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id="toc-Birth_and_family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legal career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_ministerial_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_ministerial_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Postwar ministerial career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Postwar_ministerial_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Postwar ministerial career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Postwar_ministerial_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treasurer_(1958–1966)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasurer_(1958–1966)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Treasurer (1958–1966)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasurer_(1958–1966)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1966–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1966–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister (1966–1967)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1966–1967)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1966–1967) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1966–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Constitutional reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>The arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"All_the_way_with_LBJ"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"All_the_way_with_LBJ""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>"All the way with LBJ"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"All_the_way_with_LBJ"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Britain and the Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_other_legacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_other_legacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorials and other legacies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_other_legacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harold Holt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هارولد هولت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارولد هولت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Гаральд Холт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаральд Холт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Edward_Holt" title="Harold Edward Holt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harold Edward Holt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هارولد هولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارولد هولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%99%80%ED%8A%B8" title="해럴드 홀트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해럴드 홀트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A9" title="Հարոլդ Հոլթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարոլդ Հոլթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="हेरोल्ड होल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरोल्ड होल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="הרולד הולט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרולד הולט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="हॅरोल्ड होल्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅरोल्ड होल्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هارولد هولت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد هولت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="हेरोल्ड होल्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेरोल्ड होल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ハロルド・ホルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロルド・ホルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DA%89_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BC" title="هارولډ هولټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هارولډ هولټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Холт, Гарольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холт, Гарольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Харолд Холт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Харолд Холт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹரல்ட் ஹோல்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹரல்ட் ஹோல்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Гарольд Голт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарольд Голт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Harold Holt" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="哈罗德·霍尔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈罗德·霍尔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312722#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Australia from 1966 to 1967</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harold Holt (disambiguation)">Harold Holt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Harold Holt</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Companions of Honour">CH</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg/220px-Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg/330px-Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg/440px-Harold_Holt_SEATO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Holt at a <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a> leader's summit, 1966</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">17th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 January 1966 – 17 December 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Lord Casey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">John McEwen (<i>de facto</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">20 January 1966</a> – 17 December 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> (1968)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia#Federal_deputy_leaders" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia">Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 September 1956 – 20 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison" title="Eric Harrison">Eric Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William McMahon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 September 1956 – 26 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison" title="Eric Harrison">Eric Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Fairbairn_(politician)" title="David Fairbairn (politician)">David Fairbairn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 December 1958 – 26 January 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William McMahon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Employment_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Employment (Australia)">Minister for Labour and National Service</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1949 – 10 December 1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Holloway" title="Jack Holloway">Jack Holloway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William McMahon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 October 1940 – 7 October 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies<br />Arthur Fadden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Ward" title="Eddie Ward">Eddie Ward</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_and_Border_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Immigration and Border Protection">Minister for Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1949 – 24 October 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athol_Townley" title="Athol Townley">Athol Townley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Industry_and_Science#List_of_science_ministers" title="Minister for Industry and Science">Minister in charge of Scientific and Industrial Research</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 October 1940 – 28 August 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Menzies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Collett" title="Herbert Collett">Herbert Collett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dedman" title="John Dedman">John Dedman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Higgins" title="Division of Higgins">Higgins</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">10 December 1949</a> – 17 December 1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fawkner" title="Division of Fawkner">Fawkner</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 August 1935 – 10 December 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(Australian_politician)" title="George Maxwell (Australian politician)">George Maxwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bourke_(politician)" title="Bill Bourke (politician)">Bill Bourke</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold Edward Holt</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-08-05</span>)</span>5 August 1908<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanmore,_New_South_Wales" title="Stanmore, New South Wales">Stanmore, New South Wales</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">17 December 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-12-17)</span> (aged 59)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Beach" title="Cheviot Beach">Cheviot Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Drowning (presumed)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia</a> (until 1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> (after 1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style 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Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harold Holt's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg/128px-Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg/192px-Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg/256px-Harold_Holt%27s_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Gunner Holt</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gunner_(rank)" title="Gunner (rank)">Gunner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2/4th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/4th Field Regiment (Australia)">2/4th Field Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#080CAB; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg/75px-Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg/113px-Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg/150px-Harold_Holt_1965_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#080CAB; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Harold Holt</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fawkner" title="Division of Fawkner">Fawkner</a> (1935–1949)</b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Higgins" title="Division of Higgins">Higgins</a> (1949–1967)</b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1939%E2%80%931941)" title="Menzies government (1939–1941)">Minister without portfolio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World_War_II">World War II service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1939%E2%80%931941)" title="Menzies government (1939–1941)">Minister for Labour and National Service (1940–41)</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World_War_II">Child Endowment Act 1941</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Minister for Labour and National Service (1949–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Minister for Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Treasurer of Australia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank Act 1959</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)#Economy_and_trade" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Credit squeeze and recession of 1960–61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1966 Liberal Party leadership election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Prime Minister of Australia</a></b> </p> <hr /> <p><b><span class="nowrap">Term of government (1966–1967)</span></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Decimalisation and dollar introduction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Migration Act 1966</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">1967 Indigenous referendum</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_policy">All the way with LBJ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australian involvement in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne%E2%80%93Voyager_collision" title="Melbourne–Voyager collision">Royal Commission into the Melbourne–Voyager collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIP_aircraft_affair" title="VIP aircraft affair">VIP aircraft affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Disappearance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Ministries</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Holt_ministry" title="First Holt ministry">First ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Holt_ministry" title="Second Holt ministry">Second ministry</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_federal_election" title="1966 Australian federal election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_Senate_election" title="1967 Australian Senate election">1967 (Half-Senate)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia"><img alt="Government of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harold_Holt_sidebar" title="Template:Harold Holt sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harold_Holt_sidebar" title="Template talk:Harold Holt sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harold_Holt_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harold Holt sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harold Edward Holt</b> (5 August 1908 – 17 December 1967) was an Australian politician and lawyer who served as the 17th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a> from 1966 until <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">his disappearance</a> and presumed death in 1967. He held office as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> and held various <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministerial positions</a> from 1949 to 1966 in the governments of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a>. </p><p>Holt was born in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> in childhood, studying law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. Before entering politics he practised law and was a lobbyist for cinema operators. He was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> at the age of 27, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">member of parliament</a> (MP) for the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fawkner" title="Division of Fawkner">division of Fawkner</a> at a <a href="/wiki/1935_Fawkner_by-election" title="1935 Fawkner by-election">by-election</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> (UAP), Holt was made a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a> in 1939, when his mentor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> became prime minister. His tenure in the ministry was interrupted by a brief stint in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a>, which ended when he was recalled to cabinet following the deaths of three ministers in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Canberra_air_disaster" title="1940 Canberra air disaster">1940 Canberra air disaster</a>. The government was defeated in 1941, sending the UAP into opposition, and he joined the new Liberal Party upon its creation in 1945. </p><p>When the Liberals came to office <a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">in 1949</a>, Holt became a senior figure in <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menzies Government (1949–1966)">the new government</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Immigration (Australia)">Minister for Immigration</a> (1949–1956), he expanded the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">post-war immigration scheme</a> and relaxed the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> for the first time. He was also influential as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Labour and National Service">Minister for Labour and National Service</a> (1949–1958), where he handled several industrial relations disputes. Holt was elected deputy leader of the Liberal Party in 1956, and after the <a href="/wiki/1958_Australian_federal_election" title="1958 Australian federal election">1958 election</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a> as <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer</a>. He oversaw the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a> and the decimal <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a>, but was blamed for a <a href="/wiki/Credit_crunch" title="Credit crunch">credit crunch</a> that almost cost the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> the <a href="/wiki/1961_Australian_federal_election" title="1961 Australian federal election">1961 election</a>. However, the economy soon rebounded and Holt retained his place as Menzies' heir apparent. </p><p>Holt became prime minister in January 1966, <a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">elected unopposed</a> as Liberal leader following Menzies' retirement. He fought <a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_federal_election" title="1966 Australian federal election">a general election</a> later that year, winning a landslide victory. The <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a> continued the dismantling of the White Australia policy, <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">amended the constitution</a> to give the federal government responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous affairs</a>, and took Australia out of the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">sterling area</a>. Holt promoted greater engagement with Asia and the Pacific, and made visits to a number of East Asian countries. His government expanded <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Australia in the Vietnam War">Australia's involvement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and maintained close ties with the United States under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. While visiting the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Holt proclaimed that he was "all the way with LBJ", a remark which was poorly received at home. </p><p>In December 1967, Holt <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">disappeared while swimming in rough conditions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Beach" title="Cheviot Beach">Cheviot Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">presumed dead</a>, although his body was never recovered; his disappearance spawned a number of conspiracy theories. Holt was the third Australian prime minister to die in office. He was succeeded by Country Party leader <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a> on an interim basis and then by <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a>. His death was commemorated in a number of ways, among them by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt_Memorial_Swimming_Centre" title="Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre">Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre</a> in Melbourne. