <a href="/wiki/Disembowelment" title="Disembowelment">disembowelment</a>. It was originally reserved for <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">code of honour</a>, but was also practised by other Japanese people during the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (particularly officers near the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) to restore honour for themselves or for their families.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a samurai practice, <i>seppuku</i> was used voluntarily by samurai to die with honour rather than fall into the hands of their enemies (and likely be tortured), as a form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">capital punishment</a> for samurai who had committed serious offences, or performed because they had brought shame to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremonial disembowelment, which is usually part of a more elaborate ritual and performed in front of spectators, consists of plunging a short blade, traditionally a <i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i>, into the belly and drawing the blade from left to right, slicing the belly open.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If the cut is deep enough, it can sever the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a>, causing death by rapid <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">exsanguination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sonoda_Shinkawa_Kakizaki_Yukawa_2022_pp._282–286_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sonoda_Shinkawa_Kakizaki_Yukawa_2022_pp._282–286-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Seppuku</i> occurred in 1177 by <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Tametomo" title="Minamoto no Tametomo">Minamoto Tametomo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minamoto fought in the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_rebellion" title="Hōgen rebellion">Hōgen war</a>. After facing defeat in the war, Minamoto was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Izu_%C5%8Cshima" title="Izu Ōshima">Ōshima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minamoto decided to try to take over the island. Because of this, Minamoto’s enemies sent troops to suppress Minamoto’s rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minamoto, being on the losing end, committed <i>seppuku</i> in 1177.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual of <i>seppuku</i> was more concretely established when, in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Gempei war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimasa" title="Minamoto no Yorimasa">Minamoto Yorimasa</a> committed <i>seppuku</i> after composing a poem.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Seppuku</i> was used by warriors to avoid falling into enemy hands and to attenuate shame and avoid possible torture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samurai could also be ordered by their <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyō</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> lords) to carry out <i>seppuku</i>. Later, disgraced warriors were sometimes allowed to carry out <i>seppuku</i> rather than be executed in the normal manner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most common form of <i>seppuku</i> for men was composed of cutting open the abdomen, followed by extending the neck for an assistant to sever the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. It was the assistant's job to <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitate</a> the samurai in one swing; otherwise, it would bring great shame to the assistant and his family. Those who did not belong to the samurai caste were never ordered or expected to carry out <i>seppuku</i>. Samurai could generally carry out the act only with permission. </p><p>Sometimes a <i>daimyō</i> was called upon to perform <i>seppuku</i> as the basis of a peace agreement. This weakened the defeated clan so that resistance effectively ceased. <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> used an enemy's suicide in this way on several occasions, the most dramatic of which effectively ended a dynasty of <i>daimyōs</i>. When the <a href="/wiki/Later_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Later Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a> were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)" title="Siege of Odawara (1590)">defeated at Odawara</a> in 1590, Hideyoshi insisted on the suicide of the retired <i>daimyō</i> <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujimasa" title="Hōjō Ujimasa">Hōjō Ujimasa</a> and the exile of his son <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujinao" title="Hōjō Ujinao">Ujinao</a>. With this act of suicide, the most powerful <i>daimyō</i> family in eastern Japan was completely defeated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seppuku-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/201px-Seppuku-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/301px-Seppuku-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Seppuku-2.jpg/402px-Seppuku-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>Samurai about to perform seppuku</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>seppuku</i> is derived from the two <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese</a> roots <i>setsu</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">切</span></span> ("to cut", from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> <i>tset</i>; compare <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> <i>qiē</i> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <i>chit</i>) and <i>fuku</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">腹</span></span> ("belly", from MC <i>pjuwk</i>; compare Mandarin <i>fù</i> and Cantonese <i>fūk</i>). It is also known as <i><b>harakiri</b></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">腹切り</span></span>, "cutting the stomach";<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often misspelled or mispronounced "hiri-kiri" or "hari-kari" by American English speakers).<sup id="cite_ref-Garner2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Harakiri</i> is written with the same kanji as <i>seppuku</i>, but in reverse order with an <a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">okurigana</a>. In Japanese, the more formal <i>seppuku</i>, a Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/On%27yomi" title="On'yomi">on'yomi</a></i> reading, is typically used in writing, while <i>harakiri</i>, a native <i><a href="/wiki/Kun%27yomi" title="Kun'yomi">kun'yomi</a></i> reading, is used in speech. As Ross notes, </p> <blockquote><p>It is commonly pointed out that hara-kiri is a <a href="/wiki/Vulgarism" title="Vulgarism">vulgarism</a>, but this is a misunderstanding. Hara-kiri is a Japanese reading or <i>Kun-yomi</i> of the characters; as it became customary to prefer Chinese readings in official announcements, only the term seppuku was ever used in writing. So hara-kiri is a spoken term, but only to commoners and seppuku a written term, but spoken amongst higher classes for the same act.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While <i>harakiri</i> refers to the act of disemboweling oneself, <i>seppuku</i> refers to the ritual and usually would involve decapitation after the act as a sign of mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of performing <i>seppuku</i> at the death of one's master, known as <i><b>oibara</b></i> (追腹 or 追い腹, the kun'yomi or Japanese reading) or <i><b>tsuifuku</b></i> (追腹, the on'yomi or Chinese reading), follows a similar ritual. </p><p>The word <i>jigai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自害</span></span>)</span> means "suicide" in Japanese. The modern word for suicide is <i>jisatsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自殺</span></span>)</span>; related words include <i>jiketsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自決</span></span>)</span>, <i>jijin</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自尽</span></span>)</span> and <i>jijin</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">自刃</span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some popular western texts, such as martial arts magazines, the term is associated with the suicide of samurai wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Hosey_1980_47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosey_1980_47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was introduced into English by <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> in his <i>Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hearn_2005_318_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearn_2005_318-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an understanding which has since been translated into Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsukishima_1984_48_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsukishima_1984_48-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joshua S. Mostow notes that Hearn misunderstood the term <i>jigai</i> to be the female equivalent