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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1675</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos"><i>Theotokos</i> (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum"><i>Refugium Peccatorum</i> (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns"><b>Marian hymns</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical<br />veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</small></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg/240px-Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg/360px-Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg/480px-Kathedrale_Siena_Fassade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Assunta,_Siena" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria Assunta, Siena">Santa Maria Assunta</a></i> (Church of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>) was built in 1215 in <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> as a precursor to the expression of Marian <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motifs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> art and architecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a></b> traces <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> developments and views regarding <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a> to the 21st century. <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> is a mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiological</a> study within <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, which centers on the relation of <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mary, the Mother of God</a>, and the Church. Theologically, it not only deals with her life but with her <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> in life and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, in art, music, and architecture, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Christianity">ancient Christianity</a> to modern times. </p><p>Throughout history, Catholics have continued to build churches to honor the Blessed Virgin. Today, many Catholic churches dedicated to the Blessed Virgin exist on all continents and, in a sense, their evolving architecture tells the unfolding story of the development of Catholic Mariology. Throughout Catholic history, the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> has led to the creation of numerous items of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Roman Catholic Marian art</a>. Today, these items may be viewed from an artistic perspective, but also they are part of the fabric of <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Catholic Mariology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mary_in_the_Early_Church">Mary in the Early Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mary in the Early Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirgenNino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/VirgenNino.jpg/300px-VirgenNino.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/VirgenNino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Virgin and Child on a wall painting in the early <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Roman catacombs</a>, 4th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Many centuries were necessary to arrive at the explicit definition of the revealed truths concerning Mary," said <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of Mary and of Marian theology can be seen in the Church after the third century. The New Testament Gospels, composed during the late 1st century, contain the first references to the life of Mary; the New Testament Epistles, composed earlier, make no mention of her by name. There are, however, references to Mary in the Epistles, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2nd century, St. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> of Lyons called Mary the "second Eve" because through Mary and her willing acceptance of God's choice, God undid the harm that was done through Eve's choice to eat the forbidden fruit. The earliest recorded prayer to Mary is the <i><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">sub tuum praesidium</a></i> (3rd or 4th century) and the earliest depictions of her are from the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Priscilla catacombs</a> in Rome (early 3rd century). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rahner" title="Hugo Rahner">Hugo Rahner</a>'s 20th-century discovery and reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ambrose">Saint Ambrose</a>'s 4th-century view of Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> was adopted at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>. This shows the influence of early traditions and views on Mary in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-miravalle_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miravalle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was emphasized by Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in 1997, and today Mary is viewed as the Mother of the Church by many Catholics, and also as the Queen of Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 5th century, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Ecumenical Council">Third Ecumenical Council</a> debated the question of whether Mary should be referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i> or <i>Christotokos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theotokos means "God-bearer" or "Mother of God"; its use implies that Jesus, to whom Mary gave birth, is truly God and man in one person. <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian doctrine">Nestorians</a> preferred the title Christotokos meaning "Christ-bearer" or "Mother of the Messiah" not because they denied Jesus' divinity, but because they believed that God the Son or <i>Logos</i> existed before time and before Mary, and that Mary was mother only of Jesus as a human, so calling her "Mother of God" was confusing and potentially heretical. Both sides agreed that Jesus took divinity from God the Father and humanity from his mother. The majority at the council agreed with the Pope that denying Mary the title <i>Theotokos</i> would either imply that Jesus was not divine, or that Jesus had two separate personhoods, one of whom was son of Mary and the other not. Ultimately, the council affirmed the use of the title <i>Theotokos</i> and by doing so affirmed Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">undivided divinity and humanity</a>. </p><p>Thus, while the debate was over the proper title for Mary, it was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Christological" class="mw-redirect" title="Christological">Christological</a> question about the nature of Jesus Christ, a question which would return at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Ecumenical Council">Fourth Ecumenical Council</a>. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican theological teaching affirms the title <i>Mother of God</i>, while other Christian denominations give no such title to her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_Mariology">Medieval Mariology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NotreDameDeParis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/200px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/300px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/NotreDameDeParis.jpg/400px-NotreDameDeParis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="3806" /></a><figcaption>The medieval <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a> dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Paris France, was built in the years 1163–1345.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Middle Ages saw a growth and development of Mariology. Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> became widespread across the Christian world from the 6th century onward, and is celebrated on 15 August in both the East and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Medieval period brought major champions of Marian devotion to the fore, including <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> developed within the Catholic Church over time. The Conception of Mary was celebrated as a liturgical feast in England from the 9th century, and the doctrine of her "holy" or "immaculate" conception was first formulated in a tract by <a href="/wiki/Eadmer" title="Eadmer">Eadmer</a>, companion and biographer of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> suppressed the Anglo-Saxon celebration, but it lived on in the popular mind. </p><p>The majority of Western Marian writers during this period belonged to the monastic tradition, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictines</a>. The twelfth and thirteenth centuries saw an extraordinary growth of the cult of the Virgin in western Europe, in part inspired by the writings of theologians such as Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153).<sup id="cite_ref-cloisters_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloisters-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most influential churchmen of his time, in his "Sermon on the Sunday in the Octave of the Assumption" he described Mary's participation in redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard's <i>Praises on the Virgin Mother</i> was a small but complete treatise on Mariology.<sup id="cite_ref-Duignan_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duignan-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>'s 1953 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Mellifluus" title="Doctor Mellifluus">Doctor Mellifluus</a></i>, issued in commemoration of the eighth centenary of Bernard's death, quotes extensively from Bernard's sermon on Mary as "<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western types of the Virgin's image, such as the twelfth-century “<a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Wisdom">Throne of Wisdom</a>”, in which the Christ Child is presented frontally as the sum of divine wisdom, seem to have originated in Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-cloisters_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cloisters-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was much used in <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Netherlandish">Early Netherlandish</a> painting in works like the <a href="/wiki/Lucca_Madonna" title="Lucca Madonna">Lucca Madonna</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>. </p><p>Theologically, one major controversy of the age was the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>. It was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> (who, teaching at Paris, called it "this foreign doctrine", indicating its association with England), and by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> who expressed questions about the subject, but said that he would accept the determination of the Church. Aquinas and Bonaventure, for example, believed that Mary was completely free from sin, but that she was not given this grace at the instant of her conception. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> (1195–1231) supported Mary's freedom from sin and her <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His many sermons on the Virgin Mary shaped the Mariological approach of many Franciscans who followed his approach for centuries after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_of_Ware&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William of Ware (page does not exist)">William of Ware</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a> defended the doctrine. Scotus proposed a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of the universal redemption in Christ, by arguing that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ. Rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption given to her on account of her special role in history. Furthermore, Scotus said that Mary was redeemed <i>in anticipation</i> of Christ's death on the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-Fastiggi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastiggi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scotus' defense of the immaculist thesis was summed up by one of his followers as <i>potuit, decuit ergo fecit</i> – God could do it, it was fitting that He did it, and so He did it. Gradually the idea that Mary had been cleansed of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> at the very moment of her conception began to predominate, particularly after <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> dealt with the major objection to Mary's sinlessness from conception, that being her need for redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very divine act, in making Mary sinless at the first instant of her conception was, he argued, the most perfect form of redemption possible. </p><p>By the end of the Middle Ages, Marian feasts were firmly established in the calendar of the liturgical year. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Pope Clement IV</a> (1265–1268) created a poem on the seven joys of Mary, which in its form is considered an early version of the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_to_Baroque">Renaissance to Baroque</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance to Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian art in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ettal_abbey_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ettal_abbey_003.JPG/300px-Ettal_abbey_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ettal_abbey_003.JPG/450px-Ettal_abbey_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ettal_abbey_003.JPG/600px-Ettal_abbey_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>As an example of Baroque painting and architecture, <a href="/wiki/Ettal_Abbey" title="Ettal Abbey">Ettal Abbey</a>, 1776: frescos under the dome, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, unite heaven and earth.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period witnessed a dramatic growth in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian art">Marian art</a>, by masters such as <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some was specifically produced to decorate the Marian churches built in this period. </p><p>Paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> were enormously popular in 15th-century Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Italian artists with Marian motifs include: <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a>. </p><p>Dutch and German artists with Marian paintings include: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bellegambe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bellegambe">Jean Bellegambe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Christus" title="Petrus Christus">Petrus Christus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_David" title="Gerard David">Gerard David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyck" title="Hubert van Eyck">Hubert van Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans" title="Geertgen tot Sint Jans">Geertgen tot Sint Jans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Matsys" title="Quentin Matsys">Quentin Matsys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baldung" title="Hans Baldung">Hans Baldung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Altdorfer" title="Albrecht Altdorfer">Albrecht Altdorfer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_the_Virgin_(Altdorfer)" title="Nativity of the Virgin (Altdorfer)">Nativity of the Virgin</a></i> symbolized the analogy between Mary and the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French and Spanish artists with Marian paintings include: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Clouet" title="Jean Clouet">Jean Clouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck" title="Barthélemy d'Eyck">Barthélemy d'Eyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hey" title="Jean Hey">Jean Hey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Bermejo" title="Bartolomé Bermejo">Bartolomé Bermejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayne_Bru" title="Ayne Bru">Ayne Bru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Flandes" title="Juan de Flandes">Juan de Flandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Huguet" title="Jaume Huguet">Jaume Huguet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_da_San_Leocadio" title="Paolo da San Leocadio">Paolo da San Leocadio</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> is credited with setting up the first known <i>presepio</i> or crèche (Nativity scene).