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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Front_row" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Front_row"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Front row </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Front_row-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_row" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_row"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Second row </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_row-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_row" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_row"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Back row </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_row-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Backs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Half-backs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-backs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Half-backs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half-backs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Three-quarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Full-back </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_gameplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_gameplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Laws and gameplay </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws_and_gameplay-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Laws and gameplay subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_gameplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Scoring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playing_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Playing field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Playing_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playing_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Playing area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playing_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_of_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_of_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.1 Field of play </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_of_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_lines_and_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_lines_and_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1.2 Other lines and markings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_lines_and_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-goal_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-goal_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 In-goal areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-goal_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perimeter_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perimeter_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Perimeter area </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perimeter_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag_posts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_posts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3.1 Flag posts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_posts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goalposts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goalposts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Goalposts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goalposts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Match_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Match_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Match structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Match_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passing_and_kicking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passing_and_kicking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Passing and kicking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passing_and_kicking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Breakdowns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakdowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Set_pieces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Set_pieces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Set pieces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Set_pieces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Lineout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Scrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials_and_offences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials_and_offences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Officials and offences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials_and_offences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacements_and_substitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacements_and_substitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Replacements and substitutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacements_and_substitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governing bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_reach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_reach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Global reach </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_reach-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global reach subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_reach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_and_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_and_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 North America and Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_and_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Women's rugby union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_international_competitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_international_competitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Major international competitions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_international_competitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major international competitions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_international_competitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rugby_World_Cup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_World_Cup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Rugby World Cup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_World_Cup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Regional tournaments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_within_multi-sport_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_within_multi-sport_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Rugby within multi-sport events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_within_multi-sport_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_international_rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_international_rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Women's international rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_international_rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Professional rugby union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Influence on other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_and_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_and_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Statistics and records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_and_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rugby union</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rugby" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C5%8Dcburhgesamnunge_plega" title="Hrōcburhgesamnunge plega – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrōcburhgesamnunge plega" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="اتحاد الرغبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتحاد الرغبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="راگبی بیرلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راگبی بیرلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="রাগবি ইউনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাগবি ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-g%C3%BA-bih_li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp" title="La-gú-bih liân-ha̍p – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="La-gú-bih liân-ha̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96-15" title="Рэгбі-15 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэгбі-15" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi_a_15" title="Rugbi a 15 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rugbi a 15" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rygbi%27r_undeb" title="Rygbi'r undeb – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rygbi'r undeb" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union" title="Rugby Union – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rugby Union" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ράγκμπι γιούνιον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράγκμπι γιούνιον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbeo_15" title="Rugbeo 15 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rugbeo 15" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamabosteko_errugbi" title="Hamabosteko errugbi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamabosteko errugbi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B5_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87" title="راگبی ۱۵ نفره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راگبی ۱۵ نفره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_%C3%A0_XV" title="Rugby à XV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rugby à XV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyrugby" title="Unyrugby – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Unyrugby" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aonadh_Rugbaidh" title="Aonadh Rugbaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aonadh Rugbaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AD%EB%B9%84_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B8" title="럭비 유니언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="럭비 유니언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A2%D5%AB_15" title="Ռեգբի 15 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեգբի 15" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="रग्बी यूनियन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रग्बी यूनियन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_rugbi" title="Uni rugbi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uni rugbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_a_15" title="Rugby a 15 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rugby a 15" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhola_yombhoxo" title="Ibhola yombhoxo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ibhola yombhoxo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbhoxo" title="Umbhoxo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbhoxo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_a_15" title="Rugby a 15 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rugby a 15" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Ragb%C3%AE" title="Yekîtiya Ragbî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Ragbî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpastum_XV" title="Harpastum XV – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harpastum XV" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union" title="Rugby Union – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rugby Union" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="रग्बी युनियन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रग्बी युनियन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%89" title="اتحاد الرجبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتحاد الرجبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_ragbi" title="Kesatuan ragbi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan ragbi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A6%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ラグビーユニオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラグビーユニオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi_de_XV" title="Rugbi de XV – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rugbi de XV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਗਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਗਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رگبی یونین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رگبی یونین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regbi" title="Regbi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Regbi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragby_(Rugby_Union)" title="Ragby (Rugby Union) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ragby (Rugby Union)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Рагби јунион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рагби јунион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugbi_union" title="Rugbi union – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rugbi union" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rugby union" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รักบี้ยูเนียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รักบี้ยูเนียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Регби – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Регби" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragbi_birli%C4%9Fi" title="Ragbi birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ragbi birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B1%D1%96-15" title="Регбі-15 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регбі-15" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رگبی یونین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رگبی یونین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_a_15" title="Rugby a 15 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rugby a 15" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3ng_b%E1%BA%A7u_d%E1%BB%A5c_li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p" title="Bóng bầu dục liên hiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bóng bầu dục liên hiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%90%83" title="橄榄球 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="橄榄球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%BC%8F%E6%AC%96%E7%90%83" title="聯合式欖球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Team sport, code of rugby football</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Rugby Union</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG/300px-New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG/450px-New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG/600px-New_Zealand_vs_South_Africa_2006_Tri_Nations_Line_Out.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">South African <a href="/wiki/Victor_Matfield" title="Victor Matfield">Victor Matfield</a> takes a line-out against <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand</a> in 2006.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Union<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Rugby</li> <li>Rugger</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Registered players</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8,400,000<a href="#cite_note-6.6m-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Contact</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Full-contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-contact">Full</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Team members</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">15 (with up to 8 substitutes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Separate competitions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sport</a></li> <li>Outdoor</li> <li>Full contact</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Equipment</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_(ball)#Rugby_union" title="Football (ball)">Rugby ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_cap" title="Scrum cap">Scrum cap</a> (optional)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)" title="Cleat (shoe)">Rugby boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">Mouthguard</a></li> <li>Kicking tee (optional) (often used by kickers)</li> <li>Shoulder pads (optional)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby field">Rugby field</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide (most popular in certain European and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Part of the Summer Olympic programme in <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a> included since <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Rugby union football, commonly known simply as rugby union or often just rugby, is a <a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Terminology" title="Contact sport">close-contact</a> <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> that originated at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> in England in the first half of the 19th century. Rugby is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is played between two teams of 15 players each, using an <a href="/wiki/Rugby_ball" title="Rugby ball">oval-shaped ball</a> on a rectangular field called a pitch. The field has H-shaped <a href="/wiki/Goal_(sports)#Structure" title="Goal (sports)">goalposts</a> at both ends. Rugby union is a popular sport around the world, played by people regardless of gender, age or size.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> In 2023, there were more than 10 million people playing worldwide, of whom 8.4 million were registered players. <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a>, previously called the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) and the International Rugby Board (IRB), has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886, and currently has 116 countries as full members and 18 associate members. In 1845, the first laws were written by pupils at Rugby School; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by <a href="/wiki/Blackheath_F.C." title="Blackheath F.C.">Blackheath F.C.</a> to leave <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> in 1863 and, in 1895, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league#The_schism_in_England" title="History of rugby league">split</a> between rugby union and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>. Historically rugby union was an amateur sport, but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed, making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Rugby union spread from the <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, with other early exponents of the sport including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The sport is followed primarily in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, New Zealand, Australia, Pacific Islands - <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and in recent times also, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_-_U.S._Sports_Scholarships-6">[5]</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlWhere_Is_Rugby_the_Most_Popular_Among_Students:_Comparison_of_US_and_UK_Student_Leagues_|_Love_Rugby_League-8">[7]</a> its growth occurring during the expansion of the British Empire and through French proponents (<a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe" title="Rugby Europe">Rugby Europe</a>) in Europe. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> include <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. International matches have taken place since 1871 when the first game was played between Scotland and England at <a href="/wiki/Raeburn_Place" title="Raeburn Place">Raeburn Place</a> in Edinburgh. The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, first held in 1987, is held every four years. The <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> in Europe and <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a> in the Southern Hemisphere are other important international competitions that are held annually. National club and provincial competitions include the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership</a> in England, the <a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">Top 14</a> in France, the <a href="/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(2006%E2%80%93present)" title="National Provincial Championship (2006–present)">Bunnings NPC</a> in New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One" title="Japan Rugby League One">League One</a> in Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Currie_Cup" title="Currie Cup">Currie Cup</a> in South Africa. Other transnational club competitions include the <a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a> of club teams from Ireland, Italy, Scotland, South Africa and Wales, <a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup" title="European Rugby Champions Cup">European Rugby Champions Cup</a> in Europe, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">History of rugby union</a></div>Primitive forms of football included <a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">harpastum</a>, played by the Romans, where two opposing teams competed to throw a large ball into an opposition net, fighting for possession of the ball. Medieval Irishmen played <a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">caid</a>, carrying an inflated bladder and using arched trees as goals. The Welsh played an inter-parish game using a wooden ball called <a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">cnapan</a>. Frenchmen played soule and Georgians played lelo. "Football" as a game was well established by 1803 at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> and by the 1830s, "running in" with the ball in hand was allowed but subject to hacking and "collaring".<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Laws_of_Football_as_played_at_Rugby_School" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Laws of Football as played at Rugby School">Laws of Football as played at Rugby School</a></div></div></div> </div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugby_School_850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wide shot of an old English school with a central tower, with a sports pitch in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/220px-Rugby_School_850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/330px-Rugby_School_850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rugby_School_850.jpg/440px-Rugby_School_850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, with a rugby football pitch in the foreground</figcaption></figure>Former Rugby School student <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pell" title="Albert Pell">Albert Pell</a> is credited with having formed the first "football" team while a student at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall13-11">[10]</a> Major private schools each used different rules during this early period, with former pupils from Rugby and <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> attempting to carry their preferred rules through to their universities.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall13-14-12">[11]</a> A significant event in the early development of rugby football was the production of a written set of rules at Rugby School in 1845,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Rules">Cambridge Rules</a> that were drawn up in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Formed in 1863, the national governing body <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> (FA) began codifying a set of universal football rules. These new rules specifically banned players from running with the ball in hand and also disallowed <a href="/wiki/Hacking_(rugby)" title="Hacking (rugby)">hacking</a> (kicking players in the shins), both of which were legal and common tactics under the Rugby School's rules of the sport. In protest at the imposition of the new rules, the <a href="/wiki/Blackheath_F.C." title="Blackheath F.C.">Blackheath Club</a> left the FA<a href="#cite_note-Godwin10-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> followed by several other clubs that also favoured the "Rugby Rules". Although these clubs decided to ban hacking soon afterwards, the split was permanent, and <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">the FA's codified rules</a> became known as "<a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>" whilst the clubs that had favoured the Rugby Rules formed the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a> in 1871,<a href="#cite_note-Godwin10-16">[15]</a> and their code became known as "<a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>". In 1895, there was <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league#The_schism_in_England" title="History of rugby league">a major schism within rugby football</a> in England in which numerous clubs from Northern England resigned from the RFU over the issue of reimbursing players for time lost from their workplaces. The split highlighted the social and class divisions in the sport in England. Although the rules of the game were not a factor in the split, the breakaway teams subsequently adopted some rule changes and this became the separate code of "<a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>". The RFU's code thereafter took on the name "rugby union" to differentiate it from rugby league,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> but both versions of the sport are known simply as "rugby" throughout most of the world.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_internationals">First internationals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First internationals">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1871_England_versus_Scotland_rugby_union_match" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 England versus Scotland rugby union match">first rugby football international</a> was played on 27 March 1871 between <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Scotland won the game by one goal and one try to one goal.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin10-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> By 1881 both <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> had representative teams and in 1883 the first international competition, the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Home Nations Championship</a> had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a> tournament, the <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Sevens" title="Melrose Sevens">Melrose Sevens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Godwin12-21">[20]</a> which is still held annually. Two important overseas tours took place in 1888: a <a href="/wiki/1888_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia" title="1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia">British Isles</a> team visited Australia and New Zealand—although a private venture, it laid the foundations for future <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lions</a> tours;<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">1888–89 New Zealand Native football team</a> brought the first overseas team to British spectators.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team,_London.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of a rugby field in which three men in military uniform, one of whom is King George V, present a silver trophy to a rugby player dressed in black kit. Behind in a line are the rest of the team." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg/220px-King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg/330px-King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg/440px-King_George_V_presents_a_cup_to_the_captain_of_the_winning_New_Zealand_Services_Rugby_Team%2C_London.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Ryan_(rugby_union_player_born_1887)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ryan (rugby union player born 1887)">James Ryan</a>, captain of the New Zealand Army team, receiving the Kings Cup from George V</figcaption></figure> During the early history of rugby union, a time before commercial air travel, teams from different continents rarely met. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia,<a href="#cite_note-Lions_history-24">[23]</a> followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Traditionally the most prestigious tours were the Southern Hemisphere countries of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa making a tour of a Northern Hemisphere, and the return tours made by a joint British and Irish team.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Tours would last for months, due to long traveling times and the number of games undertaken; the 1888 New Zealand team began their tour in Hawkes Bay in June and did not complete their schedule until August 1889, having played 107 rugby matches.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Touring international sides would play Test matches against international opponents, including national, club and county sides in the case of Northern Hemisphere rugby, or provincial/state sides in the case of Southern Hemisphere rugby.