of <i>seppuku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mostow_2006_190_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mostow_2006_190-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mostow's context is analysis of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Butterfly">Madame Butterfly</a></i> and the original Cio-Cio San story by <a href="/wiki/John_Luther_Long" title="John Luther Long">John Luther Long</a>. Though both Long's story and Puccini's opera predate Hearn's use of the term <i>jigai</i>, the term has been used in relation to western <a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a>, which is the influence of Japanese culture on the western arts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual">Ritual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/220px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/330px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg/440px-Wakisashi-sepukku-p1000699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i> prepared for <i>seppuku</i></figcaption></figure><p>The practice of seppuku was not standardized until the 17th century. In the 12th and 13th centuries, such as with the seppuku of Minamoto no Yorimasa, the practice of a <i><a href="/wiki/Kaishakunin" title="Kaishakunin">kaishakunin</a></i> had not yet emerged; thus, the rite was considered far more painful. The defining characteristic was plunging either the <i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">tachi</a></i> (longsword), <i><a href="/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">wakizashi</a></i> (shortsword) or <i>tantō</i> (knife) into the gut and slicing the abdomen horizontally. In the absence of a <i>kaishakunin</i>, the samurai would then remove the blade and stab himself in the throat, or fall onto the blade from a standing position with it positioned against his heart. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1600–1867), carrying out seppuku came to involve an elaborate, detailed ritual. This was usually performed in front of spectators if it was planned, as opposed to one performed on a battlefield. A samurai was bathed in cold water (to prevent excessive bleeding), dressed in a white <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> called the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">shiro-shōzoku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A3%85%E6%9D%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:白装束">白装束</a></span></span>)</span>, and served his favorite foods for a <a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">last meal</a>. When he had finished, the knife and cloth were placed on a <i><a href="/wiki/Sanbo" title="Sanbo">sanbo</a></i> and given to the warrior. Dressed ceremonially, with his sword placed in front of him and sometimes seated on special clothes, the warrior would prepare for death by writing a <a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">death poem</a>. He would probably consume a ceremonial drink of <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a> and would also give his attendant a cup meant for sake.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his selected <i>kaishakunin</i> standing by, he would open his kimono, take up his <i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i> – held by the blade with a cloth wrapped around so that it would not cut his hand and cause him to lose his grip – and plunge it into his abdomen, making a left-to-right cut. The <i>kaishakunin</i> would then perform <i>kaishaku,</i> a cut in which the warrior was partially decapitated. The maneuver should be done in the manners of <i>dakikubi</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">embraced head</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), in which a slight band of flesh is left attaching the head to the body so that the head can dangle in front as if embraced. Because of the precision necessary for such a maneuver, the kaishakunin was a skilled swordsman. The principal and the kaishakunin agreed in advance when the latter was to make his cut. Usually, dakikubi would occur as soon as the dagger was plunged into the abdomen. </p><p>Over time, the process became so highly ritualized that as soon as the samurai reached for his blade, the kaishakunin would strike. Eventually, even the blade became unnecessary and the samurai could reach for something symbolic like a fan, and this alone would trigger the killing stroke from his kaishakunin. A fan was likely used when the samurai was too old to use a blade or in situations where it was too dangerous to give him a weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This elaborate ritual evolved after seppuku had ceased being mainly a battlefield or wartime practice and became a <a href="#As_capital_punishment">para-judicial institution</a>. The kaishakunin was usually, but not always, a friend. If a defeated warrior had fought honourably and well, an opponent who wanted to salute his bravery would volunteer to act as his kaishakunin. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Tsunetomo" title="Yamamoto Tsunetomo">Yamamoto Tsunetomo</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From ages past it has been considered an ill-omen by samurai to be requested as <i>kaishaku</i>. The reason for this is that one gains no fame even if the job is well done. Further, if one should blunder, it becomes a lifetime disgrace. In the practice of past times, there were instances when the head flew off. It was said that it was best to cut leaving a little skin remaining so that it did not fly off in the direction of the verifying officials.</p></blockquote> <p>A specialized form of seppuku in feudal times was known as <i>kanshi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">諫死</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">remonstration death or death of understanding</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, in which a retainer would commit suicide in protest of a lord's decision. The retainer would make one deep, horizontal cut into his abdomen, then quickly bandage the wound. After this, the person would then appear before his lord, give a speech in which he announced the protest of the lord's action, then reveal his mortal wound. This is not to be confused with <i>funshi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">憤死</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">indignation death</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, which is any suicide made to protest or state dissatisfaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some samurai chose to perform a considerably more taxing form of <i>seppuku</i> known as <i>jūmonji giri</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">十文字切り</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cross-shaped cut</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, in which there is no <i>kaishakunin</i> to put a quick end to the samurai's suffering. It involves a second and more painful vertical cut on the belly. A samurai performing <i>jūmonji giri</i> was expected to bear his suffering quietly until he bled to death, passing away with his hands over his face.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_ritual_suicide">Female ritual suicide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Female ritual suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female ritual suicide (incorrectly referred to in some English sources as <i>jigai</i>) was practiced by the wives of samurai who have performed <i>seppuku</i> or brought dishonour.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AJFMP_Jigai_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJFMP_Jigai-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Some women belonging to samurai families died by suicide by cutting the arteries of the neck with one stroke, using a knife such as a <i>tantō</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)" title="Kaiken (dagger)">kaiken</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main purpose was to achieve a quick and certain death in order to avoid capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before dying, a woman would often tie her knees together so her body would be found in a "dignified" pose, despite the convulsions of death.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invading armies would often enter homes to find the lady of the house seated alone, facing away from the door. On approaching her, they would find that she had ended her life long before they reached her.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg/220px-Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg/330px-Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg/440px-Femme-47-ronin-seppuku-p1000701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The wife of Onodera Junai, one of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-seven_Ronin" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-seven Ronin">Forty-seven Ronin</a>, prepares for her suicide; note the legs tied together, a feature of female seppuku to ensure a decent posture in death</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Stephen R. Turnbull</a> provides extensive evidence for the practice of female ritual suicide, notably of samurai wives, in pre-modern Japan. One of the largest mass suicides was the 25 April 1185 final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tomomori" title="Taira no Tomomori">Taira no Tomomori</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wife of Onodera Junai, one of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-seven_Ronin" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-seven Ronin">Forty-seven Ronin</a>, is a notable example of a wife following <i>seppuku</i> of a samurai husband.