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of the Franciscans gave rise to a more affective spirituality. Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>, a Franciscan, greatly increased the prominence given to Mary, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation of Mary</a> (1472) and extending the <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Feast of the Visitation</a>, for the whole church (1475), and introducing the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a>, observed by the Franciscans since 1263 but strenuously opposed by the Dominicans and still highly-controversial in the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453 many Orthodox monks fled to the West, bringing with them traditions of iconography. Depictions of the Madonna and Child can be traced to the Eastern <i>Theotokos</i>. In the Western tradition, depictions of the Madonna were greatly diversified by Renaissance masters such as <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, Caravaggio and Rubens. The early Renaissance saw an increased emphasis on Christ crucified and therefore Mary as the Sorrowful Mother, an object of compassionate devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> depicted Mary as the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows"><i>Mater Dolorosa</i></a>. </p><p> With the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, Roman Catholic Mariology came under attack as being sacrilegious and superstitious.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant leaders like <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, while personally adhering to Marian beliefs like <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> and sinlessness, considered <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Catholic veneration of Mary</a> as competition to the divine role of Jesus Christ. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg/200px-Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg/300px-Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg/400px-Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Giovanni <a href="/wiki/Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierluigi da Palestrina">Pierluigi da Palestrina</a> composed numerous Marian Masses.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a reflection of this theological opposition, Protestant reformers destroyed much religious art and Marian statues and paintings in churches in northern Europe and England. Some of the Protestant reformers, in particular <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, encouraged the removal of religious images by invoking the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Decalogue's</a> prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven images of God. Major iconoclastic riots took place in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (in 1523), <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> (1530), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> (1534), <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> (1535), <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1537), and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (1559). Protestant iconoclasm swept through the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> (now the Netherlands and Belgium and parts of Northern France) in the summer of 1566. In the middle of the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> confirmed the Catholic tradition of paintings and artworks in churches. This resulted in a great development of Marian art and Mariology during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Period">Baroque Period</a>. </p><p>At the same time, the Catholic world was engaged in ongoing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Wars_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Wars in Europe">Ottoman Wars in Europe</a> against <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> which were fought under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. The victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto (1571)</a> was accredited to her "and signified the beginning of a strong resurgence of Marian devotions, focusing especially on Mary, the Queen of Heaven and Earth and her powerful role as mediator of many graces".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Colloquium_Marianum" title="Colloquium Marianum">Colloquium Marianum</a>, an elite group, and the <a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a> based their activities on a virtuous life, free of <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">cardinal sins</a>. </p><p>The baroque literature on Mary experienced unforeseen growth with over 500 pages of Mariological writings during the 17th century alone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> (1548-1617) was the first theologian who used the <a href="/wiki/Thomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomist">Thomist</a> method on Mariology and is considered the father of systematic Mariology.<sup id="cite_ref-Fastiggi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastiggi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well-known contributors to baroque Mariology are <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis of Sales">Francis of Sales</a>. After 1650, the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> is the subject of over 300 publications from <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> authors alone.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This popularity was at times accompanied with Marian excesses and alleged revelations of the Virgin Mary to individuals like <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_%C3%81greda" class="mw-redirect" title="María de Ágreda">María de Ágreda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the baroque authors defended Marian <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and Mariology. In France, the often anti-Marian <a href="/wiki/Jansenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jansenist">Jansenists</a> were combated by <a href="/wiki/John_Eudes" title="John Eudes">John Eudes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baroque Mariology was supported by several popes during the period: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Popes Paul V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a> ruled in 1617 and 1622 that it is inadmissible to state that the virgin was conceived non-immaculate. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a> declared in 1661 that the soul of Mary was free from <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> ordered the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculata">Immaculata</a> for the whole Church in 1708. The feast of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> was introduced in 1716 and the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727. The <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> prayer was strongly supported by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> in 1724 and by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular Marian piety was more colorful and varied than ever before: Numerous Marian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>, <i>Marian Salve</i> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a>, Marian theatre plays, Marian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, Marian <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>. Marian <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_and_service_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal and service organizations">fraternities</a>, today mostly defunct, had millions of members.