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family_background">Birth and family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt was born on 5 August 1908 at his parents' home in <a href="/wiki/Stanmore,_New_South_Wales" title="Stanmore, New South Wales">Stanmore, New South Wales</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. He was the first of two sons born to Olive May (née Williams; formerly Pearce)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Thomas James Holt; his younger brother Clifford was born in 1910. His parents had married seven months before his birth, in January 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-frame4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his father's side, Holt was descended from James Holt, a cobbler from <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather, Thomas Holt Sr., owned a large farming property in <a href="/wiki/Nubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubba">Nubba</a>, and was twice elected mayor of nearby <a href="/wiki/Wallendbeen" title="Wallendbeen">Wallendbeen</a>. Holt's father trained as a schoolteacher in Sydney and when Harold was born, worked as a physical education teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Sydney_Intensive_English_High_School" title="Central Sydney Intensive English High School">Cleveland Street School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surry_Hills" title="Surry Hills">Surry Hills</a>. Holt's mother was born in <a href="/wiki/Eudunda" title="Eudunda">Eudunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, and had Cornish, English, German, and Irish ancestry; her sister was the actress <a href="/wiki/Vera_Pearce" title="Vera Pearce">Vera Pearce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frame4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Harold_Holt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Harold_Holt.jpg/150px-Young_Harold_Holt.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Harold_Holt.jpg/225px-Young_Harold_Holt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Harold_Holt.jpg/300px-Young_Harold_Holt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Holt as a young man in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914, Holt's parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, where his father became the licensee of a hotel in <a href="/wiki/Payneham" class="mw-redirect" title="Payneham">Payneham</a>. He and his brother stayed behind in Sydney, living with an uncle and attending <a href="/wiki/Randwick_Public_School" title="Randwick Public School">Randwick Public School</a>. In late 1916, Holt was sent to live with grandparents in the country, where he briefly attended the Nubba State School. He returned to Sydney the following year, and for three years was enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Abbotsholme_College" title="Abbotsholme College">Abbotsholme College</a>, a private school in <a href="/wiki/Killara" title="Killara">Killara</a>; his parents separated around that time.<sup id="cite_ref-frame4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, Holt began boarding at <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College,_Melbourne" title="Wesley College, Melbourne">Wesley College, Melbourne</a>. He was a popular and talented student, winning a scholarship in his final year and graduating second in his class. Holt generally spent school holidays with his relatives in Nubba or with schoolmates, rather than with his parents – his father had begun working as a talent agent, touring the country on the <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_circuit" title="Tivoli circuit">Tivoli circuit</a>, while his mother died in 1925. He was 16 at the time, and was unable to attend the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, Holt began studying law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, living at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College_(University_of_Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College (University of Melbourne)">Queen's College</a> on a scholarship. He represented the university in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">football</a>, and was also active in various student organisations, serving as president of the Law Students' Society and of the Queen's College social club. Holt won prizes for oratory and essay-writing, and was a member of the inter-university debating team. He graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree in 1930. Holt's father – living in London – invited him to continue his studies in England, but he declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-frame6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt served his <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articles of clerkship</a> with the firm of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Fink" title="Theodore Fink">Fink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Best_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Best (Australian politician)">Best</a> & Miller. He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Bar" title="Victorian Bar">Victorian Bar</a> in late 1932, and opened his own legal practice the following year. However, clients during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> were scarce and frequently underpaid, so Holt lived in a boardinghouse and often relied upon the hospitality of friends.<sup id="cite_ref-frame6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing on his family connections in show business, he eventually accepted an offer to become secretary of the Victorian Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association, a film industry lobby group. In this capacity he appeared several times before the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frame9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had a positive effect on his own practice, and he eventually took on two partners, first Jack Graham and later James Newman.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm of Holt, Graham, & Newman was dissolved in 1963, following a financial dispute and subsequently reconstituted as Holt, Newman, & Holt, with Holt's son Sam as the new addition. Holt's involvement in the practice declined once he entered politics and ceased altogether in 1949, although he did not formally retire until assuming the prime ministership.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg/201px-Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg/302px-Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg/402px-Holt_and_Menzies_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1695" /></a><figcaption>Holt with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> on 26 April 1939, the day Menzies first became prime minister</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1933, Holt joined the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)#Young_Nationalists_Organisation" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Young Nationalists</a>, the youth wing of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frame9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cultivated a friendship with <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Brookes" title="Mabel Brookes">Mabel Brookes</a>, and through Brookes became acquainted with senior members of the influential <a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_National_League" title="Australian Women's National League">Australian Women's National League</a> (AWNL). He also secured the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, with whom he shared a similar background and political views.<sup id="cite_ref-p11_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">1934 federal election</a>, Holt stood for the UAP in the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Yarra" title="Division of Yarra">Division of Yarra</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Safe_seat" title="Safe seat">safe seat</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>, held by the party's leader (and former prime minister) <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>. Holt lost heavily, as was expected, but was praised for his campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-frame9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early the following year, he contested <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Clifton_Hill" title="Electoral district of Clifton Hill">Clifton Hill</a> – another safe Labor seat – at the <a href="/wiki/1935_Victorian_state_election" title="1935 Victorian state election">Victorian state election</a>, losing to <a href="/wiki/Bert_Cremean" title="Bert Cremean">Bert Cremean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt was eventually elected to parliament on his third attempt, winning <a href="/wiki/1935_Fawkner_by-election" title="1935 Fawkner by-election">a federal by-election</a> for the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fawkner" title="Division of Fawkner">Fawkner</a> in August 1935; his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(Australian_politician)" title="George Maxwell (Australian politician)">George Maxwell</a>, had died in office. He won UAP <a href="/wiki/Preselection" title="Preselection">preselection</a> against five other candidates, a victory which <i><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Weekly" title="Smith's Weekly">Smith's Weekly</a></i> attributed to his "political godmothers" in the AWNL.<sup id="cite_ref-p11_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p11-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His new seat was centred on Melbourne's wealthy inner-eastern suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt was twenty-seven years old when he entered parliament, making him its youngest member. He kept a relatively low profile in his first few years, but spoke on a wide range of topics.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Robert Menzies became prime minister in April 1939, he made Holt one of four <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">ministers without portfolio</a>. His inclusion was made possible by the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">the coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> – previously a certain number of positions had been reserved for Country MPs, but <a href="/wiki/First_Menzies_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Menzies Ministry">the new ministry</a> was composed solely of UAP members.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Holt officially had no portfolio, he effectively was an assistant minister to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Supply_%26_Development_(1939-1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Supply & Development (1939-1942)">Department of Supply & Development</a>. He was given responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a> (CSIR),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also acted for periods as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Trade (Australia)">Minister for Trade and Customs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Air_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Air (Australia)">Minister for Civil Aviation and Air</a> while the incumbents were overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt's first stint as a government minister came to an end in March 1940, when the coalition with the Country Party was reinstituted. His replacement was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a>, another future prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Militia</a> in February 1939, joining a part-time artillery unit for businessmen and professionals. He was given indefinite leave during his ministerial service.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1940, without resigning his seat, Holt enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> with the intent of becoming a full-time soldier. Several of his parliamentary colleagues did likewise at various points in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt was posted to the <a href="/wiki/2/4th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/4th Field Regiment (Australia)">2/4th Field Regiment</a>, holding the rank of <a href="/wiki/Gunner_(rank)" title="Gunner (rank)">gunner</a>. He had been offered a commission as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a>, but declined due to his lack of experience. In a press statement, Holt said "as the youngest member of the House, I could not feel happy in my position if I were not prepared to make some sacrifice and take an active part".<sup id="cite_ref-p20_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to <a href="/wiki/Puckapunyal" title="Puckapunyal">Puckapunyal</a> for training, and expected to be posted to North Africa or Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt's brief military career came to an end as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1940_Canberra_air_disaster" title="1940 Canberra air disaster">Canberra air disaster</a> on 13 August, which killed three senior government ministers. Menzies called <a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">an early general election</a> for 21 September, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> and a UAP–Country minority government. Holt was given leave from the army to campaign, and won re-election with a large majority. Menzies subsequently asked him to return to cabinet, to which he agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Labour and National Service">Minister for Labour and National Service</a> on 28 October, and formally resigned from the army the same day. He was placed in charge of the new <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Labour_and_National_Service" title="Department of Labour and National Service">Department of Labour and National Service</a>, which took over most of the responsibilities of the previous <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Industry_(1928%E2%80%9340)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Industry (1928–40)">Department of Industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became a member of the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Advisory_War_Council_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory War Council (Australia)">Advisory War Council</a>, although he personally favoured the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> with the Labor Party.<sup id="cite_ref-p24_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p24-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As labour minister, Holt's foremost task was to prevent industrial disputes from disrupting the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-p25_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met with union leaders and employer groups, and secured their agreement to a streamlining of the arbitration process while the war was underway.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also been made <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Industry_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Industry (Australia)">Minister in charge of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, which gave him responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIR</a> and its wartime efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-p23_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p23-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1941, Holt sponsored and oversaw the passage of the <i>Child Endowment Act</i>, which introduced a universal <a href="/wiki/Child_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Child endowment">child endowment</a> scheme;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> newspapers labelled him "the godfather to a million Australian children".