<a href="#cite_note-Lions_history-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Between 1905 and 1908, all three major Southern Hemisphere rugby countries sent their first touring teams to the Northern Hemisphere: <a href="/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">New Zealand</a> in 1905, followed by <a href="/wiki/1906%E2%80%9307_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="1906–07 South Africa rugby union tour">South Africa</a> in 1906 and <a href="/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_Australia_rugby_union_tour_of_Britain" title="1908–09 Australia rugby union tour of Britain">Australia</a> in 1908. All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics,<a href="#cite_note-Godwin,_p18-29">[28]</a> and were far more successful than critics had expected.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The New Zealand 1905 touring team performed a <a href="/wiki/Ka_Mate" title="Ka Mate">haka</a> before each match, leading Welsh Rugby Union administrator <a href="/wiki/Tom_Williams_(rugby_player,_born_1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Williams (rugby player, born 1860)">Tom Williams</a> to suggest that Wales player <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Morgan" title="Teddy Morgan">Teddy Morgan</a> lead the crowd in singing the Welsh National Anthem, <a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau</a>, as a response. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in: the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[nb 2]</a> In 1905 France played England in its first international match.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin,_p18-29">[28]</a> Rugby union was included as an event in the Olympic Games four times during the early 20th century. No international rugby games and union-sponsored club matches were played during the First World War, but competitions continued through service teams such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army_rugby_team_of_1919" title="New Zealand Army rugby team of 1919">New Zealand Army team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> During the Second World War no international matches were played by most countries, though Italy, Germany and Romania played a limited number of games,<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_R.U.F.C." title="Cambridge University R.U.F.C.">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_RFC" title="Oxford University RFC">Oxford</a> continued their annual <a href="/wiki/The_Varsity_Match" title="The Varsity Match">University Match</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The first officially sanctioned international rugby sevens tournament took place in 1973 at Murrayfield, one of Scotland's biggest stadiums, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scottish Rugby Union</a> centenary celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Cup_and_professionalism">World Cup and professionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World Cup and professionalism">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, the first Rugby World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand, and the inaugural winners were New Zealand. The first World Cup Sevens tournament was held at Murrayfield in 1993. Rugby Sevens was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Rugby_Sevens_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Rugby Sevens Championships">Commonwealth Games</a> in 1998 and was added to the Olympic Games of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-I.O.C._Decision-40">[38]</a> Both men and women's Sevens took place at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.<a href="#cite_note-Tokyo2020.org-41">[39]</a> Rugby union was an amateur sport until the IRB declared the game "open" in August 1995 (shortly after the completion of the 1995 World Cup), removing restrictions on payments to players.<a href="#cite_note-Stubbs3-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> However, the pre-1995 period of rugby union was marked by frequent accusations of "<a href="/wiki/Shamateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamateurism">shamateurism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> including an investigation in Britain by a House of Commons Select committee in early 1995.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Following the introduction of professionalism trans-national club competitions were started, with the <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Cup">Heineken Cup</a> in the Northern Hemisphere and <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-historymain-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaynor-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">Tri Nations</a>, an annual international tournament involving Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, kicked off in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Gaynor-48">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2012_Rugby_Championship" title="2012 Rugby Championship">2012</a>, this competition was extended to include <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team" title="Argentina national rugby union team">Argentina</a>, a country whose impressive performances in international games (especially finishing in third place in the 2007 Rugby World Cup) was deemed to merit inclusion in the competition. As a result of the expansion to four teams, the tournament was renamed The Rugby Championship.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rugby_Championship_to_replace_Tri_Nations-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teams_and_positions">Teams and positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teams and positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions" title="Rugby union positions">Rugby union positions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugby_Union_Formation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rugby_Union_Formation.svg/220px-Rugby_Union_Formation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rugby_Union_Formation.svg/330px-Rugby_Union_Formation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rugby_Union_Formation.svg/440px-Rugby_Union_Formation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>A standard rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers</figcaption></figure> Each team starts the match with 15 players on the field and typically seven or eight substitutes but this varies at amateur level.<a href="#cite_note-Law3-50">[48]</a> The 15 players on the field are divided into eight <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Forwards" title="Rugby union positions">forwards</a> (two more than in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>) and seven <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Backs" title="Rugby union positions">backs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_6-51">[49]</a> There are typically significantly more forwards on the bench than backs with, for example, South Africa having a 7-1 split in favour of forwards in their August 2023 match against New Zealand in Twickenham. A 6-2 or 5-3 split is more common. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forwards">Forwards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Forwards">edit</a>]</div> The main responsibilities of the forward players are to gain and retain possession of the ball. Forwards play a vital role in tackling and rucking opposing players.<a href="#cite_note-talkrugby-52">[50]</a> Players in these positions are generally bigger and stronger and take part in the <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrum</a> and line-out.<a href="#cite_note-talkrugby-52">[50]</a> The forwards are often collectively referred to as the 'pack', especially when in the scrum formation.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Front_row">Front row</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Front row">edit</a>]</div> The front row consists of three players: two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Prop" title="Rugby union positions">props</a> (the loosehead prop and the tighthead prop) and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Hooker" title="Rugby union positions">hooker</a>. The role of the two props is to support the hooker during scrums, to provide support for the jumpers during line-outs and to provide strength and power in rucks and mauls. The third position in the front row is the hooker. The hooker is a key position in attacking and defensive play and is responsible for winning the ball in the scrum. Hookers normally throw the ball in at line-outs.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_6-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_row">Second row</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second row">edit</a>]</div> The second row consists of two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Locks" title="Rugby union positions">locks</a> or lock forwards. Locks are usually the tallest players in the team and specialise as line-out jumpers.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_6-51">[49]</a> The main role of the lock in line-outs is to make a standing jump, often supported by the other forwards, to either collect the thrown ball or ensure the ball comes down on their side. Locks also have an important role in the scrum, binding directly behind the three front row players and providing forward drive.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_6-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Facing right a group of seven men, in blue and white hooped jerseys, bind together and crouch to form a scrum. The eighth player stands behind them observing the off-picture opposition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg/220px-Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg/330px-Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg/440px-Chabal_Rugby_Racing_vs_Stade_Toulousain_311009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Chabal" title="Sébastien Chabal">Sébastien Chabal</a> (far left) in number eight position before entering the scrum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Back_row">Back row</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Back row">edit</a>]</div> The back row, not to be confused with 'Backs', is the third and final row of the forward positions, who are often referred to as the loose forwards.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-53">[51]</a> The three positions in the back row are the two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Flanker" title="Rugby union positions">flankers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Number_eight" title="Rugby union positions">number 8</a>. The two flanker positions, known as the blindside flanker and openside flanker, are the final row in the scrum. They are usually the most mobile forwards in the game. Their main role is to win possession through 'turn overs'.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_6-51">[49]</a> The number 8 packs down between the two locks at the back of the scrum. The role of the number 8 in the scrum is to control the ball after it has been heeled back from the front of the pack, and the position provides a link between the forwards and backs during attacking phases.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backs">Backs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Backs">edit</a>]</div> The role of the backs is to create and convert point-scoring opportunities. They are generally smaller, faster and more agile than the forwards.<a href="#cite_note-talkrugby-52">[50]</a> Another distinction between the backs and the forwards is that the backs are expected to have superior kicking and ball-handling skills, especially the fly-half, scrum-half, and full-back.<a href="#cite_note-talkrugby-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Half-backs">Half-backs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Half-backs">edit</a>]</div> The half-backs consist of two positions, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Scrum-half" title="Rugby union positions">scrum-half</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Fly-half" title="Rugby union positions">fly-half</a>, also known in the Southern Hemisphere as half-back and first five-eighth respectively. The fly-half is crucial to a team's game plan, orchestrating the team's performance.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> They are usually the first to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, lineout, or scrum, and need to be decisive with what actions to take and be effective at communicating with the outside backs.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> Many fly-halves are also their team's goal kickers. The scrum-half is the link between the forwards and the backs.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> They receive the ball from the lineout and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_8-56">[54]</a> They also feed the scrum and sometimes have to act as a fourth loose forward.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three-quarters">Three-quarters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Three-quarters">edit</a>]</div> There are four three quarter positions: two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Centre" title="Rugby union positions">centres</a> (inside and outside) and two <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Wing" title="Rugby union positions">wings</a> (left and right). In the Southern Hemisphere, the inside centre is commonly referred to as the second five-eighth, while the outside centre is simply known as the centre. The centres will attempt to tackle attacking players; whilst in attack, they should employ speed and strength to breach opposition defences.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Wings are usually the fastest players in the team and are elusive runners who use their speed to avoid tackles.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full-back">Full-back</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Full-back">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Full-back" title="Rugby union positions">full-back</a> is normally positioned several metres behind the back line. They often field opposition kicks and are usually the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_7-55">[53]</a> Two of the most important attributes of a good full-back are dependable catching skills and a good kicking game.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_gameplay">Laws and gameplay</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Laws and gameplay">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union laws">Rugby union laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_gameplay" title="Rugby union gameplay">Rugby union gameplay</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg/220px-RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg/330px-RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg/440px-RugbyPitchMetricDetailed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a rugby union playing field showing the various marked lines and distances</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scoring">Scoring</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scoring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union#Scoring" title="History of rugby union">History of rugby union § Scoring</a></div> Rugby union is played between two teams – the one that scores more points wins the game. Points can be scored in several ways: a <a href="/wiki/Try_(rugby)" title="Try (rugby)">try</a>, scored by grounding the ball in the in-goal area (between the goal line and the dead-ball line), is worth 5 points and a subsequent conversion kick scores 2 points; a successful <a href="/wiki/Penalty_(rugby)" title="Penalty (rugby)">penalty kick</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Drop_goal" title="Drop goal">drop goal</a> each score 3 points.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The values of each of these scoring methods have been changed over the years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playing_field">Playing field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Playing field">edit</a>]</div> According to World Rugby's Laws of the Game,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> a typical rugby ground, formally known as the "playing enclosure", is formed by two major zones: <ul><li>The "playing area", which includes the "field of play" and the two "in-goals", and</li> <li>The "perimeter area", a clear space, free of obstructions such as fences and other objects which could pose a danger to players and officials (but not including marker flags, which are typically of soft construction).</li></ul> The referee (and their assistants) generally have full authority and responsibility for all players and other officials inside the playing enclosure. Fences or ropes (particularly at amateur clubs) are generally used to mark the extent of this area, although in modern stadia this may include the entire arena floor or other designated space. The Laws, above all, require that the playing enclosure's surface be safe, whilst also permitting grass, sand, clay, snow or conforming artificial turf to be used; the surface would generally be uniform across both the playing area and perimeter area, although depending on how large the perimeter is, other surfaces such as dirt, artificial turf, etc. may be used outside of a "sliding" perimeter from the bounds of the playing area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Playing_area">Playing area</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Playing area">edit</a>]</div> For the most part, the "playing area" is where the majority of play occurs. The ball is generally considered live whilst in this area, so long as players do not infringe, with special rules applied to specific zones of the playing area. The playing area consists of: <ul><li>The 'field of play", bounded by (but not including) the sidelines and goal-lines, and</li> <li>One "in-goal" area at each end of the field, each bounded by, but not including the extensions two parallel sidelines (known in this context as the "touch in-goal" lines) and the dead-ball line, and its other bound being the goal line (or "try line") which is included as part of the "in-goal" area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Field_of_play">Field of play</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Field of play">edit</a>]</div> A typical "field of play" is generally 100 metres long by 68–70 metres wide for senior rugby, depending on the specific requirements of each ground. The Laws require the field of play to be between 94 and 100 metres (103 and 109 yards) long, with a width of between 68 and 70 metres (74 and 77 yards). As other football codes, such as association football and rugby league, have specified a preferred or standard 68 metre width, this is often used unless a ground has been specifically designed to accommodate a 70-metre rugby field. 100 metres is the typical length, with a line (see below) often marked at halfway with "50" on it, representing 50 metres from each goal line. The variations have been allowed in the Laws, possibly to accommodate older grounds (perhaps even pre-metrification when yards and feet were specified) and developing nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_lines_and_markings">Other lines and markings</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other lines and markings">edit</a>]</div> The field of play is divided by a solid "halfway" line, drawn perpendicular to the sidelines at their midpoint. A 0.5m line is marked perpendicular to the halfway lines at its midpoint, designating the spot where the kickoffs shall be taken. The areas between each goal line and the halfway line are known as "halves" as in other football codes. A pair of solid lines are also drawn perpendicular to the sidelines, 22 metres (formerly 25 yards) from each end of the field of play and called the 22-metre lines, or "22"s. An area at each end, also known as the "22", is bounded by, but does not include, the sidelines, goal line and 22-metre line. In this area, a defensive player who cleanly catches a ball kicked by the other team, without the ball having already touched the ground after the kick, is entitled to claim a free kick, or "<a href="/wiki/Mark_(rugby)" title="Mark (rugby)">mark</a>". Additionally, if the ball is kicked into touch by a player who had at least one foot on or behind their own 22-metre line, the line-out formed at the spot where the ball crossed the touch-line instead of being taken in line with the spot from where it was kicked.<a href="#cite_note-Touch19.1-64">[62]</a> Additional broken or dashed lines (of 5 metre dash lengths, according to the Laws<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a>) are drawn in each half or on each side of, the field, each with specific purposes under the Laws: <ul><li>"10-metre" lines: Dashed lines 10 metres either side of, and parallel to, the halfway line, designating the minimum distance a receiving team must retreat when receiving a kick-off, and the minimum distance a kick-off must travel to be legal. Equivalent to the 40-metre lines in rugby league but generally marked differently.</li> <li>"5-metre" lines: Dashed lines 5 metres into the field of play, parallel to each goal line. Scrums can be packed no nearer to each goal line than this line, and referees will often penalise scrum and ruck infringements in this area more harshly as defending sides will often try to stifle the attacking side's breakdown play.</li> <li>"Tram tracks/tramlines": Unnamed in the Laws and sometimes also referred to, confusingly, as the "5-metre" and "15-metre" lines, these two pairs of dashed lines are drawn parallel to each sideline, 5 metres and 15 metres, respectively, into the field of play from the nearer sideline, terminating at each of their respective ends' 5-metre line (parallel and adjacent to the goal line). The area between these lines are where players must stand when contesting a lineout throw.</li> <li>Additionally, the area between the two perpendicular sets of "5-metre" lines (i.e. 5 metres from each sideline and 5 metres from each goal line) is designated the "scrum zone". Where an offence occurs outside this area and the non-infringing side wishes to pack a scrum, the mark of the scrum will be moved into the zone by the referee.</li></ul> Generally, points where the dashed lines intersect other lines will be marked with a "T" or cross shape, although the extensions of dashed lines are generally not drawn within 5 metres of the goal lines or sidelines, to allow a clear demarcation of the field of play's boundaries. The Laws require the playing area to be rectangular in shape, however variations may be permitted with the approval of relevant unions. A notable example is Chatswood Oval in Sydney, Australia, an elliptically shaped cricket ground which is the home of Gordon rugby club, that has curved dead-ball lines to maximise the available in-goal space. Where multiple sports share a field (e.g. a rugby league and a rugby union club sharing one field), lines may be overlaid on top of each other, sometimes in different colours. However, particularly for television, rugby union line markings are generally painted white. Some exceptions include the Wallabies (Australia's national team) who often have yellow markings. Local clubs may use black, yellow, or other colours on grass, with other surfaces possibly requiring different marking techniques. Unlike association football, where on-field advertising is strictly forbidden in the laws,<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> World Rugby allows sponsors logos to be painted on the playing surface. This is another way in which clubs can make money in the professional era and is also often used by host nations, professional leagues and tournaments as additional revenue streams, particularly when games are broadcast. In recent years, augmented reality technology has been used to replace painting to protect the surface or save costs on painting fields, producing a similar effect for broadcast albeit sometimes with poorer results.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In-goal_areas">In-goal areas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In-goal areas">edit</a>]</div> The in-goal areas sit behind the goal lines, equivalent to American football's "end zones". The in-goal areas must be between 6 and 22 metres (6.6 and 24.1 yards) deep and cover the full width of the field. A ball grounded in this area by an attacking player will generally result in a try being awarded, unless there has been a previous infringement, or the player has gone out-of-bounds whilst in possession of the ball. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perimeter_area">Perimeter area</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Perimeter area">edit</a>]</div> The perimeter area is considered "out-of-bounds" for the ball and the players, normally resulting in the non-infringing team receiving possession of the ball at a restart. The perimeter area can be divided into two areas: <ul><li>"Touch": The perimeter area beyond the sidelines of the playing area, but between the goal lines.</li> <li>"Touch-in-goal": The perimeter areas behind each goal line outside of the playing area. Some may refer to a ball which crosses the dead-ball lines as "dead", rather than touch-in-goal.</li></ul> For the purposes of determining if a ball is "out-of-bounds" (i.e. has left the playing area), the perimeter area extends indefinitely away from the playing area. When a ball or player goes into touch, a lineout throw is generally awarded to the opposition at the spot on the sideline where they left the field. Exceptions include a kick out "on the full" (i.e. the ball did not land in the field-of-play before going into touch) in which case the lineout would still take place on the sideline but back in line with where the ball was kicked, or when a team takes a free kick from a <a href="/wiki/Penalty_card" title="Penalty card">penalty</a> where they would retain the right to throw-in. The perimeter area should be clear and free of obstructions and heavy, solid objects which could pose a danger to players for at least 5 metres from the playing area, according to the Laws. Players often leave the playing area whether accidentally or due to being forced off of the field, sometimes sliding or needing to slow down from a sprint. Many venues at elite levels leave larger spaces around the field to accommodate fitter and faster (or heavier) players. Fixed cameras on tripods and advertising hoardings are often the main culprits for injuring players in the perimeter area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Flag_posts">Flag posts</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Flag posts">edit</a>]</div> Also required in the perimeter area are a set of 14 flag posts, each with a minimum height of 1.2 metres, marking the intersections of certain lines or other nominated distances. These are generally a plastic pole on a spring loaded or otherwise soft base, sometimes with a flag on top, covered in foam padding. Others may be moulded plastic or disposable cardboard. At lower levels, these flags may not be used, but are still specified in the Laws. Flags are placed as follows: <ul><li>One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the goal-lines (four flags total)</li> <li>One flag post at each intersection of the touch-in-goal lines and the dead-ball lines (four flags total)</li> <li>One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with both of the 22-metre lines (four flags total)</li> <li>One flag post positioned 2 metres outside of both of the sidelines, in line with the halfway line (two flags total)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goalposts">Goalposts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Goalposts">edit</a>]</div> Rugby goalposts are H-shaped and are situated in the middle of the goal lines at each end of the field. They consist of two vertical poles (known as "uprights"), generally made of steel or other metal but sometimes wood or a plastic, 5.6 metres (6.1 yd) apart, connected by a horizontal "crossbar" 3 metres (3.3 yd) above the ground. The minimum height for posts' uprights is 3.4 metres (3.7 yd),<a href="#cite_note-pitch_and_post_dimensions-68">[66]</a> with taller posts generally seen. The bottom parts of each upright are generally wrapped in purpose-made padding to protect players from injury when coming into contact with the posts and creating another opportunity for sponsors. Until a Law change by World Rugby in 2020, it was possible for an attacking player to score a try by grounding the ball against the base of the upright as the padding was considered an extension of the goal line.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Match_structure">Match structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Match structure">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a dropkick, with the players chasing the ball into the opposition's territory, and the other side trying to retrieve the ball and advance it. The dropkick must make contact with the ground before being kicked. If the ball does not reach the opponent's 10-metre (11-yard) line 10 meters away, the opposing team has two choices: to have the ball kicked off again, or to have a <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)" title="Scrum (rugby union)">scrum</a> at the centre of the half-way line.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> If the player with the ball is tackled, frequently a <a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Ruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby union">ruck</a> will result.<a href="#cite_note-Midgley-71">[69]</a> Games are divided into 40-minute halves, with an <a href="/wiki/Half-time" title="Half-time">intermission</a> of not more than 15 minutes in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-IRBLaw5-72">[70]</a> The sides exchange ends of the field after the half-time break.