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lasting impressions from the baroque <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> are in the field of <a href="/wiki/Classic" title="Classic">classical</a> music, painting and art, architecture, and in the numerous Marian <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> from the baroque period in Spain, France, Italy, Austria and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> as also in some South American cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariology_during_the_Enlightenment">Mariology during the Enlightenment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mariology during the Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG/300px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG/450px-Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Santa_Maria_della_Salute_Venice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute">Santa Maria della Salute</a>, Venice, 1629.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">scientific progress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> put Catholic <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and Mariology on the defensive. The Church continued to stress the <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> and special graces, but deemphasized Marian <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Marian theology was even discontinued in some seminaries (for example: in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> Austria in the year 1782<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some theologians proposed the abolition of all Marian feast days altogether, except those with biblical foundations and the feast of the Assumption.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, in this period a number of significant <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Marian churches</a> were built, often laden with Marian symbols, and popular Marian devotions continued in many areas. An example is <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Salute" title="Santa Maria della Salute">Santa Maria della Salute</a> in Venice, built to thank the Virgin Mary for the city's deliverance from the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>. The church is full of Marian symbolism: the great dome represents her crown, and the eight sides, the eight points on her symbolic star. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Celestino_Sfondrati" title="Celestino Sfondrati">Celestino Sfondrati</a> (died 1696) and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by pious faithful and their <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian movements and societies">movements and societies</a>, fought against the anti-Marian trends. Increasing <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> led to the forced closing of most <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a>, and Marian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> were either discontinued or greatly reduced in number. Some Catholics criticized the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> as not Jesus-oriented and too mechanical.<sup id="cite_ref-D_Narr_417_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_Narr_417-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some places, priests forbade the praying of the Rosary during Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly conservative rural Bavarian dioceses of Passau outlawed Marian prayer books and related articles in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-D_Narr_417_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_Narr_417-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Mariologists looked to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glories_of_Mary" title="The Glories of Mary">The Glories of Mary</a></i> and other Mariological writings of <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a> (1696–1787), an Italian, whose culture was less affected by the Enlightenment. "Overall, Catholic Mariology during the Enlightenment lost its high level of development and sophistication, but the basics were kept, on which the 19th century was able to build."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariology_in_the_19th_century">Mariology in the 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mariology in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.P.A.Healy,_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg/220px-G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg/330px-G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg/440px-G.P.A.Healy%2C_Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_IX_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (1846–1878) solemnly declared the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception in 1854.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mariology in the 19th century was dominated by discussions about the dogmatic definition of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>. In 1854, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops whom he had consulted between 1851 and 1853, proclaimed the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, which had been a traditional belief among the faithful for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish of the bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, some 108 council fathers requested adding the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a> prayer and to add the Immaculata to the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. Some fathers requested the dogma of the Immaculate Conception to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a> of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many French Catholics supported making dogma both Papal <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">assumption of Mary</a> in the forthcoming ecumenical council.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, nine Mariological petitions favored a possible Assumption dogma. It was strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially those from Germany. On 8 May, a majority of the fathers voted to reject making the Assumption a dogma, a position shared by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Co-Redemptrix</a> was also discussed but left open. In its support, Council fathers highlighted the divine motherhood of Mary and called her the mother of all graces.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Rosary_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary Pope">Rosary Pope</a>" is a title given to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> (1878–1903) because he issued a record eleven encyclicals on the Rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily Rosary prayer during the month of October, and in 1883 created the Feast of <i>Queen of the Holy Rosary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, wrote of the Eve-Mary parallel in support of Mary's original state of grace (Immaculate Conception), her part in redemption, her eschatological fulfilment and her intercession.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's immaculate conception. The doctrine itself had been endorsed by the Council of Basel (1431–1449), and by the end of the 15th century was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties. The Council of Basel was later held not to have been a true General (or Ecumenical) Council with authority to proclaim dogma. Such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63) – which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine – instead declined to take a position. It simply reaffirmed the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>, which had threatened with excommunication anyone on either side of the controversy who accused the others of heresy. </p><p>But it was not until 1854 that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops, whom he had consulted between 1851 and 1853, proclaimed the doctrine in accordance with the conditions of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> that would be defined in 1870 by the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariology_in_the_20th_century">Mariology in the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mariology in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, in the first year of his pontificate, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> celebrated the previous century's proclamation of the dogma of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i>. In 