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When leadership troubles hit the Coalition later in the year, Holt initially supported Menzies. However, he and five cabinet colleagues eventually transferred their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a>, the leader of the Country Party, believing this way the only to ensure stable government. Menzies felt he had been betrayed, but forgave Holt and accepted his assurances that he had been acting in the best interests of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt retained his portfolios in the <a href="/wiki/Fadden_government" title="Fadden government">Fadden government</a>, which lasted only 40 days before being defeated on a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence motion">confidence motion</a> in October 1941. After going into <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">opposition</a>, he kept a reasonably low profile for the remainder of the war, except for his membership of the Joint Committee on War Expenditure.<sup id="cite_ref-p31_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p31-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was criticised by some for not re-joining the army,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 election</a> was opposed by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/William_Cremor" title="William Cremor">William Cremor</a>, whose campaign was funded by Sydney businessmen (including <a href="/wiki/Keith_Murdoch" title="Keith Murdoch">Keith Murdoch</a>). He lost a significant portion of his <a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">primary vote</a>, but suffered only a small swing on the <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-party-preferred">two-party-preferred</a> count.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menzies returned as leader of the UAP <a href="/wiki/1943_United_Australia_Party_leadership_election" title="1943 United Australia Party leadership election">in September 1943</a>, and Holt was initially a candidate for the deputy leadership; he withdrew once former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> entered the race.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt was in favour of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a>, but played little role in the practical aspects of its establishment. He became an official member of the new party in February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_ministerial_career">Postwar ministerial career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar ministerial career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harold_Holt_1940.jpg/164px-Harold_Holt_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harold_Holt_1940.jpg/246px-Harold_Holt_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Harold_Holt_1940.jpg/328px-Harold_Holt_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4119" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG/160px-HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG/240px-HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/HaroldHoltPortrait1953.JPG 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Holt in 1940 (left) and 1953 (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>After eight years in opposition, the Coalition won the <a href="/wiki/1949_Australian_federal_election" title="1949 Australian federal election">federal election of December 1949</a> and Menzies began his record-setting second period as Prime Minister. In a redistribution held ahead of that election, Holt's majority in Fawkner nearly disappeared. He transferred to <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Higgins" title="Division of Higgins">Higgins</a>, one of several new seats created in the 1949 redistribution. The seat was created as a safe Liberal seat; it had been carved out of the wealthier portions of Fawkner. Holt won it easily. He was appointed to the prestigious portfolios of <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Employment_and_Workplace_Relations_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations (Australia)">Minister for Labour and National Service</a> (1949–1958; he had previously served in this portfolio 1940–41) and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_and_Citizenship_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (Australia)">Minister for Immigration</a> (1949–1956), by which time he was being touted in the press as a "certain successor to Menzies and a potential Prime Minister". In Immigration, Holt continued and expanded the massive immigration programme initiated by his ALP predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>. However, he displayed a more flexible and caring attitude than Calwell, who was a strong advocate of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his first acts was to intervene in the case of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Gamboa" title="Lorenzo Gamboa">Lorenzo Gamboa</a>, a Filipino man with an Australian wife and children who had been denied entry by Calwell due to his race. Holt reversed the decision, allowing Gamboa to settle in Australia permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt excelled in the Labour portfolio and has been described as one of the best Labour ministers since Federation. Although the conditions were ripe for industrial unrest—Communist influence in the union movement was then at its peak, and the right-wing faction in Cabinet was openly agitating for a showdown with the unions—the combination of strong economic growth and Holt's enlightened approach to industrial relations saw the number of working hours lost to strikes fall dramatically, from over two million in 1949 to just 439,000 in 1958. He also had ministerial responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">Melbourne Olympics</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt fostered greater collaboration between the government, the courts, employers and trade unions. He enjoyed good relationships with union leaders like <a href="/wiki/Albert_Monk" title="Albert Monk">Albert Monk</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Council_of_Trade_Unions" title="Australian Council of Trade Unions">Australian Council of Trade Unions</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Healy_(trade_unionist)" title="Jim Healy (trade unionist)">Jim Healy</a>, leader of the radical <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union_of_Australia" title="Maritime Union of Australia">Waterside Workers Federation</a>;and he gained a reputation for tolerance, restraint and a willingness to compromise, although his controversial decision to use troops to take control of cargo facilities during a waterside dispute in <a href="/wiki/Bowen,_Queensland" title="Bowen, Queensland">Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in September 1953 provoked bitter criticism. </p><p>Holt's personal profile and political standing grew throughout the 1950s. He served on numerous committees and overseas delegations, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Counsellor">Privy Counsellor</a> in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1954 he was named one of Australia's six best-dressed men. In 1956, he was elected Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party and became <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from this point on, he was generally acknowledged as Menzies' heir apparent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treasurer_(1958–1966)"><span id="Treasurer_.281958.E2.80.931966.29"></span>Treasurer (1958–1966)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treasurer (1958–1966)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt_and_Menzies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Holt_and_Menzies.jpg/220px-Holt_and_Menzies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Holt_and_Menzies.jpg/330px-Holt_and_Menzies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Holt_and_Menzies.jpg/440px-Holt_and_Menzies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>Holt with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 1958, following the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a>, Holt succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt had little knowledge or interest in economics, but the job cemented his position as Menzies' likely successor.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Treasurer, Holt relied strongly on the advice of Treasury secretary <a href="/wiki/Roland_Wilson_(economist)" title="Roland Wilson (economist)">Roland Wilson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His achievements included major reforms to the banking system (originated by Fadden) – including the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a> – and the planning and preparation for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Decimal_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal currency">decimal currency</a>. It was Holt who convinced Cabinet to call the new currency the "dollar" rather than the "royal".<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_66–67_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins_66–67-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy Holt inherited was growing strongly, aided by the opening of new iron ore mines.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1959, inflation was running at 4.5% and Treasury was alarmed. Holt was reluctant to act, but in November 1960 introduced a deflationary package of tax changes. He also reluctantly agreed to an interest rate rise by the Reserve Bank. The <a href="/wiki/Credit_squeeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit squeeze">credit squeeze</a> was nicknamed the "Holt jolt". The economy went into recession, and unemployment rose to three percent, which was considered high for the time and contrary to the government's policy of <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_Full_Employment_in_Australia" title="White Paper on Full Employment in Australia">full employment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The credit squeeze brought the Coalition dangerously close to losing the <a href="/wiki/1961_Australian_federal_election" title="1961 Australian federal election">1961 election</a>, with the Coalition being returned with a precarious one-seat majority. There were calls for Holt to be sacked, but he retained Menzies' support.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later described 1960–61 as "my most difficult year in public life". Most of the deflationary measures were reversed in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins_66–67_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins_66–67-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unemployment dropped down to 1.5 percent by August 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later budgets, Holt retreated to his Queensland holiday home while it was being prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that the 1965 budget "has had the best reception yet of any in the series I have presented".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1966–1967)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281966.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Prime Minister (1966–1967)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1966–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg/220px-Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg/330px-Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg/440px-Harold_Holt_Swearing_In.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Holt (right) moments after being sworn in as Prime Minister on 26 January 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt was sworn in as prime minister on 26 January 1966, following the retirement of Robert Menzies six days earlier. He won <a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">the leadership election</a> unopposed, with <a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a> elected as his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-p137_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p137-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His swearing in was delayed by the death of Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Shane_Paltridge" title="Shane Paltridge">Shane Paltridge</a>; he and Menzies were both pallbearers at Paltridge's state funeral on 25 January.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt was the first Australian prime minister born in the 20th century and the first born after <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a>. He was almost fourteen years younger than his predecessor, but, at the age of 57, was still the fourth-oldest man to assume the office. </p><p>He had been an MP for over 30 years before becoming prime minister, still the longest wait for any non-caretaker Prime Minister. The only person who had a longer wait was his caretaker successor <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a>, who had served 33 years before ascending to the post.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stylistically, Holt was more informal and contemporary than Menzies, and his wife accompanied him into the political spotlight.<sup id="cite_ref-p137_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p137-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave the media an unprecedented level of access, and was the first prime minister to conduct regular press conferences and grant regular television interviews. His press secretary, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Eggleton" title="Tony Eggleton">Tony Eggleton</a>, accompanied him virtually every time he travelled.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/250px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/375px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/500px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption>Holt (2nd from left) with other world leaders at the <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in October 1966</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/First_Holt_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Holt Ministry">Holt's initial cabinet</a> was virtually unchanged from that of his predecessor. <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Bury" title="Les Bury">Les Bury</a> were promoted to replace Menzies and Paltridge, but there were no other changes in composition. There were also no major changes in portfolio, outside of McMahon's promotion to Treasurer in place of Holt. A notable addition to the outer ministry was Senator <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Rankin" title="Annabelle Rankin">Annabelle Rankin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Housing_(Australia)" title="Minister for Housing (Australia)">Minister for Housing</a> – the first woman to hold a ministerial portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_reshuffle" title="Cabinet reshuffle">reshuffle</a> occurred after the 1966 election, with <a href="/wiki/Doug_Anthony" title="Doug Anthony">Doug Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Sinclair" title="Ian Sinclair">Ian Sinclair</a> added to cabinet and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barnes_(Australian_politician)" title="Charles Barnes (Australian politician)">Charles Barnes</a> demoted to the outer ministry. The only new government department created during Holt's tenure was the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Science_(Australia)" title="Department of Education and Science (Australia)">Department of Education and Science</a>, established in December 1966, which was the first federal department specific to either of those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-p168_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Country Party leader and de facto <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a>, was effectively given veto power over government policy by virtue of being the longest-tenured member of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_election,_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian federal election, 1966">Australian federal election, 1966</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate_election,_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Senate election, 1967">Australian Senate election, 1967</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqIMzc2e4RA">Newsreel footage of the 1966 election</a> from <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_federal_election" title="1966 Australian federal election">On 26 November 1966</a>, Holt fought his first and only general election as prime minister, winning a somewhat unexpected landslide victory. The Coalition secured 56.9 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">two-party-preferred vote</a>, gaining 10 seats and bringing its total number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to 82 out of 124, the largest majority government in Australian history at the time. The Liberals finished only two seats away from forming majority government in its own right. It was a higher margin of victory than Menzies had achieved in eight elections as Liberal leader, and was the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a>'s worst electoral defeat <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">in 31 years</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt received little credit for the Coalition's election victory, even from within his own party.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was generally held that the Labor Party's poor campaign had been the major factor in its defeat. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a>, was 70 years old and had limited personal popularity – a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll before the election placed his personal approval rating at 24 percent, compared with Holt's 60 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calwell had suffered a damaging rift with his deputy <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> earlier in the year, and the general public still perceived the party as divided.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._166_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._166-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an election where the Vietnam War was a major campaign issue, he and Whitlam publicly contradicted each other on major policy decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor ran on an anti-war platform, but struggled to appeal to voters concerned about national security; combined with Calwell's dedication to the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>, this allowed the party to be portrayed as isolationist and naive about external affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calwell was far less telegenic than his opponent, and was seen as gruff and antagonistic where Holt was suave and easy-going. At a rally in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> a week before the election, Calwell accused Holt of having "chickened out of World War II – just as his three stepsons are chickening out of the war in Vietnam today". His attack on Holt's family – which he refused to withdraw – was viewed as desperate and undignified, and it was pointed out that, unlike Holt, Calwell had performed no military service in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-p168_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg/140px-Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg/210px-Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Arthur_Calwell_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg/140px-Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg/210px-Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gough_Whitlam_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In early 1967, Calwell retired as ALP leader. Whitlam succeeded him, and proved a far more effective opponent than Calwell had been, consistently getting the better of Holt both in the media and in parliament. Labor soon began to recover from its losses and gain ground.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, the long-suppressed tensions between the Coalition partners over economic and trade policies were also beginning to emerge. Throughout his reign as Liberal leader, Menzies had enforced strict party discipline but, once he was gone, dissension began to surface. Some Liberals soon became dissatisfied by what they saw as Holt's weak leadership. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Reid_(journalist)" title="Alan Reid (journalist)">Alan Reid</a> asserts that Holt was being increasingly criticised within the party in the months before his death, that he was perceived as being "vague, imprecise and evasive" and "nice to the point that his essential decency was viewed as weakness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Tom Frame</a>, "Holt's inclinations and sympathies were those of the political centre [...] he was a pragmatist rather than a philosopher, but he nonetheless claimed a philosophical lineage connecting him with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a> and approvingly quoted his statement that 'we are liberal always, radical often, and reactionary never'."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv/220px--ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="177" data-mwtitle="ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv/ABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AABC_Decimal_Currency.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC) video showing Holt (as Treasurer) introducing the coins of the new Australian dollar in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt as prime minister was sometimes criticised for a failure to be assertive on economic matters. A major <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_Australia" title="Drought in Australia">drought</a> in 1965 had led to slowdown in growth, but he was unwilling to increase public spending in case it increased inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._161_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._161-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollar</a> – a legacy of Holt's period as Treasurer – came into circulation on 14 February 1966, less than a month after his prime ministership began. In November 1967, the British government unexpectedly announced that it would be devaluing the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> by 14 percent. Holt announced that the Australian government would not follow suit, effectively withdrawing Australia from the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_area" title="Sterling area">sterling area</a>. The decision was strongly opposed by the Country Party, who feared it would disadvantage primary industry. McEwen went as far as to issue a public statement criticising the decision, which Holt considered a breach of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet solidarity">cabinet solidarity</a>. The dispute caused a breakdown in Holt and McEwen's relationship and nearly brought down the Coalition; at one point, Holt made preparations for the Liberals to govern as a minority government the event McEwen tore up the Coalition agreement. Ultimately, the dispute was resolved in Holt's favour. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">The Bulletin</a></i> said that the withdrawal was "quite certain to mean the end of any remaining special relationship between Australia and Britain".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no other important economic policy reforms made by the Holt government, although Australia did become a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As prime minister, Holt continued the liberalisation of immigration law that he had begun as Minister for Immigration. When he came to office, what remained of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> was upheld by <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial decree">ministerial decree</a> rather than by explicit legislation. In March 1966, the residency requirement for <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalisation">naturalisation</a> was changed to a uniform five years; it had previously been 15 years for non-whites. Discriminatory provisions relating to <a href="/wiki/Family_reunification" title="Family reunification">family reunification</a> were also removed.<sup id="cite_ref-new_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in the two years after March 1966 around 3,000 Asian immigrants were granted Australian citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with 4,100 in the preceding two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Immigration Minister <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Opperman" title="Hubert Opperman">Hubert Opperman</a> announced that potential immigrants to Australia would be assessed solely "on the basis of their suitability as settlers, their ability to integrate readily, and their possession of qualifications which are in fact positively useful to Australia";<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> non-whites had previously had to demonstrate that they were "highly qualified and distinguished" to gain entry.<sup id="cite_ref-new_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keith_Wilson_(South_Australian_politician)" title="Keith Wilson (South Australian politician)">Keith Wilson</a> believed that the Holt government's reforms ensured that "from now on there will not be in any of our laws or in any of our regulations anything that discriminates against migrants on the grounds of colour or race". However, there would not be a practical change in the composition of Australia's immigration intake for many more years.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt maintained that "every country reserves to itself the right to decide what the composition of its people shall be", and promised "a community life free from serious minority and racial problems".<sup id="cite_ref-cap_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cap-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was careful to frame his changes as simply a modification of existing policy, in order to avoid alienating organised labour (historically the greatest supporters of restricting non-white immigration).<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._161_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._161-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labor Party had only removed "White Australia" from its platform in 1965, and Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a> stated he was "determined to continue to oppose, for many obvious reasons, any attempt to create a multi-racial society in our midst".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Holt was less circumspect outside Australia, telling British journalists that no White Australia policy existed and ordering Australian embassies to promote the changes to Asian governments and media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-new_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_reform">Constitutional reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Constitutional reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Parliament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Parliament)">Australian referendum, 1967 (Parliament)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/220px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/330px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/440px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Holt, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bryant" title="Gordon Bryant">Gordon Bryant</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Wentworth" title="Bill Wentworth">Bill Wentworth</a> (right) meeting with <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders">FCAATSI</a> representatives – from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Bandler" title="Faith Bandler">Faith Bandler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burnum_Burnum" title="Burnum Burnum">Burnum Burnum</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winnie_Branson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winnie Branson (page does not exist)">Winnie Branson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, the Holt government amended the constitution to alter <a href="/wiki/Section_51(xxvi)_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 51(xxvi) of the Australian Constitution">section 51 (xxvi)</a> and remove <a href="/wiki/Section_127_of_the_Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 127 of the Australian Constitution">section 127</a>. This gave the federal government the power to legislate specifically for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, and also mandated counting Indigenous people in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian census">census</a>. The constitutional amendments required <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Aboriginals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Aboriginals)">a referendum</a> before they could be enacted, which passed with over 90 percent of the vote; it remains the largest referendum majority <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">in Australian history</a>. Holt personally considered the amendments unnecessary and mostly symbolic, but thought they would be well received by the international community (particularly Asia).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Barrie_Dexter" title="Barrie Dexter">Barrie Dexter</a>, he was privately shocked by the referendum result, having been uncertain whether it would even pass.<sup id="cite_ref-p214_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p214-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt came to regard the referendum as indicative of a shift in the national mood. In the following months, he toured Aboriginal communities and consulted with indigenous leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perkins_(Aboriginal_activist)" title="Charles Perkins (Aboriginal activist)">Charles Perkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kath_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Kath Walker">Kath Walker</a>. Despite opposition from state governments,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he created a new <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Aboriginal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Aboriginal Affairs">Office of Aboriginal Affairs</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Department_(Australia)" title="Prime Minister's Department (Australia)">Prime Minister's Department</a>, as well as a new advisory body called the Council of Aboriginal Affairs (chaired by <a href="/wiki/H._C._Coombs" title="H. C. Coombs">H. C. Coombs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Coombs and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>, Holt had little interest in indigenous affairs before becoming prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he brought about a fundamental shift in the way policy was handled, paving the way for the federal government to assume many of the powers and responsibilities that had previously been the preserve of the states. Indigenous academic <a href="/wiki/Gary_Foley" title="Gary Foley">Gary Foley</a> has said that Holt's death was a setback for Aboriginal people, as his successors did not show the same commitment to the framework that he established.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holt government also unsuccessfully attempted to remove <a href="/wiki/Section_24_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 24 of the Constitution of Australia">section 24</a> of the constitution (the so-called "nexus clause"), which requires the number of members in the House of Representatives to be "as nearly as practicable, twice the number of senators". <a href="/wiki/Australian_referendum,_1967_(Parliament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian referendum, 1967 (Parliament)">The resulting referendum</a> did not come close to passing, with only 40 percent voting in favour nationwide and only one state (<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>) recording a majority. All three major-party leaders campaigned for the "Yes" vote, while opposition came mainly from Coalition backbenchers and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic Labor Party</a> senators. Supporters of the "No" vote successfully argued that section 24 protected the influence of the Senate, and thus the interests of less populous states and rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt did make one other significant legal reform, albeit one that did not require a constitutional amendment. In September 1967, he announced that his government would use <a href="/wiki/Section_74_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 74 of the Constitution of Australia">section 74 of the constitution</a> to remove the potential for <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> cases to be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. The necessary legislation was not passed until after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_arts">The arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1967, in one of his last major policy statements, Holt announced the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Council_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia Council for the Arts">Australia Council for the Arts</a>. The National Gallery, which did not open until 1982, was the first arts-related major infrastructure project to be funded by the federal government; previous projects had been funded by state governments or by private subscription. Holt said it would "add significantly to the cultural life of Australia and the national capital".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other element of his announcement, the Australia Council for the Arts, was the first national <a href="/wiki/Arts_council" title="Arts council">arts council</a>, intended to provide arms-length advice to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Department_(Australia)" title="Prime Minister's Department (Australia)">Prime Minister's Department</a> on arts funding.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Myer" title="Rupert Myer">Rupert Myer</a> has suggested that "Holt's legacy ought to be a core belief in, and broad public demand for, the sustained support of cultural activity from all three tiers of government".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg/220px-Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg/330px-Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Holt and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> of South Vietnam on Kỳ's visit to Australia in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt believed it was his responsibility as prime minister "to reflect the modern Australia to my fellow countrymen, to our allies and the outside world at large".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His approach to national security emphasised opposition to international communism and the need to engage more with Asia. Holt said that the "great central fact of modern history" was "the tremendous power conflict between the communist world and the free world".