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aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combustible_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustible_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Combustible base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustible_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indirect-burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect-burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Indirect-burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect-burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct-burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct-burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Direct-burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct-burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Orthodox Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_incense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_incense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burning incense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_incense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arabian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Temple_in_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Temple_in_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Jewish Temple in Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Temple_in_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Practical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odorizant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odorizant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Odorizant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odorizant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time-keeper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time-keeper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Time-keeper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-keeper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insect_repellent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insect_repellent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Insect repellent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insect_repellent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aesthetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aphrodisiac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aphrodisiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Aphrodisiac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aphrodisiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_risks_from_incense_smoke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_risks_from_incense_smoke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health risks from incense smoke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_risks_from_incense_smoke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Incense</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierook" title="Wierook – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wierook" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%93cels" title="Rēcels – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rēcels" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عود البخور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عود البخور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inciensu" title="Inciensu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inciensu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupa" title="Dupa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Dupa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiu%E2%81%BF" title="Hiuⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiuⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Фіміям – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фіміям" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamangyan" title="Kamangyan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kamangyan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eza%C3%B1s_India" title="Ezañs India – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ezañs India" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Санзай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Санзай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encens" title="Encens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arogldarth" title="Arogldarth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arogldarth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ucherwerk" title="Räucherwerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Räucherwerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitsutusrohi" title="Suitsutusrohi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suitsutusrohi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incienso" title="Incienso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incienso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenso" title="Incenso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Incenso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intsentsu" title="Intsentsu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intsentsu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encens_(fumigation)" title="Encens (fumigation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encens (fumigation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenso" title="Incenso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Incenso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%A5" title="향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="अगरबत्ती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अगरबत्ती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenso" title="Incenso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Incenso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupa" title="Dupa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dupa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykelsi" title="Reykelsi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reykelsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenso" title="Incenso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incenso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="קטורת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטורת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%81%D9%95_%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%AC" title="مۆشکہٕ تُج – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مۆشکہٕ تُج" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ладан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ладан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="קטורת – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="קטורת" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incensum" title="Incensum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Incensum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABraks" title="Vīraks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīraks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilkalai" title="Smilkalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Smilkalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCst%C3%B6l%C5%91" title="Füstölő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Füstölő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emboka_manitra" title="Emboka manitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Emboka manitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="अगरबत्ती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अगरबत्ती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setanggi" title="Setanggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Setanggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierook" title="Wierook – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wierook" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8kelse" title="Røkelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Røkelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ykjelse" title="Røykjelse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røykjelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enc%C3%A9s" title="Encés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Encés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="اگر بتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اگر بتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadzid%C5%82o" title="Kadzidło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kadzidło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenso" title="Incenso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Incenso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Благовония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Благовония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense" title="Incense – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Incense" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="اگر بتي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اگر بتي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadilo" title="Kadilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kadilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luubaan" title="Luubaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luubaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بخورد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بخورد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitsuke" title="Suitsuke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suitsuke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6kelse" title="Rökelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rökelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insenso" title="Insenso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Insenso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="ஊதுபத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊதுபத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B" title="ธูป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธูป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCts%C3%BC" title="Tütsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tütsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%96" title="Пахощі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пахощі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="اگر بتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اگر بتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_(t%E1%BA%BF_l%E1%BB%85)" title="Hương (tế lễ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hương (tế lễ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="香" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insenso" title="Insenso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Insenso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="香" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99" title="香 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/incense" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/incense">incense</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese film, see <a href="/wiki/Incense_(film)" title="Incense (film)">Incense (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incenselonghua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Incenselonghua.jpg/250px-Incenselonghua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Incenselonghua.jpg/330px-Incenselonghua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Incenselonghua.jpg/500px-Incenselonghua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Burning incense at the <a href="/wiki/Longhua_Temple" title="Longhua Temple">Longhua Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg/220px-Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg/330px-Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg/440px-Smoke_Incense_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="3780" /></a><figcaption>Smoke from incense stick</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Incense</b> is an aromatic <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic material</a> that releases fragrant smoke when burnt. The term is used for either the material or the aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense is used for aesthetic reasons, religious <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, and ceremonial reasons. It may also be used as a simple deodorant or <a href="/wiki/Insect_repellent" title="Insect repellent">insect repellent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mystery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mystery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aromatherapy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aromatherapy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incense is composed of aromatic plant materials, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forms taken by incense differ with the underlying culture, and have changed with advances in technology and increasing number of uses.