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Dogma_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogma of the Assumption">dogma of the Assumption</a> was defined by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> spoke of Mary as <i>Mother of the Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> presided over a Mariological congress in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_534_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer_534-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mariology in the 20th century reflected an increased membership in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_Movements_and_Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies">Roman Catholic Marian Movements and Societies</a>. At the popular level, the 20th century witnessed growth in the number of lay Marian devotional organizations such as free <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> distribution groups. The number of 20th century pilgrims visiting <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Marian churches</a> set new records. In South America alone, two major Marian basilicas, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida">Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida</a> in Brazil and the new <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tepeyac" title="Tepeyac">Tepeyac</a> hill, were constructed and jointly recorded over 10 million visitors per year. </p><p>Prior to Vatican II, the French Mariological Society held a three-year series of Marian studies on the theme of Mary in relation to the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Vatican Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mariological issues were included in the discussions at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962–1965), although the Council indicated that it had not addressed all Marian issues. The Council members had in depth discussions regarding the question of whether to treat Mary within the Constitution of the Church or outside it in a separate document.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final decision, by a vote of 1114–1074, resulted in the treatment of Marian issues within the Church Constitution, as chapter eight of <i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This chapter provides a "pastoral summary" of Catholic doctrines on Mary but does not claim to be complete.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> Council in December 1965, Catholics were presented with a multitude of changes. Some authors such as <a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Malley" title="John W. O'Malley">John W. O'Malley</a> have commented that these issues would forever alter Catholic practices and views, including those surrounding the Virgin Mary. These changes reflected the council's desire to make the Church more ecumenical and less isolated as it increasingly had become in the past century.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_II_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_II-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the roadblocks towards finding common ground was the complaint by other faiths regarding the Church's dogmas on the Virgin Mary, and especially the fervor of the Catholic laity to preserve Mary at the center of their devotions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_II_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_II-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preparations for the council included an independent schema <i>"</i>About the Blessed Virgin Mary, mother of God and Mother of the People<i>".</i><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers interpreted the renunciation of this document on Mary as minimalism, others interpreted her inclusion as a chapter into the Church document as underlining her role for the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the inclusion of Marian issues within the Constitution of the Church rather than in a separate document, at Vatican II the <i>contextual view of Mary</i> was emphasized, namely that Mary belongs "within the Church":<sup id="cite_ref-McNally30_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>For having been the Associate of Christ on earth</li> <li>For being a Heavenly mother to all members of the Church in the order of grace</li> <li>For having been the model disciple, a model which every member of the Church should aim to imitate.<sup id="cite_ref-McNally30_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Calling Mary "our mother in the order of grace", <i>Lumen gentium</i> referred to Mary as a model for the Church and stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>By reason of the gift and role of divine maternity, by which she is united with her Son, the Redeemer, and with His singular graces and functions, the Blessed Virgin is also intimately united with the Church. As St. Ambrose taught, the Mother of God is a type of the Church in the order of faith, charity and perfect union with Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Marian chapter has five parts which link Mary to the salvation mysteries which continue in the Church, which Christ has founded as his mystical body. Her role in relation to her son is a subordinate one. Highlighted are her personality and fullness of grace. The second part describes her role in salvation history. Her role as a mediator is detailed, as Mary is considered to secure our salvation through her many intercessions after her assumption into heaven. The Council refused to adopt the title mediator of all graces and emphasized that Christ is the one mediator.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> declared Mary <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> during the Vatican Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Vatican II, the perception that Marian devotions had decreased was expressed by several authors. Other authors have indicated that the continued strength of devotion to Mary within Catholicism following Vatican II has been manifested in multiple forms worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Blancy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blancy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this are the increase in Marian pilgrimages at major Marian shrines and the construction of major new Marian Basilicas since Vatican II.<sup id="cite_ref-Blancy_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blancy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 20th century, two of the top three most visited Catholic shrines in the world were Marian, with the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> in Mexico City, built between 1974 and 1976, being the most visited Catholic shrine in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-zenit1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zenit1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, shortly after Vatican II, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida">Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida</a> in Brazil used to receive about four million pilgrims per year, but the number has since doubled to over eight million pilgrims per year, indicating the significant increase in Marian pilgrimages since Vatican II.<sup id="cite_ref-Blancy_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blancy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perceived impact of concessions to ecumenism made at Vatican II did not impact the fundamental loyalties to Mary among Catholics and their attachment to Marian veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-McNally30_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1998 survey among young adult Catholics in the United States provided the following results: </p> <ul><li>Devotion to Mary had not been reduced in any significant manner since Vatican II, despite the various statements made about its <i>perceived</i> impact on Catholics.</li> <li>Young Catholics stated that in their view the "passionate love of God" is revealed through Mary, possibly as a result of the Marian emphasis of the pontificate of Pope John Paul II.</li> <li>Mary continues to be a "distinctive marker" of the Catholic identity.