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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>University of Edinburgh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Edinburgh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paris Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_missionary_work_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_missionary_work_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christian missionary work in China</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_missionary_work_in_China-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weifang_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weifang_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Weifang Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weifang_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_on_film,_TV_and_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_on_film,_TV_and_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Portrayals on film, TV and stage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portrayals_on_film,_TV_and_stage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portrayals on film, TV and stage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_on_film,_TV_and_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chariots_of_Fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chariots_of_Fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>Chariots of Fire</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chariots_of_Fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%84" title="إريك هنري ليدل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إريك هنري ليدل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%84" title="اریک لیدل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریک لیدل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A6%AD_%EB%A6%AC%EB%8D%B8" title="에릭 리델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에릭 리델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="エリック・リデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エリック・リデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лидделл, Эрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лидделл, Эрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Liddell" title="Eric Liddell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eric Liddell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Ерік Лідделл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерік Лідделл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="埃里克·利德爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃里克·利德爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q317422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Scotland international RU player, athlete, sprinter, Olympian, Protestant missionary</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former Hong Kong bowler, see <a href="/wiki/Eric_Liddell_(bowls)" title="Eric Liddell (bowls)">Eric Liddell (bowls)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Eric Liddell</div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Liddell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eric_Liddell.jpg/195px-Eric_Liddell.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eric_Liddell.jpg/293px-Eric_Liddell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Eric_Liddell.jpg/390px-Eric_Liddell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="858" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Liddell at the British Empire versus U.S.A. relays meet held at <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> in July 1924<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;">Personal information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Eric Henry Liddell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Scottish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-01-16</span>)</span>16 January 1902<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-02-21)</span> (aged 43)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Weihsien_Internment_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihsien Internment Camp">Weihsien Internment Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese China</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Spouse</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Florence Mackenzie</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3 daughters</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;">Sport</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sport</th><td class="infobox-data">Athletics, rugby union (7 tests)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Event(s)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">100m, 200m, 400m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Club</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Team</th><td class="infobox-data org">Great Britain</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;">Achievements and titles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic finals</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1924</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;"><div class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"> <div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="line-height:1.6em; background-color:#ccf; font-size:105%; background-color:transparent;"><div style="margin:0 4em;">Medal record</div></div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <table class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; background-color:#f9f9f9; color:#000000; font-weight:normal"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;">Men's athletics </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#eeeeee;color:inherit;" class="adr">Representing <span class="country-name"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#cccccc;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gold medal – first place"><img alt="Gold medal – first place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/16px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/24px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg/32px-Gold_medal_icon_%28G_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">400 metres</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bronze medal – third place"><img alt="Bronze medal – third place" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/16px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/24px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg/32px-Bronze_medal_icon_%28B_initial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metres" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres">200 metres</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rugby player</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Rugby union career</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox infobox-3cols-child infobox-table"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;"><b>Position(s)</b></th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (rugby union)">Wing-threequarter</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0ffff;">Amateur team(s)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;"><b>Years</b></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Team</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>Apps</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>(Points)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;"></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_RFC" title="Edinburgh University RFC">Edinburgh University</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> </td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> ()</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0ffff;">Provincial / State sides</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;"><b>Years</b></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Team</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>Apps</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>(Points)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;">1921-22</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh_District_(Rugby_union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edinburgh District (Rugby union) (page does not exist)">Edinburgh District</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> </td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> ()</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0ffff;">International career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;"><b>Years</b></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Team</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>Apps</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> <b>(Points)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight: normal;">1922–1923</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> 7</td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right"> (12)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <p>  </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">埃里克·利德爾</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">埃里克·利德尔</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Āilǐkè Lìdéĕr</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ailik'e Liteerh</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eric Henry Liddell</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 16 January 1902 – 21 February 1945) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby player</a> and Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> to Scottish missionary parents, he attended boarding school near London, spending time when possible with his family in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, and afterwards attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris, Liddell refused to run in the heats for his favoured <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres">100 metres</a> <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">because they were held on a Sunday</a>. Instead he competed in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">400 metres</a> held on a weekday, a race that he won. He returned to China in 1925 and served as a missionary teacher. Aside from two furloughs in Scotland, he remained in China until his death in a Japanese civilian internment camp in 1945. </p><p>Liddell's Olympic training and racing, and the religious convictions that influenced him, are depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-winning 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i>, in which he is portrayed by fellow Scot and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> alumnus <a href="/wiki/Ian_Charleson" title="Ian Charleson">Ian Charleson</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liddell was born 16 January 1902, in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a>, China, the second son of the Reverend and Mrs. James Dunlop Liddell, Scottish missionaries with the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a>. Liddell went to school in China until the age of five. At the age of six, he and his eight-year-old brother Robert were enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Eltham_College" title="Eltham College">Eltham College</a>, a boarding school in south London for the sons of missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their parents and sister Jenny returned to China. During the boys' time at Eltham, their parents, sister, and new brother Ernest came home on furlough two or three times and were able to be together as a family, mainly living in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. </p><p>At Eltham, Liddell was an outstanding athlete, earning the Blackheath Cup as the best athlete of his year, and playing for the First XI and the First XV by the age of 15, later becoming captain of both the cricket and rugby union teams. His headmaster, George Robertson, described him as being "entirely without vanity."<sup id="cite_ref-Caughey2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caughey2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at the University of Edinburgh, Liddell became well known for being the fastest runner in Scotland. Newspapers carried stories of his feats at track events, and many articles stated that he was a potential Olympic winner. </p><p>Liddell was chosen to speak for the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(students)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Union (students)">Glasgow Students' Evangelistic Union</a> by one of the GSEU's co-founders, <a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a>, because he was a devout Christian. The GSEU hoped that he would draw large crowds to hear the Gospel. The GSEU would send out a group of eight to ten men to an area where they would stay with the local population. It was Liddell's job to be lead speaker and to evangelise the men of Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: University of Edinburgh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920 Liddell joined his brother Robert at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Pure_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Science">Pure Science</a>. Athletics and rugby played a large part in his university life. He ran in the 100-yard and 220-yard races for the university, and played rugby for the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_RFC" title="Edinburgh University RFC">University Club</a>. He played for <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_District_(rugby_union)" title="Edinburgh District (rugby union)">Edinburgh District</a> in the inter-city matches against <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_District_(rugby_union)" title="Glasgow District (rugby union)">Glasgow District</a> of <a href="/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Scottish_Districts_season" title="1921–22 Scottish Districts season">3 December 1921</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_Scottish_Districts_season" title="1922–23 Scottish Districts season">2 December 1922</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which he gained a place in the backline of a strong <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland national rugby union team</a>. </p><p>In 1922 and 1923, he played in seven out of eight <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Five Nations</a> matches, and scored back-to-back tries in four appearances, which included wins over Ireland, France, and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his main weapon was his speed, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i> opined after Scotland's victory over Ireland in 1923 that "never again should it be held against him that he is 'only a runner'", and <a href="/wiki/The_Student_(newspaper)" title="The Student (newspaper)"><i>The Student</i></a> wrote that Liddell had "that rare combination, pace and the gift of rugby brains and hands".