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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>True sandalwoods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-True_sandalwoods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle True sandalwoods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-True_sandalwoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unrelated_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrelated_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unrelated plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrelated_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fragrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fragrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idols/sculptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idols/sculptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Idols/sculptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idols/sculptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>East Asian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandalwood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="خشب الصندل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خشب الصندل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendana" title="Cendana – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Cendana" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="चंदन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चंदन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сандалово дърво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сандалово дърво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalov%C3%A9_d%C5%99evo" title="Santalové dřevo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Santalové dřevo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Σανδαλόξυλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σανδαλόξυλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="چوب صندل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چوب صندل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santal" title="Santal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Santal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%ED%96%A5" title="단향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalovina" title="Sandalovina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sandalovina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalo" title="Santalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendana" title="Cendana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cendana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalo_(essenza)" title="Sandalo (essenza) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sandalo (essenza)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%E1%B8%8Dh%C3%A2na" title="Canḍhâna – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Canḍhâna" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendana" title="Cendana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cendana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candano" title="Candano – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Candano" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0" title="နံ့သာဖြူ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နံ့သာဖြူ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandelhout_(houtsoort)" title="Sandelhout (houtsoort) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sandelhout (houtsoort)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81" title="सिनःसिँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिनःसिँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeltre" title="Sandeltre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sandeltre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A0" title="ଚନ୍ଦନ କାଠ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚନ୍ଦନ କାଠ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sandalwood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandalovina" title="Sandalovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sandalovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сандалово дрво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сандалово дрво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandeltr%C3%A4" title="Sandelträ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandelträ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சந்தன மரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சந்தன மரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="గంధపుచెక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గంధపుచెక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="จันทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จันทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="صندل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صندل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BB%97_%C4%91%C3%A0n_h%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Gỗ đàn hương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gỗ đàn hương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AA%80%E6%9C%A8" title="檀木 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="檀木" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11122366#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Kannada film industry, see <a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada cinema</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg/220px-Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg/330px-Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg/440px-Santalum_paniculatum_1326.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption><i>Santalum paniculatum</i> (ʻiliahi), <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sandalwood</b> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">woods</a> from trees in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Santalum" title="Santalum">Santalum</a></i>. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a> is extracted from the woods. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world. Both the wood and the oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been highly valued for centuries. Consequently, some species of these slow-growing trees have suffered <a href="/wiki/Over-harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-harvesting">over-harvesting</a> in the past. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">nomenclature</a> and the taxonomy of the genus are derived from this species' historical and widespread use. Etymologically it is ultimately derived from Sanskrit चन्दन <i>Chandana</i> (<i>čandana</i>), meaning "wood for burning incense" and related to <i>candrah</i>, "shining, glowing" and the Latin <i>candere</i>, to shine or glow. It arrived in English via <a href="/wiki/Late_Greek" title="Late Greek">Late Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> in the 14th or 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="True_sandalwoods">True sandalwoods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: True sandalwoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG/220px-A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG/330px-A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG/440px-A_closeup_of_Sandal_saplings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A closeup of sandal saplings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg/220px-Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg/330px-Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Santalum_album_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><i>Santalum album</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Sandalwoods are medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">hemiparasitic</a> trees, and part of the same botanical family as European <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a>. Sandalwood is indigenous to the tropical belt of the peninsular India, Malay Archipelago and northern Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main distribution is in the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spread to other regions through the <a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">incense trade route</a> by the vast Indian and Arab mercantile networks and the Chinese maritime trade routes until the sixteenth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeong_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandalwood of peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago supported most consumption in East Asia and West Asia during the time of the incense trade route<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the commercialization of Australian sandalwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_spicatum" title="Santalum spicatum">Santalum spicatum</a></i>) in sandalwood plantations in Australia and China, although sandalwood album (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Santalum album</a></i>) is still considered to have the best and original quality in terms of religion and alternative medicine. <i>Santalum spicatum</i> is marketed as the notable members of this group today by merchants because of its stable sources; others in the genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Pacific Islands</a>, </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">S. album</a></i> is a threatened species native to dry tropical regions of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the plants exploited by <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">arboriculture</a> and it was introduced by Austronesian sailors to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> during the ancient <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> by at least 1300 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the principal sandal tracts are most parts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and adjoining districts of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sandalwood trees in India, Pakistan, and Nepal are government-owned and their harvest is controlled, many trees are illegally cut down. Sandalwood oil prices had risen to $3000 per liter by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_ellipticum" title="Santalum ellipticum">S. ellipticum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_freycinetianum" title="Santalum freycinetianum">S. freycinetianum</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santalum_paniculatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santalum paniculatum (page does not exist)">S. paniculatum</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> sandalwood (<i>ʻiliahi</i>), were also used and considered high quality. These three species were exploited between 1790 and 1825 before the supply of trees ran out (a fourth species, <i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_haleakalae" title="Santalum haleakalae">S. haleakalae</a></i>, occurs only in subalpine areas and was never exported). Although <i>S. freycinetianum</i> and <i>S. paniculatum</i> are relatively common today, they have not regained their former abundance or size, and <i>S. ellipticum</i> remains rare.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_yasi" title="Santalum yasi">S. yasi</a></i>, a sandalwood from Fiji and Tonga.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_spicatum" title="Santalum spicatum">S. spicatum</a></i> is used by <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapists</a> and perfumers. The oil concentration differs considerably from other <i>Santalum</i> species. In the 1840s, sandalwood was Western Australia's biggest export earner. Oil was distilled for the first time in 1875, and by the turn of the 20th century, production of Australian sandalwood oil was intermittent. However, in the late 1990s, Western Australian sandalwood oil enjoyed a revival and by 2009 had peaked at more than 20,000 kg (44,000 lb) per year – much of which went to the fragrance industries in Europe. Although overall production has decreased, by 2011, a significant percentage of its production was heading to the <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a> industry in India alongside Indian sandalwood – the chewing tobacco market being the largest market for both oils in 2012.</li> <li>Other species: Commercially, various other species, not belonging to <i>Santalum</i> species, are also used as sandalwood.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrelated_plants">Unrelated plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unrelated plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various unrelated plants with scented wood and also referred to as sandalwood, but not in the true sandalwood genus: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenanthera_pavonina" title="Adenanthera pavonina">Adenanthera pavonina</a></i> – sandalwood tree, red or false red sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baphia_nitida" title="Baphia nitida">Baphia nitida</a></i> – camwood, also known as African sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eremophila_mitchellii" title="Eremophila mitchellii">Eremophila mitchellii</a></i> – sandalwood; false sandalwood (also sandalbox)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myoporum_platycarpum" title="Myoporum platycarpum">Myoporum platycarpum</a></i> – sandalwood; false sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myoporum_sandwicense" title="Myoporum sandwicense">Myoporum sandwicense</a></i> – bastard sandalwood, false sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osyris_lanceolata" title="Osyris lanceolata">Osyris lanceolata</a></i> – African sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osyris_tenuifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osyris tenuifolia (page does not exist)">Osyris tenuifolia</a></i> – east African sandalwood</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_santalinus" title="Pterocarpus santalinus">Pterocarpus santalinus</a></i> – false red sandalwood growing in southern Indian regions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandal_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandal_leaf.jpg/220px-Sandal_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandal_leaf.jpg/330px-Sandal_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandal_leaf.jpg/440px-Sandal_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Sandalwood leaf</figcaption></figure> <p>Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">S. album</a></i>) trees to be a minimum of 15 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality. India continues to produce a superior quality of Santalum Album, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=FP_Aromatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FP Aromatics (page does not exist)">FP Aromatics</a> being the largest exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia is the largest producer of <i>S. album</i>, with the majority grown around <a href="/wiki/Kununurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kununurra">Kununurra</a>, in the far north of the state by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quintis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quintis (page does not exist)">Quintis</a> (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80% of the world's supply of Indian sandalwood,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Santanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Santanol">Santanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India used to be the world's biggest producer, but it has been overtaken by Australia in the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">Over-exploitation</a> is partly to blame for the decline. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ethical plantations in India are on the rise, and India is expected to increase its supply manyfold by 2030, owing to favourable weather conditions and competitive pricing. </p><p>Australian sandalwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Santalum_spicatum" title="Santalum spicatum">S. spicatum</a></i>) is grown in commercial <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">wheatbelt</a> of Western Australia, where it has been an important part of the economy since colonial times. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> WA has the largest plantation resource in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-waspfaq_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waspfaq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandalwood is expensive compared to other types of woods. To <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">maximize profit</a>, sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree instead of <a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">felling</a> at the trunk near ground level. This way wood from the stump and root, which possesses high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian sandalwood is mostly harvested and sold in <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">log</a> form, graded for heartwood content. The species is unique in that the white <a href="/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapwood (wood)">sapwood</a> does not require removal before distilling the oil. The logs are either processed to distill the <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a>, or made into powders for making <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>. Indian sandalwood, used mainly for oil extraction, does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Australian Sandalwood oil sells for around <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1,500</span> per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), while Indian Sandalwood oil, due to its higher <a href="/wiki/Alpha_santalol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha santalol">alpha santalol</a> content, is priced at about <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$2,500</span> per kg.<sup id="cite_ref-waspfaq_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waspfaq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with <a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_ivory" title="Pink ivory">pink ivory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandalwood has historically been an important tree in the development of the political economy of the Pacific. Prior to colonization in the region, the sandalwood tree was a marker of status, rank and beauty. It then became an important part of the Pacific trade during the colonial period, as it was one of the few resources the West was able to successfully trade with Chinese merchants. This western trade began to put pressure on the production of sandalwood in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, a Polynesian kingdom in the Oceania region, saw a severe depletion of its sandalwood tree (locally known as “‘ahi”) due a disruption of the social hierarchy, known as “fahu”, which led to heightened local competition and eventually an over harvest. Nearly all of the sandalwood resources were depleted over the span of two years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tongan people have a unique social dynamic referred to as “fahu.” On the one hand, the kinship system of fahu is able to ensure biodiversity and sustainability in contemporary Tonga. But on the other hand, a principal factor in the over harvest of the ‘ahi tree was the result of the defensive actions of farmers defying fahu customs. As sandalwood became valuable in the market, lower-ranking family members began to harvest the trees without permission, encouraging many farmers to harvest their trees defensively and thus leading to over harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Mike Evans published a scholarly report on Tongan sandalwood overharvest and the socio-environmental implications of resource commodification and privatized land tenure. Evan’s concluded that “whatever the short-term ecological benefits of enforcing privatized land tenure, because private property not only fragments social ties by allowing an individual to deny others, it has the potential to fragment the regional ecology as well.”<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragrance">Fragrance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fragrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandalwoodEssOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SandalwoodEssOil.png/170px-SandalwoodEssOil.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SandalwoodEssOil.png/255px-SandalwoodEssOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SandalwoodEssOil.png/340px-SandalwoodEssOil.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Sandalwood (<i>S. album</i>) <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a> has a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent. Its quality and scent profile is greatly influenced by the age of the tree, location and the skill of the distiller. It imparts a long-lasting, woody base to perfumes from the oriental, woody, <i>fougère</i>, and <i>chypre</i> families, as well as a fixative to floral and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in a <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>, it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(perfumery)" title="Fixative (perfumery)">fixative</a>, enhancing the longevity of other, more volatile, materials in the composite. Sandalwood is also a key ingredient in the "floriental" (floral-<a href="/wiki/Ambery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambery">ambery</a>) fragrance family – when combined with white florals such as <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ylang_ylang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ylang ylang">ylang ylang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardenia" title="Gardenia">gardenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">plumeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_blossom" title="Orange blossom">orange blossom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberose">tuberose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley" title="Lily of the valley">lily of the valley</a>, etc. Its also acts as a versatile base that blends well with other woody scents like <a href="/wiki/Patchouli" title="Patchouli">patchouli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar (plant)">cedar</a>. </p><p>Sandalwood oil in India is widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_industry" title="Cosmetic industry">cosmetic industry</a>. The main source of true sandalwood, <i>S. album</i>, is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded as "sandalwood". The genus <i>Santalum</i> has more than 19 species. Traders often accept oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amyris_balsamifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amyris balsamifera (page does not exist)">Amyris balsamifera</a></i>) in the family <a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a> or bastard sandalwood (<i>Myoporum sandwicense</i>, <a href="/wiki/Myoporaceae" title="Myoporaceae">Myoporaceae</a>). However, most woods from these alternative sources lose their aroma within a few months or years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isobornyl_cyclohexanol" title="Isobornyl