<sup id="cite_ref-McNally30_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Papal extensions and enhancement to the Mariology of Vatican II continued shortly thereafter, with Pope <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> issuing the Apostolic Exhortation <i><a href="/wiki/Marialis_Cultus" title="Marialis Cultus">Marialis Cultus</a></i> (to Honor Mary) in 1974, which took four years to prepare.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarialisCultus_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarialisCultus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Marialis Cultus</i> provided four separate guidelines for the renewal of Marian veneration, the last two of which were new in Papal teachings. The four elements were: <i>biblical</i>, <i>liturgical</i>, <i>ecumenical</i> and <i>anthropological</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarialisCultus_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarialisCultus-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marian devotions were the hallmark of the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and he reoriented the Catholic Church towards the renewal of Marian veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miravalle_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miravalle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1987 he went further than Paul VI in extending the Catholic views on Mary beyond Vatican II by issuing the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RedemptorisMater_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedemptorisMater-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than being just a new presentation of the Marian views of Vatican II, <i>Redemptoris Mater</i> was in many aspects a re-reading, re-interpretation and further extension of the teachings of Vatican II.<sup id="cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mannion251_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannion251-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 in <i><a href="/wiki/Mulieris_Dignitatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulieris Dignitatem">Mulieris Dignitatem</a></i> Pope John Paul II stated that the Second Vatican Council confirmed that: "unless one looks to the Mother of God, it is impossible to understand the mystery of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 in the Apostolic letter <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i> he emphasized the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> as a key devotion for all Catholics and added the Luminous Mysteries to the Rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-Walsh_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosarium_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosarium-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2005, when he died, he had inspired a worldwide renewal of Marian devotions, that was reflected upon on the occasion of his death within non-Catholic media such as <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McNally30_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> continued the program of redirection of the Catholic Church towards a Marian focus and stated: "Let us carry on and imitate Mary, a deeply Eucharistic soul, and our lives will become a Magnificat".<sup id="cite_ref-miravalle_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miravalle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict</a> composed a prayer on Mary as the Mother of all Christians:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>You became, in a new way, the Mother of all those who receive your Son Jesus in faith and choose to follow in his footsteps.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Benedict journeyed to Marian shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Fatima</a> to support his message.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology (Roman Catholic)">Mariology (Roman Catholic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_Ecumenical_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology Ecumenical views">Mariology Ecumenical views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant views of Mary">Protestant views of Mary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm4.htm">Pope John Paul II, "General Audience", 8 November 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sr. M. Danielle Peters, "An Overview of New Testament References," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/marian-library/index.php">The Mary Page</a>, retrieved 21 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galatians 4:4, "But when the fullness of the time came, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the Law" (NASB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miravalle-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miravalle_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miravalle_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miravalle_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons</i>, (Mark I. Miravalle, ed.) Queenship Publishing, 2008 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579183554" title="Special:BookSources/9781579183554">9781579183554</a> p. 587</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Donnell, Timothy Terrance. <i>Heart of the Redeemer</i>, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-396-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-396-4">0-89870-396-4</a> p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html"><i>Lumen gentium</i>, Chapter 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> 6 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/jp2bvm63.htm">"Blessed Virgin is Mother of the Church"</a>. L'Osservatore Romano. 24 September 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blessed+Virgin+is+Mother+of+the+Church&rft.pub=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.date=1997-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2Fpapaldoc%2Fjp2bvm63.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braaten Carl E., and Jenson, Robert W. <i>Mary, Mother of God</i>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2266-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2266-5">0-8028-2266-5</a> p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, Alban and Burns, Paul. <i>Butler's Lives of the Saints</i>, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-257-3">0-86012-257-3</a> pp. 140-141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, David. <i>The Monastic Order in England</i> (Cambridge, 1941), pp. 510-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cloisters-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cloisters_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cloisters_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/virg/hd_virg.htm">"Met Museum"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Met+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fvirg%2Fhd_virg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/b16ChrstChrch93.htm">Pope Benedict XVI. "General Audience", 21 October 2009, <i>L'Osservatore Romano</i>, 28 October 2009, p. 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duignan-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duignan_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HoJ77q1TN8C&dq=Mariology+of+Bernard+of+Clairvaux&pg=PA63">Duignan, Brian. <i>Medieval Philosophy</i>, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-143-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-143-0">978-1-61530-143-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hom. II super "Missus est," 17; Migne, P. L., CLXXXIII, 70-b, c, d, 71-a. Quoted in <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Mellifluus" title="Doctor Mellifluus">Doctor Mellifluus</a> 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber, Raphael Mary, <i>St. Anthony of Padua: Doctor of the Church Universal</i>, 1948 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4367-1275-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4367-1275-0">1-4367-1275-0</a> p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber, Raphael M. “The Mariology of St. Anthony of Padua,” in <i>Studia Mariana</i> 7, Proceedings of the First Franciscan National Marian Congress in Acclamation of the Dogma of the Assumption, October 8–11, 1950 Burlington, Wisconsin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinhenz, Christopher. <i>Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia</i>, Vol. 1, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93930-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93930-5">0-415-93930-5</a> p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fastiggi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fastiggi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fastiggi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022703/https://www.osv.com/Article/TabId/493/ArtMID/13569/ArticleID/17405/11-questions-answered-about-Mary.aspx">"Fastiggi, Robert. "11 questions answered about Mary", <i>OSV Newsweekly</i>, April 29, 2015"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osv.com/Article/TabId/493/ArtMID/13569/ArticleID/17405/11-questions-answered-about-Mary.aspx">the original</a> on 8 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fastiggi%2C+Robert.