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of honour suicides marked the defeat of the Aizu clan in the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> of 1869, leading into the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>. For example, in the family of <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Tanomo" title="Saigō Tanomo">Saigō Tanomo</a>, who survived, a total of twenty-two female honour suicides are recorded among one extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_social_context">Religious and social context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious and social context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voluntary death by drowning was a common form of ritual or honour suicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The religious context of thirty-three <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></span></span> adherents at the funeral of Abbot Jitsunyo in 1525 was faith in <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida Buddha</a> and belief in rebirth in his <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a>, but male <i>seppuku</i> did not have a specifically religious context.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By way of contrast, the religious beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Hosokawa_Gracia" title="Hosokawa Gracia">Hosokawa Gracia</a>, the Christian wife of <i>daimyō</i> <a href="/wiki/Hosokawa_Tadaoki" title="Hosokawa Tadaoki">Hosokawa Tadaoki</a>, prevented her from dying by suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_capital_punishment">As capital punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As capital punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While voluntary <i>seppuku</i> is the best known form,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in practice, the most common form of <i>seppuku was</i> <b>obligatory <i>seppuku</i></b>, used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> for disgraced samurai, especially for those who committed a serious offense such as rape, robbery, corruption, unprovoked murder, or treason.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The samurai were generally told of their offense in full and given a set time for them to commit <i>seppuku</i>, usually before sunset on a given day. On occasion, if the sentenced individuals were uncooperative, <i>seppuku</i> could be carried out by an executioner, or more often, the actual execution was carried out solely by decapitation while retaining only the trappings of <i>seppuku</i>; even the <i>tantō</i> laid out in front of the uncooperative offender could be replaced with a fan (to prevent uncooperative offenders from using the <i>tantō</i> as a weapon against the observers or the executioner). This form of involuntary <i>seppuku</i> was considered shameful and undignified.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike voluntary <i>seppuku</i>, <i>seppuku</i> carried out as capital punishment by executioners did not necessarily absolve or pardon the offender's family of the crime. Depending on the severity of the crime, all or part of the property of the condemned could be confiscated, and <a href="/wiki/Kin_punishment" title="Kin punishment">the family would be punished</a> by being stripped of rank, sold into long-term servitude, or executed. </p><p><i>Seppuku</i> was considered the most honourable capital punishment apportioned to samurai. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Zanshu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">斬首</span></span>)</span> and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sarashikubi</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">晒し首</span></span>)</span>, decapitation followed by a display of the head, was considered harsher and was reserved for samurai who committed greater crimes. The harshest punishments, usually involving death by torturous methods like <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kamayude</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">釜茹で</span></span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">death by boiling</a>), were reserved for commoner offenders. </p><p>Forced <i>seppuku</i> came to be known as "conferred death" over time as it was used for punishment of criminal samurai.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recorded_events">Recorded events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recorded events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png/300px-Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png/450px-Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png/600px-Oishi_Yoshio_Gishi_Seppuku_No_Zu_Painting.png 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cishi_Yoshio" title="Ōishi Yoshio">Ōishi Yoshio</a> was sentenced to commit seppuku in 1703.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 15, 1868, eleven French sailors of the <i><a href="/wiki/FS_Dupleix_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="FS Dupleix (1861)">Dupleix</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakai_incident" title="Sakai incident">entered the town of Sakai</a> without official permission. Their presence caused panic among the residents. Security forces were dispatched to turn the sailors back to their ship, but a fight broke out and the sailors were shot dead. Upon the protest of the French representative, financial compensation was paid, and those responsible were sentenced to death. Captain <a href="/wiki/Abel-Nicolas_Bergasse_du_Petit-Thouars" title="Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars">Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars</a> was present to observe the execution. As each samurai committed ritual disembowelment, the violent act shocked the captain, and he requested a pardon, as a result of which nine of the samurai were spared. This incident was dramatized in a famous short story, "Sakai Jiken", by <a href="/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai" title="Mori Ōgai">Mori Ōgai</a>. </p><p>In the 1860s, the British Ambassador to Japan, <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Bertram_Freeman-Mitford,_1st_Baron_Redesdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale">Algernon Freeman-Mitford (Lord Redesdale)</a>, lived within sight of <a href="/wiki/Sengaku-ji" title="Sengaku-ji">Sengaku-ji</a> where the Forty-seven Ronin are buried. In his book <i>Tales of Old Japan</i>, he describes a man who had come to the graves to kill himself: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will add one anecdote to show the sanctity which is attached to the graves of the Forty-seven. In the month of September 1868, a certain man came to pray before the grave of Oishi Chikara. Having finished his prayers, he deliberately performed hara-kiri, and, the belly wound not being mortal, dispatched himself by cutting his throat. Upon his person were found papers setting forth that, being a <a href="/wiki/Ronin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronin">Ronin</a> and without means of earning a living, he had petitioned to be allowed to enter the clan of the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Choshiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Choshiu">Choshiu</a>, which he looked upon as the noblest clan in the realm; his petition having been refused, nothing remained for him but to die, for to be a Ronin was hateful to him, and he would serve no other master than the Prince of Choshiu: what more fitting place could he find in which to put an end to his life than the graveyard of these Braves? This happened at about two hundred yards' distance from my house, and when I saw the spot an hour or two later, the ground was all bespattered with blood, and disturbed by the death-struggles of the man.</p></blockquote> <p>Mitford also describes his friend's eyewitness account of a <i>seppuku</i>: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png/300px-Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png/450px-Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png/600px-Hara-kiri_by_Crepon_1867.