<sup id="cite_ref-DO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incense can generally be separated into two main types: "indirect-burning" and "direct-burning." Indirect-burning incense (or "non-combustible incense") is not capable of burning on its own, and requires a separate heat source. Direct-burning incense (or "combustible incense") is lit directly by a flame and then fanned or blown out, leaving a glowing <a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">ember</a> that smoulders and releases a smoky fragrance. Direct-burning incense is either a paste formed around a bamboo stick, or a paste that is extruded into a stick or cone shape. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cite_check plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITE">citations</a> that do not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> the text</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit">check for citation inaccuracies</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>incense</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">incendere</i></span> pronunciation: /inˈt͡ʃɛn.de.re/ meaning 'to burn'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg/220px-Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg/330px-Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg/440px-Egyptian_-_Egyptian_Incense_Burner_-_Walters_54498_-_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian incense burner, 7th century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Combustible bouquets were used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptians</a>, who employed incense in both pragmatic and mystical capacities. Incense was burnt to counteract or obscure malodorous products of human habitation, but was widely perceived to also deter malevolent demons and appease the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">gods</a> with its pleasant aroma.<sup id="cite_ref-Aromatherapy_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aromatherapy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resin balls were found in many <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">prehistoric Egyptian</a> tombs in El Mahasna, giving evidence for the prominence of incense and related compounds in Egyptian antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest extant incense burners originates from the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">5th dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari in Egypt contains a series of carvings that depict an expedition for incense.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Babylonians used incense while offering prayers to divine<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense burners have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Civilization">Indus Civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests oils were used mainly for their aroma. This was the first usage of subterranean plant parts in incense.<sup id="cite_ref-stodda169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stodda169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest textual source on incense is the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense-burning was used to create pleasing aromas as well as a medicinal tool. Its use in medicine is considered the first phase of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, which uses incense as an approach to healing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of incense as a healing tool was assimilated into the religious practices of the time. As Hinduism matured and Buddhism was founded in India, incense became an integral part of Buddhism as well. Around 200 CE, a group of wandering Buddhist monks introduced incense stick making to China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some incense, depending on the contents, may also act as organic insect repellent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around 2000 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a> began the use of incense in the religious sense, namely for worship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense was used by Chinese cultures from Neolithic times and became more widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest documented use of incense comes from the ancient Chinese, who employed incense composed of herbs and plant products (such as <a href="/wiki/Senna_obtusifolia" title="Senna obtusifolia">cassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrax" title="Styrax">styrax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>) as a component of numerous formalized ceremonial rites.<sup id="cite_ref-stodda169_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stodda169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense usage reached its peak during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, with numerous buildings erected specifically for incense ceremonies. </p><p>Brought to Japan in the 6th century by Korean <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>, who used the mystical aromas in their purification rites, the delicate scents of Koh (high-quality Japanese incense) became a source of amusement and entertainment for nobles in the Imperial Court during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian Era</a> 200 years later. During the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warrior might perfume his helmet and armor with incense to achieve an aura of invincibility (as well as to make a noble gesture to whoever might take his head in battle). It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> during the 15th and 16th century that incense appreciation (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_incense#Kōdō" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese incense">kōdō</a></i></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><ruby>香 <rp>(</rp><rt>こう</rt><rp>)</rp> 道 <rp>(</rp><rt>どう</rt><rp>)</rp> </ruby></span></span>) spread to the upper and middle classes of Japanese society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IncenseWikiVers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IncenseWikiVers.jpg/220px-IncenseWikiVers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IncenseWikiVers.jpg/330px-IncenseWikiVers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/IncenseWikiVers.jpg/440px-IncenseWikiVers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Some commonly used raw incense and incense-making materials (from left to right, top down): Makko powder (<i><a href="/wiki/Machilus_thunbergii" title="Machilus thunbergii">Machilus thunbergii</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">Borneol</a> <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dryobalanops_aromatica" title="Dryobalanops aromatica">Dryobalanops aromatica</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin resin">Benzoin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Styrax_benzoin" title="Styrax benzoin">Styrax benzoin</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Boswellia_sacra" title="Boswellia sacra">Boswellia sacra</a></i>), Guggul (<i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_wightii" title="Commiphora wightii">Commiphora wightii</a></i>), Golden Frankincense (<i><a href="/wiki/Boswellia_papyrifera" title="Boswellia papyrifera">Boswellia papyrifera</a></i>), the new world <a href="/wiki/Tolu_balsam" title="Tolu balsam">Tolu balsam</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myroxylon_toluifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myroxylon toluifera (page does not exist)">Myroxylon toluifera</a></i>) from South America, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Commiphora_myrrha" title="Commiphora myrrha">Commiphora myrrha</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">Labdanum</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistus_villosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cistus villosus (page does not exist)">Cistus villosus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Perfumery%27s_opopanax" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumery's opopanax">Opoponax</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commiphora_opoponax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commiphora opoponax (page does not exist)">Commiphora opoponax</a></i>), and white Indian <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> powder (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Santalum album</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of materials have been used in making incense. Historically there has been a preference for using locally available ingredients. For example, sage and cedar were used by the indigenous peoples of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-SS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading in incense materials comprised a major part of commerce along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and other trade routes, one notably called the <a href="/wiki/Incense_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense Route">Incense Route</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local knowledge and tools were extremely influential on the style, but methods were also influenced by migrations of foreigners, such as clergy and physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-DO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustible_base">Combustible base</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Combustible base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg/250px-R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg/330px-R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg/500px-R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>A <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ucherkerzchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Räucherkerzchen">Räucherkerzchen</a></i></span> – A charcoal-based incense cone</figcaption></figure> <p>The combustible base of a direct burning incense mixture not only binds the fragrant material together but also allows the produced incense to burn with a self-sustained ember, which propagates slowly and evenly through an entire piece of incense with such regularity that it can be used to mark time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The base is chosen such that it does not produce a perceptible smell. Commercially, two types of incense base predominate: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">Fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> mixtures</b>: <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> powder provides the fuel for combustion while an oxidizer such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> sustains the burning of the incense. Fragrant materials are added to the base prior to shaping, as in the case of powdered incense materials, or after, as in the case of essential oils. The formula for charcoal-based incense is superficially similar to <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>, though it lacks the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.