<a href="#cite_note-IRBLaw5-72">[70]</a> Stoppages for injury or to allow the referee to take disciplinary action do not count as part of the playing time, so that the elapsed time is usually longer than 80 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-IRBLaw5-72">[70]</a> The referee is responsible for keeping time, even when—as in many professional tournaments—he is assisted by an official time-keeper.<a href="#cite_note-IRBLaw5-72">[70]</a> If time expires while the ball is in play, the game continues until the ball is "dead", and only then will the referee blow the whistle to signal half-time or full-time; but if the referee awards a penalty or free-kick, the game continues.<a href="#cite_note-IRBLaw5-72">[70]</a> In the knockout stages of rugby competitions, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, two extra time periods of 10 minutes periods are played (with an interval of 5 minutes in between) if the game is tied after full-time. If scores are level after 100 minutes then the rules call for 20 minutes of sudden-death extra time to be played. If the sudden-death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner. However, no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has ever gone past 100 minutes into a sudden-death extra time period.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passing_and_kicking">Passing and kicking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Passing and kicking">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg/130px-2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg/195px-2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg/260px-2009_Isaac_Boss_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="999" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A player about to pass the ball</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg/130px-Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg/195px-Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg/260px-Torneo_de_clasificaci%C3%B3n_WRWC_2014_-_Italia_vs_Espa%C3%B1a_-_86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kicking conversion after a try</div></div></div></div></div> Forward passing (throwing the ball ahead to another player) is not allowed; the ball can be passed laterally or backwards.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws12-74">[72]</a> The ball tends to be moved forward in three ways—by kicking, by a player running with it or within a scrum or <a href="/wiki/Playing_rugby_union#Maul" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing rugby union">maul</a>. Only the player with the ball may be tackled or rucked. A "knock-on" is committed when a player knocks the ball forward, and play is restarted with a scrum.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws12-74">[72]</a> Any player may kick the ball forward in an attempt to gain territory. When a player anywhere in the playing area kicks indirectly into <a href="/wiki/Touch_(rugby)" title="Touch (rugby)">touch</a> so that the ball first bounces in the field of play, the throw-in is taken where the ball went into touch.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw19-75">[73]</a> If the player kicks directly into touch (i.e. without bouncing in-field first) from within one's own 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken by the opposition where the ball went into touch, but if the ball is kicked into touch directly by a player outside the 22-metre (24-yard) line, the lineout is taken level to where the kick was taken.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw19-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakdowns">Breakdowns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Breakdowns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A child running away from camera in green and black hooped rugby jersey is being tackled around the hips and legs by another child in opposition kit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg/170px-Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg/255px-Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg/340px-Schoolkids_doing_a_rugby_tackle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A rugby tackle must be below the neck with the aim of impeding or grounding the player with the ball.</figcaption></figure> The aim of the defending side is to stop the player with the ball, by tackling them, and either bringing them to ground (which is frequently followed by a ruck) or contesting for possession with the ball-carrier on their feet (a maul). A ruck or maul is called a breakdown, and each is governed by a specific law. Tackling A player may tackle an opposing player who has the ball by holding them while bringing them to ground. Tacklers cannot tackle above the shoulder (the neck and head are out of bounds),<a href="#cite_note-10.4e-76">[74]</a> and the tackler has to attempt to wrap their arms around the player being tackled to complete the tackle. It is illegal to push, shoulder-charge, or to trip a player using feet or legs, but hands may be used (this being referred to as a tap-tackle or <a href="/wiki/Ankle_tap" title="Ankle tap">ankle-tap</a>).<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Tacklers may not tackle an opponent who has jumped to catch a ball until the player has landed.<a href="#cite_note-10.4e-76">[74]</a> Rucking and Mauling Mauls occur after a player with the ball has come into contact with an opponent but the handler remains on his feet; once any combination of at least three players have bound themselves a maul has been set.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-53">[51]</a> A ruck is similar to the maul, but in this case the ball has gone to ground with at least three attacking players binding themselves on the ground in an attempt to secure the ball.<a href="#cite_note-Glossary-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Set_pieces">Set pieces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Set pieces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_vs_Georgia,_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two rows of opposing players, green to the fore, white behind, each aiding a jumping player from their team by lifting him towards an off-picture ball travelling overhead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/220px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/330px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg/440px-Ireland_vs_Georgia%2C_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_line_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Georgia national rugby union team">Georgia</a> contesting a line-out in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 Rugby World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lineout">Lineout</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lineout">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">Line-out (rugby union)</a></div> When the ball leaves the side of the field, a <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-out</a> is awarded against the team which last touched the ball.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws19-79">[77]</a> Forward players from each team line up a metre apart, perpendicular to the touchline and between 5 and 15 m (5.5 and 16.4 yd) from the touchline.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws19-79">[77]</a> The ball is thrown from the touchline down the centre of the lines of forwards by a player (usually the <a href="/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooker (rugby union)">hooker</a>) from the team that did not play the ball into touch.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws19-79">[77]</a> The exception to this is when the ball went out from a penalty, in which case the side who gained the penalty throws the ball in.<a href="#cite_note-irblaws19-79">[77]</a> Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder-to-shoulder contact is allowed; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play, and results in a penalty kick.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scrum">Scrum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Scrum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)" title="Scrum (rugby union)">Scrum (rugby union)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrum-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two opposing formations of eight men, in white and black to the left, red and black to the right, push against each other in a crouched position; behind them stands another player and the referee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/220px-Scrum-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/330px-Scrum-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Scrum-1.JPG/440px-Scrum-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrum</a> between New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)" title="Crusaders (rugby union)">Crusaders</a> and Australia's <a href="/wiki/Brumbies" class="mw-redirect" title="Brumbies">Brumbies</a></figcaption></figure> A scrum is a way of restarting the game safely and fairly after a minor infringement.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> It is awarded when the ball has been knocked or passed forward, if a player takes the ball over their own try line and puts the ball down, when a player is accidentally <a href="/wiki/Offside_(rugby)#Rugby_union" title="Offside (rugby)">offside</a> or when the ball is trapped in a ruck or maul with no realistic chance of being retrieved. A team may also opt for a scrum if awarded a penalty.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> A scrum is formed by the eight forwards from each team crouching down and binding together in three rows, before interlocking with the opposing team.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> For each team, the front row consists of two props (loosehead and tighthead) either side of the hooker.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> The two props are typically amongst the strongest players on the team. The second row consists of two locks and the two flankers. Behind the second row is the number 8. This formation is known as the 3–4–1 formation.<a href="#cite_note-FormingScrum-83">[81]</a> Once a scrum is formed the scrum-half from the team awarded the feed rolls the ball into the gap between the two front-rows known as the tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> The two hookers then compete for possession by hooking the ball backwards with their feet, while each pack tries to push the opposing pack backwards to help gain possession.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> The side that wins possession can either keep the ball under their feet while driving the opposition back, in order to gain ground, or transfer the ball to the back of the scrum where it can be picked up by the number 8 or by the scrum-half.<a href="#cite_note-WRlaw20-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officials_and_offences">Officials and offences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Officials and offences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_match_officials" title="Rugby union match officials">Rugby union match officials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Laws of rugby union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touch_judge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Touch_judge.jpg/170px-Touch_judge.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Touch_judge.jpg/255px-Touch_judge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Touch_judge.jpg/340px-Touch_judge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Touch judge with flag</figcaption></figure> There are three match officials: a referee, and two assistant referees. The referees are commonly addressed as "Sir".<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw6-84">[82]</a> The latter, formerly known as touch judges, had the primary function of indicating when the ball had gone into "touch"; their role has been expanded and they are now expected to assist the referee in a number of areas, such as watching for foul play and checking offside lines.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw6-84">[82]</a> In addition, for matches in high level competitions, there is often a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_match_officials#Television_match_official_(TMO)" title="Rugby union match officials">television match official</a> (TMO; popularly called the "video referee"), to assist with certain decisions, linked up to the referee by radio.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The referees have a system of hand signals to indicate their decision.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Common offences include tackling above the shoulders, collapsing a <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby_union)" title="Scrum (rugby union)">scrum</a>, ruck or maul, not releasing the ball when on the ground, or being offside.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw10-87">[85]</a> The non-offending team has a number of options when awarded a penalty: a "tap" kick, when the ball is kicked a very short distance from hand, allowing the kicker to regather the ball and run with it; a punt, when the ball is kicked a long distance from hand, for field position; a place-kick, when the kicker will attempt to score a goal; or a scrum.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw10-87">[85]</a> Players may be sent off (signalled by a <a href="/wiki/Red_card_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red card (sports)">red card</a>) or temporarily suspended ("sin-binned") for ten minutes (<a href="/wiki/Yellow_card_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow card (sport)">yellow card</a>) for foul play or repeated infringements, and may not be replaced.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw10-87">[85]</a> Occasionally, infringements are not caught by the referee during the match and these may be "cited" by the <a href="/wiki/Citing_commissioner" title="Citing commissioner">citing commissioner</a> after the match and have punishments (usually suspension for a number of weeks) imposed on the infringing player.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacements_and_substitutions">Replacements and substitutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Replacements and substitutions">edit</a>]</div> During the match, players may be replaced (for injury) or substituted (for tactical reasons).<a href="#cite_note-Law3-50">[48]</a> A player who has been replaced may not rejoin play unless he was temporarily replaced to have bleeding controlled; a player who has been substituted may return temporarily, to replace a player who has a blood injury or has suffered a concussion, or permanently, if he is replacing a front-row forward.<a href="#cite_note-Law3-50">[48]</a> In international matches, eight replacements are allowed; in domestic or cross-border tournaments, at the discretion of the responsible national union(s), the number of replacements may be nominated to a maximum of eight, of whom three must be sufficiently trained and experienced to provide cover for the three front row positions.<a href="#cite_note-Law3-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uncontested-89">[87]</a> Prior to 2016, all substitutions, no matter the cause, counted against the limit during a match. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> changed the law so that substitutions made to replace a player deemed unable to continue due to foul play by the opposition would no longer count against the match limit. This change was introduced in January of that year in the Southern Hemisphere and June in the Northern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Equipment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_equipment" title="Rugby union equipment">Rugby union equipment</a></div> The most basic items of equipment for a game of rugby union are the ball itself, a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_shirt" title="Rugby shirt">rugby shirt</a> (also known as a "jersey"), <a href="/wiki/Rugby_shorts" title="Rugby shorts">rugby shorts</a>, socks, and <a href="/wiki/Football_boot#Different_styles_for_different_surfaces" title="Football boot">boots</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_ball" title="Rugby ball">rugby ball</a> is oval in shape (technically a <a href="/wiki/Prolate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolate spheroid">prolate spheroid</a>), and is made up of four panels.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw2-91">[89]</a> The ball was historically made of leather, but in the modern era most games use a ball made from a synthetic material. World Rugby lays out specific dimensions for the ball, 280–300 mm (11–12 in) in length, 740–770 mm (29–30 in) in circumference of length and 580–620 mm (23–24 in) in circumference of width.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw2-91">[89]</a> Rugby boots have soles with studs to allow grip on the turf of the pitch. The studs may be either metal or plastic but must not have any sharp edges or ridges.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw4-92">[90]</a> Protective equipment is optional and strictly regulated. The most common items are <a href="/wiki/Mouthguard" title="Mouthguard">mouthguards</a>, which are worn by almost all players, and are compulsory in some rugby-playing nations.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Other protective items that are permitted include <a href="/wiki/Scrum_cap" title="Scrum cap">headgear</a>; thin (not more than 10 mm thick), non-rigid shoulder pads and <a href="/wiki/Shin_guard" title="Shin guard">shin guards</a>, which are worn underneath socks.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw4-92">[90]</a> Bandages or tape can be worn to support or protect injuries; some players wear tape around the head to protect the ears in scrums and rucks. Female players may also wear chest pads.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw4-92">[90]</a> Although not worn for protection, some types of fingerless mitts are allowed to aid grip.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw4-92">[90]</a> It is the responsibility of the match officials to check players' clothing and equipment before a game to ensure that it conforms to the laws of the game.<a href="#cite_note-WRLaw4-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governing_bodies">Governing bodies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Governing bodies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_foundation_of_national_rugby_unions" title="Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions">Timeline of foundation of national rugby unions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg/350px-World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg/525px-World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg/700px-World_Rugby_member_unions_and_associates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption> Member and Associated Unions <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Member Union</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Associated Union</div> </figcaption></figure> The international governing body of rugby union (and associated games such as sevens) is World Rugby.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> The World Rugby headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> World Rugby, founded in 1886, governs the sport worldwide and publishes the game's laws and <a href="/wiki/IRB_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="IRB World Rankings">rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> As of February 2014, World Rugby (then known as the IRB, for International Rugby Board) recorded 119 unions in its membership, 101 full members and 18 associate member countries.<a href="#cite_note-6.6m-2">[2]</a> According to World Rugby, rugby union is played by men and women in over 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> World Rugby controls the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">Women's Rugby World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens" title="Rugby World Cup Sevens">Rugby World Cup Sevens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Sevens Series">HSBC Sevens Series</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Women's Sevens Series">HSBC Women's Sevens Series</a>,<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Under 20 Championship">World Under 20 Championship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Under_20_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Under 20 Trophy">World Under 20 Trophy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Nations_Cup" title="World Rugby Nations Cup">Nations Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Nations_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Nations Cup">Pacific Nations Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> World Rugby holds votes to decide where each of these events are to be held, except in the case of the Sevens World Series for men and women, for which World Rugby contracts with several national unions to hold individual events. Six regional associations, which are members of World Rugby, form the next level of administration; these are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a>, formerly Confederation of African Rugby (CAR)<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby" title="Asia Rugby">Asia Rugby</a>, formerly Asian Rugby Football Union (ARFU)<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North" title="Rugby Americas North">Rugby Americas North</a>, formerly North America Caribbean Rugby Association (NACRA)<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe" title="Rugby Europe">Rugby Europe</a>, previously Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby (FIRA-AER)<a href="#cite_note-FIRA-106">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby" title="Oceania Rugby">Oceania Rugby</a>, formerly Federation of Oceania Rugby Unions (FORU)<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_Rugby" title="Sudamérica Rugby">Sudamérica Rugby</a>, formerly Confederación Sudamericana de Rugby (South American Rugby Confederation, or CONSUR)<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/SANZAAR" title="SANZAAR">SANZAAR</a> (South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina Rugby) is a joint venture of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union" title="South African Rugby Union">South African Rugby Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Rugby" title="New Zealand Rugby">New Zealand Rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Australia" title="Rugby Australia">Rugby Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Rugby_Union" title="Argentine Rugby Union">Argentine Rugby Union</a> (UAR) that operates <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a> (formerly the Tri Nations before the entry of Argentina).<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Although UAR initially had no representation on the former SANZAR board, it was granted input into the organisation's issues, especially with regard to The Rugby Championship,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> and became a full SANZAAR member in 2016 (when the country entered Super Rugby). National unions oversee rugby union within individual countries and are affiliated to World Rugby. Since 2016, the World Rugby Council has 40 seats. A total of 11 unions—the eight foundation unions of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Rugby Union">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union" title="Welsh Rugby Union">Wales</a>, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and <a href="/wiki/French_Rugby_Federation" title="French Rugby Federation">France</a>, plus Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Canada" title="Rugby Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rugby_Federation" title="Italian Rugby Federation">Italy</a>—have two seats each. In addition, the six regional associations have two seats each. Four more unions—<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Rugby Union">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Japan Rugby Football Union">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Rugby_Federation" title="Romanian Rugby Federation">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA</a>—have one seat each. Finally, the chairman and vice chairman, who usually come from one of the eight foundation unions (although the current vice chairman, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Pichot" title="Agustín Pichot">Agustín Pichot</a>, is with the non-foundation Argentine union) have one vote each.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRB_Organisation-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_reach">Global reach</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Global reach">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_playing_countries" title="List of rugby union playing countries">List of rugby union playing countries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of thirteen supporters pose together, nine standing in back row, four seated at front, some wearing rugby jerseys and others sporting traditional Japanese costumes and Japanese flags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg/220px-Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg/330px-Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg/440px-Walers_Japan_Rugby_World_Cup_2007_09_20_supporters1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Japanese and Welsh rugby fans in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales, September 2007</figcaption></figure> The earliest countries to adopt rugby union were <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">England</a>, the country of inception, and the other three Home Nations, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland" title="Rugby union in Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">Wales</a>. The spread of rugby union as a global sport has its roots in the exporting of the game by British expatriates, military personnel, and overseas university students. The first rugby club in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_France" title="Rugby union in France">France</a> was formed by British residents in Le Havre in 1872, while the next year <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Argentina" title="Rugby union in Argentina">Argentina</a> recorded its first game: 'Banks' v 'City' in Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin11-112">[110]</a> In turn, French and Argentinian travellers, particularly students, spread the Game beyond the British Empire, forming roots in particular in Italy, Romania, Uruguay and Chile. Eight countries have adopted rugby union as their de facto <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>; they are <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Georgia" title="Rugby union in Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Madagascar" title="Rugby union in Madagascar">Madagascar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Tonga" title="Rugby union in Tonga">Tonga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Wales and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> A rugby club was formed in Sydney, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Australia" title="Rugby union in Australia">Australia</a> in 1864; while the sport was said to have been introduced to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Rugby union in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_John_Monro" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles John Monro">Charles Monro</a> in 1870, who played rugby while a student at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College_(Finchley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ's College (Finchley)">Christ's College, Finchley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin10-16">[15]</a> Several island nations have embraced the sport of rugby. Rugby was first played in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Fiji" title="Rugby union in Fiji">Fiji</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1884 by European and Fijian soldiers of the Native Constabulary at <a href="/wiki/Ba_(town)" title="Ba (town)">Ba</a> on Viti Levu island.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Fiji then sent their first overseas team to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Samoa" title="Rugby union in Samoa">Samoa</a> in 1924, who in turn set up their own <a href="/wiki/Lakapi_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakapi Samoa">union</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Tonga" title="Rugby union in Tonga">Tonga</a>, other countries to have national rugby teams in Oceania include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Rugby union in the Cook Islands">the Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union in Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Rugby union in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Rugby union in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_and_Caribbean">North America and Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: North America and Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North" title="Rugby Americas North">Rugby Americas North</a></div> In North America, a club formed in Montreal in 1868, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Canada" title="Rugby union in Canada">Canada's</a> first club. The city of Montreal also played its part in the introduction of the sport in the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_United_States" title="Rugby union in the United States">United States</a>, when students of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> played against a team from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1874.