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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photovoltaic_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photovoltaic_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Photovoltaic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photovoltaic_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generating_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generating_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Generating equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generating_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Generating equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generating_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turbines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Turbines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Production by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centralised_and_distributed_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centralised_and_distributed_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Centralised and distributed generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centralised_and_distributed_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Technologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_generation_capacity_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_generation_capacity_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Electricity generation capacity by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_generation_capacity_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electricity generation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragopwekking" title="Kragopwekking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kragopwekking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="توليد الكهرباء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توليد الكهرباء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeneraci%C3%B3n_d%27enerx%C3%ADa_ll%C3%A9trico" title="Xeneración d'enerxía llétrico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeneración d'enerxía llétrico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিদ্যুৎ শক্তি উৎপাদন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিদ্যুৎ শক্তি উৎপাদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-ti%C4%81n" title="Hoat-tiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-tiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Производство на електрическа енергия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Производство на електрическа енергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3_d%27energia_el%C3%A8ctrica" title="Generació d'energia elèctrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Generació d'energia elèctrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elproduktion" title="Elproduktion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elproduktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromerzeugung" title="Stromerzeugung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stromerzeugung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrienergia_tootmine" title="Elektrienergia tootmine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrienergia tootmine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_energ%C3%ADa_el%C3%A9ctrica" title="Generación de energía eléctrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generación de energía eléctrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrogenerado" title="Elektrogenerado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrogenerado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_elektrikoaren_sorkuntza" title="Energia elektrikoaren sorkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Energia elektrikoaren sorkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="تولید برق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تولید برق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_d%27%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9" title="Production d'électricité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Production d'électricité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini%C3%BAint_leictreachais" title="Giniúint leictreachais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giniúint leictreachais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeraci%C3%B3n_de_electricidade" title="Xeración de electricidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeración de electricidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84_(%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0)" title="발전 (전기) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발전 (전기)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युत उत्पादन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत उत्पादन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Proizvodnja električne energije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proizvodnja električne energije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangkitan_listrik" title="Pembangkitan listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembangkitan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produzione_di_energia_elettrica" title="Produzione di energia elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Produzione di energia elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="ייצור חשמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ייצור חשמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യുതോൽപ്പാദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതോൽപ്പാദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="वीजनिर्मिती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वीजनिर्मिती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjanaan_elektrik" title="Penjanaan elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjanaan elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Цахилгаан эрчим хүчний үйлдвэрлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан эрчим хүчний үйлдвэрлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB" title="発電 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発電" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%A8" title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ ଉତ୍ପାଦନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਬਿਜਲੀ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲੀ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بجلی تیاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بجلی تیاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_eletricidade" title="Geração de eletricidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geração de eletricidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generarea_electricit%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Generarea electricității – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Generarea electricității" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Генерация электроэнергии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генерация электроэнергии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodhimi_i_elektricitetit" title="Prodhimi i elektricitetit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prodhimi i elektricitetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="විදුලිය ජනනය කිරිමේ ක්‍රම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විදුලිය ජනනය කිරිමේ ක්‍රම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electricity generation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Proizvodnja električne energije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Proizvodnja električne energije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja_elektri%C4%8Dne_energije" title="Proizvodnja električne energije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proizvodnja električne energije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6ntuotanto" title="Sähköntuotanto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköntuotanto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elproduktion" title="Elproduktion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elproduktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மின் உற்பத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின் உற்பத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_%C3%BCretimi" title="Elektrik üretimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik üretimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Генерування електроенергії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генерування електроенергії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="بجلی کی پیداوار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بجلی کی پیداوار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_n%C4%83ng" title="Sản xuất điện năng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sản xuất điện năng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produjhaedje_di_corant" title="Produjhaedje di corant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Produjhaedje di corant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" title="发电 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="发电" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="發電" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="發電 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="發電" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q383973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of generating electrical power</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbogenerator01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/290px-Turbogenerator01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/435px-Turbogenerator01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Turbogenerator01.jpg/580px-Turbogenerator01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">turbo generator</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: yellow">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Power_engineering" title="Category:Power engineering">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: yellow"><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power engineering</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_conversion" title="Electric power conversion">Electric power conversion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_converter" title="Voltage converter">Voltage converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_conversion" title="Electric power conversion">Electric power conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_converter_station" title="HVDC converter station">HVDC converter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-to-AC_converter" title="AC-to-AC converter">AC-to-AC converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter" title="DC-to-DC converter">DC-to-DC converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">Rectifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">Inverter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_infrastructure" title="Category:Electric power infrastructure">Electric power infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_systems_components" title="Category:Electric power systems components">Electric power systems components</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_main_unit" title="Ring main unit">Ring main unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-tie_inverter" title="Grid-tie inverter">Grid-tie inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busbar" title="Busbar">Busbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_duct" title="Bus duct">Bus duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recloser" title="Recloser">Recloser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_engineering" title="Template:Power engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Power_engineering" title="Template talk:Power engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Power_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Power engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Electricity generation</b> is the process of generating <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> from sources of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">utilities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a>, it is the stage prior to its <a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">delivery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a>, etc.) to end users or its <a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">storage</a>, using for example, the <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped-storage</a> method. </p><p>Consumable electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced", transforming other forms of energy to electricity. Production is carried out in <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, also called "power plants". Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>, primarily driven by <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a> fueled by <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, but also by other means such as the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>. There are exotic and speculative methods to recover energy, such as proposed <a href="/wiki/Fusion_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion reactor">fusion reactor</a> designs which aim to directly extract energy from intense magnetic fields generated by fast-moving charged particles generated by the fusion reaction (see <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">Phasing out coal-fired power stations</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">gas-fired power stations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, if practical, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">capturing their greenhouse gas emissions</a>, is an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_transformation" title="Energy transformation">energy transformation</a> required to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>. Vastly more <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a><sup id="cite_ref-solar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is forecast to be required, with <a href="/wiki/Electricity_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity demand">electricity demand</a> increasing strongly<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with further <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">transport</a>, homes and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2023, it was reported that the global electricity supply was approaching peak CO2 emissions thanks to the growth of solar and wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg/220px-Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg/330px-Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg/440px-Edison_Central_Station_Dynamos_and_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Dynamos and engine installed at <a href="/wiki/Edison_General_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison General Electric Company">Edison General Electric Company</a>, New York, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820s and early 1830s by British scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. His method, still used today, is for electricity to be generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or <a href="/wiki/Faraday_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday disc">Faraday disc</a>, between the poles of a <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. Central power stations became economically practical with the development of <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) power transmission, using power <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> to transmit power at high voltage and with low loss. </p><p>Commercial electricity production started with the coupling of the dynamo to the hydraulic turbine. The mechanical production of electric power began the <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> and made possible several inventions using electricity, with the major contributors being <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alva Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>. Previously