+%2211+questions+answered+about+Mary%22%2C+OSV+Newsweekly%2C+April+29%2C+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osv.com%2FArticle%2FTabId%2F493%2FArtMID%2F13569%2FArticleID%2F17405%2F11-questions-answered-about-Mary.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, Mercier Press Ltd., Cork, Ireland, 1955</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller Clemens IV in Marienkunde, 1159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Renaissance Art: A Very Short Introduction</i> by Geraldine A. Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280354-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280354-9">0-19-280354-9</a> pages 103-104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightbown, Ronald. <i>Sandro Botticelli: Life and Work</i>, 1989, Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-09206-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-09206-4">978-0-500-09206-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuffi2005" class="citation book cs1">Zuffi, Stefano (2005). <i>Il Cinquecento</i>. Milan: Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788837034689" title="Special:BookSources/9788837034689"><bdi>9788837034689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Cinquecento&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788837034689&rft.aulast=Zuffi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HeQKHGeb8yoC&dq=Francis+of+Assisi+and+the+Crucifiction&pg=PA3">Robson, Michael J., <i>The Cambridge Companion to Francis of Assisi</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521760430" title="Special:BookSources/9780521760430">9780521760430</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollingsworth, Mary, <i>Patronage in Renaissance Italy</i>, John Murray, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719549264" title="Special:BookSources/0719549264">0719549264</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBM3JV2W7X4C&dq=Mariology+during+the+Renaissance&pg=PR76">Viladesau, Richard. <i>The Triumph of the Cross</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199887378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199887378">9780199887378</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/e/ecclesiological-history-of-mariology.php">"Ecclesiological History of Mariology : University of Dayton, Ohio"</a>. <i>udayton.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=udayton.edu&rft.atitle=Ecclesiological+History+of+Mariology+%3A+University+of+Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fe%2Fecclesiological-history-of-mariology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller, Barock, in Marienkunde, 1967 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roskovany, conceptu immacolata ex monumentis omnium seculrorum demonstrate III, Budapest 1873</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller, Mariologisches Schrifttum in der Barockzeit, 1967 568</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">who was placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index</a> of forbidden book of the Church in 1681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Stegmüller, 573)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F Zöpfl, Barocke Frömmigkeit, in Marienkunde, 577</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zöpfl 579</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RG Giessler, <i>die geistliche Lieddichting im Zeitalter der Aufklärung</i>. 1928, 987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narr Zoepfl Mariologie der Aufklärung, 1967, 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict Werkmeister, 1801</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">such as Anton Weissenbach SJ, Franz Neubauer SJ,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D_Narr_417-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_Narr_417_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_Narr_417_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D Narr 417</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1790, monastery schools outlawed the praying of the rosary during mass as a distraction. (D Narr 417).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Stegmüller, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html">Vatican website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810175256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html">Archived</a> 10 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius IX in Bäumer, 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Civilta Catolica</i>, 6 February 1869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer 566</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauretanische Litanei, <i>Marienlexikon</i>, St. Ottilien: Eos, 1988, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, John Henry. <i>The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman</i>, ed. C. S. Dessain, Birmingham Oratory, 31 vols. (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1972), Vol. XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bäumer_534-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_534_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bäumer 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Marie et l’Eglise", <i>ÉtMar</i> 9-11 (1951-53), 3 Vols</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLoughlin66-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLoughlin66_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary for Time and Eternity</i> by William McLoughlin, Jill Pinnock 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-651-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-651-9">0-85244-651-9</a>-page 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Cardinal Scheffczyk, Vaticanum II, in Marienlexikon 567</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_II-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_II_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_II_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">What Happened at Vatican II, John W. O’Malley. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. London, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Church: The Evolution of Catholicism. Richard P. McBrien. HarperOne. 