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin10-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Godwin11-112">[110]</a> The two variants of gridiron football — <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> — were once considered forms of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a>, but the introduction of the legal <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a> severed the conceptual link between the old world rugby codes and new world gridiron codes, and they are seldom now referred to as forms of rugby football. One lasting element of the link, the governing body of Canadian football, <a href="/wiki/Football_Canada#1880–1955,_Canadian_Rugby_Union" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a>, was known as the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) as late as 1967, more than fifty years after the sport parted ways with the established rules of rugby union. The <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>, the trophy awarded to the victorious team playing in the namesake championship of the professional <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL), was originally awarded to the champion of the CRU. The two strongest leagues in the CRU, the <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_Rugby_Football_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprovincial Rugby Football Union">Interprovincial Rugby Football Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interprovincial_Football_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Interprovincial Football Union">Western Interprovincial Football Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, evolved into the present day CFL. Although the exact date of arrival of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago">rugby union in Trinidad and Tobago</a> is unknown, their first club Northern RFC was formed in 1923, a national team was playing by 1927 and due to a cancelled tour to <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> in 1933, switched their venue to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Barbados" title="Rugby union in Barbados">Barbados</a>; introducing rugby to the island.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Other Atlantic countries to play rugby union include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Jamaica" title="Rugby union in Jamaica">Jamaica</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union in Bermuda">Bermuda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/College_rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="College rugby">Rugby union</a> is the fastest growing <a href="/wiki/College_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="College sport">college sport</a> and sport in general in the US.<a href="#cite_note-urlU.S_Rugby_Scholarships_-_U.S._Sports_Scholarships-6">[5]</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters,_Rugby:_Fastest_growing_sport_in_the_U.S._also_one_of_the_oldest_-_Global_Sport_Matters-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlWhere_Is_Rugby_the_Most_Popular_Among_Students:_Comparison_of_US_and_UK_Student_Leagues_|_Love_Rugby_League-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a> is the top professional rugby union competition in the US and Canada. One American professional team, <a href="/wiki/American_Raptors" title="American Raptors">American Raptors</a>, formerly the MLR Glendale and Colorado Raptors, plays in the broadly South American <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Americas" title="Super Rugby Americas">Super Rugby Americas</a> competition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/220px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/330px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg/440px-Germany_vs_Belgium_rugby_match.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Germany" title="Rugby union in Germany">Germany</a> playing <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_rugby_union_team" title="Belgium national rugby union team">Belgium</a> in a World Cup qualifier, April 2006</figcaption></figure> The growth of rugby union in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> outside the 6 Nations countries in terms of playing numbers, <a href="/wiki/Attendance" title="Attendance">attendances</a>, and viewership has been sporadic. Historically, British and Irish home teams played the Southern Hemisphere teams of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, as well as France. The rest of Europe were left to play amongst themselves. During a period when it had been isolated by the British and Irish Unions, France, lacking international competition, became the only European team from the top tier to regularly play the other European countries; mainly <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Belgium" title="Rugby union in Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rugby union in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Germany" title="Rugby union in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Spain" title="Rugby union in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Romania" title="Rugby union in Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Poland" title="Rugby union in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Italy" title="Rugby union in Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Rugby union in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FIRA-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In 1934, instigated by the <a href="/wiki/French_Rugby_Federation" title="French Rugby Federation">French Rugby Federation</a>, FIRA (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur) was formed to organise rugby union outside the authority of the IRFB.<a href="#cite_note-FIRA-106">[104]</a> The founding members were <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rugby_Federation" title="Italian Rugby Federation">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Rugby_Federation" title="Romanian Rugby Federation">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Rugby_Union" title="Dutch Rugby Union">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Rugby_Federation" title="Portuguese Rugby Federation">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Rugby_Union" title="Czechoslovak Rugby Union">Czechoslovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rugby_Union" title="Swedish Rugby Union">Sweden</a>. Four European teams have had, at different times, notable success; the most successful, <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a>, joined the <a href="/wiki/Five_Nations_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Nations Championship">Five Nations Championship</a> in 2000 as its sixth member, and while it remains the weakest of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a>, it has recorded numerous wins over all its 6N rivals with the exception of England, as well as defeating South Africa, Australia and Argentina in official matches. Before Italy's ascension, Romania enjoyed a period of success as their teams, backed by a supportive Communist government, regularly challenged the major European nations. The fall of Communism in Romania led to an era of steep decline from which Romania has yet to fully emerge, but it remains one of the most prominent of the second level European teams. Georgia, in the Caucasus, rose to prominence in the early 21st century; the traditional national game <a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">lelo</a> bore strong similarities to rugby union, meaning the country was naturally attracted to the sport upon independence, and the Georgians are now regarded as the top European nation below the traditional Six Nations, and even possibly on a par with Italy. Having qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a> through the final repechage, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_union_team" title="Portugal national rugby union team">Portugal</a> had a startlingly successful tournament, holding Georgia to an 18-18 draw, and performing strongly against Tier One sides Wales and Australia before an historic victory over eventual quarter-finalists <a href="/wiki/Fiji_national_rugby_union_team" title="Fiji national rugby union team">Fiji</a>. Portugal demonstrated significant fan support during the tournament. Other European rugby playing nations of note include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Russia" title="Rugby union in Russia">Russia</a>, whose first officially recorded match is marked by an encounter between <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Moscow" title="Dynamo Moscow">Dynamo Moscow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physical_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Institute of Physical Education">Moscow Institute of Physical Education</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Spain" title="Rugby union in Spain">Rugby union in Spain</a>, often associated with the Basque and Catalan regions near the French border, is also relatively strong in this context, having twice missed out on World Cup qualification by rule breaches having gained the points required, and hosting several large crowds for <a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup" title="European Rugby Champions Cup">European Professional Rugby Cup</a> matches. In 1999, FIRA agreed to place itself under the auspices of the IRB, transforming itself into a strictly European organising body. Accordingly, it changed its name to FIRA–AER (Fédération Internationale de Rugby Amateur – Association Européenne de Rugby). It adopted its current name of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe" title="Rugby Europe">Rugby Europe</a> in 2014. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:URBA_Finals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/URBA_Finals.jpg/170px-URBA_Finals.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/URBA_Finals.jpg/255px-URBA_Finals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/URBA_Finals.jpg/340px-URBA_Finals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Argentine teams <a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Alumni" title="Asociación Alumni">Alumni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hind%C3%BA_Club" title="Hindú Club">Hindú</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Torneo_de_la_URBA" title="Torneo de la URBA">Torneo de la URBA</a> final match, 2007</figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> is the best-known rugby playing nation in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Rugby_Union" title="Argentine Rugby Union">Argentine Rugby Union</a> in 1899,<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> several other countries on the continent have a long history. Rugby had been played in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Brazil" title="Rugby union in Brazil">Brazil</a> since the end of the 19th century, but the game was played regularly only from 1926, when São Paulo beat Santos in an inter-city match.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> It took <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uruguay" title="Rugby union in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> several aborted attempts to adapt to rugby, led mainly by the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Cricket_Club" title="Montevideo Cricket Club">Montevideo Cricket Club</a>; these efforts succeeded in 1951 with the formation of a national league and four clubs.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> Other South American countries that formed a rugby union include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Chile" title="Rugby union in Chile">Chile</a> (1948),<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Paraguay" title="Rugby union in Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (1968).<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAper_Liga_Americana_de_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Súper Liga Americana de Rugby">Super Rugby Americas</a> is the professional Rugby union competition in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Asia" title="Rugby union in Asia">Rugby union in Asia</a></div> Many Asian countries have a tradition of playing rugby dating from the British Empire. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_India" title="Rugby union in India">India</a> began playing rugby in the early 1870s, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta Football Club">Calcutta Football Club</a> forming in 1873. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment, interest in rugby diminished in the area.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 1878, The Calcutta Football Club was disbanded, and rugby in India faltered.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rugby union in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> claims to have founded their union in 1878, and although little official information from the period is available, the team won the All-India cup in Madras in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The first recorded match in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Malaysia" title="Rugby union in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> was in 1892, but the first confirmation of rugby is the existence of the HMS Malaya Cup which was first presented in 1922 and is still awarded to the winners of the Malay sevens.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> Rugby union was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Japan" title="Rugby union in Japan">Japan</a> in 1899 by two Cambridge students: <a href="/wiki/Ginnosuke_Tanaka" title="Ginnosuke Tanaka">Ginnosuke Tanaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bramwell_Clarke" title="Edward Bramwell Clarke">Edward Bramwell Clarke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The Japan RFU was founded in 1926 and its place in rugby history was cemented when Japan hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2019 Rugby World Cup">2019 World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2015_bid-142">[140]</a> It was the first country outside the Commonwealth, Ireland and France to host the event, and was viewed by the IRB as an opportunity for rugby union to extend its reach,<a href="#cite_note-2015_bid-142">[140]</a> particularly in Asia. Other Asian playing countries of note include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Singapore" title="Rugby union in Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_South_Korea" title="Rugby union in South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_China" title="Rugby union in China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Philippines" title="Rugby union in the Philippines">The Philippines</a>, while the former British colony of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Hong_Kong" title="Rugby union in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is notable within rugby for its development of the rugby sevens game, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a> tournament which was founded in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Rugby in the Middle East and the Gulf States has its history in the 1950s, with clubs formed by British and French Services stationed in the region after the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> When these servicemen left, the clubs and teams were kept alive by young professionals, mostly Europeans, working in these countries. The official union of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union in Oman">Oman</a> was formed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Bahrain" title="Rugby union in Bahrain">Bahrain</a> founded its union a year later, while in 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Sevens" title="Dubai Sevens">Dubai Sevens</a>, the Gulf's leading rugby tournament, was created. Rugby remains a minority sport in the region with <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Israel" title="Rugby union in Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union_in_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby union in United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a>, as of 2019, being the only member unions from the Middle East to be included in the <a href="/wiki/IRB_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="IRB World Rankings">IRB World Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Full_rankings-146">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up shot of the Ivory Coast players, in their country's orange jerseys, entering the field from the dressing room tunnel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg/220px-Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg/330px-Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Ivory_Coast_rugby_union_team_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> before their <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_Africa_qualification" title="2011 Rugby World Cup – Africa qualification">2011 World Cup qualifier</a> vs. Zambia, 21 July 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In 1875, rugby was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_South_Africa" title="Rugby union in South Africa">South Africa</a> by British soldiers garrisoned in Cape Town.<a href="#cite_note-Godwin11-112">[110]</a> The game spread quickly across the country, displacing <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College_football" title="Winchester College football">Winchester College football</a> as the sport of choice in South Africa and spreading to nearby <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. South African settlers also brought the game with them to Namibia and competed against British administrators in <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a>. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the sport in Africa was spread by settlers and colonials who often adopted a "whites-only" policy to playing the game. This resulted in rugby being viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> sport by the indigenous people with limited appeal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Despite this, enclaves of black participation developed notably in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>. The earliest countries to see the playing of competitive rugby include South Africa, and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (modern-day Zimbabwe), which formed the Rhodesia Rugby Football Union in 1895 and became a regular stop for touring British and New Zealand sides.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In more recent times, the sport has been embraced by several African nations. In the early 21st century Madagascar has experienced crowds of 40,000 at national matches,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> while Namibia, whose history of rugby can be dated from 1915, have qualified for the final stages of the World Cup seven times since 1999.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Other African nations to be represented in the World Rugby Rankings as Member Unions include <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby union in Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Kenya" title="Rugby union in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Uganda" title="Rugby union in Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Zambia" title="Rugby union in Zambia">Zambia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Full_rankings-146">[144]</a> South Africa and Kenya are among the 15 "core teams" that participate in every event of the men's <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Sevens Series">World Rugby Sevens Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rugby_union">Women's rugby union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Women's rugby union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Women's rugby union">Women's rugby union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A female player in yellow and green kit and wearing a white scrum cap, jumps to collect a ball while supported by teammates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg/330px-Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg/440px-Women%27s_Rugby_Mark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>US women's rugby: NC Hustlers vs. Midwest II</figcaption></figure> Records of women's rugby football date from the late 19th century, with the first documented source being <a href="/wiki/Emily_Valentine" title="Emily Valentine">Emily Valentine</a>'s writings, in which she states that she set up a rugby team in <a href="/wiki/Portora_Royal_School" title="Portora Royal School">Portora Royal School</a> in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Arms_Park" title="Cardiff Arms Park">Cardiff Arms Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Since the 1980s, the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and by 2010, according to <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a>, women's rugby was being played in over 100 countries.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The English-based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby. This was replaced in 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union_for_Women" title="Rugby Football Union for Women">Rugby Football Union for Women</a> (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rugby-155">[153]</a> The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">Women's Rugby World Cup</a>, first held in 1991; from 1994 through 2014, it was held every four years.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rugby-155">[153]</a> After the 2014 event, the tournament was brought forward a year to 2017 to avoid clashing with other sporting cycles, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens" title="Rugby World Cup Sevens">Rugby World Cup Sevens</a> competition.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The Women's Rugby World Cup returned to a four-year cycle after 2017, with future competitions to be held in the middle year of the men's World Cup cycle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_international_competitions">Major international competitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Major international competitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of rugby union competitions">List of rugby union competitions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_World_Cup">Rugby World Cup</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Rugby World Cup">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An avenue of trees leads to a large iron lattice tower, in which an oversized rugby ball hangs within the lower sections." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG/190px-Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG/285px-Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG/380px-Coupe_du_monde_rugby_-_tour_Eiffel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A giant rugby ball suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> to commemorate France's hosting of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> The most important competition in rugby union is the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, a men's tournament that has taken place every four years since the inaugural event in 1987. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team" title="South Africa national rugby union team">South Africa</a> are the reigning champions, having defeated New Zealand 11–12 in the final of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2023 Rugby World Cup">2023 Rugby World Cup</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_World_Cup_France_2023-157">[155]</a> South Africa has the highest number of World Cup wins: 4 (1995, 2007, 2019 and 2023). <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand</a> won the title three times (1987, 2011 and 2015), Australia have won twice (1991 and 1999), and England once (2003). England is the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the Rugby World Cup.<a href="#cite_note-rugby_world_cup-158">[156]</a> The Rugby World Cup has continued to grow since its inception in 1987. The first tournament, in which 16 teams competed for the title, was broadcast to 17 countries with an accumulated total of 230 million television viewers. Ticket sales during the pool stages and finals of the same tournament was less than a million. The <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 World Cup</a> was contested by 94 countries with ticket sales of 3,850,000 over the pool and final stage. The accumulated television audience for the event, then broadcast to 200 countries, was a claimed 4.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-IRB2010-159">[157]</a> The 2019 Rugby World Cup took place in Japan between 20 September and 2 November. It was the ninth edition and the first time the tournament has been held in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_World_Cup_Japan_2019-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_tournaments">Regional tournaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Regional tournaments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/220px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/330px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg/440px-Griffins_RFC_Kotka_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Griffins RFC Kotka, the rugby union team from <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, playing in the Rugby-7 Tournament in 2013</figcaption></figure> Major international competitions are the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a>, held in Europe and the Southern Hemisphere respectively.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The Six Nations is an annual competition involving the European teams <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SixNations-162">[160]</a> Each country plays the other five once. Following the first internationals between England and Scotland, Ireland and Wales began competing in the 1880s, forming the Home International Championships.<a href="#cite_note-SixNations-162">[160]</a> France joined the tournament in the 1900s; in 1910, the term Five Nations first appeared.<a href="#cite_note-SixNations-162">[160]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> (England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) excluded France in 1931 amid a run of poor results, allegations of professionalism and concerns over on-field violence.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> France then rejoined in 1939–1940, though World War II halted proceedings for a further eight years.<a href="#cite_note-SixNations-162">[160]</a> France has played in all the tournaments since WWII, the first of which was played in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-SixNations-162">[160]</a> In 2000, Italy became the sixth nation in the contest and Rome's <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a> has replaced <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a> as the venue for their home games since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> The Rugby Championship is the Southern Hemisphere's annual international series for that region's top national teams. From its inception in 1996 through 2011, it was known as the Tri Nations, as it featured the hemisphere's traditional powers of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-TriNations_History-165">[163]</a> These teams have dominated world rankings in recent years, and many considered the Tri Nations to be the toughest competition in international rugby.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The Tri Nations was initially played on a home and away basis with the three nations playing each other twice.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In 2006, a new system was introduced where each nation plays the others three times, though in 2007 and 2011 the teams played each other only twice, as both were World Cup years.<a href="#cite_note-TriNations_History-165">[163]</a> Since Argentina's strong performances in the 2007 World Cup,<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> after the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, <a href="/wiki/SANZAAR" title="SANZAAR">SANZAR</a> (South Africa, New Zealand and Australian Rugby) invited the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Rugby_Union" title="Argentine Rugby Union">Argentine Rugby Union</a> (UAR) to join an expanded Four Nations tournament in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The competition has been officially rechristened as The Rugby Championship beginning with the 2012 edition. The competition reverted to the Tri Nations' original home-and-away format, but now involving four teams. In World Cup years, an abbreviated tournament is held in which each team plays the others only once. In 2020, the "Tri Nations" format was temporarily revived due to the withdrawal of South Africa owing to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Green_light_for_2020_Tri-Nations-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_within_multi-sport_events">Rugby within multi-sport events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Rugby within multi-sport events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the Summer Olympics">Rugby union at the Summer Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games">Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Rugby union at the Asian Games">Rugby union at the Asian Games</a></div> Rugby union was played at the Olympic Games in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_in_the_Olympics-172">[170]</a> As per Olympic rules, the nations of Scotland, Wales and England were not allowed to play separately as they are not sovereign states. In 1900, France won the gold, beating Great Britain 27 points to 8 and defeating Germany 27 points to 17.