</li> <li><b>Natural plant-based binders</b>: Gums such as <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tragacanth" title="Tragacanth">gum tragacanth</a> are used to bind the mixture together. Mucilaginous material, which can be derived from many botanical sources, is mixed with fragrant materials and water. The <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> from the wet binding powder holds the fragrant material together while the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in the powder combusts to form a stable ember when lit. The dry binding powder usually comprises about 10% of the dry weight in the finished incense. These include: <ul><li><i>Makko</i> (incense powder) made from the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> of various trees in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Persea" title="Persea">Persea</a></i> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Machilus_thunbergii" title="Machilus thunbergii">Persea thunbergii</a></i>)</li> <li><i>Xiangnan pi</i> (made from the bark of trees of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(plant)" title="Phoebe (plant)">Phoebe</a></i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_nanmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe nanmu">Phoebe nanmu</a></i> or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persea_zuihoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persea zuihoensis (page does not exist)">Persea zuihoensis</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Jigit</i>: a resin based binder used in India</li> <li><i>Laha</i> or <i>Dar</i>: bark based powders used in Nepal, Tibet, and other East Asian countries.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Typical compositions burn at a temperature between 220 and 260 °C (428–500 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense is available in various forms and degrees of processing. They can generally be separated into "direct-burning" and "indirect-burning" types. Preference for one form over another varies with culture, tradition, and personal taste. The two differ in their composition due to the former's requirement for even, stable, and sustained burning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect-burning">Indirect-burning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indirect-burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect-burning incense, also called "non-combustible incense",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an aromatic material or combination of materials, such as resins, that does not contain combustible material and so requires a separate heat source. Finer forms tend to burn more rapidly, while coarsely ground or whole chunks may be consumed very gradually, having less surface area. Heat is traditionally provided by <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> or glowing embers. In the West, the best known incense materials of this type are the resins <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> likely due to their numerous mentions in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Frankincense means "pure incense",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in common usage, it refers specifically to the resin of the <a href="/wiki/Boswellia" title="Boswellia">boswellia</a> tree.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Whole: The incense material is burned directly in raw form on top of coal embers.</li> <li>Powdered or granulated: Incense broken into smaller pieces burns quickly and provides brief but intense odor.</li> <li>Paste: Powdered or granulated incense material is mixed with a sticky incombustible binder, such as dried <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, or a soft <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> and then formed to balls or small <a href="/wiki/Pastilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastilles">pastilles</a>. These may then be allowed to mature in a controlled environment where the fragrances can commingle and unite. Much <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabian</a> incense, also called "Bukhoor" or "Bakhoor", is of this type, and Japan has a history of kneaded incense, called nerikō or awasekō, made using this method.<sup id="cite_ref-Tashi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tashi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christian tradition, raw frankincense is ground into a fine powder and then mixed with various sweet-smelling essential oils.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct-burning">Direct-burning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Direct-burning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_coils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_coils.jpg/250px-Incense_coils.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_coils.jpg/330px-Incense_coils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Incense_coils.jpg/500px-Incense_coils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption> Incense coils hanging from the ceiling of an East Asian temple</figcaption></figure> <p>Direct-burning incense, also called "combustible incense",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is lit directly by a flame. The glowing ember on the incense will continue to smoulder and burn the rest of the incense without further application of external heat or flame. Direct-burning incense is either <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruded</a>, pressed into forms, or coated onto a supporting material. This class of incense is made from a moldable substrate of fragrant finely ground (or liquid) incense materials and odourless binder.<sup id="cite_ref-DO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition must be adjusted to provide fragrance in the proper concentration and to ensure even burning. The following types are commonly encountered, though direct-burning incense can take nearly any form, whether for expedience or whimsy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_stick.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Incense_stick.JPG/170px-Incense_stick.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Incense_stick.JPG/255px-Incense_stick.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Incense_stick.JPG/340px-Incense_stick.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Burning incense stick and its smoke</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Coil: Extruded and shaped into a coil without a core, coil incense can burn for an extended period, from hours to days, and is commonly produced and used in Chinese cultures.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Incense_cone"></span> </p> <ul><li>Cone: Incense in this form burns relatively quickly. Incense cones were invented in Japan in the 1800s.</li> <li>Cored stick: A supporting core of bamboo is coated with a thick layer of incense material that burns away with the core. Higher-quality variations have fragrant <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> cores. This type of incense is commonly produced in India and China. When used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, these are sometimes known as "joss sticks".</li> <li>Dhoop or solid stick: With no bamboo core, dhoop incense is easily broken for portion control. This is the most commonly produced form of incense in Japan and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.</li> <li>Powder: The loose incense powder used for making indirect burning incense is sometimes burned without further processing. Powder incense is typically packed into long trails on top of wood ash using a stencil and burned in special censers or <a href="/wiki/Incense_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense clocks">incense clocks</a>.</li> <li>Paper: Paper infused with resin or oils extracted from fragrant material, folded accordion style, is lit and blown out. Examples include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_d%27Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta d'Armenia (page does not exist)">Carta d'Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papier_d%27Arm%C3%A9nie" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier d'Arménie">Papier d'Arménie</a>.</li> <li>Rope: The incense powder is rolled into paper sheets, which are then rolled into ropes, twisted tightly, then doubled over and twisted again, yielding a two-strand rope. The larger end is the <a href="/wiki/Bight_(knot)" title="Bight (knot)">bight</a>, and may be stood vertically, in a shallow dish of sand or pebbles. The smaller (pointed) end is lit. This type of incense is easily transported and stays fresh for extremely long periods. It has been used for centuries in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</li></ul> <p>Moxa tablets, which are disks of powdered mugwort used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">moxibustion</a>, are not incenses; the treatment is by heat rather than fragrance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg/170px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg/255px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg/340px-Hanoi_Temple_of_Literature_incense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Joss sticks in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Literature,_Hanoi" title="Temple of Literature, Hanoi">Temple of Literature, Hanoi</a> in Hanoi, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>Incense sticks may be termed joss sticks, especially in parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among ethnic Chinese and Chinese-influenced communities these are traditionally burned at temples, before the threshold of a home or business, before an image of a religious divinity or local spirit, or in shrines, large and small, found at the main entrance of every village. Here the earth god is propitiated in the hope of bringing wealth and health to the village. They can also be burned in front of a door or open window as an offering to <a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">heaven</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a>. The word "joss" is derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">deus</i></span> (god) via the Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">deus</i></span> through the Javanese <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">dejos</i></span>, through Chinese pidgin English.