the only way to produce electricity was by chemical reactions or using battery cells, and the only practical use of electricity was for the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>. </p><p>Electricity generation at central power stations started in 1882, when a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> driving a dynamo at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station" title="Pearl Street Station">Pearl Street Station</a> produced a <a href="/wiki/DC_current" class="mw-redirect" title="DC current">DC current</a> that powered public lighting on <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Pearl Street (Manhattan)">Pearl Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. The new technology was quickly adopted by many cities around the world, which adapted their gas-fueled street lights to electric power. Soon after electric lights would be used in public buildings, in businesses, and to power public transport, such as trams and trains. </p><p>The first power plants used water power or coal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today a variety of energy sources are used, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> sources. </p><p>In the 1880s the popularity of electricity grew massively with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a>. Although there are 22 recognised inventors of the light bulb prior to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, Edison and Swan's invention became by far the most successful and popular of all. During the early years of the 19th century, massive jumps in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electrical sciences</a> were made. And by the later 19th century the advancement of electrical technology and engineering led to electricity being part of everyday life. With the introduction of many electrical inventions and their implementation into everyday life, the demand for electricity within homes grew dramatically. With this increase in demand, the potential for profit was seen by many entrepreneurs who began investing into electrical systems to eventually create the first electricity public utilities. This process in history is often described as electrification.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest distribution of electricity came from companies operating independently of one another. A consumer would purchase electricity from a producer, and the producer would distribute it through their own power grid. As technology improved so did the productivity and efficiency of its generation. Inventions such as the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> had a massive impact on the efficiency of electrical generation but also the economics of generation as well. This conversion of heat energy into mechanical work was similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>, however at a significantly larger scale and far more productively. The improvements of these large-scale generation plants were critical to the process of centralised generation as they would become vital to the entire power system that we now use today. </p><p>Throughout the middle of the 20th century many utilities began merging their <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution networks</a> due to economic and efficiency benefits. Along with the invention of long-distance <a href="/wiki/Power_transmission" title="Power transmission">power transmission</a>, the coordination of power plants began to form. This system was then secured by regional system operators to ensure stability and reliability. The electrification of homes began in Northern Europe and in the Northern America in the 1920s in large cities and urban areas. It was not until the 1930s that rural areas saw the large-scale establishment of electrification.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_generation">Methods of generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods of generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#d8d800"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d8d800"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#d8d800"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:#dc8496"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#dc8496"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#dc8496"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:#0fafff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#0fafff"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#0fafff"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.802672842827px 6.2790519529313px 0 0; border-top-color:#009080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#009080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:53.5826794979px 84.432792550202px 0 0; border-top-color:#d0b090"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#d0b090"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 82.727194597248px 100px 0; border-right-color:#303030"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#303030"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>2021 <a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">world electricity generation</a> by source. Total generation was 28 <a href="/wiki/Petawatt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Petawatt-hour">petawatt-hours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ember_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#303030; color:white;"> </span> Coal (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0b090; color:black;"> </span> Natural gas (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009080; color:black;"> </span> Hydro (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0fafff; color:black;"> </span> Nuclear (10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dc8496; color:black;"> </span> Wind (7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d8d800; color:black;"> </span> Solar (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (5%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into electrical energy. Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generators</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> systems. A small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities is provided by batteries. Other forms of electricity generation used in niche applications include the <a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">triboelectric effect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric effect">piezoelectric effect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">thermoelectric effect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Betavoltaics" class="mw-redirect" title="Betavoltaics">betavoltaics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generators">Generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_aalborg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/170px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/255px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Turbine_aalborg.jpg/340px-Turbine_aalborg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbines</a> usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of producing power.