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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>13th to the 17th centuries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-13th_to_the_17th_centuries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 13th to the 17th centuries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-13th_to_the_17th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clement_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Clement IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pius_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pius_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pius V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pius_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clement_VIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_VIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Clement VIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_VIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clement_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clement X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clement_XI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_XI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clement XI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_XI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedict_XIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_XIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Benedict XIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_XIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clement_XII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_XII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Clement XII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_XII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedict_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Benedict XIV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clement_XIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clement_XIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Clement XIV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clement_XIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 19th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pius_IX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pius_IX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pius IX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pius_IX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1854_proclamation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1854_proclamation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>1854 proclamation of the Immaculate Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1854_proclamation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_a_dogma_of_the_Assumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_a_dogma_of_the_Assumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Rejection of a dogma of the Assumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_a_dogma_of_the_Assumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leo_XIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leo_XIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Leo XIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leo_XIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediatrix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediatrix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Mediatrix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediatrix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scapulars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scapulars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Scapulars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scapulars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pius_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pius_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pius X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pius_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benedict_XV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_XV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Benedict XV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_XV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pius_XI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pius_XI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pius XI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pius_XI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pius_XII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pius_XII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pius XII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pius_XII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fátima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fátima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Fátima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fátima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marian_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marian_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Marian year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marian_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lourdes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lourdes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Lourdes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lourdes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Consecration to the Immaculate Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariology_of_Pius_XII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariology_of_Pius_XII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Mariology of Pius XII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariology_of_Pius_XII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_the_dogma_of_the_Assumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_the_dogma_of_the_Assumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Adoption of the dogma of the Assumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_the_dogma_of_the_Assumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Marian_feasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Marian_feasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.7</span> <span>New Marian feasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Marian_feasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariological_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariological_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.8</span> <span>Mariological writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariological_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariological_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariological_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.9</span> <span>Mariological research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariological_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_XXIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_XXIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>John XXIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_XXIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_VI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_VI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Paul VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Paul_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Paul_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>John Paul II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Paul_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benedict_XVI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benedict_XVI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Benedict XVI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benedict_XVI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_Francis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_Francis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pope Francis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_Francis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mariological_papal_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mariological_papal_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mariological papal documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mariological_papal_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosary_Pope&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary Pope">Rosary Pope</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Papal influence on Marian theology and devotion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about papal influence on Marian theology and devotion. For official papal teaching on Mary, see <a href="/wiki/Mariological_papal_documents" title="Mariological papal documents">Mariological papal documents</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1675</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos"><i>Theotokos</i> (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum"><i>Refugium Peccatorum</i> (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns"><b>Marian hymns</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical<br />veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</small></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mariology of the popes</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> study of the influence that the popes have had on the development, formulation and transformation of the Roman Catholic Church's doctrines and devotions relating to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. </p><p>The development of Mariology over the centuries has been influenced by a number of factors, among which papal directives have often represented key milestones. Examples of papal influences include new Marian feast days, prayers, acceptance of new Marian congregations, indulgences, support for Marian apparitions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Fatima</a>) and declaration of Marian dogmas. </p><p>"The century preceding the Second Vatican Council was arguably the most fertile era for Catholic Marian studies."