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_in_the_Olympics-172">[170]</a> In 1908, Australia defeated Great Britain, claiming the gold medal, the score being 32 points to three.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_in_the_Olympics-172">[170]</a> In 1920, the United States, fielding a team with many players new to the sport of rugby, upset France in a shock win, eight points to zero. In 1924, the United States again defeated France 17 to 3, becoming the only team to win gold twice in the sport.<a href="#cite_note-Rugby_in_the_Olympics-172">[170]</a> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> voted with a majority of 81 to 8 that rugby union be reinstated as an Olympic sport in at least the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a> games, but in the sevens, 4-day tournament format.<a href="#cite_note-I.O.C._Decision-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> This is something the rugby world has aspired to for a long time and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lapasset" title="Bernard Lapasset">Bernard Lapasset</a>, president of the International Rugby Board, said the Olympic gold medal would be considered to be "the pinnacle of our sport" (Rugby Sevens).<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Rugby sevens has been played at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Rugby_Sevens_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Rugby Sevens Championships">Commonwealth Games</a> since the <a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998 Games</a> in Kuala Lumpur.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> The most gold medal holders are <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="New Zealand national rugby sevens team">New Zealand</a> who have won the competition on four successive occasions until South Africa beat them in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Rugby union has also been an <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a> event since the <a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998 games</a> in Bangkok, Thailand. In the 1998 and 2002 editions of the games, both the usual fifteen-a-side variety and rugby sevens were played, but from 2006 onwards, only rugby sevens was retained. In 2010, the women's rugby sevens event was introduced. The event is likely to remain a permanent fixture of the Asian Games due to elevation of rugby sevens as an Olympic sport from the 2016 Olympics onwards. The present gold medal holders in the sevens tournament, held in <a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="Japan national rugby sevens team">Japan</a> in the men's event and <a href="/wiki/China_women%27s_national_rugby_sevens_team" title="China women's national rugby sevens team">China</a> in the women's.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_international_rugby">Women's international rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Women's international rugby">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_international_rugby_union" title="Women's international rugby union">Women's international rugby union</a></div> Women's international rugby union began in 1982, with a match between <a href="/wiki/France_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team" title="France women's national rugby union team">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team" title="Netherlands women's national rugby union team">Netherlands</a> played in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> As of 2009 over six hundred women's internationals have been played by over forty different nations.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">Women's Rugby World Cup</a> was held in Wales <a href="/wiki/1991_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1991 Women's Rugby World Cup">in 1991</a> and was won by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team" title="United States women's national rugby union team">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Women's_Rugby-155">[153]</a> The second tournament took place in <a href="/wiki/1994_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1994 Women's Rugby World Cup">1994</a>, and from that time through 2014 was held every four years. The New Zealand Women's team then won four straight World Cups (<a href="/wiki/1998_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1998 Women's Rugby World Cup">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2002 Women's Rugby World Cup">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2006 Women's Rugby World Cup">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2010 Women's Rugby World Cup">2010</a>)<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> before <a href="/wiki/England_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team" title="England women's national rugby union team">England</a> won in <a href="/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2014 Women's Rugby World Cup">2014</a>. Following the 2014 event, World Rugby moved the next edition of the event to <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2017 Women's Rugby World Cup">2017</a>, with a new four-year cycle from that point forward.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> New Zealand are the current World Cup holders. As well as the Women's Rugby World Cup, there are also other regular tournaments (including a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="Women's Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a>) run in parallel to the men's competition. The Women's Six Nations, first played in <a href="/wiki/1996_Women%27s_Home_Nations_Championship" title="1996 Women's Home Nations Championship">1996</a> has been dominated by England, who have won the tournament on 14 occasions, including a run of seven consecutive wins from <a href="/wiki/2006_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="2006 Women's Six Nations Championship">2006</a> to <a href="/wiki/2012_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="2012 Women's Six Nations Championship">2012</a>. However, since then, England have won only in <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="2017 Women's Six Nations Championship">2017</a>; reigning champion France have won in each even-numbered year (2014, 2016, 2018) whilst <a href="/wiki/Ireland_women%27s_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland women's national rugby union team">Ireland</a> won in 2013 and 2015. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_rugby_union">Professional rugby union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Professional rugby union">edit</a>]</div> Rugby union has been professionalised since 1995. Professionalism has brought mixed results, with grassroots participation falling and financial struggles in the professional arena.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The following table shows professional and semi-professional rugby union competitions. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Professional rugby competitions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Competition </th> <th>Teams </th> <th>Countries </th> <th>Average Attendance </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Rugby Pacific">Super Rugby Pacific</a> </td> <td>12<a href="#cite_note-182">[a]</a> </td> <td>New Zealand (5), Australia (5), Fiji (1), Pacific Islands (1) </td> <td>14,436 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership Rugby</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">England</a> </td> <td>13,395 (2022–23) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One" title="Japan Rugby League One">Japan Rugby League One</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Japan Rugby Football Union">Japan</a> </td> <td>14,952 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-urlRecord_attendance_numbers_for_Japanese_Top_League-184">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">Top 14</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>France </td> <td>14,841 (2022–2023)<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Currie_Cup" title="Currie Cup">Currie Cup</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_Rugby_Union" title="South African Rugby Union">South Africa</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>Ireland (4), Wales (4), Scotland (2), Italy (2), South Africa (4)<a href="#cite_note-186">[b]</a> </td> <td>10,809 (2022–23)<a href="#cite_note-final_stormers-187">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(2006%E2%80%93present)" title="National Provincial Championship (2006–present)">National Provincial Championship</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>New Zealand </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pro_D2" title="Pro D2">Pro D2</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>France </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship" title="RFU Championship">RFU Championship</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">England</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">United States</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Didi_10" title="Didi 10">Didi 10</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Rugby_Union" title="Georgian Rugby Union">Georgia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Rugby_Championship" title="Russian Rugby Championship">Russian Rugby Championship</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union_of_Russia" title="Rugby Union of Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Națională de Rugby">Liga Națională de Rugby</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Rugby_Federation" title="Romanian Rugby Federation">Romania</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Americas" title="Super Rugby Americas">Super Rugby Americas</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>Argentina (2), Uruguay (1), Brazil (1), Chile (1), Paraguay (1), United States (1) </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Super Rugby peaked at 18 teams in 2016 and 2017, but reverted to 15 in 2018 with the loss of two teams from South Africa and one from Australia. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> The two South African teams that were dropped from Super Rugby after its 2017 season joined the renamed Pro14 for the 2017–18 season. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Rugby tens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag rugby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini rugby</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spielszene_BK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two teams of players, one in yellow the other in blue, play a form of rugby on a sunlit beach; the central yellow player runs forward, towards the right of picture, clutching the ball with one hand, close to his chest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Spielszene_BK.jpg/220px-Spielszene_BK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Spielszene_BK.jpg/330px-Spielszene_BK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Spielszene_BK.jpg/440px-Spielszene_BK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach rugby</a> match</figcaption></figure> Rugby union has spawned several variants of the full-contact, 15-a-side game. The two most common differences in adapted versions are fewer players and reduced player contact. The oldest variant is <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a> (sometimes 7s or VIIs), a fast-paced game which originated in <a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Scottish_Borders" title="Melrose, Scottish Borders">Melrose</a>, Scotland in 1883. In rugby sevens, there are only seven players per side, and each half is normally seven minutes. Major tournaments include the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sevens" title="Hong Kong Sevens">Hong Kong Sevens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Sevens" title="Dubai Sevens">Dubai Sevens</a>, both held in areas not normally associated with the highest levels of the 15-a-side game. A more recent variant of the sport is <a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">rugby tens</a> (10s or Xs), a Malaysian invention with ten players per side.<a href="#cite_note-Completerugby1-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch rugby</a>, in which "tackles" are made by simply touching the ball carrier with two hands, is popular both as a training game and more formally as a mixed sex version of the sport played by both children and adults.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Several variants have been created to introduce the sport to children with a less physical contact.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_14-191">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini rugby</a> is a version aimed at fostering the sport in children.<a href="#cite_note-Mini_Rugby-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rutherford1-193">[189]</a> It is played with only eight players and on a smaller pitch.<a href="#cite_note-Mini_Rugby-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tag_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Rugby">Tag Rugby</a> is a version in which the players wear a belt with two tags attached by velcro, the removal of either counting as a 'tackle'. Tag Rugby also varies in that kicking the ball is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Similar to Tag Rugby, <a href="/wiki/American_Flag_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="American Flag Rugby">American Flag Rugby</a>, (AFR), is a mixed gender, non-contact imitation of rugby union designed for American children entering grades K-9.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Both American Flag Rugby and Mini Rugby differ from Tag Rugby in that they introduce more advanced elements of rugby union as the participants age.<a href="#cite_note-Mini_Rugby-192">[188]</a> Ten man rugby is an extreme style of play in rugby union in which the team uses the power of its forwards to dominate possession, <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(rugby)" title="Scrum (rugby)">scrums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line-out_(rugby_union)" title="Line-out (rugby union)">line-outs</a>, and the kicking ability of its fly-half to attain position. The four <a href="/wiki/Three-quarter_back" title="Three-quarter back">three-quarter backs</a> and the full back are not usually used in attack; if they are, this is usually restricted to the inside centre on the <a href="/wiki/Crash_ball" title="Crash ball">crash ball</a>, and chasing kicks, especially <a href="/wiki/Bomb_(kick)" title="Bomb (kick)">garryowens</a>. Ten man rugby is a very conservative style of play, and not particularly entertaining for the spectator, but can be effective if a team has a strong pack and a good 10, and perhaps less effective backs. The term "ten man rugby" is somewhat derogatory, though most teams will employ these tactics to a degree, especially in foul weather, but usually not exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Other less formal variants include <a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">beach rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">snow rugby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IRB_BGRU_14-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_other_sports">Influence on other sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Influence on other sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">History of American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">Comparison of American football and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Origins of Australian rules football">Origins of Australian rules football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Comparison of rugby league and rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">History of rugby league</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Wills_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Tom_Wills_1857.jpg/220px-Tom_Wills_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Tom_Wills_1857.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>When codifying <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> in 1859, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wills" title="Tom Wills">Tom Wills</a> drew inspiration from an early version of rugby he learnt at Rugby School.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> was formed after the Northern Union broke from the Rugby Football Union in a disagreement over payment to players. It went on to change its laws and became a <a href="/wiki/Football_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Football code">football code</a> in its own right. The two sports continue to influence each other to this day. <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a><a href="#cite_note-Completerugby2-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stubbs-202">[198]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a><a href="#cite_note-CanFitba1-203">[199]</a> are derived from early forms of rugby football.<a href="#cite_note-CanFitba1-203">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">other games originating in English public schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a> took aspects of many sports including rugby to invent <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> The most obvious contribution is the <a href="/wiki/Jump_ball" title="Jump ball">jump ball</a>'s similarity to the line-out as well as the underhand shooting style that dominated the early years of the sport. Naismith played rugby at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish football</a> was a code whose rules were a mix of <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football rules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jönsson203-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Rugby lends its name to <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">wheelchair rugby</a>, a full-contact sport which contains elements of rugby such as crossing a try line with the ball to score.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics_and_records">Statistics and records</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Statistics and records">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_top_rugby_union_players_by_international_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="List of top rugby union players by international caps">List of top rugby union players by international caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_top_scoring_international_rugby_union_players" class="mw-redirect" title="List of top scoring international rugby union players">List of top scoring international rugby union players</a></div> According to a 2023 report by the Centre for the International Business of Sport, over ten million people play rugby union or one of its variants organised by the IRB.<a href="#cite_note-Stripes-212">[208]</a> This is a significant increase since the previous report in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Rugby-213">[209]</a> The report also claimed that since 2011 participation has grown by 33 per cent in Africa, 28 per cent in South America and 18 per cent in Asia and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Rugby-213">[209]</a> In 2023 the IRB published a breakdown of the total number of players worldwide by national unions. It recorded a total of 10.9 million players globally, of those, 8.4 million were registered members playing for a club affiliated to their country's union.<a href="#cite_note-6.6m-2">[2]</a> The 2016 World Rugby Year in Review reported 8.5 million players, of which 3.2 million were registered union players and 1.9 million were registered club players; 22% of all players were female.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The most capped international player from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_teams#Tier_1" title="List of international rugby union teams">tier 1 nations</a> is Welsh captain <a href="/wiki/Alun_Wyn_Jones" title="Alun Wyn Jones">Alun Wyn Jones</a> who has played over 150 internationals. While the top scoring tier 1 international player is New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Dan_Carter" title="Dan Carter">Dan Carter</a>, who has amassed 1442 points during his career.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> In April 2010 <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Lithuania" title="Rugby union in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> which is a second tier rugby nation, broke the record of consecutive international wins for second tier rugby nations. In 2016, the All Blacks of New Zealand set the new record 18 consecutive test wins among tier 1 rugby nations, bettering their previous consecutive run of 17.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> This record was equalled by England on 11 March 2017 with a win over Scotland at Twickenham.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> The highest scoring international match between two recognised unions was Hong Kong's 164–13 victory over Singapore on 27 October 1994.<a href="#cite_note-record_wins-218">[214]</a> While the largest winning margin of 152 points is held by two countries, Japan (a 155–3 win over Chinese Taipei) and Argentina (152–0 over Paraguay) both in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-record_wins-218">[214]</a> The record attendance for a rugby union game was set on 15 July 2000 in which New Zealand defeated Australia 39–35 in a Bledisloe Cup game at <a href="/wiki/Stadium_Australia" title="Stadium Australia">Stadium Australia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> before 109,874 fans.<a href="#cite_note-highest_attendance-219">[215]</a> The record attendance for a match in Europe of 104,000 (at the time a world record) was set on 1 March 1975 when <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team" title="Wales national rugby union team">Wales</a> 12–10 at <a href="/wiki/Murrayfield_Stadium" title="Murrayfield Stadium">Murrayfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1975_Five_Nations_Championship" title="1975 Five Nations Championship">1975 Five Nations Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highest_attendance-219">[215]</a> This crowd however is an estimate and contemporaneous newspaper accounts list a crowd of 80,000 only. The record attendance for a domestic club match is 99,124, set when <a href="/wiki/Racing_92" title="Racing 92">Racing 92</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/RC_Toulonnais" class="mw-redirect" title="RC Toulonnais">Toulon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Top_14_season#Final" title="2015–16 Top 14 season">2016 Top 14 final</a> on 24 June at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nou" title="Camp Nou">Camp Nou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. The match had been moved from its normal site of <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_France" title="Stade de France">Stade de France</a> near Paris due to scheduling conflicts with France's hosting of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: In culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An oil painting of four moustached men, two wearing orange and white striped jerseys and shorts, the other two wearing blue and white striped jerseys and shorts, contesting a rugby ball within an avenue of trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg/220px-Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg/330px-Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg/440px-Henri_Rousseau_-_The_Football_Players.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Henri Rousseau – The Football Players (1908)</figcaption></figure> Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Brown's Schooldays">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a>, set at <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>, includes a rugby football match, also portrayed in the 1940s film of the same name. James Joyce mentions Irish team <a href="/wiki/Bective_Rangers" title="Bective Rangers">Bective Rangers</a> in several of his works, including <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922) and <a href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</a> (1939), while his 1916 semi-autobiographical work <a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> has an account of Ireland international <a href="/wiki/James_Magee_(sportsman,_born_1872)" title="James Magee (sportsman, born 1872)">James Magee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, in his 1924 Sherlock Holmes tale <a href="/wiki/The_Adventure_of_the_Sussex_Vampire" title="The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire">The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire</a>, mentions that Dr Watson played rugby for Blackheath.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a>'s 1908 work Joueurs de football shows two pairs of rugby players competing.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Other French artists to have represented the sport in their works include <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>' Les Joueurs de football (1912), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>'s Football. L'Équipe de Cardiff (1916) and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lhote" title="André Lhote">André Lhote</a>'s Partie de Rugby (1917).<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Art_competitions_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Gold Medal for Art</a> at the Amsterdam Olympics was won by Luxembourg's <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacoby" title="Jean Jacoby">Jean Jacoby</a> for his work Rugby.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> In film, Ealing Studios' 1949 comedy <a href="/wiki/A_Run_for_Your_Money" title="A Run for Your Money">A Run for Your Money</a> and the 1979 BBC Wales television film <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(1978_film)" title="Grand Slam (1978 film)">Grand Slam</a> both centre on fans attending a match.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Films that explore the sport in more detail include independent production <a href="/wiki/Old_Scores" title="Old Scores">Old Scores</a> (1991) and <a href="/wiki/Forever_Strong" title="Forever Strong">Forever Strong</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Invictus_(film)" title="Invictus (film)">Invictus</a> (2009), based on <a href="/wiki/John_Carlin_(journalist)" title="John Carlin (journalist)">John Carlin</a>'s book Playing the Enemy, explores the events of the <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995 Rugby World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>'s attempt to use the sport to connect South Africa's people post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> In public art and sculpture, there are many works dedicated to the sport. There is a 27 feet (8.2 m) bronze statue of a rugby line-out by pop artist <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Laing" title="Gerald Laing">Gerald Laing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> and one of rugby administrator Sir <a href="/wiki/Tasker_Watkins" title="Tasker Watkins">Tasker Watkins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Stadium" title="Millennium Stadium">Millennium Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Rugby players to have been honoured with statues include <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Edwards" title="Gareth Edwards">Gareth Edwards</a> in Cardiff and <a href="/wiki/Danie_Craven" title="Danie Craven">Danie Craven</a> in Stellenbosch.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" 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rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rugby_union_player_records" title="International rugby union player records">International rugby union player records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rugby_union_team_records" title="International rugby union team records">International rugby union team records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_teams" title="List of international rugby union teams">List of international rugby union teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of oldest rugby union competitions">List of oldest rugby union competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rugby union terms">List of rugby union terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Rugby Hall of Fame">World Rugby Hall of Fame</a>, a merger of the IRB and International Rugby Halls of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_rugby_union" title="Concussions in rugby union">Concussions in rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of rugby union stadiums by capacity">List of rugby union stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_rugby_union_system" title="History of the English rugby union system">History of the English rugby union system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_England_national_rugby_union_team" title="History of the England national rugby union team">History of the England national rugby union team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> As of 2014 the International Rugby Board, now known as World Rugby, removed the total breakdown of world-wide player numbers by country, by age and gender to publish instead an overall figure for each nation. This document, titled '119 countries... 