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Illustration titled <i>Harakiri: Condemnation of a nobleman to suicide</i>; drawing by L. Crépon adapted from a Japanese painting, 1867</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are many stories on record of extraordinary heroism being displayed in the harakiri. The case of a young fellow, only twenty years old, of the Choshiu clan, which was told me the other day by an eye-witness, deserves mention as a marvellous instance of determination. Not content with giving himself the one necessary cut, he slashed himself thrice horizontally and twice vertically. Then he stabbed himself in the throat until the dirk protruded on the other side, with its sharp edge to the front; setting his teeth in one supreme effort, he drove the knife forward with both hands through his throat, and fell dead.</p></blockquote><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogun's</a> aide performed seppuku: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One more story and I have done. During the revolution, when the <a href="/wiki/Taikun" title="Taikun">Taikun (Supreme Commander)</a>, beaten on every side, fled ignominiously to <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Yedo</a>, he is said to have determined to fight no more, but to yield everything. A member of his second council went to him and said, "Sir, the only way for you now to retrieve the honor of the family of Tokugawa is to disembowel yourself; and to prove to you that I am sincere and disinterested in what I say, I am here ready to disembowel myself with you." The Taikun flew into a great rage, saying that he would listen to no such nonsense, and left the room. His faithful retainer, to prove his honesty, retired to another part of the castle, and solemnly performed the harakiri.</p></blockquote><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a direct quote, but there is no identification of what text or speech is being quoted or what was the original language. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Tales of Old Japan</i>, Mitford describes witnessing a hara-kiri:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>As a corollary to the above elaborate statement of the ceremonies proper to be observed at the harakiri, I may here describe an instance of such an execution which I was sent officially to witness. The condemned man was Taki Zenzaburo, an officer of the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Bizen_Province" title="Bizen Province">Bizen</a>, who gave the order to fire upon the foreign settlement at <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo</a> in the month of February 1868, – an <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Incident" title="Kobe Incident">attack</a> to which I have alluded in the preamble to the story of the Eta Maiden and the <a href="/wiki/Hatamoto" title="Hatamoto">Hatamoto</a>. Up to that time no foreigner had witnessed such an execution, which was rather looked upon as a traveler's fable. </p><p>The ceremony, which was ordered by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Mikado</a> (Emperor) himself, took place at 10:30 at night in the temple of Seifukuji, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Province" title="Satsuma Province">Satsuma</a> troops at Hiogo. A witness was sent from each of the foreign legations. We were seven foreigners in all. After another profound obeisance, Taki Zenzaburo, in a voice which betrayed just so much emotion and hesitation as might be expected from a man who is making a painful confession, but with no sign of either in his face or manner, spoke as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, and I alone, unwarrantably gave the order to fire on the foreigners at <a href="/wiki/Kobe,_Hyogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobe, Hyogo">Kobe</a>, and again as they tried to escape. For this crime I disembowel myself, and I beg you who are present to do me the honour of witnessing the act.</p></blockquote> <p>Bowing once more, the speaker allowed his upper garments to slip down to his girdle, and remained naked to the waist. Carefully, according to custom, he tucked his sleeves under his knees to prevent himself from falling backwards; for a noble Japanese gentleman should die falling forwards. Deliberately, with a steady hand, he took the dirk that lay before him; he looked at it wistfully, almost affectionately; for a moment he seemed to collect his thoughts for the last time, and then stabbing himself deeply below the waist on the left-hand side, he drew the dirk slowly across to the right side, and, turning it in the wound, gave a slight cut upwards. During this sickeningly painful operation he never moved a muscle of his face. When he drew out the dirk, he leaned forward and stretched out his neck; an expression of pain for the first time crossed his face, but he uttered no sound. At that moment the <i>kaishaku</i>, who, still crouching by his side, had been keenly watching his every movement, sprang to his feet, poised his sword for a second in the air; there was a flash, a heavy, ugly thud, a crashing fall; with one blow the head had been severed from the body. </p><p>A dead silence followed, broken only by the hideous noise of the blood throbbing out of the inert heap before us, which but a moment before had been a brave and chivalrous man. It was horrible. </p><p> The <i>kaishaku</i> made a low bow, wiped his sword with a piece of rice paper which he had ready for the purpose, and retired from the raised floor; and the stained dirk was solemnly borne away, a bloody proof of the execution. The two representatives of the Mikado then left their places, and, crossing over to where the foreign witnesses sat, called us to witness that the sentence of death upon Taki Zenzaburo had been faithfully carried out. The ceremony being at an end, we left the temple. The ceremony, to which the place and the hour gave an additional solemnity, was characterized throughout by that extreme dignity and punctiliousness which are the distinctive marks of the proceedings of Japanese gentlemen of rank; and it is important to note this fact, because it carries with it the conviction that the dead man was indeed the officer who had committed the crime, and no substitute. While profoundly impressed by the terrible scene it was impossible at the same time not to be filled with admiration of the firm and manly bearing of the sufferer, and of the nerve with which the <i>kaishaku</i> performed his last duty to his master.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_Japan">In modern Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In modern Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Seppuku</i> as judicial punishment was abolished in 1873, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, but voluntary <i>seppuku</i> did not completely die out.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of people are known to have committed <i>seppuku</i> since then,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">General Nogi Maresuke</a> and his wife on the death of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> in 1912, and numerous soldiers and civilians who chose to die rather than surrender at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice had been widely praised in army propaganda, which featured a soldier captured by the Chinese in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Incident">Shanghai Incident</a> (1932) who returned to the site of his capture to perform <i>seppuku</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, <a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi_Obata" title="Hideyoshi Obata">Hideyoshi Obata</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, committed seppuku in <a href="/wiki/Yigo,_Guam" title="Yigo, Guam">Yigo, Guam</a> following the Allied victory over the Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Guam">Second Battle of Guam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obata was posthumously promoted to the rank of general. Many other high-ranking military officials of Imperial Japan would go on to commit <i>seppuku</i> toward the latter half of World War II in 1944 and 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the tide of the war turned against the Japanese, and it became clear that a Japanese victory of the war was not achievable.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970, author <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of his followers performed public <i>seppuku</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a> headquarters following an unsuccessful attempt to incite the armed forces to stage a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mishima performed <i>seppuku</i> in the office of General Kanetoshi Mashita.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>kaishakunin</i>, a 25-year-old man named <a href="/wiki/Masakatsu_Morita" title="Masakatsu Morita">Masakatsu Morita</a>, tried three times to ritually behead Mishima but failed, and his head was finally severed by <a href="/wiki/Hiroyasu_Koga" title="Hiroyasu Koga">Hiroyasu Koga</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a> champion.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morita then attempted to perform <i>seppuku</i> himself,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when his own cuts were too shallow to be fatal, he gave the signal and was beheaded by Koga.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of notable <i>seppuku</i> cases in chronological order. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Tametomo" title="Minamoto no Tametomo">Minamoto no Tametomo</a> (1170)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimasa" title="Minamoto no Yorimasa">Minamoto no Yorimasa</a> (1180)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a> (1189)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Takatoki" title="Hōjō Takatoki">Hōjō Takatoki</a> (1333)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Mochiuji" title="Ashikaga Mochiuji">Ashikaga Mochiuji</a> (1439)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azai_Nagamasa" title="Azai Nagamasa">Azai Nagamasa</a> (1573)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeda_Katsuyori" title="Takeda Katsuyori">Takeda Katsuyori</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibata_Katsuie" title="Shibata Katsuie">Shibata Katsuie</a> (1583)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassa_Narimasa" title="Sassa Narimasa">Sassa Narimasa</a> (1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Ujimasa" title="Hōjō Ujimasa">Hōjō Ujimasa</a> (1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a> (1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hidetsugu" title="Toyotomi Hidetsugu">Toyotomi Hidetsugu</a> (1595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torii_Mototada" title="Torii Mototada">Torii Mototada</a> (1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Tadanaga" title="Tokugawa Tadanaga">Tokugawa Tadanaga</a> (1634)</li> <li>Forty-six of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-seven_r%C5%8Dnin" title="Forty-seven rōnin">Forty-seven <i>rōnin</i></a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watanabe_Kazan" title="Watanabe Kazan">Watanabe Kazan</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Shinbei" title="Tanaka Shinbei">Tanaka Shinbei</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takechi_Hanpeita" title="Takechi Hanpeita">Takechi Hanpeita</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamanami_Keisuke" title="Yamanami Keisuke">Yamanami Keisuke</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byakkotai" title="Byakkotai">Byakkotai</a> (group of samurai youths) (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a> and Nogi Shizuko (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chujiro_Hayashi" title="Chujiro Hayashi">Chujiro Hayashi</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Seigō Nakano</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshitsugu_Sait%C5%8D" title="Yoshitsugu Saitō">Yoshitsugu Saitō</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi_Obata" title="Hideyoshi Obata">Hideyoshi Obata</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunio_Nakagawa" title="Kunio Nakagawa">Kunio Nakagawa</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsuru_Ushijima" title="Mitsuru Ushijima">Mitsuru Ushijima</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Isamu Chō</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D_%C5%8Cnishi" title="Takijirō Ōnishi">Takijirō Ōnishi</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikahiko_Koizumi" title="Chikahiko Koizumi">Chikahiko Koizumi</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Yukio Mishima</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakatsu_Morita" title="Masakatsu Morita">Masakatsu Morita</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isao_Inokuma" title="Isao Inokuma">Isao Inokuma</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/300px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/450px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/600px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keppler" title="Joseph Keppler">Joseph Keppler</a>'s cartoon published in <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a> on March 8, 1873, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> is shown directing U.S. Senators implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_scandal" title="Crédit Mobilier scandal">Crédit Mobilier Scandal</a> to commit "Hari-Kari", clearly showing that by that time the general American public was already familiar with the Japanese ritual and its social implications.</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-seven_r%C5%8Dnin" title="Forty-seven rōnin">forty-seven rōnin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABshingura" title="Chūshingura">Chūshingura</a></i>), who commit mass seppuku after avenging their lord, has inspired numerous works of Japanese art including <i><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a></i> puppet plays, <i><a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a></i> plays and at least six film adaptations, as well as the Hollywood movie <i><a href="/wiki/47_Ronin_(2013_film)" title="47 Ronin (2013 film)">47 Ronin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-child2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-child2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expected honour suicide of the samurai wife is frequently referenced in Japanese literature and film, such as in <i>Taiko</i> by Eiji Yoshikawa, <i><a href="/wiki/Humanity_and_Paper_Balloons" title="Humanity and Paper Balloons">Humanity and Paper Balloons</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rashomon_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashomon (film)">Rashomon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a>'s 1904 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Butterfly">Madame Butterfly</a></i>, wronged child-bride Cio-Cio-san commits seppuku in the final moments of the opera, after hearing that the father of her child—although he has finally returned to Japan, much to her initial delight—had in the meantime married an American lady and has come to take her child away from her.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Seppuku</i> is referenced and described multiple times in the 1975 <a href="/wiki/James_Clavell" title="James Clavell">James Clavell</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun_(novel)" title="Shōgun (novel)">Shōgun</a></i>; its subsequent 1980 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun_(1980_miniseries)" title="Shōgun (1980 miniseries)">Shōgun</a></i> brought the term and the concept to mainstream Western attention. The <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun_(2024_miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun (2024 miniseries)">2024 adaptation</a> also follows suit in this vein, in greater graphic detail.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harakiri_(1962_film)" title="Harakiri (1962 film)">Harakiri</a></i> – film by <a href="/wiki/Masaki_Kobayashi" title="Masaki Kobayashi">Masaki Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">Japanese funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> honour suicide by self-immolation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junshi" title="Junshi">Junshi</a> – following the lord in death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a>, Japanese suicide bombers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puputan" title="Puputan">Puputan</a>, Indonesian ritual suicide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Shame society">Shame society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Suicide in Japan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKosaka1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kosaka, Masataka (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20025315">"The Showa Era (1926-1989)"</a>. <i>Daedalus</i>. <b>119</b> (3): 27–47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266">0011-5266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20025315">20025315</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=The+Showa+Era+%281926-1989%29&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=27-47&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20025315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-5266&rft.aulast=Kosaka&rft.aufirst=Masataka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20025315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/crime-and-criminal-policy-japan-1926-1988-analysis-and-evaluation">"Crime and Criminal Policy in Japan From 1926 to 1988: Analysis and Evaluation of the Showa Era"</a>. <i>NCJRS 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCJRS+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Crime+and+Criminal+Policy+in+Japan+From+1926+to+1988%3A+Analysis+and+Evaluation+of+the+Showa+Era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.gov%2Fncjrs%2Fvirtual-library%2Fabstracts%2Fcrime-and-criminal-policy-japan-1926-1988-analysis-and-evaluation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Lily (June 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3918248/okinawa-ended-1945-history/">"The Gory Way Japanese Generals Ended Their Battle on Okinawa"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 282–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fpaf.0000000000000767">10.1097/paf.0000000000000767</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-404X">1533-404X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35642778">35642778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Forensic+Medicine+%26+Pathology&rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Fatal+Exsanguination+by+a+Japanese+Short+Sword&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-286&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft.issn=1533-404X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35642778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fpaf.0000000000000767&rft.aulast=Sonoda&rft.aufirst=Ai&rft.au=Shinkawa%2C+Norihiro&rft.au=Kakizaki%2C+Eiji&rft.au=Yukawa%2C+Nobuhiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perez LG. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Absurdist+Noir+Novel+Shows+Yukio+Mishima%27s+Lighter+Side&rft.date=2020-05-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F21%2Fbooks%2Freview-life-for-sale-yukio-mishima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuramatsu1971" class="citation news cs1">Muramatsu, Takeshi (1971-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/16/archives/death-as-precept.html">"Death as Precept"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Death+as+Precept&rft.date=1971-04-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Muramatsu&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F04%2F16%2Farchives%2Fdeath-as-precept.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebra1970" class="citation news cs1">Lebra, Joyce (1970-11-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/28/archives/eyewitness-mishima.html">"Eyewitness: Mishima"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eyewitness%3A+Mishima&rft.date=1970-11-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F11%2F28%2Farchives%2Feyewitness-mishima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/13/opinion/l-enigmatic-japanese-writer-remembered-145293.html">"Opinion | Enigmatic Japanese Writer Remembered"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1993-03-13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Enigmatic+Japanese+Writer+Remembered&rft.date=1993-03-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F03%2F13%2Fopinion%2Fl-enigmatic-japanese-writer-remembered-145293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2003" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Gordon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSTuGYNB-S8C&pg=PT287"><i>Ha!: a self-murder mystery</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2345-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2345-6"><bdi>0-7735-2345-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ha%21%3A+a+self-murder+mystery&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7735-2345-6&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSTuGYNB-S8C%26pg%3DPT287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span>Excerpt from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2000" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Henry Scott (2000). <i>The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Square_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Square Press">Cooper Square Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1074-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8154-1074-3"><bdi>0-8154-1074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Yukio+Mishima&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8154-1074-3&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Henry+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-child2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-child2007_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Child, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/dec/09/keanu-reeves-47-ronin">"Keanu Reeves to play Japanese samurai in 47 Ronin"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i> (London). 9 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsStringer2007" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Alastair; Stringer, Julian (2007). <i>Japanese Cinema: Texts And Contexts</i>. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cinema%3A+Texts+And+Contexts&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Stringer%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamir2005" class="citation book cs1">Kamir, Orit (2005). <i>Framed: Women in Law and Film</i>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Framed%3A+Women+in+Law+and+Film&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kamir&rft.aufirst=Orit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oopperabaletti.fi/en/stage24/article/madama-butterfly-a-japanese-perspective/">"Madama Butterfly: a Japanese perspective"</a>. <i>The Finnish National Opera and Ballet</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Finnish+National+Opera+and+Ballet&rft.atitle=Madama+Butterfly%3A+a+Japanese+perspective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foopperabaletti.fi%2Fen%2Fstage24%2Farticle%2Fmadama-butterfly-a-japanese-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskey2024" class="citation magazine cs1">McCluskey, Megan (April 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6965135/shogun-episode-9-seppuku/">"How Shōgun's Depiction of Seppuku Compares to Real History"</a>. <i>TIME</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=How+Sh%C5%8Dgun%27s+Depiction+of+Seppuku+Compares+to+Real+History&rft.date=2024-04-16&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6965135%2Fshogun-episode-9-seppuku%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Social aspects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">ACEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">Emotional isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_performance" title="Identity performance">Identity performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">Voluntary euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Crisis</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types and <a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">methods</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">Cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_suicide_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet suicide pact">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoner suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_suicide" title="Epidemiology of suicide">Epidemiology</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_effects_on_suicide_rates" title="Seasonal effects on suicide rates">Seasonal effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_person" title="Suicidal person">Suicidal person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">List of suicides in the 21st century</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">In warfare</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_mission" title="Suicide mission">Suicide mission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_loss" title="Animal loss">Animal loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_depression" title="Biology of depression">Biology of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_depression" title="Epigenetics of depression">Epigenetics of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders" title="Causes of mental disorders">Causes of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">Chronic condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_planning" title="Coping planning">Coping planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">suicide bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">Locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_first_aid" title="Mental health first aid">Mental health first aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-suicidal_self-injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-suicidal self-injury">Non-suicidal self-injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfectionism_(psychology)" title="Perfectionism (psychology)">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Psychological stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">Self-hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ambivalence" title="Suicidal ambivalence">Suicidal ambivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_trauma" title="Suicide and trauma">Suicide and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Suicide awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">Suicide in colleges in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Suicide terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Suicide tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs of suicide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By country</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassion_%26_Choices" title="Compassion & Choices">Compassion & Choices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_with_Dignity_National_Center" title="Death with Dignity National Center">Death with Dignity National Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(assisted_dying_organisation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitas (assisted dying organisation)">Dignitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_International" title="Exit International">Exit