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a strong believer in the <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">domino theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, holding that communism had to be fought wherever it occurred in order to prevent it spreading to neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._166_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._166-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1967, Holt told parliament that "geographically we are part of Asia, and increasingly we have become aware of our involvement in the affairs of Asia – our greatest dangers and our highest hopes are centred in Asia's tomorrows".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> said that Holt "made Australia better known in Asia and he made Australians more aware of Asia than ever before [...] this I believe was his most important contribution to our future".<sup id="cite_ref-mrc_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrc-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal diplomacy was Holt's strong point – he believed diplomatic ties could be strengthened by making intimate connections with other world leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-personal_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach was disliked by his external affairs minister, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>, who in his memoirs accused him of believing in "instant diplomacy" and crediting his personal charms for advances made by diplomatic officials.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prime minister, Holt's first overseas trip was to South-East Asia in April 1966, where he visited Malaysia, Singapore, South Vietnam, and Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He toured Cambodia, Laos, South Korea, and Taiwan in March and April 1967, and had planned to visit Burma, India, Indonesia, Japan, and Pakistan in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-asict_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asict-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of those countries had never before been visited by an Australian prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also a number of reciprocal visits from East Asian leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> of Japan, <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a> of Laos, and <a href="/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a> of Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-asict_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asict-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most controversial of those occurred in January 1967, when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> of South Vietnam visited on Holt's personal invitation – issued without consulting cabinet. Public sentiment was beginning to turn against the war, and Ky's visit was met with large demonstrations; opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a> issued a statement calling him a "miserable little butcher". Ky nonetheless handled himself well, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">The Bulletin</a></i> called his visit a "personal triumph".<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._191_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._191-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG/220px-Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG/330px-Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG/440px-Holt-1-7-1966.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Holt with U.S. Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">Robert McNamara</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in July 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was the dominant foreign policy issue during Holt's term in office. He was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Australian involvement in the war</a>, which had begun in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-personal_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accused its critics of adopting a "<a href="/wiki/Lotus_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Land">Lotus Land</a>" attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as citing Australia's <a href="/wiki/SEATO" class="mw-redirect" title="SEATO">SEATO</a> obligations to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, Holt justified the war on the grounds that Australia was morally obligated to "resist communist subversion and aggression" and "defend the right of every people to choose their own social and economic order". He held that "unless there is security for all small nations, there cannot be security for any small nation".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1966, Holt announced that the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a>, would be withdrawn and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Australian_Task_Force" title="1st Australian Task Force">1st Australian Task Force</a>, a self-contained <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a>-sized unit based at <a href="/wiki/Nui_Dat" title="Nui Dat">Nui Dat</a>. This effectively tripled the number of Australian troops in Vietnam to around 4,500, and also included 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia#Vietnam_War" title="Conscription in Australia">national servicemen</a> – the first conscripts to serve in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._178_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._178-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the final months of Holt's prime ministership, Australia had over 8,000 personnel stationed in South Vietnam, drawn from all three branches of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a>; the final troop increase was announced in October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-personal_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt "never deviated from his whole-hearted support for American bombing of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and the hope that steadily increasing the number of foreign troops deployed to South Vietnam would lead to military victory and a solution to the crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> later said it was "ironical that, being a man of peace, he should have presided over one of the greatest build-ups of military power that Australia has found itself engaged in".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's handling of the war initially enjoyed broad public support, and was considered a key contributor to the landslide election victory in 1966 – referred to by some as a "<a href="/wiki/Khaki_election" title="Khaki election">khaki election</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-p188_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p188-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the following year, however, opinion polls were showing that public sentiment had turned against the war, and previously supportive media outlets had begun to criticised Holt's decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not live long enough to see the mass demonstrations experienced by his successors. Political opposition to the war was initially led by Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>, who promised a total withdrawal from the conflict and labelled it a "cruel, unwinnable civil war".<sup id="cite_ref-p188_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p188-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His replacement, <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, adopted a more pragmatic approach, focusing on policy specifics (particularly the government's apparent lack of an <a href="/wiki/Exit_strategy" title="Exit strategy">exit strategy</a>) rather than the validity of the war itself.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""All_the_way_with_LBJ""><span id=".22All_the_way_with_LBJ.22"></span>"All the way with LBJ"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "All the way with LBJ""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/330px-Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/440px-Harold_Holt_and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>Holt with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> in October 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt cultivated a close relationship with the United States under President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. He believed that "without the American shield most of us who live in Asia and the South Pacific would have a continuing sense of insecurity". Cooperation between the two countries extended beyond the Vietnam War. Holt approved the construction of several <a href="/wiki/Earth_stations_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth stations in Australia">Earth stations</a> for use by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and American intelligence agencies, including <a href="/wiki/Pine_Gap" title="Pine Gap">Pine Gap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station" title="Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station">Honeysuckle Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Tidbinbilla</a>. This made Australia "the most substantial centre for American missile and space operations outside the continental United States".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt and Johnson developed a personal friendship. They were the same age, and had first met in 1942, when Johnson visited Melbourne as a naval officer; afterwards they shared a similar career trajectory. Holt visited the U.S. twice while in office, in June and July 1966, and on the latter visit was invited to stay at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>. He and Johnson reportedly played tennis, lounged by the pool, and watched movies together.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1966, Johnson made the first visit to Australia by an incumbent American president; Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> had visited in February of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._178_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._178-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He toured five cities, and was greeted by large crowds as well as a number of anti-war demonstrators, who disrupted the presidential motorcade. The opposition criticised the visit as a publicity stunt.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson later returned to Australia for Holt's memorial service, and invited his widow <a href="/wiki/Zara_Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="Zara Holt">Zara</a> to stay with him when she visited the United States in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his first visit to the U.S., Holt made what was widely viewed as a <i>faux pas</i> while delivering a ceremonial address at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Departing from his prepared remarks, he said: "And so, sir, in the lonelier and perhaps even more disheartening moments which come to any national leader, I hope there will be a corner of your mind and heart which takes cheer from the fact that you have an admiring friend, a staunch friend that will be <i>all the way with LBJ</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt had meant it to be a "light-hearted gesture of goodwill towards a generous host", referencing the slogan used in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was interpreted as such by his immediate audience, but once it was reported back in Australia it came to be viewed as a "foolish, sycophantic and dangerous statement" that was indicative of Australian subservience.<sup id="cite_ref-beyond_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyond-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Bill Hayden</a> said Holt's remarks "shocked and insulted many Australians [...] its seeming servility was an embarrassment and a worry".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspaper editorials generally agreed with Holt's assertion that he had been misinterpreted, but still criticised him for making an error in judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His comments intensified anti-war sentiments among those who were already opposed to the war, but had little electoral impact. Nonetheless, "all the way with LBJ" is still remembered as Holt's "best-known utterance".<sup id="cite_ref-personal_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personal-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain_and_the_Commonwealth">Britain and the Commonwealth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Britain and the Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg/220px-NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg/330px-NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/NAAImageM4297_Holt_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Harold and Zara Holt meeting with <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wilson,_Baroness_Wilson_of_Rievaulx" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx">Mary Wilson</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and believed its member states had moral obligations to one another – particularly Britain, as the former "mother country".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, the British prime minister, was somewhat frosty. He repeatedly lobbied Wilson to maintain a strong British presence "<a href="/wiki/East_of_Suez" title="East of Suez">East of Suez</a>", in order to complement American efforts, and in early 1967 received assurances that no reduction was being contemplated.<sup id="cite_ref-Frame_2005,_p._191_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frame_2005,_p._191-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the middle of the year Wilson had announced that Britain intended to close all of its bases in Asia by the early 1970s (except for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Holt's concerns, it was suggested by Wilson that a British naval base could be established in <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Sound" title="Cockburn Sound">Cockburn Sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt rejected this outright, and felt that Wilson had deliberately misled him as to his intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt's popularity and political standing was damaged by his perceived poor handling of a series of controversies that emerged during 1967. In April, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC</a>'s new nightly current affairs program <i><a href="/wiki/This_Day_Tonight" title="This Day Tonight">This Day Tonight</a></i> ran a story which criticised the government's decision not to reappoint the Chair of the ABC Board, <a href="/wiki/James_Ralph_Darling" title="James Ralph Darling">Sir James Darling</a>. Holt responded rashly, questioning the impartiality of the ABC and implying political bias on the part of journalist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Willesee" title="Mike Willesee">Mike Willesee</a> (whose father <a href="/wiki/Don_Willesee" title="Don Willesee">Don Willesee</a> was an ALP Senator and future Whitlam government minister), and his statement drew strong protests from both Willesee and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journalists%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journalists' Association">Australian Journalists' Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, increasing pressure from the media and within the Liberal Party forced Holt to announce a parliamentary debate on the question of a <a href="/wiki/Melbourne-Voyager_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne-Voyager collision">second inquiry into the 1964 sinking</a> of <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Voyager_(D04)" title="HMAS Voyager (D04)">HMAS <i>Voyager</i></a> to be held on 16 May. The debate included the <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> by newly elected NSW Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Edward_St_John" title="Edward St John">Edward St John</a> QC, who used the opportunity to criticise the government's attitude to new evidence about the disaster. An enraged Holt interrupted St John's speech, in defiance of the parliamentary convention that maiden speeches are heard in silence; his blunder embarrassed the government and further undermined Holt's support in the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, Holt announced a new <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> into the disaster. </p><p>In October the government became embroiled in another embarrassing controversy over <a href="/wiki/VIP_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="VIP affair">the alleged misuse of VIP aircraft</a>, which came to a head when <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> (Government Leader in the Senate) tabled documents that showed that Holt had unintentionally misled Parliament in his earlier answers on the matter. Support for his leadership was eroded even further by his refusal to sack the Minister for Air, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Howson_(politician)" title="Peter Howson (politician)">Peter Howson</a>, in order to defuse the scandal, fuelling criticism from within the party that Holt was "weak" and lacked Menzies' ruthlessness. Much of the blame for the episode within the Public Service was visited upon Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Bunting_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bunting (diplomat)">John Bunting</a>, Secretary of the Prime Minister's Department, although other figures such as the Deputy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawler_(public_servant)" title="Peter Lawler (public servant)">Peter Lawler</a> were able to protect themselves. One of John Gorton's first acts upon becoming Prime Minister in January 1968 was to sideline Bunting by creating a separate Department of the Cabinet Office with Bunting as its head, and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hewitt" title="Lenox Hewitt">Lenox Hewitt</a>. </p><p>In November 1967, the government suffered a serious setback in the <a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_Senate_election" title="1967 Australian Senate election">senate election</a>, winning just 42.8 per cent of the vote against Labor's 45 per cent. The coalition also lost the seats of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Corio" title="Division of Corio">Corio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Dawson" title="Division of Dawson">Dawson</a> to Labor in by-elections. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Reid_(journalist)" title="Alan Reid (journalist)">Alan Reid</a> says that, within the party, the reversal was blamed on Holt's mishandling of the V.I.P. planes scandal. Disquiet was growing about his leadership style and possible health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disappearance">Disappearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Disappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Disappearance of Harold Holt</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheviot_Beach.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheviot_Beach.png/250px-Cheviot_Beach.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheviot_Beach.png/375px-Cheviot_Beach.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cheviot_Beach.png/500px-Cheviot_Beach.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Beach" title="Cheviot Beach">Cheviot Beach</a>, the site of Holt's disappearance</figcaption></figure> <p>Holt loved the ocean, particularly <a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">spearfishing</a>, and had holiday homes at <a href="/wiki/Portsea,_Victoria" title="Portsea, Victoria">Portsea, Victoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bingil_Bay,_Queensland" title="Bingil Bay, Queensland">Bingil Bay, Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 December 1967, while Holt was spending the weekend at Portsea, he and four companions decided to drive to <a href="/wiki/Point_Nepean" title="Point Nepean">Point Nepean</a> to watch sailor <a href="/wiki/Alec_Rose" title="Alec Rose">Alec Rose</a> pass through <a href="/wiki/The_Rip" title="The Rip">The Rip</a> on his solo circumnavigation attempt. On their way back to Portsea, Holt convinced the group to stop at remote <a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Beach" title="Cheviot Beach">Cheviot Beach</a> for a swim before lunch – he had spearfished there on many previous occasions, and claimed to "know this beach like the back of my hand". Because of the rough conditions, only one other person, Alan Stewart, joined Holt in the water. Stewart kept close to shore, but Holt swam out into deeper water and was seemingly caught up in a <a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">rip</a>, eventually disappearing from view. One of the witnesses, Marjorie Gillespie, described it as "like a leaf being taken out [...] so quick and final".<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holt's disappearance sparked "one of the largest search operations in Australian history", but no trace of his body was ever found.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 10 p.m. on 18 December, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Lord Casey</a> announced he had terminated Holt's commission as prime minister upon his presumed death.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A police report released in early 1968 made no definitive findings about Holt's death, while a <a href="/wiki/Coroners_Court_of_Victoria" title="Coroners Court of Victoria">coronial inquest</a> in 2005 returned a verdict of accidental drowning. It is generally accepted that Holt overestimated his swimming ability.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have alleged that Holt committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>, but those close to him rejected this as uncharacteristic of his personality.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conspiracy theories have included suggestions that Holt <a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">faked his own death</a>, was assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, or <a href="/wiki/The_Prime_Minister_Was_a_Spy" title="The Prime Minister Was a Spy">was collected by a submarine so that he could defect to China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A memorial service for Holt was held at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne</a>, on 22 December, and attended by numerous world leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aged 59 at the time of his death, Holt became the third Australian prime minister to die in office, after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a> (1939) and <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (1945). <a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>, was sworn in as caretaker prime minister on 19 December.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberal Party held <a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">a leadership election</a> on 9 January 1968, in which <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Les_Bury" title="Les Bury">Les Bury</a>. Gorton was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a>, and in line with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> sought and gained election to the House of Representatives at <a href="/wiki/1968_Higgins_by-election" title="1968 Higgins by-election">the by-election</a> caused by Holt's death.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships">Relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg/220px-Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg/330px-Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Harold_Zara_Holt-1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Harold and Zara Holt in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>While at university, Holt met <a href="/wiki/Zara_Bate" title="Zara Bate">Zara Dickins</a>, the daughter of a Melbourne businessman; there was an "instant mutual attraction". They made plans to marry once Holt had graduated, but after a financial dispute chose to separate.<sup id="cite_ref-frame6_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zara went on a trip to Britain, where she was introduced to James Fell, a <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> officer. She accompanied Fell to India, and then in early 1935 returned to Australia where Holt again proposed marriage. She declined his offer, and married Fell a short time later, going to live with him in <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>. Holt had entered parliament by that time, and was soon being profiled as "the most eligible bachelor in parliament". He briefly dated Lola Thring, the daughter of his father's business partner, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Thring" title="F. W. Thring">F. W. Thring</a>, but his widowed father Tom was also interested in her (to his son's "disgust"). Tom Holt married Lola in 1936, and their daughter Frances (Harold's half-sister) was born in 1940; Tom Holt died in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-p7_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p7-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Zara returned to Australia to give birth to her first child, Nicholas. She had two more children, twins Sam and Andrew, in 1939. Her marriage with Fell broke down a short time later, and in late 1940 she returned to Australia permanently and resumed a relationship with Holt. Their relationship did not become public for some time, in order to avoid Holt's being implicated in Zara's divorce proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-p8_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p8-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They eventually married on 8 October 1946, at Zara's parents' home on St Georges Road, <a href="/wiki/Toorak,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Toorak, Victoria">Toorak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They initially lived on nearby Washington Street, but in 1954 bought the St Georges Road house.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt legally adopted Zara's three children, and as young men they changed their surname to his.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Tom Frame</a>, it was an "open secret" that Holt was the biological father of the twins, as they shared his physical appearance and had been conceived at a time when Zara was known to have been in Melbourne.<sup id="cite_ref-p8_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p8-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zara Holt was a successful businesswoman, owning a chain of dress shops, and out-earned her husband even as prime minister. It was her success that allowed the couple to purchase two holiday homes, one at <a href="/wiki/Portsea,_Victoria" title="Portsea, Victoria">Portsea, Victoria</a>, and the other at <a href="/wiki/Bingil_Bay,_Queensland" title="Bingil Bay, Queensland">Bingil Bay, Queensland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She nonetheless made sacrifices for her husband's political career, accompanying him on all but one of his overseas trips, which could last for weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her husband's death, Zara remarried in 1969 to one of his Liberal Party colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bate" title="Jeff Bate">Jeff Bate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was widowed a second time in 1984, and died in 1989. In a 1988 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, Zara stated that her husband Harold had carried on "dozens" of extramarital affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his biography of Holt, Tom Frame wrote: "I have not included the names of women with whom Holt allegedly had a sexual relationship because I was unable to confirm or deny that most of these relationships took place […] by their very nature they were always illicit and Holt was very discreet."<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personality">Personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt was the first Australian Prime Minister born in the twentieth century. He was an enthusiastic sportsman and avid swimmer, in stark contrast to Menzies and the majority of his predecessors and colleagues. Like later successor <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>, this resonated with positive effect within the electorate. His oratory skills were vastly superior to that of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>, whom Holt resoundingly beat in 1966. Holt's rhetoric was, however, considered a match to that of new Labor leader <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>. Whitlam himself later said of Holt: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(his) ability to establish relationships with men of different backgrounds, attitudes and interests was his essential decency. He was tolerant, humane and broadminded. His suavity of manner was no pose. It was the outward reflection of a truly civilised human being. He was in a very real sense a gentleman.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Gough Whitlam, Leader of the Opposition, March 1968</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Holt has been described as an "apathetic agnostic". He was baptised <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, attended <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> schools, and married with <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> forms,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but neither he nor his wife had any interest in religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2013140_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2013140-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lack of religiosity apparently had little impact on his political prospects, and was not generally remarked upon.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Alick Downer</a> believed that Holt's thoughts "lay in this world not the next".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his friend <a href="/wiki/Simon_Warrender" title="Simon Warrender">Simon Warrender</a>, he "was an agnostic whose <i>raison d'être</i> was dedication to his career".<sup id="cite_ref-p266_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p266-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holt had a reputation as something of a <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalist</a>, and frequently quoted from <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Carpe_diem" title="Carpe diem">carpe diem</a></i> poem "<a href="/wiki/To_His_Coy_Mistress" title="To His Coy Mistress">To His Coy Mistress</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also fond of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>", which Warrender said he used as a "guiding light in his political and private life".<sup id="cite_ref-p266_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p266-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials_and_other_legacies">Memorials and other legacies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Memorials and other legacies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG/170px-Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG/255px-Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG/340px-Harold_Holt_Swim_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Melbourne's Harold Holt Swim Centre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Holt_bust.jpg/170px-Harold_Holt_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Holt_bust.jpg/255px-Harold_Holt_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harold_Holt_bust.jpg/340px-Harold_Holt_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Harold Holt located in the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Ministers_Avenue" title="Prime Ministers Avenue">Prime Ministers Avenue</a> in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens</figcaption></figure> <p>Harold Holt is commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt_Memorial_Swimming_Centre" title="Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre">Harold Holt Memorial Swimming Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Melbourne suburb of Glen Iris. The complex was under construction at the time of Holt's disappearance, and since he was the local member, it was named in his memory. The irony of commemorating a man who is presumed to have drowned with a swimming pool has been a source of wry amusement for many Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swimming pool within the <a href="/wiki/1st_Australian_Support_Compound" title="1st Australian Support Compound">1st Australian Support Compound</a> in South Vietnam was also named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the newly commissioned <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Knox-class_frigate" title="Knox-class frigate"><i>Knox</i>-class destroyer escort</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Harold_E._Holt" title="USS Harold E. Holt">USS <i>Harold E. Holt</i></a> was named in his honour. It was launched by Holt's widow Dame Zara at the <a href="/wiki/Vigor_Shipyards" title="Vigor Shipyards">Todd Shipyards</a> in Los Angeles on 3 May 1969, and was the first American warship to bear the name of a foreign leader. </p><p>In 1969, a plaque commemorating Holt was bolted to the seafloor off Cheviot Beach after a memorial ceremony. It bears the inscription: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In memory of Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia, who loved the sea and disappeared hereabouts on 17 December 1967.</p></blockquote> <p>Other memorials include: </p> <ul><li>the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Holt, Australian Capital Territory">Holt, Australian Capital Territory</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Communication_Station_Harold_E._Holt" title="Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt">Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Holt" title="Division of Holt">Division of Holt</a>, an electoral district in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> in Victoria;</li> <li>a wing for boarders at <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College_(Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley College (Victoria)">Wesley College, Melbourne</a>;</li> <li>the Harold Holt Fisheries Reserves – five protected areas in southern <a href="/wiki/Port_Phillip" title="Port Phillip">Port Phillip</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Swan_Bay" title="Swan Bay">Swan Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Lonsdale" title="Point Lonsdale">Point Lonsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_Islands" title="Mud Islands">Mud Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Nepean" title="Point Nepean">Point Nepean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope%27s_Eye" title="Pope's Eye">Pope's Eye</a> (The Annulus).