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of popes have made Marian themes a key part of their papacy, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> issued a record eleven <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a> on the rosary, <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> invoked the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_cathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex cathedra">ex cathedra</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> to establish a Marian dogma and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> built his personal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cross" title="Marian Cross">Marian Cross</a>. </p><p>Popes have also highlighted the key Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Mariological theme</a> of the link between the study of Mary and the development of a full <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, e.g. as in Pius XII's <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis Christi">Mystici corporis Christi</a></i> and John Paul II's <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papal_influences_on_Mariology">Papal influences on Mariology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Papal influences on Mariology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popes were highly important for the development of doctrine and the veneration of the Blessed Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made decisions not only in the area of Marian beliefs (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology(RC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariology(RC) (page does not exist)">Mariology</a>) but also Marian practices and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotions</a>. Popes promulgated Marian veneration and beliefs by authorizing: new Marian <a href="/wiki/Feast_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast days">feast days</a>, Marian <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> and initiatives, acceptance and support of Marian congregations, indulgences and special privileges, and support for Marian devotions. </p><p>The formal recognition of Marian <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">apparitions</a> (such as at <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima,_Portugal" title="Fátima, Portugal">Fatima</a>) has also been influential. Popes have promoted Marian devotion through <a href="/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters">encyclicals, Apostolic Letters</a> and with two <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>), the promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian years</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>), visits to <a href="/wiki/Marian_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian shrine">Marian shrines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> in 2007) and in 2018 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> decreed that the Memorial of the Blessed Virgin Mary, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> be inserted into the Roman Calendar on the Monday after Pentecost (also known as Whit Monday). </p><p>Popular views like the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> developed into papal teaching over time. Popes have also limited and cautioned against some devotional practices. In 1674 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Pope Clement X</a> (1670–1676) indexed books on Marian piety. After the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, Marian fraternities were founded, fostering Marian piety, not all of which were approved. </p><p>Not all Popes took the same view on Marian beliefs and devotions. Pope Francis warned that it could not please Mary if we honor her in a way that diminishes the honor given to her divine Son.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_to_the_17th_centuries">13th to the 17th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 13th to the 17th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_IV">Clement IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clement IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Pope Clement IV</a> (1265–1268) created a poem on the seven joys of Mary, which in its form is considered an early version of the Franciscan rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1159">: 1159 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pius_V">Pius V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pius V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 17, 1569, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> issued the papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Consueverunt_Romani_Pontifices" title="Consueverunt Romani Pontifices">Consueverunt Romani Pontifices</a></i> which popularized the rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a> in 1571 Pius V requested to the people of Europe to pray the rosary. After the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a>, he declared a commemorative feast that later became the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary">Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pius V included in the catechism he promulgated the second part of the Hail Mary that had just been added in the Council of Trent: "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_VIII">Clement VIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clement VIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> (1592–1605) considered Marian piety the basis for Church reforms and issued the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Dominici_gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominici gregis">Dominici gregis</a></i> (February 3, 1603) to condemn negations of the virginity of Mary. He promulgated Marian congregations and supported the rosary culture with 19 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bulls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1162">: 1162 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_X">Clement X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clement X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Pope Clement X</a> (1670–1676) furthered Marian piety with additional indulgences and privileges to religious orders and cities to celebrate special Marian feasts. He opposed the Marian piety of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a> (canonized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>) with a bull published on December 15, 1673, and outlawed some manifestations of Marian devotions. Several bulls supported the frequent citing of the rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1163">: 1163 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_XI">Clement XI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clement XI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a> (1700–1721) prepared the groundwork for the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>. He permitted the title “Immaculate Conception” and instructed the Holy Office in 1712 not to persecute anyone invoking Mary using this title. The Feast of the Immaculate Conception, which existed only regionally, was prescribed for the whole Church. The Pope recommended the teachings and piety of Louis de Montfort and named him <i>“</i>Apostolic Missionary of France<i>”</i><sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1163">: 1163 </span></sup> On October 3, 1716, Clement XI extended the feast of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of the Rosary</a> to the Universal Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1163">: 1163 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_XIII">Benedict XIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Benedict XIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> (1724–1730) issued several indulgences in support of the rosary prayer, rosary processions and for praying the rosary on 15 “Marian Tuesdays”<i>.</i> He outlawed the Serafine rosary in 1727 and extended the feasts of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Seven Sorrows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a> to the whole Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 672">: 672 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_XII">Clement XII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clement XII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a> (1758–1769) banned all Marian litanies except the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. In 1770 he permitted Spain to have the Immaculata as the main patron of the country, and in 1767 he granted Spain the privilege of adding Mater Immaculata to the litany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_XIV">Benedict XIV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Benedict XIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> wrote books about the feast days of Christ and Mary – <i>De festis Christi at BMV.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the Marian congregations for the <a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a> with the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Gloriosae_Dominae" title="Gloriosae Dominae">Gloriosae Dominae</a></i>, issued on September 27, 1748, and increased indulgences for all who pray the rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 672">: 672 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_XIV">Clement XIV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clement XIV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Pope Clement XIV</a> (1769–1775) had to deal with popular unrest in Southern Italy regarding celebrations and processions of the Immaculate Conception. He granted a privilege to the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> that only they may celebrate the feast of the Immaculate Conception. Later he extended the privilege to other orders for private Masses only. He outlawed the brotherhood of the Immaculate Conception but confirmed a knightly order with the same name. Allegedly, he had promised the King of Spain to dogmatize the Immaculate Conception.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pius_IX">Pius IX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pius IX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg/220px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg/330px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg/440px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>Pius IX dogmatized the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> in 1854. (Murillo, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immaculate_Conception_of_El_Escorial" title="The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial">The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial</a></i>, 1660–1665)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mariology of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> (1846–1878) represents a significant development of Roman Catholic theology, since it led to the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>. Catholic theology in the 19th century was dominated by the issue of the Immaculate Conception of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Virgin Mary</a>. During his pontificate petitions increased requesting the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception. In 1848 Pius appointed a theological commission to analyze the possibility for a Marian dogma.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1848 the Pope had to flee Rome, when a revolutionary movement took over the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and city government. From his exile in <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> he issued the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_primum_(Pius_IX,_1849)" title="Ubi primum (Pius IX, 1849)">Ubi primum</a></i>, seeking the opinions of the bishops on the Immaculate Conception. Over 90 per cent of the bishops requested the dogmatization.