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vatican Council II: The Basic Sixteen Documents. Rev. Austin Flannery, O.P. Costello Publishing Company, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNally30-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNally30_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNally30_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNally30_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNally30_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNally30_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNally, Terrence, <i>What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4415-1051-6">1-4415-1051-6</a>-page 30-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Dogmatic Constitution on the Church – <i>Lumen gentium</i>, 61"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dogmatic+Constitution+on+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Lumen+gentium%2C+61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Dogmatic Constitution on the Church – <i>Lumen gentium</i>, 63"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dogmatic+Constitution+on+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Lumen+gentium%2C+63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Cardinal Scheffczyk, Vaticanum II, in Marienlexikon 569</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blancy-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blancy_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blancy_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blancy_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary in the plan of God and in the communion of the saints</i> by Alain Blancy, Maurice Jourjon 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4069-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4069-1">0-8091-4069-1</a>-page 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenit1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zenit1_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/ZSHRINE.HTM">"Shrine of Gualdalupe Most Popular in World"</a>. ZENIT International News Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrine+of+Gualdalupe+Most+Popular+in+World&rft.pub=ZENIT+International+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FMARY%2FZSHRINE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brazil rediscovered</i> by Roberta C. Wigder 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8059-2328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8059-2328-4">0-8059-2328-4</a>-page 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i> by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2">1-57607-004-2</a> page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarialisCultus-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarialisCultus_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarialisCultus_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19740202_marialis-cultus.html">"Marialis Cultus (February 2, 1974) | Paul VI"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=udayton.edu&rft.atitle=Magisterial+Documents%3A+Marialis+Cultus+%3A+University+of+Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fm%2Fmagisterial-documents-marialis-cultus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Paul II: a light for the world</i> by Mary Ann Walsh 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58051-142-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58051-142-2">1-58051-142-2</a> p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RedemptorisMater-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RedemptorisMater_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html">"Redemptoris Mater (25 March 1987) | John Paul II"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Redemptoris+Mater+%2825+March+1987%29+%7C+John+Paul+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannion251-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mannion251_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Vision of John Paul II</i> by Gerard Mannion 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5309-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5309-X">0-8146-5309-X</a> page 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Paul II's book of Mary</i> by Pope John Paul II, Margaret Bunson 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-578-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-578-3">0-87973-578-3</a> page 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html">Vatican website: <i>Mulieris Dignitatem</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107000833/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081988_mulieris-dignitatem_en.html">Archived</a> 7 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosarium-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosarium_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">Apostolic Letter <i>Rosarium Virginis Mariae</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235726/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">Archived</a> 9 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=58489">"Missing Page Redirect"</a>. <i>cwnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cwnews.com&rft.atitle=Missing+Page+Redirect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwnews.com%2Fnews%2Fviewstory.cfm%3Frecnum%3D58489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2008/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20080515_sheshan_en.html">Vatican website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/homilies/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20080912_parigi-vespri.html">"12 September 2008: Celebration of Vespers with priests, religious, seminarians and deacons gathered at Notre-Dame Cathedral (Paris) | BENEDICT XVI"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=12+September+2008%3A+Celebration+of+Vespers+with+priests%2C+religious%2C+seminarians+and+deacons+gathered+at+Notre-Dame+Cathedral+%28Paris%29+%7C+BENEDICT+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Fhomilies%2F2008%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_hom_20080912_parigi-vespri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Catholic+Mariology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100513_fatima_en.html">Vatican website: Pope Beneict XVI at Fatima</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214093001/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100513_fatima_en.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Schmaus, Mariologie, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955</li> <li>K Algermissen, Boes, Egelhard, Feckes, Michael Schmaus, Lexikon der Marienkunde, Verlag Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg, 1967</li> <li>Mariology Society of America <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/</a></li> <li>The Marian Library at University of Dayton <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/marian-library/index.php">https://udayton.edu/imri/marian-library/index.php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, Apostolic Constitution <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi09id.htm">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Ineffabilis Deus</b></i></a></li></ul></li> <li>[Pope Pius XII], encyclicals and bulls <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429114450/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_08091953_fulgens-corona_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Fulgens Corona</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007103544/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Ad Caeli Reginam</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090317235459/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Mystici Corporis Christi</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904181017/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Munificentissimus Deus</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, encyclical, apostolic letters and addresses <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Redemptoris Mater</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235726/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">Apostolic Letter <i><b>Rosarium Virginis Mariae</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202070615/http://www.catholicregister.org/content/view/1402/857/">Pope John Paul II on Saint Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114064247/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2000/oct-dec/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20001031_forum-mariologia_en.html">Pope John Paul II, <i><b>Address to the Mariology Forum</b></i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gambero, Luigi. <i>Mary and the Fathers of the Church: The Blessed Virgin Mary in Patristic Thought</i>, trans. Thomas Buffer (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Catholic_Mariology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rubin, Miri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yB45VtoCC5cC&dq=Mother+of+God&pg=PA19"><i>Mother of God</i></a>, Yale University Press, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300156133" title="Special:BookSources/9780300156133">9780300156133</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> 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