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the centenary of his first international cap against France in January 1922, Liddell was inducted into the Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame for his achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923 he won the AAA Championships in athletics in the 100-yard race (setting a British record of 9.7 seconds that would not be equalled for 23 years)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 220-yard race (21.6 seconds). He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree after the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">Paris Olympiad</a> in 1924. </p><p>On 15 July 2024, almost 100 years to the day after winning his 400 metre gold medal in Paris, the university awarded Liddell a posthumous degree of Doctor <i>honoris causa</i> in recognition of his contribution to sport and humanity. The degree was accepted by his daughter, Patricia Liddell Russell, who had travelled from Canada for the ceremony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris_Olympics">Paris Olympics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paris Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> were hosted by the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. A devout Christian, Liddell withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/100_metres" title="100 metres">100-metre race</a> (his best event), because the heats were going to be held on a Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schedule had been published several months earlier, and therefore his decision was made well before the Games. Liddell spent the intervening months training for the <a href="/wiki/400_metres" title="400 metres">400-metre race</a>, though his best pre-Olympics time of 49.6 seconds, set in winning the 1924 AAA championship 440-yard race,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was modest by international standards. On the morning of the Olympic 400-metre final, 11 July 1924,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liddell was handed a folded square of paper by one of the team masseurs. Reading it later he found the message: "In the old book it says: 'He that honours me I will honour.' Wishing you the best of success always." Recognising the reference to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%202:30&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 2:30</a>, Liddell was profoundly moved that someone other than his coach believed in him and the stance he had taken.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pipe band of the 51st Highland Brigade played outside the stadium for the hour before he ran. The 400-metre had been considered a middle-distance event in which runners raced round the first bend before coasting down the back straight. Inspired by the Biblical message, and deprived of a view of the other runners because he drew the outside lane, Liddell raced the whole of the first 200 metres to be well clear of the favoured Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With little option but to treat the race as a complete sprint, he continued to race around the final bend. He was challenged all the way down the home straight but held on to take the win. He broke the Olympic and world records with a time of 47.6 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was controversially ratified as a world record, despite being 0.2 seconds slower than the record for the greater distance of 440 yards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days earlier Liddell had competed in the 200-metre finals, for which he received the bronze medal behind Americans <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Scholz" title="Jackson Scholz">Jackson Scholz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Paddock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Paddock">Charles Paddock</a>, beating British rival and teammate <a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a>, who finished in sixth place.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the second and last race in which these two runners met.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His performance in the 400-metre race in Paris stood as a <a href="/wiki/European_record_progression_400_metres_men" class="mw-redirect" title="European record progression 400 metres men">European record</a> for 12 years, until beaten by another British athlete, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Brown_(athlete)" title="Godfrey Brown (athlete)">Godfrey Brown</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Berlin Olympics</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-es_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-es-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Olympics and graduation from the University of Edinburgh, Liddell continued to compete. His refusal to compete on Sunday meant he had also missed the Olympic 4×400-metre relay, in which Britain finished third.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the Games, he ran the final leg in the 4×400-metre race in a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> vs. USA contest to help secure victory over the Americans, who had won the gold medal in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-sports-reference_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-reference-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, in 1925, at the Scottish Amateur Athletics Association (SAAA) meeting in <a href="/wiki/Hampden_Park" title="Hampden Park">Hampden Park</a> in Glasgow, he equalled his Scottish championship record of 10.0 seconds in the 100-yard race, won the 220-yard contest in 22.2 seconds, won the 440-yard contest in 47.7, and participated in a winning relay team. He was only the fourth athlete to have won all three sprints at the SAAA, achieving this feat in 1924 and 1925. These were his final races on British soil.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of his birth and death in China, some of that country's Olympic literature lists Liddell as China's first Olympic champion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_missionary_work_in_China">Christian missionary work in China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian missionary work in China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg/220px-Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg/330px-Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg/440px-Eric_liddell_monument_weifang_2010_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Eric Liddell on the grounds of the former Weihsien Internment Camp</figcaption></figure> <p>Liddell returned to Northern China to serve as a missionary, like his parents, from 1925 to 1943 – first in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> and later in the town of Xiaozhang,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zaoqiang_County" title="Zaoqiang County">Zaoqiang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hengshui" title="Hengshui">Hengshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebei province">Hebei province</a>, an extremely poor area that had suffered during the country's civil wars and had become a particularly treacherous battleground with the invading Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian040112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time in China as a missionary, Liddell continued to compete sporadically, including wins over members of the 1928 French and Japanese Olympic teams in the 200- and 400-metre races at the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway">South Manchurian Railway</a> celebrations in China in 1928 and a victory at the 1930 North China championship. He returned to Scotland only twice, in 1932 and again in 1939. On one occasion he was asked if he ever regretted his decision to leave behind the fame and glory of athletics. Liddell responded, "It's natural for a chap to think over all that sometimes, but I'm glad I'm at the work I'm engaged in now. A fellow's life counts for far more at this than the other."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian040112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liddell's first job as a missionary was at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Colleges_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian Colleges in China">Anglo-Chinese College</a> (grades 1–12) for wealthy Chinese students. The school's principal, Dr. Samuel Lavington Hart, who was educated at the University of Cambridge, had been a prominent physicist before founding the school in 1902. Dr. Hart believed that by teaching the children of the wealthy, he would help them become influential figures in China and promote Christian values.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liddell supported the school's mission and began teaching mathematics and science at the school in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liddell also used his athletic experience to train boys in a number of different sports. According to one of Liddell's former students, Yu Wenji, Liddell "was very serious when protecting students' rights. He once quarreled with the headmaster to ask for more subsidies for students not from wealthy families."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Liddell's many responsibilities was that of superintendent of the Sunday school at Union Church, where his father was pastor. Liddell lived at 38 Chongqing Dao (formerly known as Cambridge Road) in Tianjin, where a plaque commemorates his residence. He also helped build the <a href="/wiki/Minyuan_Stadium" title="Minyuan Stadium">Minyuan Stadium</a> in Tianjin. </p><p>During his first furlough from missionary work in 1932, he was ordained a minister of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Scotland" title="Congregational Union of Scotland">Congregational Union of Scotland</a>. On his return to China, he married Florence Mackenzie, of <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> missionary parentage, in Tianjin in 1934. Liddell courted his future wife by taking her for lunch to the Kiesling restaurant, which is still open in Tianjin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The couple had three daughters, Patricia, Heather, and Maureen, the last of whom he would not live to see. The school where Liddell taught is still in use today. One of his daughters visited Tianjin in 1991 and presented the headmaster of the school with one of the medals that Liddell had won for athletics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1941 life in China had become so dangerous because of Japanese aggression that the British government advised British nationals to leave. Florence (who was pregnant with Maureen) and the children left for Canada to stay with her family when Liddell accepted a position at a rural mission station in Xiaozhang, which served the poor. He joined his brother, Rob, who was a doctor there. The station was severely short of help and the missionaries there were exhausted. A constant stream of locals came at all hours for medical treatment. Liddell arrived at the station in time to relieve his brother, who was ill and needing to go on furlough. Liddell suffered many hardships himself at the mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment">Internment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg/220px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg/330px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg/440px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Images of Eric Liddell inside <a href="/wiki/Weixian_Internment_Camp" title="Weixian Internment Camp">Weixian Internment Camp</a>'s new (Fall 2018) museum (behind 潍坊市人民医院)</figcaption></figure> <p>As fighting between the Chinese Army and invading Japanese troops<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reached Xiaozhang, the Japanese took over the mission station and Liddell returned to Tianjin. In 1943, he was interned at the <a href="/wiki/Weihsien_Internment_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihsien Internment Camp">Weihsien Internment Camp</a> (in the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Weifang" title="Weifang">Weifang</a>) with the members of the <a href="/wiki/China_Inland_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="China Inland Mission">China Inland Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chefoo_School" title="Chefoo School">Chefoo School</a> (in the city now known as <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>), and many others. Liddell became a leader and organiser at the camp, but food, medicine, and other supplies were scarce. There were many cliques in the camp and when some rich businessmen managed to smuggle in some eggs, Liddell shamed them into sharing them. While fellow missionaries formed cliques, moralised, and acted selfishly, Liddell busied himself by helping the elderly, teaching Bible classes at the camp school, arranging games, and teaching science to the children, who referred to him as Uncle Eric.