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> Pius IX moved cautiously, on May 10, 1852, appointing a commission of twenty theologians to prepare a possible text of the dogma. Upon their completion, on December 2, 1852, he asked a commission of cardinals to finalize the text. </p><p>This influenced the eventual promulgation of the dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>. Pius IX's approach of seeking collegial consensus was quoted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, when in <i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i> he inquired of the bishops about a possible dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1854_proclamation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception">1854 proclamation of the Immaculate Conception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1854 proclamation of the Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not until 1854 that Pius IX, with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a>, proclaimed the Immaculate Conception.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight years earlier, in 1846, the Pope had granted the unanimous wish of the bishops from the United States, and declared the Immaculata the patron of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, some 108 council fathers requested to add the words "Immaculate Virgin" to the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fathers requested the dogma of the Immaculate Conception to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a> of the Church, which was opposed by Pius IX.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 566">: 566 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rejection_of_a_dogma_of_the_Assumption">Rejection of a dogma of the Assumption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rejection of a dogma of the Assumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>, nine <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Mariological</a> petitions favored a possible assumption dogma, but this was strongly opposed by some council fathers, especially from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. On 8 May the fathers rejected a dogmatization at that time, a rejection shared by Pius IX. Council fathers highlighted the divine motherhood of Mary and called her the mother of all graces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 566">: 566 </span></sup> </p><p>Pius IX believed in the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, and recognized the close relation between the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of Mary and her being taken up into heaven. He resisted attempts, however, to issue a second Marian <a href="/wiki/Dogma_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogma (Roman Catholic)">dogma</a> within two decades. He attributed to Mary his narrow escape from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leo_XIII">Leo XIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leo XIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Leo_XIII_on_the_Rosary" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary">List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary</a></div> <p>In his encyclical on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> (1878-1903) stressed Mary's role in the redemption of humanity. His mariology was greatly influenced by Thomas Aquinas, especially his view of Mary's role in the Annunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> Leo's emphasis on the path <i>through Mary to Christ</i> has been a key direction in Roman Catholic Mariology, with Mariology viewed as inherent in <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, and the rosary paving that path.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg/220px-Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg/330px-Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg/440px-Papa_Leone_XIII.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>Pope Leo XIII</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope Leo XIII issued a record number of encyclicals on the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October, and created in 1883 the Feast of <i>Queen of the Holy Rosary</i>. Leo XIII promulgated Marian devotions via <a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Leo_XIII_on_the_Rosary" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary">twelve encyclicals on the rosary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> A century after his death, Leo XIII is often quoted, most recently by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>. </p><p>He applied the Marian analysis of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a> to the analysis of the Church as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leo actively employed his papal authority to support the veneration of Mary in places of her apparitions. Upon the blessing and opening of the Church of our Lady in <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, he issued the apostolic writing <i>Parte humanae generi</i> supporting pilgrimages to Lourdes and other Marian shrines. </p><p>Leo XIII declared the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat" title="Virgin of Montserrat">Virgin of Montserrat</a> to be the patron of Catalonia, and instituted the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a> in 1894. He condemned heresies about the Immaculate Conception<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and discussed the relation of Saint Joseph to Mary in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Quamquam_pluries" title="Quamquam pluries">Quamquam pluries</a></i> (August 15, 1889).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God, from the father to the Son, to his Mother, and from her to the human race. The rosary is a vital means to participate in the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mediatrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg/220px-Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg/330px-Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg/440px-Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_by_Pasquale_Sarullo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Leo XIII was devoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></i>, and included her invocation in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. This image is by <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Sarullo" title="Pasquale Sarullo">Pasquale Sarullo</a>, the original being in <a href="/wiki/Genazzano" title="Genazzano">Genazzano</a>, near Rome. <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> also placed his pontificate under the maternal care of <i>Our Lady of Good Counsel</i> and composed a prayer to her.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Leo XIII was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">mediatrix</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclicals_of_Pope_Leo_XIII_on_the_Rosary" title="List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII on the Rosary">rosary encyclicals</a>, he described the Virgin Mary as mediating all graces. In 1883 he wrote that nothing is as salvific and powerful as asking for the support of the Virgin, the mediator of peace with God and of heavenly graces.<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> In his rosary encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Octobri_Mense" class="mw-redirect" title="Octobri Mense">Octobri Mense</a></i>, he stated that Mary is administrator of graces on earth, part of a new salvation order.<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Magnae_dei_matris" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae dei matris">Dei Matris</a></i> he noted that Mary is mediator because Christ the Lord is also our brother<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> And in <i>Jucunda Semper</i> he stated that the deepest reason why Roman Catholics look for the protection of Mary through prayer is most certainly her office as mediator of divine grace.<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Augustissimae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Augustissimae Virginis Mariae">Augustissimae Virginis Mariae</a></i>, he wrote that calling on Mary is the best way to be heard by God, and to find God's grace.<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> Leo borrows the notion that Mary, in the hour of <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, assumed the role of a helper in the mystery of redemption. Thus all Christians are born through Mary. With Jesus, Mary carried all in her womb. Therefore, all Christians are her children.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scapulars">Scapulars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scapulars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than any other pope, Leo XIII, who was himself a member of the Pious Union of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a>, was deeply attached to Our Lady of Good Counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small <i><a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a> of Our Lady of Good Counsel</i> (the White Scapular) was presented by the <a href="/wiki/Hermits_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermits of St. Augustine">Hermits of St. Augustine</a> to Leo XIII who, in December 1893, approved it and endowed it with indulgences. On April 22, 1903, Leo XIII included the invocation "<i><a href="/wiki/Mater_boni_consilii" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater boni consilii">Mater boni consilii</a></i>" in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. </p><p>During predecessor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius</a>'s reign, the <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Ransom" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Ransom">Scapular of Our Lady of Ransom</a> was previously approved in 1868. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pius_X">Pius X</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pius X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> (1903–1914) promoted daily communion. In his 1904 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i>, he views Mary in the context of "restoring everything in Christ". Spiritually we all are her children and she is our mother. Therefore, she must be venerated like a mother. Christ is the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Word made Flesh</a> and the Savior of mankind. He had a physical body like every other man: and as Savior of the human family, he had a spiritual and mystical body, the Church. This, the Pope argues, has consequences for our view of the Blessed Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She "did not conceive the Eternal Son of God merely in order that He might be made man taking His human nature from her, but also by giving him her human nature, that He might be the Redeemer of men. Mary, carrying the Savior within her, also carried all those whose life was contained in the life of the Savior. Therefore, all the faithful united to Christ are members of His body, of His flesh, and of His bones from the womb of Mary like a body united to its head. In a spiritual and mystical fashion, all are children of Mary, and she is their Mother. Mother, spiritually, but truly Mother of the members of Christ"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_XV">Benedict XV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Benedict XV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> (1914–1922) was an ardent <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Mariologist</a>, devoted to Marian veneration and open to new theological perspectives. He personally addressed in numerous letters the pilgrims at Marian sanctuaries. He named Mary the Patron of Bavaria. To underline his support for the <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">mediatrix</a> theology, he authorized the Feast of Mary Mediator of all Graces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned the misuse of Marian statues and pictures dressed in priestly robes, which he outlawed April 4, 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 673">: 673 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Benedict placed the world under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and added the invocation <i>Mary Queen of Peace</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>. He promoted <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Marian veneration</a> throughout the world by elevating twenty well-known Marian shrines such as <a href="/wiki/Ettal_Abbey" title="Ettal Abbey">Ettal Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> into <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilicas</a>. He also promoted Marian devotions in the month of May in the spirit of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_de_Montfort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis de Montfort">Grignon de Montfort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dogmatic constitution on the Church issued by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> quotes the Marian theology of Benedict XV.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his encyclical on <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_the_Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim the Syrian">Ephraim the Syrian</a> he depicts Ephraim as a model of Marian devotion to our mother who uniquely was predestined by God. Pope Benedict did not issue a Marian encyclical but addressed the issue of <a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Co-Redemptrix</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic Letter</a>, <i>Inter Soldalica,</i> issued March 22, 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS,_1918,_181-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>As the blessed Virgin Mary does not seem to participate in the public life of Jesus Christ, and then, suddenly appears at the stations of his cross, she is not there without divine intention. She suffers with her suffering and dying son, almost as if she would have died herself. For the salvation of mankind, she gave up her rights as the mother of her son and sacrificed him for the reconciliation of divine justice, as far as she was permitted to do. Therefore, one can say, she redeemed with Christ the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-AAS,_1918,_181_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAS,_1918,_181-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pius_XI">Pius XI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pius XI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> ruled the Church from 1922 to 1939. During his pontificate, a possible dogma of the assumption was being discussed. He granted France the patron "Our lady assumed into heaven patron".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, he sent a papal delegate to the celebration of the house of Mary in Loreto, and in 1931, 1500 years after the Council of Ephesus, he issued a call to the separated Orthodox Church to venerate Mary together and to overcome the schism. In several apostolic writings he supported praying the rosary. In 1931 he instituted the feast of motherhood of Mary. Pope Pius XI liked to quote Bernard of Clairvaux: "We have everything through Mary".<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pius_XII">Pius XII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pius XII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_PP_XII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pius_PP_XII.jpg/220px-Pius_PP_XII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pius_PP_XII.jpg/330px-Pius_PP_XII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pius_PP_XII.jpg/440px-Pius_PP_XII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Pope Pius XII</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Pacelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenio Pacelli">Eugenio Pacelli</a> was devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and as a young boy, two images in Rome received particular veneration: the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_Della_Strada" title="Madonna Della Strada">Madonna Della Strada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope Pius XII was called the most Marian pope in Church history.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He placed his pontificate under the protection of the Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1943 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis">Mystici corporis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> speaks to the 1854 dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a>. Mary, whose sinless soul was filled with the divine spirit of Jesus Christ above all other created souls, "in the name of the whole human race" gave her consent "for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God and human nature", thus elevating human nature beyond the realm of the purely material. Through her powerful prayers, she obtained that the spirit of our diviner redeemer should be bestowed on the newly founded Church at Pentecost. She is Most Holy Mother of all the members of Christ, and reigns in heaven with her Son, her body and soul refulgent with heavenly glory.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCC-110_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCC-110-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the saints canonized by Pius XII were deeply devoted to Mary, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Lestonnac" title="Jeanne de Lestonnac">Jeanne de Lestonnac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mary_Claret" title="Anthony Mary Claret">Anthony Mary Claret</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fátima"><span id="F.C3.A1tima"></span>Fátima</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fátima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pacelli was consecrated archbishop in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> on May 13, 1917, the same day as the first purported apparition of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a>. His Secretary of State, Cardinal Luigi Maglione would later say that the Pope had been deeply moved by the parallel of his episcopal consecration and the apparition in Fátima.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to his episcopal consecration Pope Pius said: </p> <blockquote><p>At the same hour when the Lord placed the concern of the whole Church on our shoulders, at the mountain of Fátima appeared for the first time the White Queen of the Holy Rosary, as if the Mother of Mercy wanted to indicate, that in the stormy times of our pontificate, in the midst of the great crisis of human history, we will always have the motherly and vigilant assistance of the great conqueress, who would protect and guide us.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Cardinal Tedeschini, who was present at the consecration in 1917, added his view to the coincidence: "The pontificate of Pius XII is focused on Fátima, May 13. It was Our Lady of Fátima, who connected with the person and future of Eugenio Pacelli, having him consecrated through the hands of Pope Benedict XV to the fullness of priesthood at the very day and hour in which the Most Blessed Virgin with her messages first descended to Fátima. May 13 is engraved in all our hearts, how much more in the heart of this Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 13, 1942, the 25th anniversary of the first apparition, and silver jubilee of the Episcopal consecration of Pope Pius XII, the Vatican published the <a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Message and Secret of Fátima</a>. In May 1946, he authorized his personal representative, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Cardinal Masella</a> to preside over a canonical coronation of the image of Our Lady of Fátima, in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Fátima</a>, Portugal. "The faithful virgin never disappointed the trust, put on her. She will transform into a fountain of graces, physical and spiritual graces, over all of Portugal, and from there, breaking all frontiers, over the whole Church and the entire world."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 18, 1950, the Pope sent a message to the people of Portugal: "May Portugal never forget the heavenly message of Fatima, which, before anybody else she was blessed to hear. To keep Fátima in your heart and to translate Fátima into deeds, is the best guarantee for ever more graces”<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marian_year">Marian year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Marian year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the September 8, 1953, encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i>, Pius XII became the first Pope to call for a <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian year</a>, a practice continued by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in 1987. Set for 1954, <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian year</a> included initiatives in the areas of Mariology, cultural events, charity and social gatherings<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 534">: 534 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lourdes">Lourdes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lourdes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/220px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/330px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/440px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>On April 1, 1899, Eugenio Pacelli said his first Mass at the <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>. Fifty years later, he crowned this picture for the <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian year</a> 1954 as shown here.</figcaption></figure> <p>The encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Le_p%C3%A8lerinage_de_Lourdes" title="Le pèlerinage de Lourdes">Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</a></i> was issued on July 2, 1957. The encyclical represents the strongest pronouncement of the papal <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> on <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian apparitions">Marian apparitions</a> in the history of the Catholic Church. In it Pius recalls pleasant memories of the pilgrimage to Lourdes which he undertook while Papal delegate at the Eucharistic and Marian Celebrations in 1937. The Pope reminds the faithful of France that every Christian land is a Marian land and that ”there is not one nation redeemed in the blood of Christ which does not glory in proclaiming Mary its Mother and Patroness.”