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Incense" title="Special:EditPage/Incense">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg/250px-Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg/500px-Incense_in_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7008" data-file-height="4672" /></a><figcaption>Incense production in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IncenseTraVinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IncenseTraVinh.jpg/250px-IncenseTraVinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IncenseTraVinh.jpg/330px-IncenseTraVinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/IncenseTraVinh.jpg/500px-IncenseTraVinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Drying cored stick incense, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The raw materials are powdered and then mixed together with a binder to form a paste, which, for direct burning incense, is then cut and dried into pellets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg/250px-Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg/330px-Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg/500px-Raw_Charcoal_Incense_Sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Raw charcoal incense sticks</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain proportions are necessary for direct-burning incense: </p> <ul><li>Oil content: an excess of oils may prevent incense from smoldering effectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Resinous materials such as <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> are typically balanced with "dry" materials such as wood, bark and leaf powders.</li> <li>Oxidizer quantity: Too little oxidizer in gum-bound incense may prevent the incense from igniting, while too much will cause the incense to burn too quickly, without producing fragrant smoke.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Binder: Water-soluble binders such as "makko" ensure that the incense mixture does not crumble when dry, dilute the mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-DO_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mixture density: Incense mixtures made with natural binders must not be combined with too much water in mixing, or over-compressed while being formed, which would result in either uneven air distribution or undesirable density in the mixture, causing the incense to burn unevenly, too slowly, or too quickly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Particulate size: The incense mixture has to be well pulverized with similarly sized particulates. Uneven and large particulates result in uneven burning and inconsistent aroma production when burned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg/170px-Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg/255px-Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg/340px-Smouldering_incense_sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Some incense sticks are uneven in thickness.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Dipped" or "hand-dipped" direct-burning incense is created by dipping "incense blanks" made of unscented combustible dust into any suitable kind of essential or fragrance oil. These are often sold in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Flea_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Flea markets">flea-market</a> and sidewalk vendors who have developed their own styles. This form of incense requires the least skill and equipment to manufacture, since the blanks are pre-formed in China or South East Asia. </p><p>Incense mixtures can be extruded or pressed into shapes. Small quantities of water are combined with the fragrance and incense base mixture and kneaded into a hard <a href="/wiki/Dough" title="Dough">dough</a>. The incense dough is then pressed into shaped forms to create <i>cone</i> and smaller <i>coiled</i> incense, or forced through a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> press for <i>solid stick</i> incense. The formed incense is then trimmed and slowly dried. Incense produced in this fashion has a tendency to warp or become misshapen when improperly dried, and as such must be placed in climate-controlled rooms and rotated several times through the drying process. </p><p>Traditionally, the bamboo core of cored stick incense is prepared by hand from <i>Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens</i> since this species produces thick wood and easily burns to ashes in the incense stick.<sup id="cite_ref-cky_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cky-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a process known as "splitting the foot of the incense stick", the bamboo is trimmed to length, soaked, peeled, and split in halves until the thin sticks of bamboo have square cross sections of less than 3mm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cyj_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyj-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process has been largely replaced by machines in modern incense production.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of cored incensed sticks, several methods are employed to coat the sticks cores with incense mixture: </p> <ul><li><i>Paste rolling</i>: A wet, malleable paste of incense mixture is first rolled into a long, thin coil, using a paddle. Then, a thin stick is put next to the coil and the stick and paste are rolled together until the stick is centered in the mixture and the desired thickness is achieved. The stick is then cut to the desired length and dried.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Powder-coating</i>: Powder-coating is used mainly to produce cored incense of either larger <i>coil</i> (up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter) or <i>cored stick</i> forms. A bundle of the supporting material (typically thin bamboo or sandalwood slivers) is soaked in water or a thin water/glue mixture for a short time. The thin sticks are evenly separated, then dipped into a tray of incense powder consisting of fragrance materials and occasionally a plant-based binder. The dry incense powder is then tossed and piled over the sticks while they are spread apart. The sticks are then gently rolled and packed to maintain roundness while more incense powder is repeatedly tossed onto the sticks. Three to four layers of powder are coated onto the sticks, forming a 2 millimetres (0.079 in) thick layer of incense material on the stick. The coated incense is then allowed to dry in open air. Additional coatings of incense mixture can be applied after each period of successive drying. <a href="/wiki/Incense_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense stick">Incense sticks</a> produced in this fashion and burned in <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> can have a thickness between 2 and 4 millimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Compression</i>: A damp powder is mechanically formed around a cored stick by compression, similar to the way uncored sticks are formed. This form is becoming more common due to the higher labor cost of producing powder-coated or paste-rolled sticks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Christian">Orthodox Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orthodox Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> monastic tradition on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> is made by powdering frankincense or <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> resin, mixing it with essential oils. Floral fragrances are the most common, but citrus such as lemon is not uncommon. The incense mixture is then rolled out into a slab approximately 1 centimetre (0.39 in) thick and left until the slab has firmed. It is then cut into small cubes, coated with clay powder to prevent adhesion, and allowed to fully harden and dry.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greece this rolled incense resin is called 'Moskolibano', and generally comes in either a pink or green colour denoting the fragrance, with pink being rose and green being jasmine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burning_incense">Burning incense</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burning incense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indirect-burning incense is burned directly on top of a heat source or on a hot metal plate in a <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan and China, a similar censer called a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>egōro</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">柄香炉</span></span>)</span> in Japanese, or a <i>shǒulú</i> (手爐) in Chinese, is used by several Buddhist traditions. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">egōro</i></span>/<i>shǒulú</i> is usually made of brass, with a long handle and no chain. Instead of charcoal, <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">makkō</i></span> powder is poured into a depression made in a bed of ash. The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">makkō</i></span> is lit and the incense mixture is burned on top. This method in Japan is known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sonae-kō</i></span> (religious burning).