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also claimed that one Sunday Liddell refereed a <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> match to stop fighting amongst the players, as he was trusted not to take sides. One of his fellow internees, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Howard_Cliff" title="Norman Howard Cliff">Norman Cliff</a>, later wrote a book about his experiences in the camp called <i>The Courtyard of the Happy Way</i> (Chinese 樂道院, also translated as <i>The Campus of Loving Truth</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which detailed the remarkable characters in the camp. Cliff described Liddell as "the finest Christian gentleman it has been my pleasure to meet. In all the time in the camp, I never heard him say a bad word about anybody". <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Gilkey" title="Langdon Gilkey">Langdon Gilkey</a>, who also survived the camp and became a prominent theologian in his native America, said of Liddell: </p> <blockquote> <p>Often in an evening I would see him bent over a chessboard or a model boat, or directing some sort of square dance – absorbed, weary and interested, pouring all of himself into this effort to capture the imagination of these penned-up youths. He was overflowing with good humour and love for life, and with enthusiasm and charm. It is rare indeed that a person has the good fortune to meet a saint, but he came as close to it as anyone I have ever known.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian040112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shantung_Compound_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shantung_Compound-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg/220px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg/330px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg/440px-Eric_Liddell_Weixian_Internment_Camp_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Eric Liddell statue in front of <a href="/wiki/Weixian_Internment_Camp" title="Weixian Internment Camp">Weixian Internment Camp</a> (now a museum) where he died </figcaption></figure> <p>In his last letter to his wife, written on the day he died, Liddell wrote of suffering a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> due to overwork. He had an undiagnosed brain tumor; overwork and malnourishment may have hastened his death. Liddell died on 21 February 1945, five months before liberation. <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Gilkey" title="Langdon Gilkey">Langdon Gilkey</a> later wrote, "The entire camp, especially its youth, was stunned for days, so great was the vacuum that Eric's death had left."<sup id="cite_ref-Shantung_Compound_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shantung_Compound-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a fellow missionary, Liddell's last words were, "It's complete surrender", in reference to how he had given his life to God.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a different source, the 2007 documentary film <i>Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction</i>, Liddell had been in and out of the camp hospital due to the brain tumor. One of his students, Joyce Stranks, came to visit him in the hospital to discuss a book he had written about surrender to God's will. While discussing the book, Liddell reached a point when he was unable to complete saying the word "surrender," and instead he said "surren-...surren-" and after this his head fell back to his pillow and he died.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 June 1945 the Eric Liddell Memorial Committee was set up in Glasgow, to seek donations for a fund to provide for the education and maintenance of Eric Liddell's three daughters; to fund an Eric Liddell Missionary Scholarship at the University of Edinburgh and an Eric Liddell Challenge Trophy for Amateur Athletics; and to erect a memorial in North China to commemorate Eric Liddell's work there. Only the first and third objectives were achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise funds and to widen its appeal, the committee published a pamphlet by <a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a>: <i>Eric Liddell, The Making of an Athlete and the Training of a Missionary</i>. The Fund was eventually wound up in 1954, having raised £3,687 15s - over £88,000 in relative purchasing power.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D.P. Thomson also spoke at well-attended memorial services held in both Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Allan_Wells" title="Allan Wells">Allan Wells</a> won the 100-metre sprint at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Moscow_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Moscow Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a>, 56 years after the <a href="/wiki/1924_Paris_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Paris Olympics">1924 Paris Olympics</a>, he was asked if he had run the race for <a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a>, the last 100-metre Olympic winner from Britain (who had died two years previously). "No", Wells replied. "I would prefer to dedicate this to Eric Liddell".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, when the first inductees were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Scottish Sports Hall of Fame">Scottish Sports Hall of Fame</a>, Eric Liddell topped the public vote for the most popular sporting hero Scotland had ever produced.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liddell was inducted into the Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame in January 2022, on the centenary of his first international cap.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, just before the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a>, Chinese authorities claimed that Liddell had refused an opportunity to leave the camp, and instead gave his place to a pregnant woman. Apparently, the Japanese and British, with Churchill's approval, had agreed upon a prisoner exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his friends and those who had lived with him in the camp disputed the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weifang_Memorial">Weifang Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weifang Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque,_Edinburgh_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg/160px-Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg/240px-Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg/320px-Eric_Liddel_Memorial_Plaque%2C_Edinburgh_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Liddell was buried in the garden behind the Japanese officers' quarters, his grave marked by a small wooden cross. The site was forgotten until it was rediscovered in 1989, in the grounds of what is now Weifang Middle School<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a>, north-east China, 480 km (298 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Its rediscovery was largely the result of the determination of Charles Walker, a civil engineer working in Hong Kong, who felt that one of Scotland's great heroes was in danger of being forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker began looking for the unmarked grave in 1987, and eventually located it from a map drawn by another inmate in 1945, and the accounts of other witnesses who confirmed the location.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 the University of Edinburgh erected a memorial headstone, made from <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Mull" title="Isle of Mull">Isle of Mull</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and carved by a mason in Tobermory, at the former camp site in Weifang. The simple inscription came from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> 40:31: <i>"They shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run and not be weary."</i> The city of Weifang commemorated Liddell during the 60th anniversary of the internment camp's liberation by laying a wreath on his grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_honours">Other honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eric Liddell Centre was set up in Edinburgh in 1980 to honour Liddell's beliefs in community service whilst he lived and studied in Edinburgh. Local residents dedicated it to inspiring, empowering, and supporting people of all ages, cultures, and abilities, as an expression of compassionate Christian values.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eltham College's sports centre was named "Eric Liddell Sports Centre" in his memory.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the University of Edinburgh launched a high-performance sports scholarship named after Liddell.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced during a visit by Patricia Russell, Liddell's oldest daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 the Eric Liddell Gym, a fitness centre at the University of Edinburgh, was opened<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2024 the University awarded Liddell a posthumous honorary doctorate to mark the 100th anniversary of his success at the Paris Olympics. The award ceremony took place in the same hall from which Liddell graduated in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024 a footpath on <a href="/wiki/Bruntsfield_Links" title="Bruntsfield Links">Bruntsfield Links</a> was renamed the Eric Liddell Way in honour of the athlete.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_on_film,_TV_and_stage"><span id="Portrayals_on_film.2C_TV_and_stage"></span>Portrayals on film, TV and stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portrayals on film, TV and stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Oscar-winning 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i> revolves around Liddell and fellow sprinter <a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a>. In it, Liddell is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Charleson" title="Ian Charleson">Ian Charleson</a>.</li> <li>In the 2007 film series <i>The Torchlighters: Heroes of the Faith</i>, Eric Liddell is portrayed in the film <i>The Eric Liddell story</i>, depicting his life and work as a Christian missionary.</li> <li>In 2012, the play <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_(play)" title="Chariots of Fire (play)">Chariots of Fire</a></i>, based on the 1981 film, starred <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lowden" title="Jack Lowden">Jack Lowden</a> as Liddell.</li> <li>A 2016 film, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Wings_of_Eagles_(film)" title="On Wings of Eagles (film)">On Wings of Eagles</a></i> (Chinese name 终极胜利, original English name <i>The Last Race</i>), produced by Beijing Forbidden City Studio, directed by Hong Kong director Stephen Shin, stars <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fiennes" title="Joseph Fiennes">Joseph Fiennes</a> as Liddell, and portrays his return to China and the rest of his life after the 1924 Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chariots_of_Fire"><i>Chariots of Fire</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Chariots of Fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1981 film <i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i> chronicles and contrasts the lives and viewpoints of Liddell and Harold Abrahams. One inaccuracy surrounds Liddell's refusal to race in the 100-metre event at the 1924 Paris Summer Olympics. The film portrays Liddell as finding out that one of the heats was to be held on a Sunday as he boards the boat that will take the British Olympic team across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to Paris. In reality, the schedule and Liddell's decision were both known several months in advance, though his refusal to participate remains significant. Liddell had also been selected to run as a member of the 4×100-metre and 4×400-metre relay teams at the Olympics, but he also declined these spots as the finals were to be run on a Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One scene in the film depicts Liddell falling early in a 440-yard race in a Scotland–France dual meet and making up a 20-yard deficit to win; the actual race was during a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England and Ireland at <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> in England in July 1923. Liddell was knocked to the ground several strides into the race. He hesitated, got up and pursued his opponents, 20 yards ahead. He caught the leaders shortly before the finish line and collapsed after crossing the tape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This scene was filmed at Goldenacre stadium in Edinburgh, the playing fields of George Heriot's School in Edinburgh. </p><p>Producer <a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> viewed footage from a 1924 film of Liddell and Abrahams while researching the film with scriptwriter Colin Welland,<sup id="cite_ref-artlyst_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artlyst-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bfi-youtube_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-youtube-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Liddell's unorthodox running style as portrayed in the film, with his head back and his mouth wide open, is also said to be accurate. At an athletics championship in Glasgow, a visitor watching the 440-yard final, in which Liddell was a long way behind the leaders at the start of the last lap (of a 220-yard track), remarked to a Glasgow native that Liddell would be hard put to win the race. The Glaswegian merely replied, "His head's no' back yet." Liddell then threw his head back and, with mouth wide open, caught and passed his opponents to win the race.