<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then recalls the history of Marian veneration, the history of Lourdes and the contributions of the Popes to her veneration in Lourdes. </p><p>Christian families must remain faithful to their vital mission in society, and, consecrate themselves in this jubilee year to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. For married couples this consecration will be a valuable aid in their conjugal duties of chastity and faithfulness and keep pure the atmosphere in which children grow up.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Professional and civic affairs offer a vast field of Marian action. Gathered at the Virgin's feet, and open to her teachings, self-searching will uproot any false judgments and selfish impulses. ...The quest for social and political peace among men is, above all, a moral problem, because no reform can bear fruit, no agreement lasting without a conversion and cleansing of heart. In this jubilee year the Virgin of Lourdes reminds all men of this truth."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pius XII teaches that Mary looks upon some of her children with a special affection, the lowly, the poor, and the afflicted whom Jesus loved so much. </p> <blockquote><p>Go to her, you who are crushed by material misery, defenseless against the hardships of life and the indifference of men. Go to her, you who are assailed by sorrows and moral trials. Go to her, beloved invalids and infirm, you who are sincerely welcomed and honored at Lourdes as the suffering members of our Lord. Go to her and receive peace of heart, strength for your daily duties, joy for the sacrifice you offer.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Pontiff states that the Immaculate Virgin knows the secret ways by which grace operates in souls. She also knows the great price which God attaches to sufferings, united to those of the Savior. The encyclical closes with a quote of Bernard of Clairvaux: "Amid dangers, difficulties, and doubts, think of Mary, invoke Mary's aid. ...If you follow her, you will not stray; if you entreat her, you will not lose hope; if you reflect upon her, you will not err; if she supports you, you will not fall; if she protects you, you will not fear; if she leads you, you will not grow weary; if she is propitious, you will reach your goal."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart">Consecration to the Immaculate Heart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consecration to the Immaculate Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration and entrustment to Mary</a></div> <p>On October 31, 1942, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pius XII consecrated</a> the human race and later Russia to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>. </p><p>The same day in a radio address he informed the people of Portugal about the apparitions of Fatima, consecrating the human race to the Immaculate Heart of the Virgin with specific mention of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 8, 1942, the Pontiff officially and solemnly declared this consecration in a ceremony in Saint Peter Basilica in Rome. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> took place on October 31, 1942, just before major turning points in World War Two. Pius XII consecrated to Mary not only the Church but the whole human race, as "Father of Christianity", as representative of Christ, to whom "All power is given [...] in heaven and in earth" (atthew 28:18 ).At that time, German troops under General Rommel had conquered strategic parts of North Africa and were advancing towards the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific">Pacific</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, the Imperial Japanese forces occupied ever increasing territories, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> experienced an ever expanding German invasion. In this situation, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, like his predecessors, put his trust in prayer. On October 31, 1942, he called for a prayer crusade to the <i>Queen of Peace</i>, and dedicated the whole human race and especially <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>. </p><p>In 1944, Pope Pius XII prescribed the Feast of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> for the whole Church and placed his pontificate under the special patronage of the Virgin,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Apostolic Letter of 7 July 1952, <a href="/wiki/Sacro_Vergente" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacro Vergente">Sacro Vergente</a>, Pius consecrated Russia to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. </p><p>On May 1, 1948, in <i><a href="/wiki/Auspicia_quaedam" title="Auspicia quaedam">Auspicia quaedam</a></i>, Pope Pius requested the consecration to the Immaculate Heart of every Catholic family, parish and diocese. "It is our wish, consequently, that wherever the opportunity suggests itself, this consecration be made in the various dioceses as well as in each of the parishes and families."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariology_of_Pius_XII">Mariology of Pius XII</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mariology of Pius XII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1854 dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pius IX</a> defined the Virgin conceived without sin, as the mother of God and our mother. Pope Pius XII built on this in <i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_corporis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystici corporis">Mystici corporis</a></i>, which summarizes his <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a>: Maria, whose sinless soul was filled with the divine spirit of Jesus Christ above all other created souls, "<i>in the name of the whole human race</i>" gave her consent "for a spiritual marriage between the Son of God and human nature",<sup id="cite_ref-Office_for_Holy_Week_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_for_Holy_Week-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus elevating human nature beyond the realm of the purely material. She who, according to the flesh, was the mother of our Head, became mother of all His members. Through her powerful prayers, she obtained that the spirit of our Divine Redeemer should be bestowed on the newly founded Church at Pentecost. She is Most Holy Mother of all the members of Christ, and reigns in heaven with her Son, her body and soul refulgent with heavenly glory.<sup id="cite_ref-EMCC-110_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMCC-110-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_the_dogma_of_the_Assumption">Adoption of the dogma of the Assumption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Adoption of the dogma of the Assumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></div> <p>In 1950 Pius XII defined the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> as an article of faith for Roman Catholic, the dogma of the assumption: </p> <dl><dd>By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Mother of God</a>, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The dogma of the bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary is the crowning of the theology of Pope Pius XII. It was preceded by the 1946 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i>, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization. In this dogmatic statement, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life" leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her Assumption, or, whether she was assumed before death; both possibilities are allowed. Mary's Assumption was a divine gift to Mary as <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, and so also testimony to the divine nature of her Son. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Marian_feasts">New Marian feasts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New Marian feasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope Pius XII instituted the feast of the Immaculate Heart of Mary in 1944 to be celebrated on 22 August,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coinciding with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)" title="Octave (liturgy)">octave</a> day of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a>. (In 1969, Pope Paul VI moved the celebration of the Immaculate Heart of Mary to the Saturday immediately after the Solemnity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.) </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/260px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/390px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/520px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a> icon in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1954, in association with his announcement of new Marian feast for the <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the October 11, 1954, encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i>, he introduced a new Marian feast, the <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a>. </p><p>Assumed into heaven, so Pope Pius, "Mary is with Jesus Christ, her divine son. Mary should be called Queen, not only because of her Divine <a href="/wiki/Motherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Motherhood">Motherhood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, [her only son,] but also because God has willed her to have an exceptional role in the work of our eternal salvation." The encyclical argues, that Christ, because He redeemed us, is our Lord and king by a special title, so the Blessed Virgin also (is our queen), on account of the unique manner in which she assisted in our redemption, by giving of her own substance, by freely offering Him for us, by her singular desire and petition for, and active interest in, our salvation."