<sup id="cite_ref-JI_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JI-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For direct-burning incense, the tip or end of the incense is ignited with a heat source such as a flame until the incense begins to turn into ash at the burning end. The flame is then fanned or blown out, leaving the incense to smolder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_variations">Cultural variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian">Arabian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arabian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> countries, incense is burned in the form of scented chips or blocks called <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bakhoor</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَخُورٌ</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[baˈxuːɾ]</a></span>). Incense is used on special occasions like <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a> or on Fridays or generally to perfume the house. The <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bakhoor</i></span> is usually burned in a <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mabkhara" title="Mabkhara">mabkhara</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مبخر</span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مبخرة</span></span>), a traditional incense burner (<a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censer</a>) similar to the Somali <span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so"><a href="/wiki/Dabqaad" title="Dabqaad">dabqaad</a></i></span>. It is customary in many Arab countries to pass <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bakhoor</i></span> among the guests in the <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَجْلِسٌ‎</span></span>, 'congregation'). This is done as a gesture of <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese">Chinese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG/250px-Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG/330px-Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG/500px-Wierook_branden_in_de_Lama_Tempel_Beijing_China_augustus_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Incense at <a href="/wiki/Yonghe_Temple" title="Yonghe Temple">Yonghe Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing, China">Beijing, China</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incense_in_China" title="Incense in China">Incense in China</a></div> <p>For over two thousand years, the Chinese have used incense in religious ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor veneration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, and daily life. <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Agarwood</a> (<span lang="zh">沉香</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">chénxiāng</span></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> (<span lang="zh">檀香</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">tánxiāng</span></i>) are the two most important ingredients in Chinese incense. </p><p>Along with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism in China</a> came calibrated incense sticks and <a href="/wiki/Incense_clock" title="Incense clock">incense clocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known record is by poet Yu Jianwu (487–551): "By burning incense we know the o'clock of the night, With graduated candles we confirm the tally of the watches."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of these incense timekeeping devices spread from Buddhist monasteries into Chinese secular society. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JossSticks003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JossSticks003.jpg/220px-JossSticks003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JossSticks003.jpg/330px-JossSticks003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/JossSticks003.jpg/440px-JossSticks003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Big Dragon incense sticks</figcaption></figure> <p>Incense-stick burning is an everyday practice in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese religion</a>. There are many different types of sticks used for different purposes or on different festive days. Many of them are long and thin. Sticks are mostly coloured yellow, red, or more rarely, black.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thick sticks are used for special ceremonies, such as funerals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Spiral incense, with exceedingly long burn times, is often hung from temple ceilings. In some states, such as Taiwan, Singapore, or Malaysia, where they celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a>, large, pillar-like dragon incense sticks are sometimes used. These generate so much smoke and heat that they are only burned outside. </p><p>Chinese incense sticks used in popular religion are generally odorless or only use the slightest trace of jasmine or rose, since it is the smoke, not the scent, which is important in conveying the prayers of the faithful to heaven.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are composed of the dried powdered bark of a non-scented species of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> native to Cambodia, <i><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cambodianum" title="Cinnamomum cambodianum">Cinnamomum cambodianum</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Inexpensive packs of 300 are often found for sale in Chinese supermarkets. Though they contain no sandalwood, they often include the Chinese character for sandalwood on the label, as a generic term for incense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Highly scented Chinese incense sticks are used by some Buddhists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These are often quite expensive due to the use of large amounts of sandalwood, <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>, or floral scents. The <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> used in Chinese incenses does not come from India, its native home, but rather from groves planted within Chinese territory. Sites belonging to <a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xingtian_Temple" title="Xingtian Temple">Xingtian Temple</a>, or <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> do not use incense.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian">Christian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg/220px-Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg/330px-Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg/440px-Incense_at_Roman_Catholic_Mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The use of incense occurs during <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>, with a thurible, in the Catholic and Lutheran traditions</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of incense in Christianity is inspired by passages in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>; its use in prayer and worship carries with it a <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ELCA2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELCA2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incense is used in Christian churches, including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> denominations, as well as in some <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed churches">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> churches. A <a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a> is used to hold the burning incense. Each thurible consists of a censer section, chains to hold and swing it, a perforated lid, and a <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a> in which burning charcoal is placed. The incense is placed directly upon the charcoal, where it melts to produce a sweet smelling smoke. This may be done several times during the religious service as the incense burns quite quickly. The thurible is swung by its chains to fan the charcoal, to produce copious smoke, and to distribute the smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrera_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrera-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian">Indian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incense_in_India" title="Incense in India">Incense in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incense_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Incense_in_India.jpg/250px-Incense_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Incense_in_India.jpg/330px-Incense_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Incense_in_India.jpg/500px-Incense_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1919" /></a><figcaption>Incense in India</figcaption></figure> <p>Incense sticks, also known as <span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">agarbattī</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">अगरबत्ती</span>) and joss sticks, in which an incense paste is rolled or moulded around a bamboo stick, are the main forms of incense in India. The bamboo method originated in India and is distinct from the Nepali, Tibetan, and Japanese methods of stick making without bamboo cores. </p><p>The basic ingredients are the bamboo stick, the paste (generally made of charcoal dust and joss/jiggit/gum/tabu powder – an adhesive made from the bark of <a href="/wiki/Litsea_glutinosa" title="Litsea glutinosa">litsea glutinosa</a> and other trees),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the perfume ingredients - which would be a masala (<a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">spice mix</a>) powder of ground ingredients into which the stick would be rolled, or a perfume liquid sometimes consisting of synthetic ingredients into which the stick would be dipped. Perfume is sometimes sprayed on the coated sticks. Stick machines are sometimes used, which coat the stick with paste and perfume, though the bulk of production is done by hand rolling at home. There are about 5,000 incense companies in India that take raw unperfumed sticks hand-rolled by approximately 200,000 women working part-time at home, and then apply their own brand of perfume, and package the sticks for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An experienced home-worker can produce 4,000 raw sticks a day.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 50 large companies that together account for up to 30% of the market, and around 500 of the companies, including a significant number of the main ones, including Moksh Agarbatti, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PremaNature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PremaNature (page does not exist)">PremaNature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycle_Pure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle Pure">Cycle Pure</a>, are based in Mysore.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Temple_in_Jerusalem">Jewish Temple in Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jewish Temple in Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Incense_offering_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Incense offering in rabbinic literature">Incense offering in rabbinic literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ketoret" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketoret">Ketoret</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">קְטֹרֶת‎</span>) was the incense offered in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and is stated in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a> to be a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Stacte" title="Stacte">stacte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onycha" title="Onycha">onycha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galbanum" title="Galbanum">galbanum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smellsbells.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_incense" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese incense">Japanese incense</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IncenseStack0203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IncenseStack0203.jpg/220px-IncenseStack0203.