</li> <li>a memorial stone within the 'Prime Ministers Garden' of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_General_Cemetery" title="Melbourne General Cemetery">Melbourne General Cemetery</a></li></ul> <p>By way of a folk memorial, he is recalled in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_English_vocabulary" title="Australian English vocabulary">Australian vernacular</a> expression "do a Harold Holt" (or "do the Harry"), <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">rhyming slang</a> for "do a bolt" meaning "to disappear suddenly and without explanation", although this is usually employed in the context of disappearance from a social gathering rather than a case of presumed death.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 1968, Holt's widow Zara was made a Dame Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a>, becoming Dame Zara Holt DBE.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later married for a third time, to a Liberal party colleague of Holt's, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bate" title="Jeff Bate">Jeff Bate</a>, and was then known as Dame Zara Bate. </p><p>The mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holtite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holtite (page does not exist)">holtite</a> is named in his honor. It was discovered in Greenbushes Tinfield, Western Australia and formally described in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Holt_ministry" title="First Holt ministry">First Holt ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Holt_ministry" title="Second Holt ministry">Second Holt ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Presumption of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_1910%E2%80%931990" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990">List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt's mother was born Olive May Williams. His maternal grandmother had remarried after the death of her first husband, James Henry Williams, and her children took the name of their stepfather, Arthur Pearce.<sup id="cite_ref-frame4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Hutchinson (Australian politician)">William Hutchinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Wilson_(South_Australian_politician)" title="Keith Wilson (South Australian politician)">Keith Wilson</a>, enlisted around the same time as Holt, while <a href="/wiki/Thomas_White_(Australian_politician)" title="Thomas White (Australian politician)">Thomas White</a> had already done so.<sup id="cite_ref-p20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, nine sitting MPs served in the military at some point in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Five shillings per week for every child under the age of 16, excluding first-born children.<sup id="cite_ref-p25_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p25-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> had served in cabinet from 1949 to 1951, but only as <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a>, a largely honorific post that did not have its own department.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calwell had pledged to withdraw <i>all</i> Australian troops from Vietnam, whereas Whitlam suggested that Labor was contemplating withdrawing only conscripts and allowing the regular army to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-p168_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)" title="The Bulletin (Australian periodical)">The Bulletin</a></i> – normally supportive of the Labor Party – accused Calwell of wanting Australia to be "a cosy little isolated British community, without people from continental Europe, let alone any other fearful regions".<sup id="cite_ref-p168_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p168-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in July 1967, the Aboriginal Welfare Conference of State and Commonwealth Ministers voted to preserve the <i>status quo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-p214_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p214-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coombs said: "When we talked it became clear that Holt had little knowledge of Aborigines and was puzzled to know how the Government should go about creating an appropriate administrative agency to deal with the problems associated with them".<sup id="cite_ref-p214_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p214-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasluck said: "I am puzzled about Holt's role as innovator in Aboriginal affairs. In sixteen years with him in cabinet I had never known him to show any interest in Aborigines".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act</i> came into effect in August 1968. It closed off appeals to the Privy Council in matters involving federal legislation, but it remained possible to appeal from <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">state supreme courts</a> until the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only time Holt travelled overseas without his wife was in August 1948, when he attended a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Parliamentary_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Parliamentary Association">Empire Parliamentary Association</a> in London. It was the first time he had been outside Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11749059">"FAWKNER BY-ELECTION"</a>. <i>Argus</i>. 18 July 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus&rft.atitle=FAWKNER+BY-ELECTION&rft.date=1935-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article11749059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frame4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frame4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame,_Tom2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Frame, Tom</a> (2005). <i>The Life and Death of Harold Holt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-672-1"><bdi>978-1-74114-672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Harold+Holt&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin+%2F+National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-672-1&rft.au=Frame%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frame6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frame6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame6_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/holt-harold-edward-10530">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>. 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frame9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frame9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frame9_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p11-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p11_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p11_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/234615406">Political Godmothers Rule U.A.P. With Haughty Mien</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Weekly" title="Smith's Weekly">Smith's Weekly</a></i>, 10 August 1935.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), pp. 12–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p20_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p20_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/MembersWWII">Commonwealth Members of Parliament who have served in war: the Second World War</a>, Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 10 November 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p23-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p23_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p23_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p23_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p24-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p24_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p25-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p25_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p25_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p31-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p31_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/18/annie-white-australia-policy">How one refugee signalled the end of the White Australia policy</a>, <i>The Guardian Australia</i>, 18 March 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. p. 62. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=62&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. p. 63. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=63&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins_66–67-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_66–67_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins_66–67_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/business/its-half-a-century-since-australia-received-the-holt-jolt-20100222-orwn.html">It's half a century since Australia received the Holt Jolt</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>, 23 February 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. p. 66. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=66&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins" class="citation news cs1">Hawkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212121321/http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">"Harold Holt: urbane treasurer"</a>. <i>Economic Roundup Issue 1, 2012</i>. The Treasury. p. 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2012/Economic%20Roundup%20Issue%201/Downloads/05%20Hawkins%20Harold%20Holt.ashx">the original</a> on 12 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Roundup+Issue+1%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Harold+Holt%3A+urbane+treasurer&rft.pages=68&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov.au%2F~%2Fmedia%2FTreasury%2FPublications%2520and%2520Media%2FPublications%2F2012%2FEconomic%2520Roundup%2520Issue%25201%2FDownloads%2F05%2520Hawkins%2520Harold%2520Holt.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p137-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p137_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p137_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105883346">"Paltridge to have state funeral"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>, 22 January 1966. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105883911">"Hundreds pay last respects"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>, 26 January 1966. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/mcewen/fast-facts.aspx">Fast facts: John McEwen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312021617/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/mcewen/fast-facts.aspx">Archived</a> 12 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Archives of Australia. 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Retrieved 3 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2005), p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/105888104">"Sir Robert rejected migrant plan"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>, 22 February 1966. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/white-australia-policy-the-beginning-of-the-end-50-years-ago/">White Australia policy – the beginning of the end 50 years ago</a>, Museum of Australian Democracy, 9 March 2016. 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Retrieved 3 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/106980333">"New council for the arts"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>, 2 November 1967. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Myer" title="Rupert Myer">Myer, Rupert</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/cherish-harold-holts-legacy-so-the-arts-can-flourish/news-story/0a72e3c21d885f2dd523c59db7f3cb42">"Cherish Harold Holt's legacy so the arts can flourish"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>, 1 November 2017. 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Itsanhonour.gov.au. 8 June 1968<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+an+Honour&rft.pub=Itsanhonour.gov.au&rft.date=1968-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F1067227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryce1971" class="citation journal cs1">Pryce, M. W. (1971). "Holtite: a new mineral allied to dumortierite". <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>38</b> (293): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971MinM...38...21P">1971MinM...38...21P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1971.038.293.02">10.1180/minmag.1971.038.293.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251024619">251024619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Holtite%3A+a+new+mineral+allied+to+dumortierite&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=293&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251024619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fminmag.1971.038.293.02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971MinM...38...21P&rft.aulast=Pryce&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-1925.html">"Holtite"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Holtite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Frame, Tom</a> (2005). <i>The Life and Death of Harold Holt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-672-1"><bdi>978-1-74114-672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Harold+Holt&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin+%2F+National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-672-1&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Roy (2013). <i>In God They Trust? The Religious Beliefs of Australia's Prime Ministers, 1901–2013</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bible_Society_Australia" title="Bible Society Australia">Bible Society Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-647-51855-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-647-51855-7"><bdi>978-0-647-51855-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God+They+Trust%3F+The+Religious+Beliefs+of+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers%2C+1901%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Bible+Society+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-647-51855-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Frame, Tom</a> (2018). <i>Harold Holt and the liberal imagination</i>. Australian Biographical Monographs. Vol. 2. Redland Bay, Qld: <a href="/wiki/Connor_Court_Publishing" title="Connor Court Publishing">Connor Court Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925501865" title="Special:BookSources/9781925501865"><bdi>9781925501865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Holt+and+the+liberal+imagination&rft.place=Redland+Bay%2C+Qld&rft.series=Australian+Biographical+Monographs&rft.pub=Connor+Court+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781925501865&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffen-Foley,_Bridget2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Griffen-Foley" title="Bridget Griffen-Foley">Griffen-Foley, Bridget</a> (2003). <i>Party Games: Australian Politician and the Media from War to Dismissal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Text_Publishing" title="Text Publishing">Text Publishing</a>, Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877008-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877008-64-1"><bdi>978-1-877008-64-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Games%3A+Australian+Politician+and+the+Media+from+War+to+Dismissal&rft.pub=Text+Publishing%2C+Melbourne&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-877008-64-1&rft.au=Griffen-Foley%2C+Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hancock, Ian (2000), 'Harold Edward Holt,' in <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Grattan" title="Michelle Grattan">Michelle Grattan</a> (ed.), <i>Australian Prime Ministers</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>, Sydney, pages 270–285. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86436-756-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86436-756-3">1-86436-756-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zara_Bate" title="Zara Bate">Holt, Zara</a> (1968), <i>My Life and Harry. An Autobiography</i>, <a href="/wiki/Herald_%26_Weekly_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Herald & Weekly Times">Herald & Weekly Times</a>, Melbourne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Hughes" title="Colin Hughes">Hughes, Colin A</a> (1976), <i>Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Melbourne, Victoria, Ch.19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-550471-2">0-19-550471-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis,_Kenneth_S.1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Inglis" title="Ken Inglis">Inglis, Kenneth S.</a> (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisisabcaustral0000ingl"><i>This Is The ABC</i></a></span>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84258-6"><bdi>978-0-522-84258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Is+The+ABC&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84258-6&rft.au=Inglis%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisisabcaustral0000ingl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp,_James1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Jupp" title="James Jupp">Jupp, James</a> (1982). <i>Party Politics in Australia 1966–81</i>. George <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, Sydney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Politics+in+Australia+1966%E2%80%9381&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin%2C+Sydney&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Jupp%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid,_Alan1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Reid_(journalist)" title="Alan Reid (journalist)">Reid, Alan</a> (1969). <i>The Power Struggle</i>. Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Struggle&rft.pub=Shakespeare+Head+Press%2C+Sydney&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Reid%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid,_Alan1971" class="citation book cs1">———— (1971). <i>The Gorton Experiment: The Fall of John Gorton</i>. <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Head_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Head Press">Shakespeare Head Press</a>, Sydney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gorton+Experiment%3A+The+Fall+of+John+Gorton&rft.pub=Shakespeare+Head+Press%2C+Sydney&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Reid%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenouf,_Alan1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Renouf" title="Alan Renouf">Renouf, Alan</a> (1979). <i>The Frightened Country</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>, Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-25248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-25248-2"><bdi>978-0-333-25248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frightened+Country&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers%2C+Melbourne&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-333-25248-2&rft.au=Renouf%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2022" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ross (2022). <i>Harold Holt: Always one step further</i>. <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="La Trobe University Press">La Trobe University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76064-383-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76064-383-6"><bdi>978-1-76064-383-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+Holt%3A+Always+one+step+further&rft.pub=La+Trobe+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-76064-383-6&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Holt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Harold_Holt" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Harold_Holt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/harold-holt">Harold Holt</a>– Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hancock, I. R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140546b.htm">"Holt, Harold Edward (1908–1967)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holt%2C+Harold+Edward+%281908%E2%80%931967%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA140546b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Holt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Maxwell_(Australian_politician)" title="George Maxwell (Australian politician)">George Maxwell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fawkner" title="Division of Fawkner">Member for Fawkner</a> </b><br />1935–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bourke_(politician)" title="Bill Bourke (politician)">Bill Bourke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New division</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Higgins" title="Division of Higgins">Member for Higgins</a> </b><br />1949–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Labour and National Service">Minister for Labour and National Service</a> </b><br />1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Ward" title="Eddie Ward">Eddie Ward</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Collett" title="Herbert Collett">Herbert Collett</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_in_charge_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister in charge of Scientific and Industrial Research">Minister in charge of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> </b><br />1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Dedman" title="John Dedman">John Dedman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Immigration (Australia)">Minister for Immigration</a> </b><br />1949–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Athol_Townley" title="Athol Townley">Athol Townley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Holloway" title="Jack Holloway">Jack Holloway</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Labour_and_National_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Labour and National Service">Minister for Labour and National Service</a> </b><br />1949–1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Sir Arthur Fadden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurer of Australia</a> </b><br />1958–1966 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> </b><br />1966–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">John McEwen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison" title="Eric Harrison">Eric Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia#Federal_deputy_leaders" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia">Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia</a> </b><br />1956–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia</a> </b><br />1966–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Australia_(list)237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Australia (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_Party_of_Australia560" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Australia560" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Liberal Party of Australia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Holt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Brendan Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison" title="Eric Harrison">Eric Harrison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harold Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lynch" title="Phillip Lynch">Phillip Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Brown_(Australian_politician)" title="Neil Brown (Australian politician)">Neil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Chaney" title="Fred Chaney">Fred Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reith" title="Peter Reith">Peter Reith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wooldridge_(politician)" title="Michael Wooldridge (politician)">Michael Wooldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bishop" title="Julie Bishop">Julie Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Frydenberg" title="Josh Frydenberg">Josh Frydenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussan_Ley" title="Sussan Ley">Sussan Ley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="President of the Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Presidents</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ritchie" title="Malcolm Ritchie">Malcolm Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a></li> <li>W. H. Anderson</li> <li>Lyle Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_McBride" title="Philip McBride">Philip McBride</a></li> <li>J. E. Pagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey_(businessman)" title="Robert Southey (businessman)">Robert Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atwill" title="John Atwill">John Atwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Forbes_(Australian_politician)" title="Jim Forbes (Australian politician)">A. J. Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Valder" title="John Valder">John Valder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(businessman)" title="John Elliott (businessman)">John Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Goldsworthy" title="Ashley Goldsworthy">Ashley Goldsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Staley" title="Tony Staley">Tony Staley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Stone" title="Shane Stone">Shane Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_McDiven" title="Chris McDiven">Chris McDiven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stockdale" title="Alan Stockdale">Alan Stockdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alston_(politician)" title="Richard Alston (politician)">Richard Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Greiner" title="Nick Greiner">Nick Greiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olsen" title="John Olsen">John Olsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Menzies_ministry" title="Fourth Menzies ministry">Menzies 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Menzies_ministry" title="Fifth Menzies ministry">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Menzies_ministry" title="Sixth Menzies ministry">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Menzies_ministry" title="Seventh Menzies ministry">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Menzies_ministry" title="Eighth Menzies ministry">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Menzies_ministry" title="Ninth Menzies ministry">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Menzies_ministry" title="Tenth Menzies ministry">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Holt_ministry" title="First Holt ministry">Holt 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Holt_ministry" title="Second Holt ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gorton_ministry" title="First Gorton ministry">Gorton 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gorton_ministry" title="Second Gorton ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_ministry" title="McMahon ministry">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fraser_ministry" title="First Fraser ministry">Fraser 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fraser_ministry" title="Second Fraser ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fraser_ministry" title="Third Fraser ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fraser_ministry" title="Fourth Fraser ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Howard_ministry" title="First Howard ministry">Howard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Howard_ministry" title="Second Howard ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Howard_ministry" title="Third Howard ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Howard_ministry" title="Fourth Howard ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_ministry" title="Abbott ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turnbull_ministry" title="First Turnbull ministry">Turnbull 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turnbull_ministry" title="Second Turnbull ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Morrison_ministry" title="First Morrison ministry">Morrison 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Morrison_ministry" title="Second Morrison ministry">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Billy_Snedden" title="Shadow Ministry of Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Malcolm_Fraser" title="Shadow Ministry of Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Andrew_Peacock_(1983%E2%80%9385)" title="Shadow Ministry of Andrew Peacock (1983–85)">Peacock I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Howard_(1985%E2%80%9389)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow Ministry of John Howard (1985–89) (page does not exist)">Howard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Andrew_Peacock_(1989%E2%80%9390)" title="Shadow Ministry of Andrew Peacock (1989–90)">Peacock II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Hewson" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of John Hewson">Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Alexander_Downer" title="Shadow Ministry of Alexander Downer">Downer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Howard_(1995%E2%80%9396)" title="Shadow Ministry of John Howard (1995–96)">Howard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Brendan_Nelson" title="Shadow Ministry of Brendan Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Malcolm_Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Tony_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_Peter_Dutton" title="Shadow ministry of Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">State divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Liberals" title="Canberra Liberals">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Liberal_Party" title="New South Wales Liberal Party">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Northern Territory (Country Liberal Party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Queensland (Liberal National Party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Liberal_Party" title="South Australian Liberal Party">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Liberal_Party" title="Tasmanian Liberal Party">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Liberal_Party" title="Victorian Liberal Party">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Liberal_Party" title="Western Australian Liberal Party">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Party-related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Liberal_Students%27_Federation" title="Australian Liberal Students' Federation">Australian Liberal Students' Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormack_Foundation" title="Cormack Foundation">Cormack Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Liberals" title="Norfolk Liberals">Norfolk Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Australia)" title="Young Liberals (Australia)">Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_LNP" title="Young LNP">Young LNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Research_Centre" title="Menzies Research Centre">Menzies Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Moderates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_(Australia)" title="Independent Liberal (Australia)">Independent Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Group_(Queensland)" title="Ginger Group (Queensland)">Ginger Group</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Forum" title="Lyons Forum">Lyons Forum</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)" title="Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)">Fusion Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Party" title="National Labor Party">National Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Victoria)" title="Liberal Union (Victoria)">Liberal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Party" title="Australian Party">Australian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Municipal_Organisation" title="Citizens' Municipal Organisation">Citizens' Municipal Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Leadership contests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1969 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1971 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1972 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1975 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1983 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1985 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1987 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1989 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1993 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1994 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1995 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="2007 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="2008 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="2009 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill_motion" title="February 2015 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill motion">2015 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="September 2015 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2015 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spills" title="2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="2022 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Downer</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treasurers_of_Australia50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treasurers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treasurers_of_Australia50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_Australia" title="Treasurer of Australia">Treasurers of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Turner_(Australian_politician)" title="George Turner (Australian politician)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne" title="William Lyne">Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Higgs_(politician)" title="William Higgs (politician)">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Poynton" title="Alexander Poynton">Poynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Watt_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watt (Australian politician)">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Spender" title="Percy Spender">Spender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Bury" title="Les Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crean" title="Frank Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lynch" title="Phillip Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerin" title="John Kerin">Kerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Willis" title="Ralph Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Bowen" title="Chris Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hockey" title="Joe Hockey">Hockey</a></li> <li><a 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