6.6 million players' adds the number of registered and unregistered players reported by each country. Some unions only report their registered players, i.e. those who play for an affiliated club or region. Other unions, such as England's <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a>, also report people taking part in outreach and educational programmes, or unregistered players. In the 2012 figures reported by the RFU they reported 1,990,988 people playing rugby in England, including 1,102,971 under 13s, 731,685 teens and 156,332 seniors. Some of those recorded would have experienced rugby via educational visits to schools, playing tag or touch rugby, rather than playing regularly for a club. The figures released in 2023 give an overall figure of those playing rugby union, or one of its variants, as 10,984,118, but also reports that of that total, 8.4 million are registered players, while 2.5 million are unregistered. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Although the United States national anthem, "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", was first sung before baseball games in the mid-19th century, it did not become the official national anthem until 1931. In addition, the song's pregame use did not become customary until the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElse2007" class="citation book cs1">Else, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishlanguagec0000unse/page/97">British language & culture</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishlanguagec0000unse/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-286-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86450-286-2"><bdi>978-1-86450-286-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+language+%26+culture&rft.pages=97&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86450-286-2&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishlanguagec0000unse%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6.6m-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6.6m_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6.6m_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6.6m_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rugbyredefined.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/irb-dev-glob-map.pdf">"119 countries... 8.4 million players"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">IRB</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617194732/https://rugbyredefined.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/irb-dev-glob-map.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2015. 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Retrieved 6 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Laws&rft.pub=Rugbyfootballhistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2Foriginsofrugby.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin10-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin10_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin10_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin10_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin10_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin10_16-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwinRhys1981">Godwin & Rhys 1981</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512172056/https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/global-growth.html">"History of Football – The Global Growth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/global-growth.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA&rft.atitle=History+of+Football+%E2%80%93+The+Global+Growth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fclassicfootball%2Fhistory%2Fthe-game%2Fglobal-growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Collins2006" class="citation book cs1">Tony Collins (2006). "Schism 1893–1895". Rugby's great split: class, culture and the origins of rugby league football (2nd ed.). Routlage. pp. 87–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-39616-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-39616-6"><bdi>0-415-39616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schism+1893%E2%80%931895&rft.btitle=Rugby%27s+great+split%3A+class%2C+culture+and+the+origins+of+rugby+league+football&rft.pages=87-120&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routlage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-39616-6&rft.au=Tony+Collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGaughey" class="citation web cs1">McGaughey, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512190553/http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html">"A Short History of Civilization IV"</a>. Five Epochs of Civilization: Chapter 7 (2000). worldhistorysite.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldhistorysite.com/civilization4.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Five+Epochs+of+Civilization%3A+Chapter+7+%282000%29&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Civilization+IV&rft.aulast=McGaughey&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldhistorysite.com%2Fcivilization4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1870s.htm">"Historical Rugby Milestones 1870s"</a>. Rugby Football History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113065814/http://rugbyfootballhistory.com/timeline1870s.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Rugby+Milestones+1870s&rft.pub=Rugby+Football+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyfootballhistory.com%2Ftimeline1870s.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin12-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Godwin12_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwinRhys1981">Godwin & Rhys 1981</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607033526/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php">"1888 Australia & New Zealand"</a>. The British and irish Lions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/5023.php">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1888+Australia+%26+New+Zealand&rft.pub=The+British+and+irish+Lions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsrugby.com%2Fhistory%2F5023.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1993" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Greg (1993). Forerunners of the All Blacks. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908812-30-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-908812-30-2"><bdi>0-908812-30-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forerunners+of+the+All+Blacks&rft.place=Christchurch%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-908812-30-2&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lions_history-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lions_history_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lions_history_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php">"The History"</a>. lionsrugby.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722073223/http://www.lionsrugby.com/history/potted_history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lionsrugby.com&rft.atitle=The+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsrugby.com%2Fhistory%2Fpotted_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824065112/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html">"IRB Hall of Fame Welcomes Five Inductees"</a>. International Rugby Board. 23 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2027752.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRB+Hall+of+Fame+Welcomes+Five+Inductees&rft.pub=International+Rugby+Board&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Fhistory%2Fhalloffame%2Fnewsid%3D2027752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths1987">Griffiths 1987</a>, p. ix "In the first century of rugby union's history the IRB only recognised matches with international status if both teams in a match came from a small pool of countries: Australia, British Lions, England, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales." </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/the-new-zealand-natives-rugby-tour/nz-natives-rugby-tour">"New Zealand Natives' rugby tour of 1888–9"</a>. New Zealand History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223145904/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/the-new-zealand-natives-rugby-tour/nz-natives-rugby-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Natives%27+rugby+tour+of+1888%E2%80%939&rft.pub=New+Zealand+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fculture%2Fthe-new-zealand-natives-rugby-tour%2Fnz-natives-rugby-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/page/78377.html">"Take a trip down memory lane courtesy of our historian John Griffiths"</a>. espnscrum.com. 23 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227112241/http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/page/78377.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Take+a+trip+down+memory+lane+courtesy+of+our+historian+John+Griffiths&rft.pub=espnscrum.com&rft.date=2008-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espnscrum.com%2Fscrum%2Frugby%2Fpage%2F78377.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> "1 October: The original Wallabies beat a strong Gloucestershire XV 16–0 at Kingsholm, 2 October: The Invincible Second All Blacks have their toughest tour assignment when they are considered lucky to scrape home 13–10 against a star-studded Newport XV, 2 October: Argentina serve notice of their rapidly rising rugby stock by beating a Cardiff side captained by Gerald Davies." </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin,_p18-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin,_p18_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin,_p18_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwinRhys1981">Godwin & Rhys 1981</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasRowe1954">Thomas & Rowe 1954</a>, p. 27 "When they arrived in this country [Britain] they were regarded as an unknown quantity, but it was not anticipated that they would give the stronger British teams a great deal of opposition. The result of the very first match against Devon was regarded as a foregone conclusion by most British followers." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/anthem/pages/anthem-today.shtml">"The anthem in more recent years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales" title="BBC Cymru Wales">BBC Cymru Wales history</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales" title="BBC Cymru Wales">BBC Cymru Wales</a>. 1 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629144706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/anthem/pages/anthem-today.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Cymru+Wales+history&rft.atitle=The+anthem+in+more+recent+years&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fmusic%2Fsites%2Fanthem%2Fpages%2Fanthem-today.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyphersTrex2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Cyphers, Luke; Trex, Ethan (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/6957582/the-history-national-anthem-sports-espn-magazine">"The song remains the same"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPN_The_Magazine" title="ESPN The Magazine">ESPN The Magazine</a>. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN+The+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+song+remains+the+same&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft.aulast=Cyphers&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Trex%2C+Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F6957582%2Fthe-history-national-anthem-sports-espn-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwinRhys1981">Godwin & Rhys 1981</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19590.html">"Italy Tour – Bucharest, 14 April 1940: Romania 3–0 Italy (FT)"</a>. ESPNscrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112160141/http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19590.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNscrum&rft.atitle=Italy+Tour+%E2%80%93+Bucharest%2C+14+April+1940%3A+Romania+3%E2%80%930+Italy+%28FT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Frugby%2Fmatch%2F19590.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19591.html">"Italy Tour – Stuttgart, 5 May 1940: Germany (0) 0–4 (4) Italy (FT)"</a>. ESPNscrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112160144/http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19591.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNscrum&rft.atitle=Italy+Tour+%E2%80%93+Stuttgart%2C+5+May+1940%3A+Germany+%280%29+0%E2%80%934+%284%29+Italy+%28FT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Frugby%2Fmatch%2F19591.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19592.html">"Romania Tour – Milan, 2 May 1942: Italy (8) 22–3 (0) Romania (FT)"</a>. ESPNscrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112160140/http://en.espn.co.uk/italy/rugby/match/19592.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNscrum&rft.atitle=Romania+Tour+%E2%80%93+Milan%2C+2+May+1942%3A+Italy+%288%29+22%E2%80%933+%280%29+Romania+%28FT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.espn.co.uk%2Fitaly%2Frugby%2Fmatch%2F19592.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodwinRhys1981">Godwin & Rhys 1981</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810065813/http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html">"Rugby in the Olympics: Future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">IRB</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/rugbyandtheolympics/future.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRB&rft.atitle=Rugby+in+the+Olympics%3A+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Frugbyandtheolympics%2Ffuture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-I.O.C._Decision-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-I.O.C._Decision_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-I.O.C._Decision_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2009" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Jeff (13 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/sports/14sports.html">"I.O.C. Decision Draws Cheers and Complaints From Athletes"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120827082843/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/14/sports/14sports.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.O.C.+Decision+Draws+Cheers+and+Complaints+From+Athletes&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F14%2Fsports%2F14sports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo2020.org-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo2020.org_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/olympic/rugby-sevens/">"Tokyo 2020 Olympic Sports: Rugby"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080212/https://tokyo2020.org/en/games/sport/olympic/rugby-sevens/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. 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Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Answers+to+dwindling+Super+crowds+in+NZ+may+offer+clues+for+Australia&rft.date=2020-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fsport%2Frugby-union%2Fanswers-to-dwindling-super-crowds-in-nz-may-offer-clues-for-australia-20200112-p53qqw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlRecord_attendance_numbers_for_Japanese_Top_League-184"><a href="#cite_ref-urlRecord_attendance_numbers_for_Japanese_Top_League_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/record-attendance-top-league/">"Record attendance numbers for Japanese Top League"</a>. 13 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224145207/https://www.sarugbymag.co.za/record-attendance-top-league/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record+attendance+numbers+for+Japanese+Top+League&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sarugbymag.co.za%2Frecord-attendance-top-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyworld.com/countries/france-countries/top-14-attendance-records-broken-this-season-according-to-league-154367">"Top 14 attendance records broken this season, according to league"</a>. Rugby World. 2 June 2023. 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Retrieved 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stormers&rft.atitle=DHL+Stormers+just+short+in+Vodacom+URC+Grand+Final&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestormers.com%2Fdhl-stormers-just-short-in-vodacom-urc-grand-final%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Completerugby1-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Completerugby1_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBath1997">Bath 1997</a>, p. 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeKroo2009" class="citation web cs1">deKroo, Karl (11 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/getting-a-kick-out-of-touch/story-e6frep5o-1225699224845">"Touch rugby league growing in Brisbane"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Touch+rugby+league+growing+in+Brisbane&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft.aulast=deKroo&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fsport%2Fgetting-a-kick-out-of-touch%2Fstory-e6frep5o-1225699224845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919021954/https://www.rfu.com/TheGame/%7E/link.aspx?_id=A4A528E2CC22410390D89AE5E46D1EF9&_z=z">"Touch Rugby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">RFU</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://passport.worldrugby.org/beginners_guide/downloads/Beginners_Guide_2015_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 April 2015. 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London: Partridge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85225-196-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85225-196-4"><bdi>1-85225-196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Mini+Rugby&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Partridge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85225-196-4&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810133935/http://www.rfu.com/TheGame/FormsOfRugby/Tag.aspx">"Tag Rugby"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">RFU</a>. 11 April 2009. 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Retrieved 18 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=americanflagrugby.com&rft.atitle=About+AFR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanflagrugby.com%2Fabout-afr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesclark.com/rrr/rugby_phrase_guide.html">"Rugby Union/Rugby League Phrase Guide v4.6"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409085241/http://www.wesclark.com/rrr/rugby_phrase_guide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rugby+Union%2FRugby+League+Phrase+Guide+v4.6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesclark.com%2Frrr%2Frugby_phrase_guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232304/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/allanmassie/Allan-Massie-Andrew-misses-target.5886900.jp">"Allan Massie: Andrew misses target by putting boot in laws - The Scotsman"</a>. thescotsman.scotsman.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/allanmassie/Allan-Massie-Andrew-misses-target.5886900.jp">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thescotsman.scotsman.com&rft.atitle=Allan+Massie%3A+Andrew+misses+target+by+putting+boot+in+laws+-+The+Scotsman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthescotsman.scotsman.com%2Fallanmassie%2FAllan-Massie-Andrew-misses-target.5886900.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_union/article6141624.ece">The Times</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605171110/http://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/sixnations/2008/0310/player_rating_ireland.html">"RT Sport: Six Nations - Player Ratings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie" title="RTÉ.ie">RTÉ.ie</a>. 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Retrieved 12 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=RT+Sport%3A+Six+Nations+-+Player+Ratings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fsport%2Frugby%2Fsixnations%2F2008%2F0310%2Fplayer_rating_ireland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeges2008" class="citation web cs1">Deges, Frankie (15 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726135403/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html">"Rugby X-treme hits the Andes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rugby_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rugby Board">IRB</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2026163.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRB&rft.atitle=Rugby+X-treme+hits+the+Andes&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.aulast=Deges&rft.aufirst=Frankie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Fnewsmedia%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D2026163.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Completerugby2-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Completerugby2_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBath1997">Bath 1997</a>, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stubbs-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Stubbs_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStubbs2009">Stubbs 2009</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-CanFitba1-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanFitba1_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanFitba1_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Everett_Robbins1972" class="citation book cs1">John Everett Robbins, ed. (1972). Encyclopedia Canadiana. Vol. 8. Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal: Grolier of Canada. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-1601-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-1601-2"><bdi>0-7172-1601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Canadiana&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ottawa%2C+Montreal&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Grolier+of+Canada&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7172-1601-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2011" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Tony (2011). "Chapter 1: National Myths, Imperial Pasts and the Origins of Australian Rules Football". In Wagg, Stephen (ed.). Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24125-1"><bdi>978-0-230-24125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+National+Myths%2C+Imperial+Pasts+and+the+Origins+of+Australian+Rules+Football&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Milestones+in+the+History+of+Sport&rft.pages=8-31&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24125-1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlainey2010" class="citation book cs1">Blainey, Geoffrey (2010). A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football. 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Allen & Unwin. pp. 17–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-499-5"><bdi>978-1-74175-499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tom+Wills%3A+His+Spectacular+Rise+and+Tragic+Fall&rft.pages=17-47&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-499-5&rft.aulast=de+Moore&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolff, Alexander (25 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604031625/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm">"The Olden Rules"</a>. Sports Illustrated. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1027613/index.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=The+Olden+Rules&rft.date=2002-11-25&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fvault%2Farticle%2Fmagazine%2FMAG1027613%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914215653/http://www.naismithmuseum.com/main.php?action=cms.JamesNaismith">"Biography of James Naismith"</a>. naismithmuseum.com. 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Lund: Historiska media. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-85377-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-85377-48-1"><bdi>91-85377-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fotboll%3A+hur+v%C3%A4rldens+st%C3%B6rsta+sport+v%C3%A4xte+fram&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=91-85377-48-1&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%85ke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&u=https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/historia/svff-1904/&ei=p8V9TtHEKKSP0AXUvPUB&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsvff:s%2Btillkomst%2B1904%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-gb%26prmd%3Dimvns">"SvFF:s tillkomst 1904"</a>. svenskfotboll.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728105105/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=sv&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsvenskfotboll.se%2Fsvensk-fotboll%2Fhistoria%2Fsvff-1904%2F&ei=p8V9TtHEKKSP0AXUvPUB&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q7gEwAA&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dsvff%3As%2Btillkomst%2B1904%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft%3Aen-gb%26prmd%3Dimvns">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=svenskfotboll.se&rft.atitle=SvFF%3As+tillkomst+1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dsv%26u%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fsvenskfotboll.se%2Fsvensk-fotboll%2Fhistoria%2Fsvff-1904%2F%26ei%3Dp8V9TtHEKKSP0AXUvPUB%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dtranslate%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CB0Q7gEwAA%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%253Fq%253Dsvff%3As%252Btillkomst%252B1904%2526hl%253Den%2526rls%253Dcom.microsoft%3Aen-gb%2526prmd%253Dimvns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919010124/http://www.iwrf.com/?page=about_our_sport">"Introduction to Wheelchair Rugby"</a>. iwrf.com. 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Retrieved 25 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Impact+Report+on+Global+Rugby%3B+Part+III%3A+Strategic+and+Emerging+Markets&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+International+Business+of+Sport%2C+Coventry+University&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Fmm%2FDocument%2FNewsMedia%2FMediaZone%2F02%2F04%2F22%2F88%2F2042288_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.worldrugby.org/yearinreview2016/en/45-1">"Year in Review 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a>. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707131158/http://publications.worldrugby.org/yearinreview2016/en/45-1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Rugby&rft.atitle=Year+in+Review+2016&rft.pages=45&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.worldrugby.org%2Fyearinreview2016%2Fen%2F45-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811234407/http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dpoints%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dplayer">"Statsguru/Test matches/Player records"</a>. ESPN Scrum.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=points;template=results;type=player">the original</a> on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statsguru%2FTest+matches%2FPlayer+records&rft.pub=ESPN+Scrum.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.espnscrum.com%2Fstatsguru%2Frugby%2Fstats%2Findex.html%3Fclass%3D1%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dpoints%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dplayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424222719/http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/news/newsid=2036957.html">"New Zealand sink Australia to make history with 18th consecutive Test win"</a>. The Guardian. 22 October 2016. 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Retrieved 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Games+where+100+or+more+points+were+scored+by+a+team&rft.pub=rugbydata.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbydata.com%2Fcenturies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-highest_attendance-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highest_attendance_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highest_attendance_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/team/highest_attendance.html?id=1;type=class">"Records: Highest attendance"</a>. ESPN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120011210/http://stats.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/records/team/highest_attendance.html?id=1;type=class">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Records%3A+Highest+attendance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.espnscrum.com%2Fscrum%2Frugby%2Frecords%2Fteam%2Fhighest_attendance.html%3Fid%3D1%3Btype%3Dclass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergogne2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bergogne, Romain (24 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lequipe.fr/Rugby/Actualites/En-battant-toulon-le-racing-92-est-sacre-champion-de-france/698977">"En battant Toulon, le Racing 92 est sacré champion de France"</a> [By beating Toulon, Racing 92 is champion of France]. <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160627003523/http://www.lequipe.fr/Rugby/Actualites/En-battant-toulon-le-racing-92-est-sacre-champion-de-france/698977">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bectiverangers.com/content/view/197/5">the original</a> on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bectiverangers.com&rft.atitle=Bective+Rangers+%E2%80%93+James+Joyce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bectiverangers.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F197%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/vampires/classicstory/sussexvampire_p1.shtml">"The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire"</a>. BBC. UK. September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/vampires/classicstory/sussexvampire_p1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Adventure+of+the+Sussex+Vampire&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcult%2Fvampires%2Fclassicstory%2Fsussexvampire_p1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauf" class="citation web cs1">Lauf, Cornelia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429080822/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&page=&f=Title&object=60.1583">"Henri Rousseau"</a>. guggenheim.