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IncenseStack0203.jpg/330px-IncenseStack0203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/IncenseStack0203.jpg/440px-IncenseStack0203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Stacks of incense at a temple in Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan incense appreciation <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> includes art, culture, history, and ceremony. Incense burning may occasionally take place within the <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>, just like <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">ikebana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kakemono" title="Kakemono">scroll</a> arrangement. <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kōdō</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">香道</span></span>)</span>, the art of incense appreciation, is generally practiced as a separate art form from the tea ceremony, and usually within a tea room of traditional Zen design. </p><p>Agarwood<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">沈香</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">jinkō</i></span>)</span> and sandalwood<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白檀</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">byakudan</i></span>)</span> are the two most important ingredients in Japanese incense. The characters in agarwood mean "incense that sinks in water" due to the weight of the resin in the wood. Sandalwood is used in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Japanese tea ceremony</a>. The most valued sandalwood comes from <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Japanese incense companies divide agarwood into six categories depending on its properties and the region from which it is obtained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyara</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伽羅</span></span>)</span>, a type of agarwood, is currently worth more than its weight in gold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical">Practical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Practical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago_de_Compostela_(40305048451).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg/250px-Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg/330px-Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg/500px-Santiago_de_Compostela_%2840305048451%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The giant <a href="/wiki/Botafumeiro" title="Botafumeiro">Botafumeiro</a> thurible swinging from the ceiling of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katorisenkou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katorisenkou.jpg/220px-Katorisenkou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katorisenkou.jpg/330px-Katorisenkou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katorisenkou.jpg/440px-Katorisenkou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_repellent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito repellent">Mosquito repellent</a> is often manufactured in coil/spiral form and burned in a similar manner as incense.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg/250px-Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg/330px-Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg/500px-Papier_d%27Armenie_1523.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Papier_d%27Armenie" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier d'Armenie">Papier d'Armenie</a></i></span> was used to disinfect.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odorizant">Odorizant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Odorizant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense fragrances can be of such great strength that they obscure less desirable odours. This utility led to the use of incense in funerary ceremonies because the incense could smother the scent of decay. An example, as well as of religious use, is the giant <a href="/wiki/Botafumeiro" title="Botafumeiro">Botafumeiro</a> thurible that swings from the ceiling of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It is used in part to mask the scent of the many tired, unwashed pilgrims huddled together in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela">Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smellsbells.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar utilitarian use of incense can be found in the post-<a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Although the ceremonial use of incense was abandoned until the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, it was common to have incense (typically <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>) burned before grand occasions, when the church would be crowded. The frankincense was carried about by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Vestry" title="Vestry">vestry</a> before the service in a vessel called a 'perfuming pan'. In iconography of the day, this vessel is shown to be elongated and flat, with a single long handle on one side. The perfuming pan was used instead of the <a href="/wiki/Thurible" title="Thurible">thurible</a>, as the latter would have likely offended the Protestant sensibilities of the 17th and 18th centuries. </p><p>Incense is also often used by people who smoke indoors and do not want the smell to linger. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Papier_d%27Arm%C3%A9nie" class="mw-redirect" title="Papier d'Arménie">Papier d'Arménie</a> was originally sold as a disinfectant as well as for the fragrance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time-keeper">Time-keeper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Time-keeper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regular burning of direct-burning incense has been used for chronological measurement in <a href="/wiki/Incense_clock" title="Incense clock">incense clocks</a>. These devices can range from a simple trail of incense material calibrated to burn in a specific time period, to elaborate and ornate instruments with bells or gongs, designed to involve multiple senses.<sup id="cite_ref-SB_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Incense clocks are used to time social, medical and religious practices in parts of eastern Asia. They are primarily used in Buddhism as a timer of meditation and prayer. Different types of incense burn at different rates; therefore, different incense are used for different practices. The duration of burning ranges from minutes to months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Insect_repellent">Insect repellent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Insect repellent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense made from materials such as <a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">citronella</a> can repel mosquitoes and other irritating, distracting, or pestilential insects. This use has been deployed in concert with religious uses by <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen Buddhists</a>, who claim that the incense that is part of their meditative practice is designed to keep bothersome insects from distracting the practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic">Aesthetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aesthetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people burn incense to appreciate its smell, without assigning any other specific significance to it; this is in the same way that certain items can be produced or consumed solely for the contemplation or enjoyment of the aroma. An example is the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_incense#Kōdō" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese incense">kōdō</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">香道</span></span>)</span>, where raw incense materials such as agarwood, which are frequently costly, are appreciated in a formal setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_use_of_incense" title="Religious use of incense">Religious use of incense</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg/170px-Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg/255px-Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg/340px-Chinese_temple_incence_burner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Incense burning at a temple in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Religious use of incense is prevalent in many cultures and may have roots in the practical and aesthetic uses, considering that many of these religions have little else in common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One common motif is incense as a form of sacrificial offering to a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>. Such use was common in Judaic worship<sup id="cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smellsbells.com-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains in use for example in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, Taoist and Buddhist Chinese <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jingxiang" title="Jingxiang">jìngxiāng</a></i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">敬香</span></span>, 'offer incense [to ancestors/gods]'), etc. Different cultures have associated rising sweet-smelling smoke with <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> - communication directed towards a deity on high.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aphrodisiac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense has been used as an aphrodisiac in some cultures. Both ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian mythology suggest the usage of incense by goddesses and nymphs. Incense is thought to heighten sexual desires and sexual attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_risks_from_incense_smoke">Health risks from incense smoke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health risks from incense smoke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incense smoke contains various contaminants including gaseous pollutants, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_oxide" title="Sulfur oxide">sulfur oxides</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile organic compounds">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), and adsorbed toxic pollutants (<a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">toxic metals</a>). The solid particles range between around 10 and 500 nanometres (4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−7</sup>–2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> inches). In a comparison, Indian sandalwood was found to have the highest emission rate, followed by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">aloeswood</a>, then Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Aloeswood" class="mw-redirect" title="Aloeswood">aloeswood</a>, while Chinese smokeless sandalwood had the least.