cyclohexanol">Isobornyl cyclohexanol</a> is a synthetic fragrance chemical produced as an alternative to the natural product. </p><p>Sandalwood's main components are the two isomers of <a href="/wiki/Santalol_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Santalol (disambiguation)">santalol</a> (about 75%). It is used in <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, in scented <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a> and to prepare <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fpc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fpc-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idols/sculptures"><span id="Idols.2Fsculptures"></span>Idols/sculptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Idols/sculptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandalwood lends itself well to carving and has thus, traditionally, been a wood of choice for statues and sculptures of Hindu gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its low <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> and optimal <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, sandalwood oil is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence microscopy">fluorescence microscopy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> eat the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as the quandong (<a href="/wiki/Santalum_acuminatum" title="Santalum acuminatum"><i>S. acuminatum</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Europeans in Australia used quandong in cooking <a href="/wiki/Damper_(food)" title="Damper (food)">damper</a> by infusing it with its leaves, and in making jams, pies, and <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a> from the fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, pulverised bark from red sandalwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_soyauxii" title="Pterocarpus soyauxii">Pterocarpus soyauxii</a></i>) is used—with other tropical spices—when marinating <a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">anchovies</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">pickled herring</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Matjes" class="mw-redirect" title="Matjes">matjes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">sprat</a>, and certain types of traditional <i>spegesild</i>, inducing a reddish colour and slightly perfumed flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Present-day chefs have begun experimenting in using the nut as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">macadamia</a> nuts or a <a href="/wiki/Bush_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush food">bush food</a> substitute for almonds, hazelnuts, and others in Southeast Asian-styled cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil is also used as a flavour component in different food items, including candy, ice cream, baked food, puddings, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, and gelatin. The flavouring is used at levels below 10 ppm, the highest possible level for use in food products being 90 ppm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distillation">Distillation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></div> <p>Oil is extracted from Sandalwood through distillation. Many different methods are used, including <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">steam distillation</a>, water distillation, CO<sub>2</sub> extraction, and solvent extractions. Steam distillation is the most common method used by sandalwood companies. It occurs in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation, and separation. Water is heated to high temperatures (60–100 °C or 140–212 °F) and is then passed through the wood. The oil is very tightly bound within the cellular structure of the wood, but can be released by the high heat of the steam. The mixture of steam and oil is then cooled and separated so that the essential oil can be collected. This process is much longer than any other <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a>'s distillation, taking 14 to 36 hours to complete, but generally produces much higher quality oil. Water, or hydro, distillation is the more traditional method of sandalwood extraction which involves soaking the wood in water and then boiling it until the oil is released.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is not used as much anymore because of the high costs and time associated with heating large quantities of water.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg/260px-Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="476" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg/390px-Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg/520px-Ganesh_in_legno_di_sandalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Sandalwood carved statue of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sandalwood is considered sacred in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> and is known in Sanskrit as <i>chandana.</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wood is used for worshipping the deities, and it is said that <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (Sri), the goddess of well-being, lives in the sandalwood tree; therefore, it is also known as <i>Srigandha</i>. </p><p>Sandalwood paste is prepared by grinding a piece of dry sandalwood into powder, against a stone slab. With the gradual addition of water, a thick paste forms, (called <i>kalabham</i> "കളഭം" in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam language</a> and <i>gandha</i> ಗಂಧ in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>) and it is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> or other such pigments to make <i>chandanam</i>. <i>Chandanam</i>, further mixed with herbs, perfumes, pigments, and some other compounds, results in <i>javadhu</i>. <i>Kalabham, chandanam,</i> and <i>javadhu</i> are dried and used as <i>kalabham</i> powder, <i>chandanam</i> powder, and <i>javadhu</i> powder, respectively. <i>Chandanam</i> powder is very popular in India and is also used in Nepal. </p><p>In Tirupati, after religious tonsure, sandalwood paste is applied to protect the skin. In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Ayurveda, sandalwood is thought to bring one closer to the divine. Thus, it is one of the most used holy elements in Hindu and Vedic societies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, for making religious utensils, for decorating sacred images, and it is believed to calm the mind during meditation and prayer. It is also distributed to devotees, who apply it to their foreheads or necks and chests.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandalwood paste is used for most <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">pujas</a> both in temples and private households. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg/260px-Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg/390px-Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Mahamastakabhisheka_in_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sandalwood use is an integral part of the daily practices of Jainism. Sandalwood paste mixed with saffron is used to worship the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankaras</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. Sandalwood powder is showered as blessings by Jain monks and nuns (<i>sadhus</i> and <i>sadhvis</i>) onto their disciples and followers. Sandalwood garlands are used to dress the body during Jain cremation ceremonies. During the festival of <a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a> that is held once in every 12 years, the <a href="/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue" title="Gommateshwara statue">Gommateshwara statue</a> is bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and saffron paste, and sprinkled with powders of sandalwood, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandalwood is mentioned in various <i>suttas</i> of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Buddhist traditions, sandalwood is considered to be of the <i>padma</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus</a>) group and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Amitabha_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha Buddha">Amitabha Buddha</a>. Sandalwood scent is believed by some to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of the most popular scents used when offering <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> to the Buddha and the guru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism">Sufism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Indian variants of <i><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></i>, sandalwood paste is applied on a revered Sufi's grave by the disciples as a mark of devotion. The tradition is practiced particularly by devotees in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>. In Tamil culture, irrespective of one's religious identity, sandalwood paste or powder is applied to the graves of Sufi saints as a mark of devotion and respect.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian_religions">East Asian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East Asian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, sandalwood (檀木), is the most commonly used incense material by the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japanese</a> in worship and various ceremonies. Some <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> sects, following the Ming Dynasty Taoist Manual, avoid the use of sandalwood (as well as <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin resin">benzoin resin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>) as incense in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Korean_Shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Shamanism">Korean Shamanism</a>, sandalwood is considered the <a href="/wiki/Holy_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy tree">Tree of Life</a>. It was transmitted to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan during the eastward expansion of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeong_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeong-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a> offer sandalwood twigs to the <i>afarganyu,</i> the urn in which the fire is kept at the <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> (called <i>agiyari</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and <i>dar-e mehr</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>), to keep the fire burning during religious ceremonies. After the <a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">firekeeping priests</a> complete the ceremony, attendees are allowed to come up to the <i>afarganyu</i> and place their own pieces of sandalwood into the fire. Fire has been a sacred symbol in the Zoroastrian religion since ancient times and it is considered very important to keep the fires in the temples <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">constantly burning</a>. Because of its high sensitivity to fire, sandalwood works very well for this. Also, the wood has been accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yashts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashts">Yashts</a> (sacred texts) as an appropriate fuel for the fire. It is offered to all of the <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple#Classification" title="Fire temple">three grades of fire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Atash_Dadgah" class="mw-redirect" title="Atash Dadgah">Atash Dadgahs</a>. Sandalwood is not offered to the <i>divo</i>, a smaller lamp that is kept in the homes of Zoroastrians. Often, money is offered to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mobad" title="Mobad">mobad</a></i> (priest) as payment, along with sandalwood. Sandalwood is called <i>sukhad</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian community.</a> The sandalwood in the fire temple is often more expensive to buy than at a Zoroastrian store. It is often a <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">source of income</a> for the fire temple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandalore" title="Sandalore">Sandalore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/sandalwood">"Sandalwood (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dnaindia.com&rft.atitle=Now%2C+All+roads+lead+to+Mumbai%27s+Mahim+Dargah+fair&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fmumbai%2F1627175%2Freport-now-all-roads-lead-to-mumbai-s-mahim-dargah-fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandalwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhubchandani1995" class="citation web cs1">Khubchandani, Lachman K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526011455/http://www.ignca.nic.in/ps_01006.htm">"The supernatural in nature Sindhi tradition"</a>. <i>Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01006.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+supernatural+in+nature+Sindhi+tradition&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Khubchandani&rft.aufirst=Lachman+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignca.nic.in%2Fps_01006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandalwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2004" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC"><i>Saints, Goddesses and Kings</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521891035" title="Special:BookSources/9780521891035"><bdi>9780521891035</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints%2C+Goddesses+and+Kings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521891035&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxqtx8SflEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandalwood" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ming Dynasty Taoist manual 《天皇至道太清玉冊》 states: 「降真香，乃祀天帝之靈香也。除此之外，沉速次之。信靈香可以達天帝之靈。所忌者，安息香、乳香、檀香，外夷所合成之香，天律有禁，切宜慎之。」 ["Acronychia pedunculata is the spiritual incense of offering to the Heavenly Emperor. Apart from this type, agarwood/aloeswood (<a href="/wiki/Aquilaria_malaccensis" title="Aquilaria malaccensis">Aquilaria malaccensis</a>) then <a href="/wiki/Aquilaria_sinensis" title="Aquilaria sinensis">Aquilaria sinensis</a> are the next best. It is believed that this spiritual incense can ascend to reach the spirit of the Heavenly Emperor. Those that are to be avoided are benzoin resin, frankincense, sandalwood, foreign produced incense that violate the Heavenly Law and so one must be careful to observe this."]</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandy_Aftel" title="Mandy Aftel">Mandy Aftel</a>, <i>Essence and Alchemy: A Natural History of Perfume</i>, Gibbs Smith, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58685-702-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58685-702-9">1-58685-702-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Shineberg" title="Dorothy Shineberg">Dorothy Shineberg</a> (1967), <i>They came for sandalwood; a study of the sandalwood trade in the South-West Pacific 1830-1865</i>, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandalwood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a 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bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wood_products" title="Category:Wood products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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