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=The%20Football%20Players&page=&f=Title&object=60.1583">the original</a> on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guggenheim.org&rft.atitle=Henri+Rousseau&rft.aulast=Lauf&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guggenheim.org%2Fnew-york%2Fcollections%2Fcollection-online%2Fshow-full%2Fpiece%2F%3Fsearch%3DThe%2520Football%2520Players%26page%3D%26f%3DTitle%26object%3D60.1583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDine2001" class="citation book cs1">Dine, Philip (2001). French Rugby Football. Oxford: Berg. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-327-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-327-1"><bdi>1-85973-327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Rugby+Football&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85973-327-1&rft.aulast=Dine&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501132439/http://www.olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm">"Art Competitions"</a>. olympic-museum.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olympic-museum.de/art/1928.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=olympic-museum.de&rft.atitle=Art+Competitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Folympic-museum.de%2Fart%2F1928.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry1996" class="citation book cs1">Berry, David (1996). Wales and Cinema, The First Hundred Years. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1370-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1370-1"><bdi>0-7083-1370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+Cinema%2C+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7083-1370-1&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlin2007" class="citation news cs1">Carlin, John (19 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120604133332/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/10/19/ftmandela119.xml">"How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/portal/2007/10/19/ftmandela119.xml">the original</a> on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+Nelson+Mandela+won+the+rugby+World+Cup&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft.aulast=Carlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fportal%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fview%3DDETAILS%26grid%3D%26xml%3D%2Fportal%2F2007%2F10%2F19%2Fftmandela119.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFihlani2009" class="citation news cs1">Fihlani, Pumza (11 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8406647.stm">"South Africa 'rugby unity': Fact and fiction"</a>. BBC News. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210171602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8406647.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Africa+%27rugby+unity%27%3A+Fact+and+fiction&rft.date=2009-12-11&rft.aulast=Fihlani&rft.aufirst=Pumza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8406647.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilvington2010" class="citation web cs1">Kilvington, Joanna (2 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/richmondnews/8196778.Iconic_sculpture_of_rugby_line_out_unveiled/">"RFU unveils iconic bronze of rugby line-out by sculptor Gerald Laing"</a>. yourlocalguardian.co.uk. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727003326/http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/richmondnews/8196778.Iconic_sculpture_of_rugby_line_out_unveiled/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yourlocalguardian.co.uk&rft.atitle=RFU+unveils+iconic+bronze+of+rugby+line-out+by+sculptor+Gerald+Laing&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.aulast=Kilvington&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourlocalguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Frichmondnews%2F8196778.Iconic_sculpture_of_rugby_line_out_unveiled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_east/8360513.stm">"Statue of Sir Tasker is unveiled"</a>. BBC News. UK. 15 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/8360513.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Sir+Tasker+is+unveiled&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fsouth_east%2F8360513.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719053209/http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm">"Craven of Craven Week"</a>. rugby365.com. 27 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugby365.com/schools/craven/2504760.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugby365.com&rft.atitle=Craven+of+Craven+Week&rft.date=2010-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugby365.com%2Fschools%2Fcraven%2F2504760.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Printed sources <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopedia Canadiana vol. 8. Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal: Grolier of Canada. 1972. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-1601-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-1601-2"><bdi>0-7172-1601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Canadiana+vol.+8&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ottawa%2C+Montreal&rft.pub=Grolier+of+Canada&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7172-1601-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBath1997" class="citation book cs1">Bath, Richard, ed. (1997). Complete Book of Rugby. Seven Oaks Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86200-013-1"><bdi>1-86200-013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Book+of+Rugby&rft.pub=Seven+Oaks+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86200-013-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiscombeDrewett2009" class="citation book cs1">Biscombe, Tony; Drewett, Peter (2009). Rugby: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rugby%3A+Steps+to+Success&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Biscombe&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Drewett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBompaClaro2008" class="citation book cs1">Bompa, Tudor; Claro, Frederick (2008). Periodization in Rugby. Meyer and Meyer Sport.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Periodization+in+Rugby&rft.pub=Meyer+and+Meyer+Sport&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bompa&rft.aufirst=Tudor&rft.au=Claro%2C+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGuthrieGrowden2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Mathew; Guthrie, Patrick; Growden, Greg (2010). Rugby For Dummies. John Wiley and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rugby+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Growden%2C+Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwinRhys1981" class="citation book cs1">Godwin, Terry; Rhys, Chris (1981). The Guinness Book of Rugby Facts & Feats. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-214-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-214-0"><bdi>0-85112-214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Rugby+Facts+%26+Feats&rft.place=Enfield&rft.pub=Guinness+Superlatives+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85112-214-0&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Rhys%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1987" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, John (1987). The Phoenix Book of International Rugby Records. London: Phoenix House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-07003-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-07003-7"><bdi>0-460-07003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenix+Book+of+International+Rugby+Records&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-460-07003-7&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesGolesworthy1976" class="citation book cs1">Jones, John R; Golesworthy, Maurice (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr0000jone">Encyclopedia of Rugby Union Football</a>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-5394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-5394-5"><bdi>0-7091-5394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rugby+Union+Football&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7091-5394-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft.au=Golesworthy%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofr0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshallJordon1951" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Howard; Jordon, J.P. (1951). Oxford v Cambridge, The Story of the University Rugby Match. London: Clerke & Cockeran.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+v+Cambridge%2C+The+Story+of+the+University+Rugby+Match&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Clerke+%26+Cockeran&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Jordon%2C+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1979" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Ruth (1979). The Official World Encyclopedia of Sports and Games. London: Diagram Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7092-0153-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7092-0153-2"><bdi>0-7092-0153-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+World+Encyclopedia+of+Sports+and+Games&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Diagram+Group&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7092-0153-2&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Huw (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gameforhooligans0000rich">A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union</a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Publishing" title="Mainstream Publishing">Mainstream Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-255-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-255-5"><bdi>978-1-84596-255-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Game+for+Hooligans%3A+The+History+of+Rugby+Union&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84596-255-5&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgameforhooligans0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2009" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, Ray (2009). The Sports Book. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3697-0"><bdi>978-1-4053-3697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sports+Book&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-3697-0&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasRowe1954" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, J.B.G.; Rowe, Harding (1954). On Tour. Essex: Anchor Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Tour&rft.place=Essex&rft.pub=Anchor+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=J.B.G.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Harding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Electronic sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518105529/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html">"Laws of Rugby Union"</a>. IRB. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/laws/index.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Rugby+Union&rft.pub=IRB&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Flawregulations%2Flaws%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103091436/http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html">"IRB Regulations"</a>. IRB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irb.com/lawregulations/regulations/index.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRB+Regulations&rft.pub=IRB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irb.com%2Flawregulations%2Fregulations%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARugby+union" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/94071.html">Scrum.com Rugby guide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_union&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rugby union">Rugby union</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rugby union at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rugby union">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="c:Rugby union">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Rugby union">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Rugby union">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rugby union">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rugby union">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rugby_union" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rugby union">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world.rugby/">International Rugby Board</a> – official site of the sport's governing body</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbydata.com">Rugby Data</a> – rugby union statistics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetrugby.com/">Planet Rugby</a> – news, fixtures, match reports, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/rugby/">ESPN Rugby</a> – news, match reports and statistics database</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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20 Championship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania_Rugby_Junior_Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">Oceania Rugby Junior Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022 Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Championship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="Argentina national under-20 rugby union team">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="Australia national under-20 rugby union team">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="Fiji national under-20 rugby union team">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national under-20 rugby union team">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="Samoa national under-20 rugby union team">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_under-20_rugby_union_team" title="Tonga national under-20 rugby union team">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seasons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Championship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2015 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2016 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2017 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2018 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2019 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2019</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/2020_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2020 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2020</a></s></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/2021_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2021 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2021</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2022 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship#Trophy" title="2015 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship#Trophy" title="2016 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship#Trophy" title="2017 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship#Trophy" title="2018 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2018</a></li> <li>2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2020 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2020</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/2021_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="2021 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2021</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship#Trophy" title="2022 Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rugby_football" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rugby_football" title="Template:Rugby football"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rugby_football" title="Template talk:Rugby football"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby_football" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rugby football"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rugby_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby football</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rugby union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of rugby union competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of oldest rugby union competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_play_in_rugby_union" title="Dangerous play in rugby union">Dangerous play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_equipment" title="Rugby union equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye-gouging_(rugby_union)" title="Eye-gouging (rugby union)">Eye-gouging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_gameplay" title="Rugby union gameplay">Gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rugby_union_terms" title="Glossary of rugby union terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rugby_union_eligibility_rules" title="International rugby union eligibility rules">International eligibility rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rugby_union_playing_countries" title="List of rugby union playing countries">Playing countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_positions" title="Rugby union positions">Positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">7s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">10s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Women's rugby union">Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">Rugby X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_rugby_sevens" title="List of Olympic venues in rugby sevens">Olympic venues (7s)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_gameplay" title="Rugby league gameplay">Gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_rugby_league" title="Geography of rugby league">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">Physical disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_playing_field" title="Rugby league playing field">Playing field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnside_rules" title="Burnside rules">Burnside rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_football_competitions" title="List of oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_football" title="Category:Rugby football">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_football" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rugby football">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_rugby_union_competitions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_rugby_union" title="Template:International rugby union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_rugby_union" title="Template talk:International rugby union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_rugby_union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International rugby union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_rugby_union_competitions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rugby union</a> competitions</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby" title="World Rugby">World Rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby" title="Asia Rugby">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe" title="Rugby Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North" title="Rugby Americas North">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_Rugby" title="Sudamérica Rugby">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby" title="Oceania Rugby">Oceania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens" title="Rugby World Cup Sevens">World Cup Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Sevens Series">Sevens Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_U20_Championship" title="World Rugby U20 Championship">U20 World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_U20_Trophy" title="World Rugby U20 Trophy">U20 Trophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens" title="Rugby World Cup Sevens">World Cup Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="World Rugby Women's Sevens Series">Sevens Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X#Tournaments" title="Rugby X">Rugby X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXV" title="WXV">WXV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games (7s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Rugby union at the Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games (7s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Rugby union at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the Pacific Games">Pacific Games (7s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_World_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the World Games">World Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Americas_Pacific_Challenge" title="World Rugby Americas Pacific Challenge">Americas Pacific Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Nations_Cup" title="World Rugby Nations Cup">Nations Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Pacific_Nations_Cup" title="World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup">Pacific Nations Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Pacific_Challenge" title="World Rugby Pacific Challenge">Pacific Rugby Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Four_Series" title="Pacific Four Series">Pacific Four Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Rugby_Sevens_Men%27s_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Rugby Sevens Men's Tournament">Arab Rugby Sevens Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Rugby_Sevens_Women%27s_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Rugby Sevens Women's Tournament">Arab Rugby Sevens Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rugby_Championship#U20_Rugby_Championship" title="The Rugby Championship">The Rugby Championship U20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa_Cup" title="Rugby Africa Cup">Rugby Africa Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa_Women%27s_Cup" title="Rugby Africa Women's Cup">Rugby Africa Women's Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Men%27s_Sevens" title="Africa Men's Sevens">Africa Men's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Africa Women's Sevens">Africa Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U20_Barth%C3%A9s_Trophy" title="U20 Barthés Trophy">U20 Barthés Trophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Championship" title="Asia Rugby Championship">Asia Rugby Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Sevens_Series" title="Asia Rugby Sevens Series">Asian Sevens Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship" title="Asia Rugby Women's Championship">Asia Rugby Women's Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Series" title="Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series">Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_U19_Championship" title="Asia Rugby U19 Championship">U19 Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_International_Championships" title="Rugby Europe International Championships">Europe International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="Women's Six Nations Championship">Women's Six Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Women's Championship">Europe Women's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Sevens" title="Rugby Europe Sevens">Europe Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Rugby Europe Women's Sevens">Europe Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Under_20s_Championship" title="Six Nations Under 20s Championship">U20 Six Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Under-20_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Under-20 Championship">U20 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Under-18_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Under-18 Championship">U18 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Under-18_Sevens_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Under-18 Sevens Championship">U18 Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Under-18_Sevens_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Women's Under-18 Sevens Championship">U18 Women's Sevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Men%27s_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Men's Championship">Oceania Men's Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Women's Championship">Oceania Women's Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Men%27s_Sevens_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Men's Sevens Championship">Oceania Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Women's Sevens Championship">Oceania Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Under_20_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Under 20 Championship">U20 Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Championship" title="Rugby Americas North Championship">RAN Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Rugby_Championship" title="Americas Rugby Championship">Americas Rugby Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Rugby_Challenge" title="Americas Rugby Challenge">Americas Rugby Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Women%27s_Rugby_Championship" title="Rugby Americas North Women's Rugby Championship">RAN Women's Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Sevens" title="Rugby Americas North Sevens">RAN Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Rugby Americas North Women's Sevens">RAN Women's Sevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Rugby_Championship" title="South American Rugby Championship">South American Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Rugby_Trophy" title="Americas Rugby Trophy">Americas Rugby Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_Rugby_Sevens" title="Sudamérica Rugby Sevens">Sudamérica Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Sudamérica Rugby Women's Sevens">Sudamérica Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Junior_Rugby_Championship" title="South American Junior Rugby Championship">U20 Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rugby union at the Summer Olympics">Olympic Games (15s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Rugby union at the Pacific Games">Pacific Games (15s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_World_Games" title="Rugby sevens at the World Games">World Games (7s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Cup" title="Churchill Cup">Churchill Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Cup" title="Crescent Cup">Crescent Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Rugby_Championship" title="Pacific Rim Rugby Championship">Pacific Rim Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARA_Pan_American_Championship" title="PARA Pan American Championship">Pan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serendib_International_Cup" title="Serendib International Cup">Serendib International Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Super Cup (rugby union)">Super Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Tbilisi_Cup" title="World Rugby Tbilisi Cup">Tbilisi Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_19_Rugby_World_Championship" title="Under 19 Rugby World Championship">U-19 World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_21_Rugby_World_Championship" title="Under 21 Rugby World Championship">U-21 World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Nations_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Women's Nations Cup (rugby union)">Women's Nations Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRB_Women%27s_Sevens_Challenge_Cup" title="IRB Women's Sevens Challenge Cup">IRB Women's Sevens Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Championship" title="South Pacific Championship">South Pacific Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_10_(rugby_union)" title="Super 10 (rugby union)">Super 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARFU_Asian_Rugby_Series" title="ARFU Asian Rugby Series">ARFU Asian Rugby Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_international_rugby_union" title="Women's international rugby union">Women's international rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Rankings" title="World Rugby Rankings">World Rugby Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Awards" title="World Rugby Awards">World Rugby Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Top-level_rugby_union_club_competitions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Top-level_rugby_union_club_competitions" title="Template:Top-level rugby union club competitions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Top-level_rugby_union_club_competitions" title="Template talk:Top-level rugby union club competitions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Top-level_rugby_union_club_competitions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Top-level rugby union club competitions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Top-level_rugby_union_club_competitions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Top-level <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rugby union</a> club competitions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tier 1 nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European cups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Champions_Cup" title="European Rugby Champions Cup">European Rugby Champions Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Challenge_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="European Rugby Challenge Cup">European