<sup id="cite_ref-siao_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siao-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research carried out in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in 2001 linked the burning of incense sticks to the slow accumulation of potential <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> in a poorly ventilated environment by measuring the levels of <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Benzopyrene" title="Benzopyrene">benzopyrene</a>) within Buddhist temples. The study found gaseous <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a>, which are carcinogenic and mutagenic, in incense smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of risk factors for lung cancer, also conducted in Taiwan, noted an inverse <a href="/wiki/Association_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Association (statistics)">association</a> between incense burning and <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> of the lung, though the finding was not deemed <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, epidemiologists at the Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society, Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, and several other centers found: "No association was found between exposure to incense burning and respiratory symptoms like chronic cough, chronic sputum, chronic bronchitis, runny nose, wheezing, asthma, allergic rhinitis, or pneumonia among the three populations studied: i.e. primary school children, their non-smoking mothers, or a group of older non-smoking female controls. Incense burning did not affect lung cancer risk among non-smokers, but it significantly reduced risk among smokers, even after adjusting for lifetime smoking amount." However, the researchers qualified their findings by noting that incense burning in the studied population was associated with certain low-cancer-risk dietary habits, and concluded that "diet can be a significant confounder of epidemiological studies on air pollution and respiratory health."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although several studies have not shown a link between incense and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, other types of cancer have been directly linked to burning incense. A study published in 2008 in the medical journal <i><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(journal)" title="Cancer (journal)">Cancer</a></i> found that incense use is associated with a statistically significant higher risk of cancers of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">upper respiratory tract</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharyngeal cancer">nasopharyngeal cancer</a>. Those who used incense heavily also were 80% more likely to develop <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinomas</a>. The link between incense use and increased cancer risk held when the researchers weighed other factors, including cigarette smoking, diet and drinking habits. The research team noted that "This association is consistent with a large number of studies identifying carcinogens in incense smoke, and given the widespread and sometimes involuntary exposure to smoke from burning incense, these findings carry significant public health implications."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the South China University of Technology found toxicity of incense to Chinese hamsters' ovarian cells to be even higher than cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incensole acetate, a component of <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, has been shown to have anxiolytic-like and antidepressive-like effects in mice, mediated by activation of poorly-understood <a href="/wiki/TRPV3" title="TRPV3">TRPV3</a> ion channels in the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyphi" title="Kyphi">Kyphi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbako" title="Kōbako">Kōbako</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_incense#Kōdō" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese incense">Kōdō</a>, incense arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smudging" title="Smudging">Smudging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">Votive candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bursera_graveolens" title="Bursera graveolens">Palo santo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incense">"Incense"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Incense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fincense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mystery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mystery_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGina_HyamsSusie_Cushner2004" class="citation book cs1">Gina Hyams; Susie Cushner (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1x0sNljp5ioC&q=Incense"><i><span></span></i>Incense: Rituals, Mystery, Lore<i><span></span></i></a>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8118-3993-8"><bdi>978-0-8118-3993-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incense%3A+Rituals%2C+Mystery%2C+Lore&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8118-3993-8&rft.au=Gina+Hyams&rft.au=Susie+Cushner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1x0sNljp5ioC%26q%3DIncense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aromatherapy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aromatherapy_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aromatherapy_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Lis-Balchin2006" class="citation book cs1">Maria Lis-Balchin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGQps9fQX1YC&q=incense%20uses&pg=PA9"><i><span></span></i>Aromatherapy science: a guide for healthcare professionals<i><span></span></i></a>. Pharmaceutical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-578-3"><bdi>978-0-85369-578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aromatherapy+science%3A+a+guide+for+healthcare+professionals&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-578-3&rft.au=Maria+Lis-Balchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGQps9fQX1YC%26q%3Dincense%2520uses%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7M9_cYNE0X4C&q=Incense+Composition&pg=PA15"><i>Cunningham's Encyclopedia of magical herbs</i></a>. Llewellyn Worldwide. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87542-122-3"><bdi>978-0-87542-122-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunningham%27s+Encyclopedia+of+magical+herbs&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87542-122-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7M9_cYNE0X4C%26q%3DIncense%2BComposition%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DO_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baieido-usa.com/making-incense-by-david-oller">"Making Incense by David Oller"</a>. <i>baieido-usa.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baieido-usa.com&rft.atitle=Making+Incense+by+David+Oller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baieido-usa.com%2Fmaking-incense-by-david-oller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen_3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1986" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Kjeld (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PEIkR5_R3wEC&q=history+of+incense&pg=PA3"><i>Incense in ancient Israel</i></a>. BRILL. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004077027" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004077027"><bdi>978-9004077027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incense+in+ancient+Israel&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9004077027&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Kjeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPEIkR5_R3wEC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bincense%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1990" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYBux6MdmbIC"><i>The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37511-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scented+ape%3A+The+biology+and+culture+of+human+odour&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37511-5&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYBux6MdmbIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accounts.google.com/ServiceLogin?service=blogger&hl=en-US&passive=true&continue=https://www.blogger.com/blogin.g?blogspotURL%3Dhttp://incensecandlesadvice.blogspot.com/2016/09/catholic-incense-rituals-and-using.html%26zx%3Dh4c4mt3zgv0y">"Blogger"</a>. <i>accounts.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=accounts.google.com&rft.atitle=Blogger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccounts.google.com%2FServiceLogin%3Fservice%3Dblogger%26hl%3Den-US%26passive%3Dtrue%26continue%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogger.com%2Fblogin.g%3FblogspotURL%253Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fincensecandlesadvice.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fcatholic-incense-rituals-and-using.html%2526zx%253Dh4c4mt3zgv0y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PsUAAAAIAAJ&q=Babylonians+used+incense&pg=PA16"><i>Foreign trade in the old Babylonian period: as revealed by texts from southern Mesopotamia</i></a>. Brill Archive. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+trade+in+the+old+Babylonian+period%3A+as+revealed+by+texts+from+southern+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PsUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBabylonians%2Bused%2Bincense%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/incense">"Incense | Aromatherapy, Meditation & Rituals | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Incense+%7C+Aromatherapy%2C+Meditation+%26+Rituals+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fincense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Marshall1996" class="citation book cs1">John Marshall (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tpc7FjVk0BMC&q=ancient+India+%27incense+sellers%27&pg=PA69"><i>Mohenjo Daro And The Indus Civilization 3 Vols</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1179-5"><bdi>978-81-206-1179-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo+Daro+And+The+Indus+Civilization+3+Vols&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1179-5&rft.au=John+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTpc7FjVk0BMC%26q%3Dancient%2BIndia%2B%2527incense%2Bsellers%2527%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stodda169-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stodda169_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stodda169_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1990" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYBux6MdmbIC&pg=PA169"><i>The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37511-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scented+ape%3A+The+biology+and+culture+of+human+odour&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37511-5&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYBux6MdmbIC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLópez-SampsonPage2018" class="citation journal cs1">López-Sampson, Arlene; Page, Tony (2018-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4">"History of Use and Trade of Agarwood"</a>. <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9408-4">10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364">1874-9364</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255560778">255560778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=History+of+Use+and+Trade+of+Agarwood&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255560778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-9364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9408-4&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Sampson&rft.aufirst=Arlene&rft.au=Page%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-018-9408-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer2013" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer, Rhind (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LamNAQAAQBAJ"><i>Fragrance and Wellbeing; Plant Aromatics and Their Influence on the Psyche</i></a>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857010735" title="Special:BookSources/9780857010735"><bdi>9780857010735</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragrance+and+Wellbeing%3B+Plant+Aromatics+and+Their+Influence+on+the+Psyche&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.isbn=9780857010735&rft.aulast=Jennifer&rft.aufirst=Rhind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLamNAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKwonLee2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kwon, Young-Suk; Lee, Kyung-Hee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200618317233951.page">"A Review on Ancient Literatures of Anti-insect Incense"</a>. <i>The Research Journal of the Costume Culture</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">802–</span>812. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1226-0401">1226-0401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Research+Journal+of+the+Costume+Culture&rft.atitle=A+Review+on+Ancient+Literatures+of+Anti-insect+Incense&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E802-%3C%2Fspan%3E812&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1226-0401&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Young-Suk&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kyung-Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreascience.or.kr%2Farticle%2FJAKO200618317233951.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrera, Matthew D. (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smellsbells.com/incense.pdf">Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912022346/http://www.smellsbells.com/incense.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2nd ed.). San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium. Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818112630/http://www.incenseart.org.tw/">"官方網站"</a> [Shang Xiang Si tak]. <i>Incenseart.org.tw</i> (in Chinese). 中華東方香學研究會 [Chinese Incense Art Association]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incenseart.org.tw">the original</a> on 2020-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Incenseart.org.tw&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incenseart.org.tw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdrienne_BordenSteve_Coyote" class="citation web cs1">Adrienne Borden; Steve Coyote. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204050814/http://www.asunam.com/smudge_ceremony.html">"The Smudging Ceremony"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asunam.com/smudge_ceremony.html">the original</a> on 2011-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Smudging+Ceremony&rft.au=Adrienne+Borden&rft.au=Steve+Coyote&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asunam.com%2Fsmudge_ceremony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrera, Matthew D. <i>Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church.</i> San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 2011. www.SmellsBells.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Büttner2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Büttner (28 Feb 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rs9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>Springer Handbook of Odor</i></a>. Springer. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319269320" title="Special:BookSources/9783319269320"><bdi>9783319269320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springer+Handbook+of+Odor&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.isbn=9783319269320&rft.au=Andrea+B%C3%BCttner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Rs9DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/frankincense">"Frankincense"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Frankincense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ffrankincense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/frankincense">"Frankincense"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Frankincense&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffrankincense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tashi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tashi_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614055141/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/317468">"Incense blending contents"</a>. <i>ancientworlds.net</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcAyuOSgB0AM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqI-i1E6Sxc">"Making Incense"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 2006-12-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/QqI-i1E6Sxc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IDRC. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849713139" title="Special:BookSources/9781849713139"><bdi>9781849713139</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+and+Rural+Poverty%3A+Upgrading+in+Value+Chains&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=IDRC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781849713139&rft.au=Jonathan+Mitchell&rft.au=Christopher+Coles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deu8_q_7rBD4C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Harper2010" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Harper (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VODZCM5qblYC&pg=PA249"><i>Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Energy+Systems&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=9788170226819&rft.au=B.+Sudhakara+Reddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEymP-cYw2KsC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smellsbells.com-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smellsbells.com_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrera2011" class="citation web cs1">Herrera, Matthew D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912022346/http://www.smellsbells.com/incense.pdf">"Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smellsbells.com/incense.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Smoke%3A+The+Use+of+Incense+in+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=San+Luis+Obispo%3A+Tixlini+Scriptorium&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smellsbells.com%2Fincense.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SB_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilvio_A._Bedini2021" class="citation web cs1">Silvio A. Bedini (2 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naturalscents.net/incense/time-measurement-with-incense-in-japan-51">"Time Measurement With Incense in Japan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+Measurement+With+Incense+in+Japan&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft.au=Silvio+A.+Bedini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaturalscents.net%2Fincense%2Ftime-measurement-with-incense-in-japan-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolly_Crawford_Pickett2016" class="citation book cs1">Holly Crawford Pickett (8 April 2016) [2011]. "The Idolatrous Nose: Incense on the Early Modern Stage". In Jane Hwang Degenhardt; Williamson, Elizabeth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JY_tCwAAQBAJ"><i>Religion and Drama in Early Modern England: The Performance of Religion on the Renaissance Stage</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317068112" title="Special:BookSources/9781317068112"><bdi>9781317068112</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] the metaphor most often associated with incense in the Bible and early modern sermons is prayer, an invisible, sometimes private, and often silent communication with the divine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Idolatrous+Nose%3A+Incense+on+the+Early+Modern+Stage&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Drama+in+Early+Modern+England%3A+The+Performance+of+Religion+on+the+Renaissance+Stage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.isbn=9781317068112&rft.au=Holly+Crawford+Pickett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJY_tCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2017" class="citation web cs1">Sanchez, David M. 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"Higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of burning incense than cigarette". <i>Environmental Chemistry Letters</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">465–</span>471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10311-015-0521-7">10.1007/s10311-015-0521-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93495393">93495393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Higher+cytotoxicity+and+genotoxicity+of+burning+incense+than+cigarette&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E465-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10311-015-0521-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93495393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=An%2C+Q.&rft.au=Pan%2C+X.+W.&rft.au=Yang%2C+B.&rft.au=Hu%2C+J.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoussaieffRimmermanBregman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moussaieff A, Rimmerman N, Bregman T, et al. (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493463">"Incensole acetate, an incense component, elicits psychoactivity by activating TRPV3 channels in the brain"</a>. <i>FASEB J</i>. <b>22</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">3024–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.07-101865">10.1096/fj.07-101865</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493463">2493463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18492727">18492727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J.&rft.atitle=Incensole+acetate%2C+an+incense+component%2C+elicits+psychoactivity+by+activating+TRPV3+channels+in+the+brain&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3024-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493463%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18492727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1096%2Ffj.07-101865&rft.aulast=Moussaieff&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rimmerman%2C+N&rft.au=Bregman%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Bedini" title="Silvio Bedini">Silvio A. Bedini</a>. (1994). "The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia". <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37482-0">0-521-37482-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incense&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Incense" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Incense">Incense</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzL_kgSFgKU">Joss Stick-Making Demonstration</a>" – <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a> World Heritage Incorporated, Penang, Malaysia</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roots.gov.sg/en/ich-landing/ich/making-of-joss-sticks">Making of Joss Sticks</a>". <i>Roots</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Board_(Singapore)" title="National Heritage Board (Singapore)">National Heritage Board of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oudgo.com/product-category/agarwood-chips/">Agarwood Chips</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhafiguren.de/Movies/incense-production_Movie.html">Movie about making Tibetan Incense in Nepal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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