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1945 report of his death <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> wrote, "He is remembered among lovers of athletics as probably the ugliest runner who ever won an Olympic championship. When he appeared in the heats of the 400m at Paris in 1924, his huge sprawling stride, his head thrown back and his arms clawing the air, moved the Americans and other sophisticated experts to ribald laughter." Rival <a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a> said in response to criticism of Liddell's style: "People may shout their heads off about his appalling style. Well, let them. He gets there."<sup id="cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China_1807%E2%80%931953" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant missions in China 1807–1953">Protestant missions in China 1807–1953</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John W Keddie, "Running the Race - Eric Liddell, Olympic Champion and Missionary" book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKevitt2024" class="citation web cs1">McKevitt, Greg (8 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240705-olympics-hero-eric-liddell-and-the-real-story-behind-chariots-of-fire">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's complete surrender' – Olympics hero Eric Liddell and the true story behind Chariots of Fire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+complete+surrender%27+%E2%80%93+Olympics+hero+Eric+Liddell+and+the+true+story+behind+Chariots+of+Fire&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft.aulast=McKevitt&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20240705-olympics-hero-eric-liddell-and-the-real-story-behind-chariots-of-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caughey2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caughey2000_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaughey2000" class="citation book cs1">Caughey, Ellen (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ericliddellolymp00caug"><i>Eric Liddell: Olympian and Missionary</i></a></span>. Ulrichsville, OH: Barbour Pub. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ericliddellolymp00caug/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57748-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57748-667-1"><bdi>978-1-57748-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eric+Liddell%3A+Olympian+and+Missionary&rft.place=Ulrichsville%2C+OH&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Barbour+Pub.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57748-667-1&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fericliddellolymp00caug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3ZdAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=N6UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2060,4019637">"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Glasgow+Herald+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D3ZdAAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DN6UMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2060%2C4019637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Des9AAAAIBAJ&sjid=qkgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1884,4200181">"The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search"</a>. <i>news.google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Glasgow+Herald+-+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DDes9AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DqkgMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1884%2C4200181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2022" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, David (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby-union/eric-liddell-enters-scottish-rugby-hall-of-fame-after-other-sporting-career-before-chariots-of-fire-recognised-3512889">"Eric Liddell enters Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame after 'other' sporting career before Chariots of Fire recognised"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell+enters+Scottish+Rugby+Hall+of+Fame+after+%27other%27+sporting+career+before+Chariots+of+Fire+recognised&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2Feric-liddell-enters-scottish-rugby-hall-of-fame-after-other-sporting-career-before-chariots-of-fire-recognised-3512889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69059792">British 100 yards record equalled</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Tasmania)" title="The Advocate (Tasmania)">The Advocate</a></i> 6 August 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/69245">"Eric Liddell"</a>. <i>Olympedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympedia&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fathletes%2F69245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovesey1979" class="citation book cs1">Lovesey, Peter (1979). <i>The Official Centenary History of the Amateur Athletic Association</i>. Enfield, Great Britain: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900424-95-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-900424-95-8"><bdi>0-900424-95-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Centenary+History+of+the+Amateur+Athletic+Association&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Great+Britain&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives+Ltd&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-900424-95-8&rft.aulast=Lovesey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/scotland/18534524">"Golden Scots: Eric Liddell, running to immortality"</a>. BBC web-site. 20 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Scots%3A+Eric+Liddell%2C+running+to+immortality&rft.pub=BBC+web-site&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2F0%2Fscotland%2F18534524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Duncan (2016). <i>For the glory</i>. Doubleday. pp. 91, 339.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+glory&rft.pages=91%2C+339&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianolysrs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianolysrs_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Burnton2012" class="citation web cs1">Simon Burnton (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jan/04/50-stunning-olympic-moments-eric-liddell">"50 stunning Olympic moments No8: Eric Liddell's 400 metres win, 1924"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=50+stunning+Olympic+moments+No8%3A+Eric+Liddell%27s+400+metres+win%2C+1924&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.au=Simon+Burnton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2012%2Fjan%2F04%2F50-stunning-olympic-moments-eric-liddell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505163114/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924part1.pdf">"The Official Report of the Games of the 8th Olympiade"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris, FR. 1924. p. 107. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1924/1924part1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Report+of+the+Games+of+the+8th+Olympiade&rft.place=Paris%2C+FR&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2F6oic%2FOfficialReports%2F1924%2F1924part1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatman2006" class="citation book cs1">Watman, Mel (2006). <i>All-Time Greats of British Athletics</i>. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: SportsBooks Ltd. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-Time+Greats+of+British+Athletics&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=SportsBooks+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Watman&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell had finished some five yards ahead of Abrahams in a 220-yard semi-final at the 1923 AAA Championships. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatman2006" class="citation book cs1">Watman, Mel (2006). <i>All-Time Greats of British Athletics</i>. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: SportsBooks Ltd. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-Time+Greats+of+British+Athletics&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=SportsBooks+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Watman&rft.aufirst=Mel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-es-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-es_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía,_José_María" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García, José María. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417084137/https://www.rfea.es/aeea/archivos/progr_recordeuropaAL.pdf">"Progresión de los Récords de Europa al Aire Libre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfea.es/aeea/archivos/progr_recordeuropaAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Progresi%C3%B3n+de+los+R%C3%A9cords+de+Europa+al+Aire+Libre&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfea.es%2Faeea%2Farchivos%2Fprogr_recordeuropaAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks,_Bob2002" class="citation web cs1">Sparks, Bob (31 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218234437/http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~rsparks/eurrec-m.htm">"European Records Progression (Men)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~rsparks/eurrec-m.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Records+Progression+%28Men%29&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft.au=Sparks%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feasyweb.easynet.co.uk%2F~rsparks%2Feurrec-m.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sports-reference-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sports-reference_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417171655/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/eric-liddell-1.html">"Eric Liddell"</a>. <i>sports-reference.com</i>. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/eric-liddell-1.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sports-reference.com&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sports-reference.com%2Folympics%2Fathletes%2Fli%2Feric-liddell-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/olympicsNews/idUSSP27753620080806">Chariots of Fire's Liddell, a Chinese hero?</a> – By Nick Mulvenney (6 August 2008) Reuters</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaozhang was spelled as <i>Siaochang</i> in most Western documents according to <a href="/wiki/Wade-Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian040112-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian040112_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnton2012" class="citation news cs1">Burnton, Simon (4 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/jan/04/50-stunning-olympic-moments-eric-liddell?newsfeed=true">"50 stunning Olympic moments: No8 Eric Liddell's 400 metres win, 1924"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=50+stunning+Olympic+moments%3A+No8+Eric+Liddell%27s+400+metres+win%2C+1924&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft.aulast=Burnton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2012%2Fjan%2F04%2F50-stunning-olympic-moments-eric-liddell%3Fnewsfeed%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2016" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Duncan (2016). <i>For the Glory: The Untold and Inspiring Story of Eric Liddell, Hero of Chariots of Fire</i>. Penguin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Glory%3A+The+Untold+and+Inspiring+Story+of+Eric+Liddell%2C+Hero+of+Chariots+of+Fire&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCasland" class="citation book cs1">McCasland, David. <i>Pure Gold</i>. Discover House. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Gold&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Discover+House&rft.aulast=McCasland&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaihao" class="citation web cs1">Kaihao, Wang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2012-08/12/content_15666495.htm">"Olympians are Forever"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympians+are+Forever&rft.aulast=Kaihao&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fculture%2F2012-08%2F12%2Fcontent_15666495.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1981" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Sally (1981). <i>The Flying Scotsman, A Biography</i>. New York, NY, USA: Quartet Books. pp. 123–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Scotsman%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=123-32&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson(?), p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1981" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Sally (1981). <i>The Flying Scotsman, A Biography</i>. New York, NY, USA: Quartet Books. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Scotsman%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shantung_Compound-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shantung_Compound_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shantung_Compound_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilkey1966" class="citation book cs1">Gilkey, Langdon (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shantungcompound00gilk_0/page/192"><i>Shantung Compound</i></a> (14th ed.). San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shantungcompound00gilk_0/page/192">192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063112-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063112-0"><bdi>0-06-063112-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shantung+Compound&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-06-063112-0&rft.aulast=Gilkey&rft.aufirst=Langdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshantungcompound00gilk_0%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1981" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Sally (1981). <i>The Flying Scotsman, A Biography</i>. New York, NY: Quartet Books Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Scotsman%2C+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Quartet+Books+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span> p. 160-170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1803154/"><i>Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction</i></a> (Motion Picture). 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Liddell%3A+Champion+of+Conviction&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1803154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1830-lid">"Eric Liddell Memorial Fund"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_Hub" title="Archives Hub">Archives Hub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Hub&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell+Memorial+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb1830-lid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826042917/http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php">"Relative Values"</a>. <i>Measuring Worth</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/relativevalue.php">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Measuring+Worth&rft.atitle=Relative+Values&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fukcompare%2Frelativevalue.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Magnusson" title="Sally Magnusson">Magnusson, Sally</a> (1981). <i>The Flying Scotsman: The Eric Liddell Story</i> (2009 ed.). Stroud: Tempus Publishing / <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4352-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-4352-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Scotsman%3A+The+Eric+Liddell+Story&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing+%2F+The+History+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4352-2&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/top-football-stories/thrilled-to-follow-in-liddell-s-footsteps-1-462308">"Thrilled to follow in Liddell's footsteps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scotsman" title="The Scotsman">The Scotsman</a></i>. 3 September 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Thrilled+to+follow+in+Liddell%27s+footsteps&rft.date=2000-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Ftop-football-stories%2Fthrilled-to-follow-in-liddell-s-footsteps-1-462308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012033931/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/eric-liddell-scotland-s-most-popular-sporting-hero-1-1379828">"Eric Liddell – Scotland's most popular sporting hero"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. 1 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/sport/eric-liddell-scotland-s-most-popular-sporting-hero-1-1379828">the original</a> on 12 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell+%E2%80%93+Scotland%27s+most+popular+sporting+hero&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fsport%2Feric-liddell-scotland-s-most-popular-sporting-hero-1-1379828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000238/http://www.scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17&itemType=news&itemId=29">"Scottish Athletes Prominent in Hall of Fame"</a>. Scottish Athletics. 2 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottishathletics.org.uk/index.php?p=17&itemType=news&itemId=29">the original</a> on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Athletes+Prominent+in+Hall+of+Fame&rft.series=Scottish+Athletics&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishathletics.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fp%3D17%26itemType%3Dnews%26itemId%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/59852809">"Eric Liddell: Olympic champion inducted into Scottish Rugby Hall of Fame"</a>. BBC. 2 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Liddell%3A+Olympic+champion+inducted+into+Scottish+Rugby+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2F59852809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton 2016 p.321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/default_content/12606295.charles-walker-civil-engineer-eric-liddell-devotee/">"Charles Walker: Civil engineer and Eric Liddell devotee (obituary)"</a>. <i>heraldscotland.com</i>. 23 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heraldscotland.com&rft.atitle=Charles+Walker%3A+Civil+engineer+and+Eric+Liddell+devotee+%28obituary%29&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fdefault_content%2F12606295.charles-walker-civil-engineer-eric-liddell-devotee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong_Sau-Ying1990" class="citation web cs1">Wong Sau-Ying (15 December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/143c9e67af4c3953314a3976d9a981ca">"From Olympic Track To China, Eric Liddell's Spirit Lives On"</a>. <i>apnews.com</i>. The Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=From+Olympic+Track+To+China%2C+Eric+Liddell%27s+Spirit+Lives+On&rft.date=1990-12-15&rft.au=Wong+Sau-Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F143c9e67af4c3953314a3976d9a981ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericliddell.org/">"The Eric Liddell Centre"</a>. <i>The Eric Liddell Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Eric+Liddell+Centre&rft.atitle=The+Eric+Liddell+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericliddell.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eltham-college.org.uk/for-the-community/the-eric-liddell-sports-centre/">"Eric Liddell Sports Centre"</a>. <i>Eltham College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eltham+College&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell+Sports+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltham-college.org.uk%2Ffor-the-community%2Fthe-eric-liddell-sports-centre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/liddellscholars-190612">"Eric Liddell Sports Scholarships launched"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Liddell+Sports+Scholarships+launched&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fall-news%2Fliddellscholars-190612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2012" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Gina (19 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotsman.com/news/my-daddy-the-flying-scotsman-1-2362795">"My daddy, the Flying Scotsman"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=My+daddy%2C+the+Flying+Scotsman&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Fmy-daddy-the-flying-scotsman-1-2362795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/23860355.scots-olympic-hero-eric-liddell-honoured-edinburgh/">"Eric Liddell commemorated as university gym is named after Scots Olympic legend"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Glasgow. 17 October 2023. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Eric+Liddell+commemorated+as+university+gym+is+named+after+Scots+Olympic+legend&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F23860355.scots-olympic-hero-eric-liddell-honoured-edinburgh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2024" class="citation web cs1">Stephen, Phyllis (15 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2024/07/posthumous-honorary-degree-awarded-to-eric-liddell/">"Posthumous honorary degree awarded to Eric Liddell"</a>. <i>The Edinburgh Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Reporter&rft.atitle=Posthumous+honorary+degree+awarded+to+Eric+Liddell&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheedinburghreporter.co.uk%2F2024%2F07%2Fposthumous-honorary-degree-awarded-to-eric-liddell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2024" class="citation web cs1">Stephen, Phyllis (29 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2024/04/official-opening-of-the-eric-liddell-way/">"Official opening of The Eric Liddell Way"</a>. <i>The Edinburgh Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Reporter&rft.atitle=Official+opening+of+The+Eric+Liddell+Way&rft.date=2024-04-29&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheedinburghreporter.co.uk%2F2024%2F04%2Fofficial-opening-of-the-eric-liddell-way%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4714896">"On Wings of Eagles (2017)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=On+Wings+of+Eagles+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt4714896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Flying Scotsman: The Eric Liddell Story</i> (1981) p. 42, Sally Magnusson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/editions/8/sports/ATH">Olympedia - Athletics Timetable 1924</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artlyst-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artlyst_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021939/http://www.artlyst.com/articles/chariots-of-fire-1924-film-footage-discovered-at-bfi">"CHARIOTS OF FIRE 1924 Film Footage Discovered At BFI"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artlyst.com/articles/chariots-of-fire-1924-film-footage-discovered-at-bfi">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHARIOTS+OF+FIRE+1924+Film+Footage+Discovered+At+BFI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artlyst.com%2Farticles%2Fchariots-of-fire-1924-film-footage-discovered-at-bfi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfi-youtube-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bfi-youtube_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEJujgTaaDA">"Running with Harold Abrahams (1924)"</a>. British Film Foundation. 29 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/MEJujgTaaDA">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Running+with+Harold+Abrahams+%281924%29&rft.pub=British+Film+Foundation&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMEJujgTaaDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_sources">Further sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Eric Liddell Centre's website has a comprehensive range of information, photographs, videos and stories on Eric Liddell donated and written by his family. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericliddell.org/">Eric Liddell Centre</a></li> <li>Papers relating to Liddell's life as a missionary are held at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a>, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/">Special Collections | SOAS Library | SOAS University of London</a></li> <li>Papers relating to The Eric Liddell Memorial Committee and Fund are held at Lloyds Banking Group Archives (Edinburgh),<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/our-group/our-heritage/our-archives">[1]</a> reference Number GB 1830 LID.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb1830-lid">Eric Liddell Memorial Fund - Archives Hub</a></li> <li>D.P. Thomson's papers relating to Eric Liddell are held in the <a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a> Archive by the Church of Scotland's Council on Mission and Discipleship: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/councils_committees_and_departments/councils/mission_and_discipleship_council">Mission and Discipleship Council</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Janet & Geoff Benge. <i>Eric Liddell: Something Greater Than Gold.</i> Youth with a Mission Publishing, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57658-137-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57658-137-3">1-57658-137-3</a></li> <li>Eric Liddell pages on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericliddell.org">Eric Liddell Centre website</a>. Text approved by Eric Liddell's daughters.</li> <li>Ellen Caughey, <i>Eric Liddell: Olympian and Missionary</i> Barbour Books, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57748-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57748-667-6">1-57748-667-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Gilkey" title="Langdon Gilkey">Langdon Gilkey</a>. <i>Shantung Compound</i> Harper & Row, 1966, pp. 192–193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063113-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063113-9">0-06-063113-9</a></li> <li>Marjorie I.H. Jackson, <i>God's Prisoner of War</i> Calvary Church, Lancaster, PA, 2006. (eyewitness account of a Weihsien Camp survivor)</li> <li>John Keddie (& Sebastian Coe), <i>Running the Race</i> Evangelical Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85234-665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85234-665-5">978-0-85234-665-5</a></li> <li>Eric Liddell, <i>The disciplines of the Christian life</i>, Abingdon Press, 1985.</li> <li>Eric Liddell, <i>The Sermon on the Mount: notes for Sunday School teachers</i>.