International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Exit_Network" title="Final Exit Network">Final Exit Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemlock_Society" title="Hemlock Society">Hemlock Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2011" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, Andrew (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seppukuhistoryof0000rank"><i>Seppuku: A History of Samurai Suicide</i></a></span>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4770031426" title="Special:BookSources/978-4770031426"><bdi>978-4770031426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seppuku%3A+A+History+of+Samurai+Suicide&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-4770031426&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseppukuhistoryof0000rank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamamoto_Tsunetomo1979" class="citation book cs1">Yamamoto Tsunetomo (1979). <i>Hagakure: The Book of the Samurai</i>. William Scott Wilson (trans.). Charles E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84483-594-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84483-594-4"><bdi>1-84483-594-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hagakure%3A+The+Book+of+the+Samurai&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=1-84483-594-4&rft.au=Yamamoto+Tsunetomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Seward" title="Jack Seward">Seward, Jack</a> (1968). <i>Hara-Kiri: Japanese Ritual Suicide</i>. Charles E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-0231-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-0231-9"><bdi>0-8048-0231-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hara-Kiri%3A+Japanese+Ritual+Suicide&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-8048-0231-9&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2006" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Christoper (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mishimasswordtra0000ross_l7t5"><i>Mishima's Sword: Travels in Search of a Samurai Legend</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81513-3"><bdi>978-0-306-81513-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishima%27s+Sword%3A+Travels+in+Search+of+a+Samurai+Legend&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81513-3&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Christoper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmishimasswordtra0000ross_l7t5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyushu.com/gleaner/editorspick/seppuku.shtml">Seppuku</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915045135/http://kyushu.com/gleaner/editorspick/seppuku.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – A Practical Guide (tongue-in-cheek)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinckmann2006" class="citation web cs1">Brinckmann, Hans (2006-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110222904/http://www.habri.co.uk/PerspectiveHfd_1_6.html#dropouts">"Japanese Society and Culture in Perspective: 6. Suicide, the Dark Shadow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.habri.co.uk/PerspectiveHfd_1_6.html#suicide">the original</a> on January 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Society+and+Culture+in+Perspective%3A+6.+Suicide%2C+the+Dark+Shadow&rft.date=2006-07-02&rft.aulast=Brinckmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.habri.co.uk%2FPerspectiveHfd_1_6.html%23suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-Mitford1871" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman-Mitford, Algernon Bertram (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121206013612/http://www.munseys.com/disktwo/tajadex.htm">"An Account of the Hara-Kiri"</a>. <i>Tales of Old Japan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munseys.com/disktwo/tajadex.htm">the original</a> on 2012-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tales+of+Old+Japan&rft.atitle=An+Account+of+the+Hara-Kiri&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Freeman-Mitford&rft.aufirst=Algernon+Bertram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munseys.com%2Fdisktwo%2Ftajadex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.win.net/ratsnest/archive-articles21/fog0000000384.html">"The Fine Art of Seppuku"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fine+Art+of+Seppuku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.win.net%2Fratsnest%2Farchive-articles21%2Ffog0000000384.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuihoden.com/">Zuihoden</a> – The mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Date_Masamune" title="Date Masamune">Date Masamune</a> – When he died, twenty of his followers killed themselves to serve him in the next life. They lay in state at Zuihoden</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313221140/http://turandot.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Artworks.php?ID=168">Seppuku and "cruel punishments" at the end of Tokugawa Shogunate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051117145055/http://www.uni-erfurt.de/ostasiatische_geschichte/texte/japan/dokumente/17/tokugawa_legislation/index_files/buke_shohatto_1663.html">Tokugawa Shogunate edict banning Junshi (Following one's lord in death)</a> From the Buke Sho Hatto (1663) –</li></ul> <dl><dd>"That the custom of following a master in death is wrong and unprofitable is a caution which has been at times given of old; but, owing to the fact that it has not actually been prohibited, the number of those who cut their belly to follow their lord on his decease has become very great. For the future, to those retainers who may be animated by such an idea, their respective lords should intimate, constantly and in very strong terms, their disapproval of the custom. If, notwithstanding this warning, any instance of the practice should occur, it will be deemed that the deceased lord was to blame for unreadiness. Henceforward, moreover, his son and successor will be held to be blameworthy for incompetence, as not having prevented the suicides."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuse1980" class="citation journal cs1">Fuse, Toyomasa (1980). "Suicide and Culture in Japan: a study of seppuku as an institutionalized form of suicide". <i>Social Psychiatry</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 57–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00578069">10.1007/BF00578069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25585787">25585787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Suicide+and+Culture+in+Japan%3A+a+study+of+seppuku+as+an+institutionalized+form+of+suicide&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-63&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00578069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25585787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fuse&rft.aufirst=Toyomasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seppuku&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seppuku" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seppuku">Seppuku</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hara-kiri"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hara-kiri">"Hara-kiri" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hara-kiri&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeppuku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_shooting" title="Execution by shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">firing squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">Lethal injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation" title="Inert gas asphyxiation">Nitrogen hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_chair" title="Electric chair">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment#Ancient_methods" title="List of methods of capital punishment">Ancient and<br />post-classical<br /> methods</a></th><td 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Enforcement or use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_recent_executions_by_jurisdiction" title="List of most recent executions by jurisdiction">Most recent executions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executioner" title="Executioner">Executioner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executioners" title="List of executioners">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scharfrichter" title="Scharfrichter">Scharfrichter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final statement">Final statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_meal" title="Last meal">Last meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_methods_of_capital_punishment" title="List of methods of capital punishment">List of methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">Religion and capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botched_executions" title="List of botched executions">Botched execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolutions_concerning_death_penalty_at_the_United_Nations" title="Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations">Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suicide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suicide_navbox" title="Template