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generators</a> transform <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> into electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity based on <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law</a>. It can be seen experimentally by rotating a magnet within closed loops of conducting material, e.g. copper wire. Almost all commercial electrical generation uses electromagnetic induction, in which <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> forces a generator to rotate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electrochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg/220px-Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg/330px-Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg/440px-Hoover_dam_from_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Large dams, such as <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> in the United States, can provide large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a>. It has an installed capacity of 2.07 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> is the direct transformation of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> into electricity, as in a <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. Electrochemical electricity generation is important in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">Primary cells</a>, such as the common <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon batteries</a>, act as power sources directly, but <a href="/wiki/Secondary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary cell">secondary cells</a> (i.e. rechargeable batteries) are used for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity storage">storage</a> systems rather than primary generation systems. Open electrochemical systems, known as <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a>, can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels. <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a> is a possibility at places where salt and fresh water merge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photovoltaic_effect">Photovoltaic effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photovoltaic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect" title="Photovoltaic effect">photovoltaic effect</a> is the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic panel">Photovoltaic panels</a> convert sunlight directly to DC electricity. <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">Power inverters</a> can then convert that to AC electricity if needed. Although sunlight is free and abundant, <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40% efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental systems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by around 20% per year<sup id="cite_ref-solar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by increases in Germany, Japan, United States, China, and India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pricing" title="Electricity pricing">Electricity pricing</a></div> <p>The selection of electricity production modes and their economic viability varies in accordance with demand and region. The economics vary considerably around the world, resulting in widespread residential selling prices. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric plant">Hydroelectric plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">thermal power plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable source">renewable sources</a> have their own pros and cons, and selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations in demand. </p><p>All power grids have varying loads on them. The daily minimum<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">base load</a>, often supplied by plants which run continuously. Nuclear, coal, oil, gas and some hydro plants can supply base load. If well construction costs for natural gas are below $10 per MWh, generating electricity from natural gas is cheaper than generating power by burning coal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuclear power plants can produce a huge amount of power from a single unit. However, nuclear disasters have raised concerns over the safety of nuclear power, and the capital cost of nuclear plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are located in areas where the potential energy from falling water can be harnessed for moving turbines and the generation of power. It may not be an economically viable single source of production where the ability to store the flow of water is limited and the load varies too much during the annual production cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generating_equipment">Generating equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Generating equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG/330px-Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG/495px-Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG/660px-Stator_winding_at_WPS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A large generator with the rotor removed</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric generators were known in simple forms from the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">electromagnetic induction</a> in the 1830s. In general, some form of prime mover such as an engine or the turbines described above, drives a rotating magnetic field past stationary coils of wire thereby turning mechanical energy into electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only commercial scale forms of electricity production that do not employ a generator are <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fuel_cell_power_plant" title="Hydrogen fuel cell power plant">fuel cells</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbines">Turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg/220px-Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg/330px-Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg/440px-Dreischluchtendamm_hauptwall_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Large dams such as <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> in China can provide large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power; it has a 22.5 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">GW</a> capability.</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all commercial electrical power on Earth is generated with a <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, driven by wind, water, steam or burning gas. The turbine drives a generator, thus transforming its mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. There are many different methods of developing mechanical energy, including <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engines</a>, hydro, wind and tidal power. Most electric generation is driven by heat engines. </p><p>The combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> supplies most of the energy to these engines, with a significant fraction from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> and some from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable source">renewable sources</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Sir Charles Parsons</a> in 1884, currently generates about 80% of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> in the world using a variety of heat sources. Turbine types include: </p> <ul><li>Steam <ul><li>Water is boiled by <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> burned in a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal power plant">thermal power plant</a>. About 41% of all electricity is generated this way.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a> heat created in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> creates steam. Less than 15% of electricity is generated this way.</li> <li>Renewable energy. The steam is generated by <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Natural gas: turbines are driven directly by gases produced by combustion. <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">Combined cycle</a> are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> and use residual heat to generate steam. At least 20% of the world's electricity is generated by natural gas.</li> <li>Water Energy is captured by a <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water turbine</a> from the movement of water - from falling water, the rise and fall of tides or ocean thermal currents (see <a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">ocean thermal energy conversion</a>). Currently, hydroelectric plants provide approximately 16% of the world's electricity.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmill</a> was a very early <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a>. In 2018 around 5% of the world's electricity was produced from wind</li></ul> <p>Turbines can also use other heat-transfer liquids than steam. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">Supercritical carbon dioxide</a> based cycles can provide higher conversion efficiency due to faster heat exchange, higher energy density and simpler power cycle infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide_blend" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide blend">Supercritical carbon dioxide blends</a>, that are currently in development, can further increase efficiency by optimizing its critical pressure and temperature points. </p><p>Although turbines are most common in commercial power generation, smaller generators can be powered by <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a>. These may used for backup generation or as a prime source of power within isolated villages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_production">World production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_generation_type_yearly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/World_generation_type_yearly.png/330px-World_generation_type_yearly.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/World_generation_type_yearly.png/495px-World_generation_type_yearly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/World_generation_type_yearly.png/660px-World_generation_type_yearly.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption> Yearly generation by source<sup id="cite_ref-ember_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Total world generation in 2021 was 28,003 TWh, including coal (36%), gas (23%), hydro (15%), nuclear (10%), wind (6.6%), solar (3.7%), oil and other fossil fuels (3.1%), biomass (2.4%) and geothermal and other renewables (0.33%).<sup id="cite_ref-ember_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_by_country">Production by country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">List of countries by electricity production</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></div> <p>China produced a third of the world's electricity in 2021, largely from coal. The United States produces half as much as China but uses far more natural gas and nuclear.<sup id="cite_ref-ember_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ember-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">Environmental impact of electricity generation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal phase out">Coal phase out</a></div> <p>Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_and_Balances_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_and_Balances-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source. <a href="/wiki/Methane_leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane leaks">Methane leaks</a> (from natural gas to fuel gas-fired power plants)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of world <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, the main component of acid rain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source of <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NO<sub>x</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA), low-carbon electricity generation needs to account for 85% of global electrical output by 2040 in order to ward off the worst effects of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-CEN_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEN-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other organizations including the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Impact_Center" title="Energy Impact Center">Energy Impact Center</a> (EIC)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> (UNECE),<sup id="cite_ref-UNECE_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNECE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the IEA has called for the expansion of nuclear and renewable energy to meet that objective.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, like EIC founder Bret Kugelmass, believe that nuclear power is the primary method for <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">decarbonizing</a> electricity generation because it can also power <a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">direct air capture</a> that removes existing carbon emissions from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuclear power plants can also create <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> projects, limiting carbon emissions and the need for expanded electrical output.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fundamental issue regarding centralised generation and the current electrical generation methods in use today is the significant negative environmental effects that many of the generation processes have. Processes such as coal and gas not only release carbon dioxide as they combust, but their extraction from the ground also impacts the environment. Open pit coal mines use large areas of land to extract coal and limit the potential for productive land use after the excavation. Natural gas extraction releases large amounts of methane into the atmosphere when extracted from the ground greatly increase global greenhouse gases. Although nuclear power plants do not release carbon dioxide through electricity generation, there are risks associated with nuclear waste and safety concerns associated with the use of nuclear sources. </p><p>Per unit of electricity generated coal and gas-fired power <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_greenhouse_gas_emissions_of_energy_sources" title="Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources">life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions</a> are almost always at least ten times that of other generation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centralised_and_distributed_generation">Centralised and distributed generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Centralised and distributed generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Centralised generation is electricity generation by large-scale centralised facilities, sent through <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission lines</a> to consumers. These facilities are usually located far away from consumers and distribute the electricity through high voltage transmission lines to a substation, where it is then distributed to consumers; the basic concept being that multi-megawatt or gigawatt scale large stations create electricity for a large number of people. The vast majority of electricity used is created from centralised generation. Most centralised power generation comes from large power plants run by fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas, though nuclear or large hydroelectricity plants are also commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centralised generation is fundamentally the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed generation</a>. Distributed generation is the small-scale generation of electricity to smaller groups of consumers. This can also include independently producing electricity by either solar or wind power. In recent years distributed generation as has seen a spark in popularity due to its propensity to use <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> generation methods such as <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power" title="Rooftop solar power">rooftop solar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Centralised energy sources are large <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a> that produce huge amounts of electricity to a large number of consumers. Most power plants used in centralised generation are <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power plants</a> meaning that they use a fuel to heat steam to produce a pressurised gas which in turn spins a turbine and generates electricity. This is the traditional way of producing energy. This process relies on several forms of technology to produce widespread electricity, these being natural coal, gas and nuclear forms of thermal generation. More recently solar and wind have become large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar">Solar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Solar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">Photovoltaic