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as he closely associated the celebrations of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Pope Paul VI moved the celebration of the Queenship of Mary from 31 May to 22 August, bringing it into association with the feast of her Assumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariological_writings">Mariological writings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mariological writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several encyclicals and apostolic letters to the people of Poland and other countries behind the Iron curtain, he expressed certainty that the Blessed Virgin Mary would triumph over her enemies. On September 8, 1953, the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i> announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Pius XII left open the <a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> question, the role of the Virgin in the salvation acts of her son Jesus Christ. In the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i> he promulgated the feast, <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, having been consecrated on May 13, 1917, the very day <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> is believed to have first appeared, consecrated the world to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> in 1942, in accordance with the second "secret" of Our Lady of Fatima. (His remains were to be buried in the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica on the feast day of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a>, October 13, 1958.) </p><p>In 1950 and in 1958 he authorized institutions for increased academic research into the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (see below). In 1953, Pope Pius ordered a <a href="/wiki/Marian_year" title="Marian year">Marian year</a> for 1954, the first in Church history. The year was filled with Marian initiatives, in the areas of mariology, cultural events, charity and social gatherings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 534">: 534 </span></sup> In his encyclicals <i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i> he presented a synthesis of the Mariology of the Church and warned against excesses and timid under-representation of the Catholic faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mariological_research">Mariological research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mariological research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pius strongly supported Marian research with the foundation or enlargement of a number of research centers in Rome. In 1950 and in 1958 he authorized institutions for increased academic research into the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism">veneration of Mary</a>. He supported or rewarded Mariological research of scholars like <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Gabriel Roschini</a>, Raimondo Spiazzi, Otto Faller and Sebastian Tromp. Roschini was named head of the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a>, Spiazzi and Tromp were asked to help write his encyclicals, Faller received a papal medal for his work. The research centers were: </p> <ul><li><b>Academia Mariana Salesiana:</b> he granted the foundation of the Academia Mariana Salesiana which is a part of a papal university. The academy supports Salesian studies with the aim of furthering the veneration of the Blessed Virgin in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Bosco" title="John Bosco">John Bosco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 534">: 534 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Centro Mariano Montfortano:</b> in 1950, the Centro Mariano Montfortano was moved from Bergamo to Rome. The Centro promulgates the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>, who was earlier canonized by Pius XII. It publishes the monthly <i>Madre e Regina</i> which promulgates the Marian orientation of Montfort.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 535">: 535 </span></sup></li> <li><b> Marianum</b> was created in 1950 and entrusted to the Order of Servites. It is authorized to grant all academic degrees including a doctorate in theology. Since 1976, every two years the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a> organizes international conferences to find modern formulations which approximate the mystery of Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 535">: 535 </span></sup></li> <li><b>Collegamento Mariano Nazionale</b> (1958) was the last Marian initiative of Pope Pius XII. It coordinates activities of Marian centres in Italy and organizes Marian pilgrimages and Marian study weeks for priests. In addition it started Marian youth gatherings and publishes the Journal <i>Madonna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 534">: 534 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>Of these organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a> is the most active Marilogical centre in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pontifical Catholic institute was founded by Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Gabriel Roschini</a> (who then directed it for several years) under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1950. At the Marianum, one can get a master's degree in Mariology (2-year academic program) and also a doctorate in Mariology. This Mariological facility has a library with more than 85,000 volumes on Mariology and a number of magazines and journals of theological and Mariological concern. <i><a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a></i> is also the name of the prestigious journal of Marian theology, previously founded by Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Roschini" title="Gabriel Roschini">Roschini</a> in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 535">: 535 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_XXIII">John XXIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: John XXIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 30, 1934, Angelo Roncalli was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey. Archbishop Roncalli had the words <i>Ad Jesum per Mariam</i> inscribed above his chapel in the Apostolic Delegation in Istanbul as he believed that Mariology was the key to unity with the Orthodox; the <i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i> being the essential part of a common heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked, in the spring of 1954, for his opinion regarding the proposed new feast of the Queenship of Mary, Cardinal Roncalli responded that he felt it unnecessary, and from an ecumenical perspective counter-productive.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same reasons, later as Pope, he declined a request for a dogmatic definition of the "spiritual maternity of Mary".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suffering from stomach cancer at the end of his life, Pope John's meditation on the Assumption was deeply Christological. "The mystery of the Assumption brings home the thought of death, of our death, and it diffuses within us a mood of peaceful abandonment; it familiarizes us with and reconciles us to the idea that the Lord will be present in our death agony, to gather up into his hands our immortal soul."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_VI">Paul VI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Paul VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/220px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/330px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg/440px-Paulo_VI_em_F%C3%A1tima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Paul VI during his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Fátima</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (1963–1978) attempted to present the Marian teachings of the Church in view of her new ecumenical orientation. In his inaugural encyclical <i>Ecclesiam Suam</i> (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards “devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel.”<sup id="cite_ref-Ecclesiam_Suam_58_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecclesiam_Suam_58-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his speech upon the closing of the third session of the Second Vatican Council on November 21, 1964, Paul VI proclaimed "Mary the Most Holy <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a>, that is, the Mother of the whole People of God, both the faithful and the pastors."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Laurentin" title="René Laurentin">René Laurentin</a> said that the Theological Commission had considered and rejected the title "Mother of the Church" not because they thought it was wrong, but because it was fatally prone to misunderstanding, and open to the suggestion that it appeared to place Mary <i>outside</i> the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Mense_maio" title="Mense maio">Mense maio</a></i> from April 29, 1965, focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly to be regarded as the way by which people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes that the Queen of Heaven is entrusted by God, as administrator of his compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-Mense_maio,_2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mense_maio,_2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1966 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Christi_Matri" title="Christi Matri">Christi Matri</a></i>, he recommends the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a> in light of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the dangers of atomic conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a> should be invoked: "Nothing seems more appropriate and valuable than to have the prayers of the whole Christian family rise to the Mother of God, who is invoked as the Queen of Peace, begging her to pour forth abundant gifts of her maternal goodness in the midst of so many great trials and hardships. We want constant and devout prayers to be offered to her whom We declared Mother of the Church, its spiritual parent, during the celebration of the Second Vatican Council."<sup id="cite_ref-Christi_Matri_8_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christi_Matri_8-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul VI taught that the rosary is a summary of gospel teaching. His new <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> includes all new Marian prayers. And in his 1974 exhortation <i><a href="/wiki/Marialis_Cultus" title="Marialis Cultus">Marialis Cultus</a></i>, he again promotes Marian devotions, highlighting the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> prayers. Mary deserves the devotions because she is the mother of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">graces</a> and because of her unique role in <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>. On the fiftieth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">apparition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Fatima</a>, Paul VI made a pilgrimage there, the first ever by a Pope. There, he linked the veneration of Mary to her role in the salvation of the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-Bäumer_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Paul_II">John Paul II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: John Paul II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_paul_2_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/120px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/180px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_paul_2_coa.svg/240px-John_paul_2_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> coat of arms with a <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cross" title="Marian Cross">Marian Cross</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg/220px-ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg/330px-ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg/440px-ADAMELLO_%E2%80%93_Papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_%E2%80%93_Panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The direction of the Catholic Church during the last part of the 20th century was dominated by the views of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, whose perspective had a very strong Marian emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And he deliberately reflected his Marian views within the design of his <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> by using a <a href="/wiki/Marian_Cross" title="Marian Cross">Marian Cross</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/L%E2%80%99Osservatore_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="L’Osservatore Romano">L’Osservatore Romano</a></i>, the use of the Marian Cross on his coat of arms was a departure from traditional <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> models and was intended to emphasize the presence of the Virgin Mary under the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Cross in Calvary</a> and her special participation in the process of redemption.