talk:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suicide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suicide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_crisis" title="Suicide crisis">Suicide crisis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assessment_of_suicide_risk" title="Assessment of suicide risk">Assessment of suicide risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_hotline" title="Crisis hotline">Crisis hotline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_crisis_lines" title="List of suicide crisis lines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_intervention" title="Suicide intervention">Suicide intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention" title="Suicide prevention">Suicide prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_watch" title="Suicide watch">Suicide watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_signs_of_suicide" title="Warning signs of suicide">Warning signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_of_suicide" title="Advocacy of suicide">Advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_awareness" title="Suicide awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_theory_of_suicide" title="Interpersonal theory of suicide">Interpersonal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_suicide" title="Philosophy of suicide">Philosophy of suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_survivor" title="Suicide survivor">Suicide survivor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bereavement" title="Suicide bereavement">bereavement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_literature" title="Suicide in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_terminology" title="Suicide terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_from_legal_euthanasia_and_assisted_suicide" title="List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">Bullying and suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_attributed_to_bullying" title="List of suicides attributed to bullying">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide" title="Charcoal-burning suicide">Charcoal-burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Copycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_epidemic" title="Suicide epidemic">Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_suicide" title="Forced suicide">Forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_gunshot_suicide" title="Multiple gunshot suicide">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_suicide" title="Honor suicide">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">Immolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_jumping_from_height" title="Suicide by jumping from height">Jumping from height</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicide_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicide sites">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakkiruttal" title="Vatakkiruttal">Vatakkiruttal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seppuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">By train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_on_the_London_Underground" title="Suicide on the London Underground">London Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice" title="Self-sacrifice">Self-sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">Banzai charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">By cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_pilot" title="Suicide by pilot">By pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_pill" title="Suicide pill">Suicide pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_suicide" title="Vehicular suicide">Vehicular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">List of countries by suicide rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressants_and_suicide_risk" title="Antidepressants and suicide risk">Antidepressants and suicide risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_suicide" title="History of suicide">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_antiquity" title="Suicide in antiquity">Suicide in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides" title="List of suicides">List of suicides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_who_took_their_own_lives" title="List of heads of state and government who took their own lives">heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_in_the_21st_century" title="List of suicides in the 21st century">in the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_suicide" title="Animal suicide">Animal suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caring_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Caring letters">Caring letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attempt" title="Suicide attempt">Suicide attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_methods" title="Suicide methods">Suicide methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">Suicide note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words" title="Last words">Last words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_tourism" title="Suicide tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_prevention_contract" title="Suicide prevention contract">Suicide prevention contract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">Doctors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">LGBTQ youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_Mormon_suicides" title="LGBT Mormon suicides">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_military" title="Suicide in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide" title="Youth suicide">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Afghanistan" title="Suicide in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Australia" title="Suicide in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bangladesh" title="Suicide in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Belarus" title="Suicide in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Bhutan" title="Suicide in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Cameroon" title="Suicide in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Canada" title="Suicide in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_France" title="Suicide in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greenland" title="Suicide in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Greece" title="Suicide in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Guyana" title="Suicide in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Hong_Kong" title="Suicide in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_suicides_in_Hong_Kong" title="Student suicides in Hong Kong">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suicide_in_India" title="Youth suicide in India">youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Iran" title="Suicide in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ireland" title="Suicide in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Japan" title="Suicide in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Kazakhstan" title="Suicide in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Lithuania" title="Suicide in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mexico" title="Suicide in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Mozambique" title="Suicide in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nepal" title="Suicide in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Nigeria" title="Suicide in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Pakistan" title="Suicide in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Romania" title="Suicide in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Suicide in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Singapore" title="Suicide in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation_in_South_Korean_LGBT_youth" title="Suicidal ideation in South Korean LGBT youth">LGBT youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Spain" title="Suicide in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Sweden" title="Suicide in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Switzerland" title="Suicide in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Ukraine" title="Suicide in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Assisted suicide in the United Kingdom">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Assisted suicide in the United States">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide in colleges in the United States">college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_veteran_suicide" title="United States military veteran suicide">military veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Suicide among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teenage_suicide_in_the_United_States" title="Teenage suicide in the United States">teenage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Uruguay" title="Suicide in Uruguay"> Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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