power station</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photovoltaic_power_station&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Solar park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg/220px-Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg/330px-Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg/440px-Solarpark_J%C3%A4nnersdorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>The 40.5 MW <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4nnersdorf_Solar_Park" title="Jännersdorf Solar Park">Jännersdorf Solar Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prignitz" title="Prignitz">Prignitz</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station" title="Photovoltaic power station">photovoltaic power station</a>, also known as a solar park, solar farm, or solar power plant, is a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_power_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid-connected photovoltaic power system">grid-connected photovoltaic power system</a> (PV system) designed for the supply of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_market#Wholesale_electricity_market" title="Electricity market">merchant power</a>. They are different from most building-mounted and other decentralized <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> because they supply power at the <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">utility</a> level, rather than to a local user or users. Utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this type of project. </p><p>This approach differs from <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a>, the other major large-scale solar generation technology, which uses heat to drive a variety of conventional generator systems. Both approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, but to date, for a variety of reasons, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> technology has seen much wider use. As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 97% of utility-scale solar power capacity was PV.<sup id="cite_ref-Photovoltaic_power_station_WikiSolar_2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photovoltaic_power_station_WikiSolar_2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, the <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">nameplate capacity</a> of photovoltaic power stations is rated in <a href="/wiki/Megawatt-peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt-peak">megawatt-peak</a> (MW<sub>p</sub>), which refers to the solar array's theoretical maximum <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> power output. In other countries, the manufacturer states the surface and the efficiency. However, Canada, Japan, Spain, and the United States often specify using the converted lower nominal power output in <a href="/wiki/Watt-peak_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt-peak AC">MW<sub>AC</sub></a>, a measure more directly comparable to other forms of power generation. Most solar parks are developed at a scale of at least 1 MW<sub>p</sub>. As of 2018, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations" title="List of photovoltaic power stations">world's largest</a> operating photovoltaic power stations surpassed 1 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatt</a>. At the end of 2019, about 9,000 solar farms were larger than 4 MW<sub>AC</sub> (utility scale), with a combined capacity of over 220 GW<sub>AC</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Photovoltaic_power_station_WikiSolar_2019_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photovoltaic_power_station_WikiSolar_2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Most of the existing large-scale photovoltaic power stations are owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Independent_power_producer" title="Independent power producer">independent power producers</a>, but the involvement of community and utility-owned projects is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, almost all were supported at least in part by regulatory incentives such as <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariffs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit#Renewable_Energy/Investment_Tax_Credit_(ITC)" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a>, but as <a href="/wiki/Levelized_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelized cost">levelized costs</a> fell significantly in the 2010s and <a href="/wiki/Grid_parity" title="Grid parity">grid parity</a> has been reached in most markets, external incentives are usually not needed.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind">Wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_farm&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg/330px-Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg/495px-Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg/660px-Wind_turbines_in_southern_California_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Gorgonio_Pass_wind_farm" title="San Gorgonio Pass wind farm">San Gorgonio Pass wind farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg/330px-Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg/495px-Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg/660px-Gansu.Guazhou.windturbine_farm.sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Wind_Farm" title="Gansu Wind Farm">Gansu Wind Farm</a> in China is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> or wind park, or wind power plant,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> in the same location used <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">to produce electricity</a>. Wind farms vary in size from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either onshore or <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore</a>. </p><p>Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China, India, and the United States. For example, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms" title="List of onshore wind farms">largest wind farm in the world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Wind_Farm" title="Gansu Wind Farm">Gansu Wind Farm</a> in China had a capacity of over 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a> by 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_farm_Guardian-2012.03.19_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind_farm_Guardian-2012.03.19-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a goal of 20,000 MW<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_farm_Forbes-GreenEnergyProjects_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind_farm_Forbes-GreenEnergyProjects-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_farm_Forbes-GansuWindFarm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind_farm_Forbes-GansuWindFarm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2020, the 1218 MW <a href="/wiki/Hornsea_Wind_Farm" title="Hornsea Wind Farm">Hornsea Wind Farm</a> in the UK is <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms#Largest_operational_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">the largest offshore wind farm in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_farm_offshorewindbizworldslargest_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind_farm_offshorewindbizworldslargest-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual wind turbine designs continue to <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_powerful_wind_turbines" title="List of most powerful wind turbines">increase in power</a>, resulting in fewer turbines being needed for the same total output. </p> Because they require no fuel, wind farms have less impact on the environment than many other forms of power generation and are often referred to as a good source of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">green energy</a>. Wind farms have, however, been criticised for their visual impact and impact on the landscape. Typically they need to be spread over more land than other power stations and need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the countryside", <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, and a drop in tourism. Some critics claim that wind farms have adverse health effects, but most researchers consider these claims to be pseudoscience (see <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">wind turbine syndrome</a>). Wind farms can interfere with radar, although in most cases, according to the US Department of Energy, "siting and other mitigations have resolved conflicts and allowed wind projects to co-exist effectively with radar".