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young man, Karol Wojtyła was deeply influenced by the writings of the French priest <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort</a>; especially Montfort's <i><a href="/wiki/True_Devotion_to_Mary" title="True Devotion to Mary">True Devotion to Mary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hebblethwaite" title="Peter Hebblethwaite">Peter Hebblethwaite</a> says that John Paul's Marian devotion is a combination of seventeenth-century French spirituality and Polish nationalism, where being Catholic is part of Polish identity and Mary is revered as the "Queen of Poland". Hebblethwaits suggests that this approach might resonate less outside of the unique Polish national experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Paul II attributed his survival of an assassination attempt on May 13, 1981, (the Feast of Our Lady of Fatima) to the protection of Mary. A year later, he made a pilgrimage to Portugal in thanksgiving.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebblethwaite_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebblethwaite-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1987 encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i> and at a general audience on September 17, 1997, John Paul II reiterated the title Mary, Mother of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encyclical is a summary of modern Mariology, making some novel points. According to John Paul, the Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation. </p> <dl><dd><blockquote><p>If the greeting and the name "full of grace" say all this, in the context of the angel's announcement they refer first of all to the election of Mary as Mother of the Son of God. But at the same time the "fullness of grace" indicates all the supernatural munificence from which Mary benefits by being chosen and destined to be the Mother of Christ. If this election is fundamental for the accomplishment of God's salvific designs for humanity, and if the eternal choice in Christ and the vocation to the dignity of adopted children is the destiny of everyone, then the election of Mary is wholly exceptional and unique. Hence also the singularity and uniqueness of her place in the mystery of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl><p> The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i> of Pope John Paul II on the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> further communicated his Marian focus as he explained how his personal motto <i><a href="/wiki/Totus_Tuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Totus Tuus">Totus Tuus</a></i> was inspired by St. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>'s doctrine on the excellence of <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Marian devotion</a> and total consecration. In <i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i>, John Paul II quoted <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a>, and said:</p><blockquote><p>Our entire perfection consists in being conformed, united and consecrated to Jesus Christ. Hence the most perfect of all devotions is undoubtedly that which conforms, unites and consecrates us most perfectly to Jesus Christ. Now, since Mary is of all creatures the one most conformed to Jesus Christ, it follows that among all devotions that which most consecrates and conforms a soul to our Lord is devotion to Mary, his Holy Mother, and that the more a soul is consecrated to her the more will it be consecrated to Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benedict_XVI">Benedict XVI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Benedict XVI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> continued the program of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> for a redirection of the whole Church to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the "whole truth about Mary".<sup id="cite_ref-BurkeMariology_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurkeMariology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Cardinal Ratzinger, he wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that "truth about Jesus Christ," "truth about the Church" and "truth about man".<sup id="cite_ref-BurkeMariology_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurkeMariology-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pope_Francis">Pope Francis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pope Francis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a homily, Francis compared Mary at the foot of the Cross with the mothers of prisoners he had met in Buenos Aires.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his predecessors, he spoke against the attribution of the title "Co-Redemptrix" to Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mariological_papal_documents">Mariological papal documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Mariological papal documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mariological_papal_documents" title="Mariological papal documents">Mariological papal documents</a></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bulls</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominici_gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominici gregis">Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a></i>: established the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bis_Saeculari" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis Saeculari">Bis saeculari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i>: it established the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>.</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclicals</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_diem_illum" title="Ad diem illum">Ad diem illum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deiparae_Virginis_Mariae" title="Deiparae Virginis Mariae">Deiparae Virginis Mariae</a></i> 1948 Pius XII on the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Blessed Virgin">Assumption of the Blessed Virgin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingruentium_malorum" title="Ingruentium malorum">Ingruentium malorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgens_corona" title="Fulgens corona">Fulgens corona</a></i> 1953 by Pius XII on centenary of the dogma of <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i> 1954 by Pius XII on <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater" title="Redemptoris Mater">Redemptoris Mater</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auspicia_quaedam" title="Auspicia quaedam">Auspicia quaedam</a></i> 1948 Pius XII on Marian prayers for peace</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Apostolic letters</a></b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloriosae_Dominae" title="Gloriosae Dominae">Gloriosae Dominae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marialis_Cultus" title="Marialis Cultus">Marialis Cultus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Mariology">Roman Catholic Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholic_Mariology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholic Mariology">History of Roman Catholic Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant views of Mary">Protestant views of Mary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974487771"><i>Mary on the eve of the Second Vatican Council</i></a>. Cavadini, John C., Peters, Danielle M. Notre Dame, Indiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-10160-2"><bdi>978-0-268-10160-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/974487771">974487771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+on+the+eve+of+the+Second+Vatican+Council&rft.place=Notre+Dame%2C+Indiana&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F974487771&rft.isbn=978-0-268-10160-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F974487771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLoughlin, William M. and Pinnock, Jill. <i>Mary for Time and Eternity</i>, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85244-651-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85244-651-9">0-85244-651-9</a> pp. 65-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Martín2019" class="citation web cs1">San Martín, Inés (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/12/pope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness/">"Pope calls idea of declaring Mary co-redemptrix 'foolishness'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Crux_(online_newspaper)" title="Crux (online newspaper)">Crux</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crux&rft.atitle=Pope+calls+idea+of+declaring+Mary+co-redemptrix+%27foolishness%27&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.aulast=San+Mart%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=In%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2019%2F12%2Fpope-calls-idea-of-declaring-mary-co-redemptrix-foolishness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marienkunde-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marienkunde_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgermissenBöer1957" class="citation book cs1">Algermissen, Konrad; Böer, Ludwig, eds. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUabjgEACAAJ"><i>Lexikon der Marienkunde</i></a>. F. Pustet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Marienkunde&rft.pub=F.+Pustet&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUabjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNULL2002" class="citation web cs1">NULL (2002-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenit.org/articles/the-rosary-predated-st-dominic/">"The Rosary Predated St. Dominic"</a>. <i>ZENIT - English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZENIT+-+English&rft.atitle=The+Rosary+Predated+St.+Dominic&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft.au=NULL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenit.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-rosary-predated-st-dominic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler, Alban, <i>Butler's Lives Of The Saints</i>, (April) (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-253-0">0-86012-253-0</a> page 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kosloski, Philip (6 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2017/05/06/when-did-christians-start-praying-the-hail-mary/">"History of the Hail Mary Prayer--Aleteia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Hail+Mary+Prayer--Aleteia&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft.aulast=Kosloski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2017%2F05%2F06%2Fwhen-did-christians-start-praying-the-hail-mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The catechism of the Council of Trent</i> by Theodore Alois Buckley 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-177-70694-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-177-70694-6">1-177-70694-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tpray0.htm">"PART IV: THE LORD'S PRAYER: PRAYER: Importance Of Instruction On Prayer"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opera Omnia Roma, 1747, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F Masson, Le Cardinal de Bernis depuis son minister Paris, 1884, 156, 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bäumer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bäumer_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäumer1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bäumer, Remigius (1989). <a href="/wiki/Leo_Scheffczyk" title="Leo Scheffczyk">Scheffczyk, Leo</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_o39ZwEACAAJ"><i>Marienlexikon</i></a> [<i>Marian Lexicon</i>] (in German). EOS-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783880968912" title="Special:BookSources/9783880968912"><bdi>9783880968912</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marienlexikon&rft.pub=EOS-Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9783880968912&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4umer&rft.aufirst=Remigius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_o39ZwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html">The Holy Spirit Assists the Roman Pontiff</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810000000/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/alpha/data/aud19930324en.html">Archived</a> August 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">and to add the Immaculata to the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Loreto" class="mw-redirect" title="Litany of Loreto">Litany of Loreto</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius XII <i>Mystici corporis Christi</i>; John Henry Newman: <i>Mariology is always christocentric</i>, in Michael Testa, Mary: The Virgin Mary in the Life and Writings of John Henry Newman 2001; <i>Mariology Is Christology</i> in Vittorio Messori, "The Mary Hypothesis" Rome, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/r/rosary-encyclicals-by-pope-leo-xiii.php">"Rosary Encyclicals by Pope Leo XIII"</a>. <i>University of Dayton, Ohio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Dayton%2C+Ohio&rft.atitle=Rosary+Encyclicals+by+Pope+Leo+XIII&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fr%2Frosary-encyclicals-by-pope-leo-xiii.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köster 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosmini</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lettresapostoliq02cath#page/250/mode/2up"><i>Epistola Encyclica De patrocinio Sancti Josephi una cum Virginis Deiparae pro temporum difficultate implorando</i></a> in Lettres apostoliques de s.s. Léon XIII : encycliques, brefs etc, p. 250-261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclical Jucunda Semper 8.9.1894 quoted in Marienlexikon,Eos St. Ottilien, 1988 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/olgc.html">Univ of Dayton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608103323/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/meditations/olgc.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>This Saint's for You</i> by Thomas J. 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href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</i>, §54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</i>, §55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</i>, §57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second Homily on the Missus est: PL CLXXXIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le pèlerinage de Lourdes</i>, 70-71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS, 1942, 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munificentissimus Deus 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Auspicia quaedam</i>, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 148, 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_for_Holy_Week-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Office_for_Holy_Week_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Office for Holy Week</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AAS 1950, 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendarium Romanum</i> (Libreria 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+says+that+we+have+a+mother+%22who+defends+us%2C+teaches+us%2C+accompanies+us%3B+who+is+not+ashamed+of+our+sins.%22&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fissue%2Fpope-francis-we-have-mother-jesus-mother-we-are-not-orphans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNULL2016" class="citation web cs1">NULL (2016-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenit.org/2016/09/15/popes-morning-homily-uneasy-orphaned-turn-to-mary-your-mother/">"Pope's Morning Homily: Uneasy? Alone? Turn to Mary, Your Mother"</a>. <i>ZENIT - English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZENIT+-+English&rft.atitle=Pope%27s+Morning+Homily%3A+Uneasy%3F+Alone%3F+Turn+to+Mary%2C+Your+Mother&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.au=NULL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenit.org%2F2016%2F09%2F15%2Fpopes-morning-homily-uneasy-orphaned-turn-to-mary-your-mother%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariology_of_the_popes&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michael Schmaus, Mariologie, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgermissenBöer1957" class="citation book cs1">Algermissen, Konrad; Böer, Ludwig, eds. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUabjgEACAAJ"><i>Lexikon der Marienkunde</i></a>. F. Pustet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Marienkunde&rft.pub=F.+Pustet&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUabjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBäumer1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bäumer, Remigius (1989). <a href="/wiki/Leo_Scheffczyk" title="Leo Scheffczyk">Scheffczyk, Leo</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_o39ZwEACAAJ"><i>Marienlexikon</i></a> [<i>Marian Lexicon</i>] (in German). EOS-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783880968912" title="Special:BookSources/9783880968912"><bdi>9783880968912</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marienlexikon&rft.pub=EOS-Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9783880968912&rft.aulast=B%C3%A4umer&rft.aufirst=Remigius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_o39ZwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraber1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graber, Rudolf (1954). <i>Die marianischen Weltrundschreiben der Päpste in den letzten hundert Jahren</i> [<i>Marian Encyclicals of Popes in the Last Hundred Years</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Echter-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+marianischen+Weltrundschreiben+der+P%C3%A4pste+in+den+letzten+hundert+Jahren&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Echter-Verlag&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Graber&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMariology+of+the+popes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mariology Society of America <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/</a></li> <li>The Marian Library at University of Dayton <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/index.php">https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/index.php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, Apostolic Constitution <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi09id.htm">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Ineffabilis Deus</b></i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, encyclicals and bulls</li> <li>Michael Schmaus, Mariologie, Katholische Dogmatik, München Vol V, 1955</li> <li>Stefano De Fiores, (Marianum) <i>Maria, sintesi di valori. Storia culturale di mariologia.</i> Cinisello Balsamo 2005;</li> <li>Stefano de Fiores, (Marianum), <i>Maria. Nuovissimo dizionario.</i> 2 Vols. Bologna 2006;</li> <li>Mariology Society of America <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170925082500/http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a>, referenced as AAS by year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, Apostolic Constitution <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/library/docs_pi09id.htm">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Ineffabilis Deus</b></i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_08091953_fulgens-corona_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Fulgens corona</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Ad Caeli Reginam</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Mystici corporis Christi</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p-xii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus_en.html">Apostolic Constitution <i><b>Munificentissimus Deus</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, encyclical, apostolic letters and addresses <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater_en.html">Encyclical <i><b>Redemptoris Mater</b></i> on the Vatican website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_en.html">Apostolic Letter <i><b>Rosarium Virginis Mariae</b></i> on the Vatican Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202070615/http://www.catholicregister.org/content/view/1402/857/">Pope John Paul II on Saint Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2000/oct-dec/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20001031_forum-mariologia_en.html">Pope John Paul II, <i><b>Address to the Mariology Forum</b></i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Baker, Kenneth. <i>Fundamentals of Catholicism</i>, 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-019-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-019-1">0-89870-019-1</a></li> <li>Montfort, Louis de. <i>True Devotion to Mary</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59330-470-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59330-470-6">1-59330-470-6</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a 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