</li> <li>David McCasland, <i>Eric Liddell: Pure Gold: A New Biography of the Olympic Champion Who Inspired Chariots of Fire.</i> Discovery House Publishers, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57293-130-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57293-130-2">1-57293-130-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Magnusson" title="Sally Magnusson">Sally Magnusson</a>. <i>The Flying Scotsman</i> Quartet Books, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-3379-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-3379-1">0-7043-3379-1</a></li> <li>Russell Ramsey, <i>God's Joyful Runner</i> Bridge-Logos Publishers, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88270-624-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88270-624-1">0-88270-624-1</a></li> <li>Catherine Swift, <i>Eric Liddell</i> Bethany House Publishers, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55661-150-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55661-150-1">1-55661-150-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a>, <i>Eric Liddell: The Making of an Athlete and the Training of a Missionary</i> Glasgow: The Eric Liddell Memorial Committee 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a>, <i>Scotland's Greatest Athlete: The Eric Liddell Story</i> Crieff: The Research Unit 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900867043" title="Special:BookSources/0900867043">0900867043</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.P._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.P. Thomson">D.P. Thomson</a>, <i>Eric H. Liddell: Athlete and Missionary</i> Crieff: The Research Unit 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0900867078" title="Special:BookSources/0900867078">0900867078</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173634/http://www.wecf-cong.org/articles/ericliddell.pdf">"Eric Liddell and his father, James Liddell: Hollywood Hid a Congregationalist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wecf-cong.org/articles/ericliddell.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Liddell+and+his+father%2C+James+Liddell%3A+Hollywood+Hid+a+Congregationalist&rft.pub=World+Evangelical+Congregational+Fellowship&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wecf-cong.org%2Farticles%2Fericliddell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Liddell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Julian Wilson, <i>Complete Surrender</i> Monarch Publications, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85424-348-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85424-348-9">1-85424-348-9</a></li> <li>Ronald Clements, <i>In Japan the Crickets Cry</i> Monarch Publications, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85424-970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85424-970-8">978-1-85424-970-8</a> (eyewitness account of Weihsien Camp survivor, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Metcalf" title="Stephen A. Metcalf">Stephen A. Metcalf</a>)</li> <li>Duncan Hamilton, <i>For the Glory</i> Doubleday, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85752-259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85752-259-7">978-0-85752-259-7</a></li> <li>Eric Eichinger, "The Final Race" Tyndale House, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-49641-994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-49641-994-1">978-1-49641-994-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Chariots of Fire</i> (1981 feature film)</li> <li><i>The Story of Eric Liddell</i> (2004 documentary)</li> <li><i>Eric Liddell: Champion of Conviction</i> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><i>Torchlighters: The Eric Liddell Story</i> (2007 animation)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4714896/">On Wings of Eagles</a></i> (2016 feature film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericliddell.org/">Eric Liddell</a> The Eric Liddell Centre, Edinburgh</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228181435/http://www.ericliddellsportscentre.co.uk/eric-liddell/">Biography</a> The Eric Liddell Sports Centre, Eltham College</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.RichDrama.com/BeyondTheChariots">Beyond the Chariots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_Swingle" title="Rich Swingle">Rich Swingle</a>'s one-man play about Eric Liddell's life in China</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sshf.sportscotland.org.uk/inductees/eric-liddell/">Eric Liddell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="Scottish Sports Hall of Fame">Scottish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espnscrum.com/timeline/rugby/player/2852.html">Eric Liddell</a> at ESPNscrum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3169266">Commonwealth War Graves database entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8588897">Eric Liddell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/en/athletes/eric-henry-liddell">Eric Liddell</a> at <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">Olympics.com</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#P5815" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/69245">Eric Liddell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympedia">Olympedia</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#P8286" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beauchamp_Day" title="Beauchamp Day">Beauchamp Day</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/European_record_progression_400_metres_men" class="mw-redirect" title="European record progression 400 metres men">European Record Holder Men's 400m</a> </b><br />12 July 1924 – 6 August 1936 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Brown_(athlete)" title="Godfrey Brown (athlete)">Godfrey Brown</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chariots_of_Fire" title="Template:Chariots of Fire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chariots_of_Fire" title="Template talk:Chariots of Fire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chariots_of_Fire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chariots of Fire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chariots_of_Fire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Montague" title="Evelyn Montague">Evelyn Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mussabini" title="Sam Mussabini">Sam Mussabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Gordon" title="Sybil Gordon">Sybil Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="Earl of Birkenhead">Earl of Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Cadogan,_6th_Earl_Cadogan" title="Gerald Cadogan, 6th Earl Cadogan">Gerald Cadogan, 6th Earl Cadogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland-Leveson-Gower,_5th_Duke_of_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland">George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._B._Stallard" title="H. B. Stallard">H. B. Stallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Scholz" title="Jackson Scholz">Jackson Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Paddock" title="Charley Paddock">Charley Paddock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_(album)" title="Chariots of Fire (album)">Chariots of Fire (album)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_(instrumental)" title="Chariots of Fire (instrumental)">Main Title</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_(play)" title="Chariots of Fire (play)">Chariots of Fire (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_(race)" title="Chariots of Fire (race)">Chariots of Fire (race)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_champions_in_men&#039;s_400_metres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_400_m_Men" title="Template:Footer Olympic Champions 400 m Men"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Footer_Olympic_Champions_400_m_Men" title="Template talk:Footer Olympic Champions 400 m Men"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_400_m_Men" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Footer Olympic Champions 400 m Men"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_champions_in_men&#039;s_400_metres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/400_metres_at_the_Olympics" title="400 metres at the Olympics">Olympic champions in men's 400 metres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1896</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(athlete)" title="Thomas Burke (athlete)">Thomas Burke</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1900</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maxie_Long" title="Maxie Long">Maxie Long</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1900 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1904</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hillman" title="Harry Hillman">Harry Hillman</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1908</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Halswelle" title="Wyndham Halswelle">Wyndham Halswelle</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 1908 Summer Olympics">GBR</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1912</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reidpath" title="Charles Reidpath">Charles Reidpath</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1920</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/22px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/33px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/44px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bevil_Rudd" title="Bevil Rudd">Bevil Rudd</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="South Africa at the 1920 Summer Olympics">RSA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1924</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Liddell</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 1924 Summer Olympics">GBR</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1928</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Barbuti" title="Ray Barbuti">Ray Barbuti</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1932</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Carr" title="Bill Carr">Bill Carr</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1932 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1936</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archie_Williams" title="Archie Williams">Archie Williams</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1936 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1948</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wint" title="Arthur Wint">Arthur Wint</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Jamaica at the 1948 Summer Olympics">JAM</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1952</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jamaica_%281906%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Rhoden" title="George Rhoden">George Rhoden</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jamaica_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Jamaica at the 1952 Summer Olympics">JAM</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1956</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkins_Sr." title="Charles Jenkins Sr.">Charles Jenkins</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1956 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1960</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Otis_Davis" title="Otis Davis">Otis Davis</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1964</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Larrabee" title="Mike Larrabee">Mike Larrabee</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1964 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1968</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Evans_(sprinter)" title="Lee Evans (sprinter)">Lee Evans</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1968 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1972</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Matthews_(athlete)" title="Vincent Matthews (athlete)">Vincent Matthews</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1972 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1976</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cuba_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Juantorena" title="Alberto Juantorena">Alberto Juantorena</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics">CUB</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1980</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Markin" title="Viktor Markin">Viktor Markin</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics">URS</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1984</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Babers" title="Alonzo Babers">Alonzo Babers</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1988</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(sprinter)" title="Steve Lewis (sprinter)">Steve Lewis</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1992</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Watts" title="Quincy Watts">Quincy Watts</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1992 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">1996</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)" title="Michael Johnson (sprinter)">Michael Johnson</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1996 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2000</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(sprinter)" title="Michael Johnson (sprinter)">Michael Johnson</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2004</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Wariner" title="Jeremy