<sup id="cite_ref-Wind_farm_windexchange_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wind_farm_windexchange-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power station</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal-fired_power_station&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/220px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/330px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg/440px-Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Elektrownia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w_Power_Station" title="Bełchatów Power Station">Bełchatów Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frimmersdorfkw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/220px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/330px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Frimmersdorfkw.jpg/440px-Frimmersdorfkw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frimmersdorf_Power_Station" title="Frimmersdorf Power Station">Frimmersdorf Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grevenbroich" title="Grevenbroich">Grevenbroich</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/220px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/330px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg/440px-Coal_fired_power_plant_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Coal-fired power station diagram</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share-electricity-coal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/220px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/330px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Share-electricity-coal.svg/440px-Share-electricity-coal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Share of electricity production from coal</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a> or coal power plant is a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power station</a> which burns <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> to generate <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. Worldwide there are about 2,500 coal-fired power stations,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on average <a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">capable</a> of generating a <a href="/wiki/Gigawatts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatts">gigawatt</a> each.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_:9_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_:9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generate about a third of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">world's electricity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths per unit of energy produced,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly from <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A coal-fired power station is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">fossil fuel power station</a>. The coal is usually <a href="/wiki/Pulverizer" title="Pulverizer">pulverized</a> and then burned in a <a href="/wiki/Pulverized_coal-fired_boiler" title="Pulverized coal-fired boiler">pulverized coal-fired boiler</a>. The furnace heat converts boiler water to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, which is then used to spin <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> that turn <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generators</a>. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a>. </p> Coal-fired power stations emit about 12 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> each year,<sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_:9_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_:9-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about one fifth of world <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so are the single largest <a href="/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution of recent climate change">cause of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of all the coal-fired electricity in the world is generated in China.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020 the total number of plants started falling<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are being retired in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and America<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although still being built in Asia, almost all in China.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some remain profitable because <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">costs to other people</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a> are not priced into the cost of generation,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is the risk newer plants may become <a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset" title="Stranded asset">stranded assets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary General">UN Secretary General</a> has said that <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries should <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase_out" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal phase out">stop generating electricity from coal</a> by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_The_Economist_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_The_Economist-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural gas is ignited to create pressurised gas which is used to spin turbines to generate electricity. Natural gas plants use a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> where natural gas is added along with oxygen which in turn combusts and expands through the turbine to force a generator to spin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gas-fired_power_plant" title="Gas-fired power plant">Natural gas power plants</a> are more efficient than coal power generation, they however contribute to climate change, but not as highly as coal generation. Not only do they produce carbon dioxide from the ignition of natural gas, the extraction of gas when mined releases a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Nuclear power plants</a> create electricity through steam turbines where the heat input is from the process of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>. Currently, nuclear power produces 11% of all electricity in the world. Most nuclear reactors use <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> as a source of fuel. In a process called <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a>, energy, in the form of heat, is released when nuclear atoms are split. Electricity is created through the use of a nuclear reactor where heat produced by nuclear fission is used to produce steam which in turn spins turbines and powers the generators. Although there are several types of nuclear reactors, all fundamentally use this process.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normal emissions due to nuclear power plants are primarily waste heat and radioactive spent fuel. In a reactor accident, significant amounts of radioisotopes can be released to the environment, posing a long term hazard to life. This hazard has been a continuing concern of environmentalists. Accidents such as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima nuclear disaster</a> illustrate this problem. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity_generation_capacity_by_country">Electricity generation capacity by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electricity generation capacity by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">List of countries by electricity production</a></div> <p>The table lists 45 countries with their total electricity capacities. The data is from 2022. According to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, the total global electricity capacity in 2022 was nearly 8.9 <a href="/wiki/Terawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt">terawatt</a> (TW), more than four times the total global electricity capacity in 1981. The global average per-capita electricity capacity was about 1,120 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> in 2022, nearly two and a half times the global average per-capita electricity capacity in 1981. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> has the highest installed capacity per capita in the world, at about 8,990 watts. All developed countries have an average per-capita electricity capacity above the global average per-capita electricity capacity, with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> having the lowest average per-capita electricity capacity of all other developed countries. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable 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.static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers"> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header"> <th>Country </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total capacity<br />(GW) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Average per capita capacity<br />(watts) </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="font-weight:bold;"> <td>World</td> <td style="text-align:left;">8,890</td> <td>1,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>2,510</td> <td>1,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>1,330</td> <td>3,940 </td></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="font-weight:bold;"> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>1,080</td> <td>2,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>556</td> <td>397 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>370</td> <td>2,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>296</td> <td>2,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>267</td> <td>3,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>222</td> <td>1,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>167</td> <td>4,460 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>160</td> <td>3,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>148</td> <td>2,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>133</td> <td>2,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>119</td> <td>2,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>111</td> <td>1,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>107</td> <td>1,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>104</td> <td>792 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>95.8</td> <td>3,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>85.3</td> <td>2,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>83.3</td> <td>977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>72.2</td> <td>721 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>66.7</td> <td>1,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>64</td> <td>1,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>63</td> <td>901 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>62.2</td> <td>1,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>61.1</td> <td>582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td> <td>58</td> <td>2,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>53.3</td> <td>3,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>52.1</td> <td>5,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>51.9</td> <td>1,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>42.7</td> <td>192 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>41.7</td> <td>7,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>40.7</td> <td>4,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>37.9</td> <td>1,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>37</td> <td>1,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>34.1</td> <td>1,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>29.6</td> <td>1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>27.8</td> <td>2,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>26.7</td> <td>2,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>25.9</td> <td>590 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>24.4</td> <td>2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>23.7</td> <td>2,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>22.2</td> <td>3,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>21.3</td> <td>3,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>13.3</td> <td>2,420 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>11.6</td> <td>2,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>3.24</td> <td>8,990 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_power_generation" title="Glossary of power generation">Glossary of power generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a>: the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">Diesel generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine-generator">Engine-generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_expansion_planning" title="Generation expansion planning">Generation expansion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam%E2%80%93electric_power_station" title="Steam–electric power station">Steam–electric power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the number 7120 in the cite is actually the number of units - as explained by <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a> plants may have more than one unit</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity_generation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChestney2021" class="citation news cs1">Chestney, Nina (2021-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/getting-out-gas-sold-scrapped-projects-2021-05-14/">"Factbox: Getting out of gas - the sold and scrapped projects"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127114357/https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/getting-out-gas-sold-scrapped-projects-2021-05-14/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy+Institute+Blog&rft.atitle=Time+to+Vote+Out+Coal&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergyathaas.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F09%2F21%2Ftime-to-vote-out-coal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectricity+generation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrabin2020" class="citation news cs1">Harrabin, Roger (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51852637">"Coal power developers 'risk wasting billions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Coal+power+developers+%27risk+wasting+billions%27&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft.aulast=Harrabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-51852637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectricity+generation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coal-fired_power_station_The_Economist-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coal-fired_power_station_The_Economist_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2020/12/03/the-dirtiest-fossil-fuel-is-on-the-back-foot">"The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 3 December 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+dirtiest+fossil+fuel+is+on+the+back+foot&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2020%2F12%2F03%2Fthe-dirtiest-fossil-fuel-is-on-the-back-foot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectricity+generation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Natural_gas_power_plant">"Natural gas power plant"</a>. <i>Energy Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608042814/https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Natural_gas_power_plant">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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