Wariner">Jeremy Wariner</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2008</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/LaShawn_Merritt" title="LaShawn Merritt">LaShawn Merritt</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2012</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/33px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/44px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirani_James" title="Kirani James">Kirani James</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Grenada_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Grenada at the 2012 Summer Olympics">GRN</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2016</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wayde_van_Niekerk" title="Wayde van Niekerk">Wayde van Niekerk</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="South Africa at the 2016 Summer Olympics">RSA</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2020</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Gardiner" title="Steven Gardiner">Steven Gardiner</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bahamas_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Bahamas at the 2020 Summer Olympics">BAH</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metres" title="Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres">2024</a>: <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Hall" title="Quincy Hall">Quincy Hall</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/United_States_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2024 Summer Olympics">USA</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inter-War_British_Olympic_Champions_in_Men&#039;s_Athletics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_Great_Britain_Men_(inter-war)" title="Template:Footer Olympic Champions Great Britain Men (inter-war)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Footer_Olympic_Champions_Great_Britain_Men_(inter-war)" title="Template talk:Footer Olympic Champions Great Britain Men (inter-war)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footer_Olympic_Champions_Great_Britain_Men_(inter-war)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Footer Olympic Champions Great Britain Men (inter-war)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inter-War_British_Olympic_Champions_in_Men&#039;s_Athletics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_athletics_(men)" title="List of Olympic medalists in athletics (men)">Inter-War British Olympic Champions in Men's Athletics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hill_(athlete)" title="Albert Hill (athlete)">Albert Hill</a> (800 m & 1500 m)</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hodge" title="Percy Hodge">Percy Hodge</a> (3000 m steeplechase)</li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a> (100 m)</li> <li>1924: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Liddell</a> (400 m)</li> <li>1924 & 1928: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lowe_(athlete)" title="Douglas Lowe (athlete)">Douglas Lowe</a> (800 m)</li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Burghley</a> (400 m hurdles)</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hampson" title="Tommy Hampson">Tommy Hampson</a> (800 m)</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Green_(athlete)" title="Tommy Green (athlete)">Tommy Green</a> (50 km walk)</li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Whitlock" title="Harold Whitlock">Harold Whitlock</a> (50 km walk)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1924_Great_Britain_Olympic_Athletics_Team" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Footer_Great_Britain_athletics_team_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Template:Footer Great Britain athletics team at the 1924 Summer Olympics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Footer_Great_Britain_athletics_team_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Template talk:Footer Great Britain athletics team at the 1924 Summer Olympics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footer_Great_Britain_athletics_team_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Footer Great Britain athletics team at the 1924 Summer Olympics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1924_Great_Britain_Olympic_Athletics_Team" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics#Athletics" title="Great Britain at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Great Britain Olympic Athletics Team</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men's track & road athletes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Abrahams" title="Harold Abrahams">Harold Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._B._Stallard" title="H. B. Stallard">H. B. Stallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Benham_(athlete)" title="John Benham (athlete)">John Benham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Blackett" title="Frederick Blackett">Frederick Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halland_Britton" title="Halland Britton">Halland Britton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter">David Burghley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Butler_(athlete)" title="Guy Butler (athlete)">Guy Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Clark_(athlete)" title="Arthur Clark (athlete)">Arthur Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Clark_(athlete)" title="Ernest Clark (athlete)">Ernest Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clibbon" title="Charles Clibbon">Charles Clibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cummings_(athlete)" title="David Cummings (athlete)">David Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ellis_(athlete)" title="Cyril Ellis (athlete)">Cyril Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Farrimond" title="Arthur Farrimond">Arthur Farrimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ferris" title="Sam Ferris">Sam Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaby" title="Fred Gaby">Fred Gaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Goodwin_(athlete)" title="Gordon Goodwin (athlete)">Gordon Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Harper" title="Ernie Harper">Ernie Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison_(British_Army_officer)" title="Eric Harrison (British Army officer)">Eric Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houghton_(athlete)" title="Harry Houghton (athlete)">Harry Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(athlete)" title="Charles Johnston (athlete)">Charles Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Johnston" title="Herbert Johnston">Herbert Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Letherland" title="Ernest Letherland">Ernest Letherland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lowe_(athlete)" title="Douglas Lowe (athlete)">Douglas Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthewman" title="Thomas Matthewman">Thomas Matthewman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Macdonald" title="Bertram Macdonald">Bertram Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_McKenna_(runner)" title="Jack McKenna (runner)">Jack McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Mills_(athlete)" title="Bobby Mills (athlete)">Albert Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Montague" title="Evelyn Montague">Evelyn Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mountain" title="Edgar Mountain">Edgar Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Newey" title="Sidney Newey">Sidney Newey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Nichol" title="Wilfred Nichol">Wilfred Nichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Partridge" title="Leopold Partridge">Leopold Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Porter_(runner)" title="Walter Porter (runner)">Walter Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rangeley" title="Walter Rangeley">Walter Rangeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Renwick_(athlete)" title="George Renwick (athlete)">George Renwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ripley" title="Richard Ripley">Richard Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Royle" title="Lancelot Royle">Lancelot Royle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Saunders_(athlete)" title="Frank Saunders (athlete)">Frank Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Seagrove" title="William Seagrove">William Seagrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewell_(athlete)" title="Arthur Sewell (athlete)">Arthur Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Spencer" title="Sonny Spencer">Sonny Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Starr" title="Ralph Starr">Ralph Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Tatham" title="Wilfrid Tatham">Wilfrid Tatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Toms" title="Edward Toms">Edward Toms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Watts" title="Gordon Watts">Gordon Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Webber_(athlete)" title="George Webber (athlete)">George Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Webster" title="Eddie Webster">Eddie Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williams_(athlete)" title="Joseph Williams (athlete)">Joseph Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunky_Wright" title="Dunky Wright">Dunky Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athletics_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/75px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/100px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men's field athletes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Beckwith_(athlete)" title="Charles Beckwith (athlete)">Charles Beckwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(pole_vaulter)" title="James Campbell (pole vaulter)">James Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_Dalrymple" title="Jock Dalrymple">Jock Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dauban_de_Silhouette" title="Henri Dauban de Silhouette">Henri Dauban de Silhouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dickinson_(athlete)" title="Robert Dickinson (athlete)">Robert Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Higginson_(athlete)" title="Jack Higginson (athlete)">Jack Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Kerr" title="Crawford Kerr">Crawford Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Langley_(athlete)" title="Harold Langley (athlete)">Harold Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_MacKintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris MacKintosh">Chris MacKintosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Nokes" title="Malcolm Nokes">Malcolm Nokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Odde" title="John Odde">John Odde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Slack" title="Donald Slack">Donald Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Spark" title="Percy Spark">Percy Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Willis_(athlete)" title="Arthur Willis (athlete)">Arthur Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Woods_(athlete)" title="Rex Woods (athlete)">Rex Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_China" title="Template:Protestant missions to China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_China" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant_missions_to_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestant missions to China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Sichuan" title="Protestantism in Sichuan">Protestantism in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Chinese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Nestorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_missions_in_China" title="Protestant missions in China">Protestant missions in China 1807–1953</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Howard_Adeney" title="David Howard Adeney">David Howard Adeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Aldersey" title="Mary Ann Aldersey">Mary Ann Aldersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Allen" title="Roland Allen">Roland Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Arnold" title="Thomas J. Arnold">Thomas J. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Aylward" title="Gladys Aylward">Gladys Aylward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beech" title="Joseph Beech">Joseph Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_(missionary)" title="John Birch (missionary)">John Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_Boone_(father)" title="William Jones Boone (father)">William Jones Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burdon_(bishop)" title="John Burdon (bishop)">John Burdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane_(doctor)" title="Thomas Cochrane (doctor)">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Corbett" title="Hunter Corbett">Hunter Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Goforth" title="Jonathan Goforth">Jonathan Goforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Graves" title="Frederick Graves">Frederick Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Karl Gützlaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hanson" title="Francis Hanson">Francis Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Askew_Haygood" title="Laura Askew Haygood">Laura Askew Haygood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_G._K._Hewat" title="Elizabeth G. K. Hewat">Elizabeth G. K. Hewat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_V._Hughes" title="Jennie V. Hughes">Jennie V. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Jaffray" title="Robert A. Jaffray">Robert A. Jaffray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Jeremiassen" title="Carl C. Jeremiassen">Carl C. Jeremiassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffith_John" title="Griffith John">Griffith John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Judd_(politician)" title="Walter Judd (politician)"> Walter Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuel_Maclay" title="Robert Samuel Maclay">Robert Samuel Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lottie_Moon" title="Lottie Moon">Lottie Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_(missionary)" title="Robert Morrison (missionary)">Robert Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Moule" title="George Moule">George Moule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Nye" title="Gideon Nye">Gideon Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paton_(missionary)" title="David Paton (missionary)">David Paton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludvig_Reichelt" title="Karl Ludvig Reichelt">Karl Ludvig Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Richard" title="Timothy Richard">Timothy Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar_Jacox_Roberts" title="Issachar Jacox Roberts">Issachar Jacox Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_(bishop)" title="Charles Scott (bishop)">Charles Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Seven" title="Cambridge Seven">Cambridge Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(Bishop_of_Victoria)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)">George Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_John_Stanton" title="Vincent John Stanton">Vincent John Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_John_and_Betty_Stam" title="Murders of John and Betty Stam">John and Betty Stam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leighton_Stuart" title="John Leighton Stuart">John Leighton Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Gardner_Tewksbury" title="Elwood Gardner Tewksbury">Elwood Gardner Tewksbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Torrance" title="Thomas Torrance">Thomas Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_White_(Bishop_of_Honan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William White (Bishop of Honan)">William C. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_China" title="List of Protestant missionaries in China">(more missionaries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Methodist_Episcopal_Mission" title="American Methodist Episcopal Mission">American Methodist Episcopal Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Methodist_Mission" title="Canadian Methodist Mission">Canadian Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMF_International" title="OMF International">China Inland Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Council_of_China" title="National Christian Council of China">National Christian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_World_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian World Mission">US Presbyterian Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Episcopal_Church_Mission" title="Protestant Episcopal Church Mission">Protestant Episcopal Church Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionary_societies_in_China_(1807%E2%80%931953)" title="List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807–1953)">List of Protestant missionary societies in China (1807–1953)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and<br />universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Board_for_Christian_Higher_Education_in_Asia" title="United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia">United Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hujiang_University" title="Hujiang University">University of Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeloo_University" title="Cheeloo University">Cheeloo University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginling_College" title="Ginling College">Ginling College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nanking_(defunct_in_1952)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nanking (defunct in 1952)">University of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soochow_University_(1900%E2%80%931952)" title="Soochow University (1900–1952)">Soochow University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenching_University" title="Yenching University">Yenching University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University,_Shanghai" title="St. John's University, Shanghai">St. John's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangchow_University" title="Hangchow University">Hangchow University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukien_Christian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukien Christian University">Fukien Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Guangzhou)" title="Lingnan University (Guangzhou)">Lingnan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_High_School" title="Yali High School">College of Yale-in-China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huachung_University" title="Huachung University">Huachung University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Union_University" title="West China Union University">West China Union University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Union_Medical_College" title="Peking Union Medical College">Peking Union Medical College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hwa_Nan_College" title="Hwa Nan College">Hwa Nan College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterian_Mission" title="English Presbyterian Mission">English Presbyterian Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Hua_Sheng_Kung_Hui" title="Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui">Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Shansi_Memorial_Association" title="Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association">Oberlin Shansi Memorial Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Chinese" title="Bible translations into Chinese">Bible translations into Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_missions_in_China" title="Medical missions in China">Medical missions in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_revival" title="Manchurian revival">Manchurian revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_colleges_in_China" title="List of Christian colleges in China">Chinese Christian colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_hymn_books" title="List of Chinese hymn books">Chinese hymnody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Minnan Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Roman Type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Anti-footbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">Anti-opium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pivotal<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">Unequal treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_riot" title="Yangzhou riot">Yangzhou riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheng_massacre" title="Kucheng massacre">Kucheng Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_Repository" title="The Chinese Repository">The Chinese Repository</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Recorder_and_Missionary_Journal" title="Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal">Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Occupation_of_China" title="The Christian Occupation of China">The Christian Occupation of China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_West_China_Border_Research_Society" title="Journal of the West China Border Research Society">Journal of the West China Border Research Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_West_China_Missionary_News" title="The West China Missionary News">The West China Missionary News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317422#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063169963">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/10640824">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/95645/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhTbGRwwFWVMBkgHdbBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118728164">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82095239">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17070214t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17070214t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073749664">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201113954">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810604325405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352136805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1096963">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/3169266/">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118728164">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/168868407">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gr5qmd">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&oldid=1255621653">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Liddell&oldid=1255621653</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1902_births" title="Category:1902 births">1902 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_deaths" title="Category:1945 deaths">1945 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_evangelicals" title="Category:Scottish evangelicals">Scottish evangelicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_male_sprinters" title="Category:Scottish male sprinters">Scottish male sprinters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_male_sprinters" title="Category:British male sprinters">British male sprinters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_rugby_union_players" title="Category:Scottish rugby union players">Scottish rugby union players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scotland_international_rugby_union_players" title="Category:Scotland international rugby union players">Scotland international rugby union players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Olympic_medallists" title="Category:Scottish Olympic medallists">Scottish Olympic medallists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_athletes_for_Great_Britain" title="Category:Olympic athletes for Great Britain">Olympic athletes for Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medallists_for_Great_Britain" title="Category:Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain">Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medallists_for_Great_Britain" title="Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain">Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Athletes_(track_and_field)_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edinburgh_University_RFC_players" title="Category:Edinburgh University RFC players">Edinburgh University RFC players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_expatriates_in_China" title="Category:Scottish expatriates in China">Scottish expatriates in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congregationalist_missionaries_in_China" title="Category:Congregationalist missionaries in China">Congregationalist missionaries in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scottish_Congregationalist_missionaries" title="Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries">Scottish Congregationalist missionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internees_at_the_Weixian_Internment_Camp" title="Category:Internees at the Weixian Internment Camp">Internees at the Weixian Internment Camp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_China" title="Category:Deaths from cancer in China">Deaths from cancer in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_brain_tumor" title="Category:Deaths from brain tumor">Deaths from brain tumor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Eltham_College" title="Category:People educated at Eltham College">People educated at Eltham College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh">Alumni of the University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Category:Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_gold_medalists_in_athletics_(track_and_field)" title="Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)">Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medalists_in_athletics_(track_and_field)" title="Category:Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)">Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Tianjin" title="Category:People from Tianjin">People from Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_saints" title="Category:Anglican saints">Anglican saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edinburgh_District_(rugby_union)_players" title="Category:Edinburgh District (rugby union) players">Edinburgh District (rugby union) players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_people_who_died_in_Japanese_internment_camps" title="Category:British people who died in Japanese internment camps">British people who died in Japanese internment camps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_three-quarters" title="Category:Rugby union three-quarters">Rugby union three-quarters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Scottish_sportsmen" title="Category:20th-century Scottish sportsmen">20th-century 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