Rugby Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Super_Cup" title="Rugby Europe Super Cup">Rugby Europe Super Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Americas" title="Super Rugby Americas">Super Rugby Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Rugby Pacific">Super Rugby Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rugby_Championship" title="United Rugby Championship">United Rugby Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacional_de_Clubes" title="Nacional de Clubes">Nacional de Clubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneo_de_la_URBA" title="Torneo de la URBA">Torneo de la URBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torneo_del_Interior" title="Torneo del Interior">Torneo del Interior</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_club_championship_rugby_union" title="Australian club championship rugby union">Australian Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_club_rugby_union_competitions" title="List of Australian club rugby union competitions">Provincial Club Competitions</a></li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Premiership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship" title="RFU Championship">Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby_Cup" title="Premiership Rugby Cup">Premiership Rugby Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship_Cup" title="RFU Championship Cup">RFU Championship Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">Top 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Pro_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Pro D2">Pro D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Championnat_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral_Nationale" title="Championnat Fédéral Nationale">Championnat Fédéral Nationale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_League_(rugby_union)" title="All-Ireland League (rugby union)">All-Ireland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="All-Ireland Cup (rugby union)">All-Ireland Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Top12" class="mw-redirect" title="Top12">Serie A Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_(rugby_union)" title="Coppa Italia (rugby union)">Serie A Elite Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One" title="Japan Rugby League One">Japan Rugby League One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Challenge_League" title="Top Challenge League">Top Challenge League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_League_Champions_Cup" title="Top League Champions Cup">Top League Champions Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Japan_Rugby_Football_Championship" title="All-Japan Rugby Football Championship">All-Japan Rugby Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(2006%E2%80%93present)" title="National Provincial Championship (2006–present)">National Provincial Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Championship" title="Heartland Championship">Heartland Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li>Scotland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Series_(Scottish_rugby_union_competition)" title="Super Series (Scottish rugby union competition)">Super 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Premiership_(rugby_union)" title="Scottish Premiership (rugby union)">Scottish Premiership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Cup" title="1872 Cup">1872 Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currie_Cup" title="Currie Cup">Currie Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SA_Cup" title="SA Cup">SA Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Gold Cup (rugby union)">Gold Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsity_Rugby" title="Varsity Rugby">Varsity Cup</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Premier_Division" title="Welsh Premier Division">Welsh Premier Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRU_Challenge_Cup" title="WRU Challenge Cup">WRU Challenge Cup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup" title="Anglo-Welsh Cup">Anglo-Welsh Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Provincial_Championship" title="Australian Provincial Championship">Australian Provincial Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Cup" title="British and Irish Cup">British and Irish Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Argentino" title="Campeonato Argentino">Campeonato Argentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Celtic Cup (rugby union)">Celtic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_Yves_du_Manoir" title="Challenge Yves du Manoir">Challenge Yves du Manoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Club_Rugby_League" title="Continental Club Rugby League">Continental Club Rugby League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppa_Italia_(rugby_union)" title="Coppa Italia (rugby union)">Coppa Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rugby_Continental_Shield" title="European Rugby Continental Shield">European Rugby Continental Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Rapid_Rugby" title="Global Rapid Rugby">Global Rapid Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRFU_Interprovincial_Championship" title="IRFU Interprovincial Championship">Irish Interprovincial Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Company_Rugby_Football_Championship" title="Japan Company Rugby Football Championship">Japan Company Rugby Football Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship" title="National Rugby Championship">National Rugby Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro14_Rainbow_Cup" title="Pro14 Rainbow Cup">Pro14 Rainbow Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFU_Knockout_Cup" title="RFU Knockout Cup">RFU Knockout Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Challenge_(South_Africa)" title="Rugby Challenge (South Africa)">Rugby Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Inter-District_Championship" title="Scottish Inter-District Championship">Scottish Inter-District Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Championship" title="South Pacific Championship">South Pacific Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh%E2%80%93Scottish_League" title="Welsh–Scottish League">Welsh–Scottish League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Cup" title="Kenya Cup">Kenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_de_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeonato Brasileiro de Rugby">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Uruguayo_de_Rugby" title="Campeonato Uruguayo de Rugby">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Nacional_de_Clubes_(Venezuela)" title="Campeonato Nacional de Clubes (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Premiership_(rugby_union)" title="Hong Kong Premiership (rugby union)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_%26_South_Asia_Rugby_Tournament" title="All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Rugby_League_Premier" title="Malaysia Rugby League Premier">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Super_Rugby_League" title="Korea Super Rugby League">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Rugby_Championship" title="Sri Lanka Rugby Championship">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1._Rugby_Bundesliga" title="1. Rugby Bundesliga">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Elite_League" title="Belgian Elite League">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraliga_ragby" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraliga ragby">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRU_Superliga" title="DRU Superliga">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Championship_League" title="Finnish Championship League">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didi_10" title="Didi 10">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby-Bundesliga" title="Rugby-Bundesliga">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Championship_Rugby_Union" title="Greek Championship Rugby Union">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Rugby_Union_National_Championship" title="Malta Rugby Union National Championship">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereklasse" title="Ereklasse">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Rugby_Championship" title="Norway Rugby Championship">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekstraliga_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstraliga (rugby)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Rugby" title="Campeonato Português de Rugby">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperLiga_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperLiga (rugby union)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Premier_League" title="Rugby Premier League">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Championship_of_Serbia" title="Rugby Championship of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Honor_de_Rugby" title="División de Honor de Rugby">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allsvenskan_(rugby_union)" title="Allsvenskan (rugby union)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Rugby_Superliga" title="Ukraine Rugby Superliga">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Rugby_Championship" title="Regional Rugby Championship">Central East Europe</a> <ul><li>Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skipper_Cup" title="Skipper Cup">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_National_Provincial_Championship" title="Samoa National Provincial Championship">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datec_Cup_Provincial_Championship" title="Datec Cup Provincial Championship">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women&#039;s_rugby_union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Template:Women's rugby union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Template talk:Women's rugby union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's rugby union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_rugby_union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rugby_union" title="Women's rugby union">Women's rugby union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anchor articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_international_rugby_union" title="Women's international rugby union">International rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rugby_sevens_competitions" title="List of women's rugby sevens competitions">List of rugby sevens competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_international_rugby_union_results_summary" title="Women's international rugby union results summary">International rugby results summary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International union competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup" title="Women's Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXV" title="WXV">WXV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa_Women%27s_Cup" title="Rugby Africa Women's Cup">Africa Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship" title="Asia Rugby Women's Championship">Asia Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Women%27s_Rugby_Championship" title="Rugby Americas North Women's Rugby Championship">North America Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Rugby_Trophy" title="Americas Rugby Trophy">South America Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Championship" title="Rugby Europe Women's Championship">Europe Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Women%27s_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Women's Championship">Oceania Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Six_Nations_Championship" title="Women's Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cross-Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Four_Series" title="Pacific Four Series">Pacific Four Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Canada Cup (rugby union)">Canada Cup</a> (1993–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Nations_Cup_(rugby_union)" title="Women's Nations Cup (rugby union)">Women's Nations Cup</a> (2008–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rugby_Super_Series" title="Women's Rugby Super Series">Women's Rugby Super Series</a> (2015–19)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic union competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lite_1" title="Élite 1">Élite 1</a> (FRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_Women%27s_Rugby" title="Premiership Women's Rugby">Premiership Women's Rugby</a> (ENG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Aupiki" title="Super Rugby Aupiki">Super Rugby Aupiki</a> (NZL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby_Women%27s" title="Super Rugby Women's">Super Rugby Women's</a> (AUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRFU_Women%27s_Interprovincial_Series" title="IRFU Women's Interprovincial Series">IRFU Women's Interprovincial Series</a> (IRL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Elite_Rugby" title="Women's Elite Rugby">Women's Elite Rugby</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Premier_League_Rugby" title="Women's Premier League Rugby">Women's Premier League</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Rugby_Sevens" title="Premier Rugby Sevens">Premier Rugby Sevens</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serie_A_Elite_(women%27s_rugby_union)" title="Serie A Elite (women's rugby union)">Serie A Elite</a> (ITA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serie_A_(women%27s_rugby_union)" title="Serie A (women's rugby union)">Serie A</a> (ITA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Womens_Premiership_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Womens Premiership (rugby union)">Scottish Womens Premiership</a> (SCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Challenge" title="Celtic Challenge">Celtic Challenge</a> (IRL, SCO, WAL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Premier_Division" title="Women's Premier Division">Women's Premier Division</a> (ZAR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International 7s competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_SVNS" title="Women's SVNS">Women's SVNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens#Women's_tournament" title="Rugby World Cup Sevens">Rugby World Cup Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Summer_Olympics#Women's_tournaments" title="Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics">Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Sevens_Challenger_Series" title="World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series">World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Africa Women's Sevens">Africa Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Series" title="Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series">Asia Rugby Women's Sevens Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens_Championship" title="Oceania Rugby Women's Sevens Championship">Oceania Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Americas_North_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Rugby Americas North Women's Sevens">RAN Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Europe_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Rugby Europe Women's Sevens">Rugby Europe Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudam%C3%A9rica_Rugby_Women%27s_Sevens" title="Sudamérica Rugby Women's Sevens">Sudamérica Rugby Women's Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Commonwealth_Games#Women's" title="Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens_at_the_Pan_American_Games#Women's_medal_table" title="Rugby sevens at the Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical firsts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First international match</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_Netherlands_v_France_(women%27s_rugby_union_match)" title="1982 Netherlands v France (women's rugby union match)">1982 Netherlands v France (women's rugby union match)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First international tournament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Women%27s_Rugby_European_Cup" title="1988 Women's Rugby European Cup">1988 Women's Rugby European Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First cross-continental tournament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RugbyFest_1990" title="RugbyFest 1990">RugbyFest 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Football_codes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Football_codes" title="Template:Football codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Football_codes" title="Template talk:Football codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Football_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Football codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Football_codes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football codes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">Amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_soccer" title="Crab soccer">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-a-side_football" title="Five-a-side football">Five-a-side</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keepie_uppie" title="Keepie uppie">Keepie uppie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hacky_sack" title="Hacky sack">Footbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic association football">Paralympic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">Powerchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorkyball" title="Jorkyball">Jorkyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_goalie" title="Rush goalie">Rush goalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_football" title="Swamp football">Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-sided_football" title="Three-sided football">Three-sided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_football" title="Walking football">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_Australian_rules_football" title="Variations of Australian rules football">Variations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">Seven-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">Six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">Sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">Wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">Nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">Wheelchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_disability_rugby_league" title="Physical disability rugby league">PD Rugby League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">Tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_football" title="Harrow football">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_game" title="Boston game">Boston game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_field_game" title="Eton field game">Eton field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rules and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_rules" title="List of gridiron football rules">Gridiron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_rules" title="American football rules">American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_league" title="Laws of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_rugby_union" title="Laws of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" title="Cambridge rules">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English school games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkyros" title="Episkyros">Episkyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn Grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_division_football" title="Old division football">Old Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and Downies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_football" title="History of American football">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_American_football" title="Early history of American football">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_association_football" title="History of association football">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australian_rules_football" title="History of Australian rules football">Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league" title="History of rugby league">Rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_union" title="History of rugby union">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_Canadian_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of American football and Canadian football">American and Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of American football and rugby league">American and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of American football and rugby union">American and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_futsal" title="Comparison of association football and futsal">Association and futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Association and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_league" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby league">Canadian and rugby league</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Canadian_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union">Canadian and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_Australian_rules_football" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and Australian rules football">Gaelic and Australian rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Gaelic_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union">Gaelic and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_rugby_league_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of rugby league and rugby union">Rugby league and rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorabilia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football_card" title="American football card">American football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_card" title="Association football card">Association football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_card" title="Australian rules football card">Australian rules football card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_card" title="Rugby card">Rugby card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_ban_football_games" title="Attempts to ban football games">Attempts to ban football games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs" title="Oldest football clubs">Oldest clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest football competitions">Oldest competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Team_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Team_sports" title="Template:Team sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Team_sports" title="Template talk:Team sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Team_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Team sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Team_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sportspeople" title="Lists of sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion games">Invasion games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basket sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach basketball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_basketball" title="Deaf basketball">deaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_basketball" title="Water basketball">water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_basketball" title="Wheelchair basketball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoball" title="Cestoball">Cestoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dueball" title="Dueball">Dueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korfball" title="Korfball">Korfball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast5_netball" title="Fast5 netball">Fast5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_netball" title="Indoor netball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_netball" title="Wheelchair netball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezball" title="Rezball">Rezball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringball" title="Ringball">Ringball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamball" class="mw-redirect" title="Slamball">Slamball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">Football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFLX" title="AFLX">AFLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_football" title="Lightning football">Lightning football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_footy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro footy">Metro footy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-a-side_footy" title="Nine-a-side footy">Nine-a-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec_footy" title="Rec footy">Rec footy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_rules_football" title="Circle rules football">Circle rules football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asocciation_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Asocciation football">Asocciation football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputee_football" title="Amputee football">amputee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_football" title="Freestyle football">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_soccer" title="Indoor soccer">Indoor soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minifootball" title="Minifootball">minifootball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_football" title="Paralympic football">paralympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerchair_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerchair Football">powerchair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_soccer" title="Roller soccer">roller soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socca" title="Socca">socca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_football_(association_football)" title="Street football (association football)">street</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">eight-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">nine-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-man_football" title="Six-man football">six-man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_football_(American)" title="Touch football (American)">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_Football_(American)" title="Wheelchair Football (American)">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_sports" title="List of hybrid sports">Hybrid</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austus" title="Austus">Austus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_wall_game" title="Eton wall game">Eton wall game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_rules" title="Samoa rules">Samoa rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedball_(American_ball_game)" title="Speedball (American ball game)">Speedball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_football_(code)" title="Swedish football (code)">Swedish football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_football" title="Universal football">Universal football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volata" title="Volata">Volata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">Medieval/historical football</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba game">Ba game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caid_(sport)" title="Caid (sport)">Caid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio fiorentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping_(game)" title="Camping (game)">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpastum" title="Harpastum">Harpastum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemari" title="Kemari">Kemari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_soule" title="La soule">La soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelo_burti" title="Lelo burti">Lelo burti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marn_Grook" title="Marn Grook">Marn grook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasuckuakohowog" title="Pasuckuakohowog">Pasuckuakohowog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shrovetide_Football" title="Royal Shrovetide Football">Royal Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppies_and_Downies" title="Uppies and Downies">Uppies and downies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masters_Rugby_League" title="Masters Rugby League">masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_league" title="Mod league">mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_nines" title="Rugby league nines">nines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_sevens" title="Rugby league sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby_league" title="Wheelchair rugby league">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_flag_rugby" title="American flag rugby">American flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_rugby" title="Beach rugby">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_rugby" title="Mini rugby">mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_rugby" title="Snow rugby">snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_rugby" title="Tag rugby">tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambo_rugby" title="Tambo rugby">Tambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_rugby" title="Touch rugby">touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_tens" title="Rugby tens">tens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_X" title="Rugby X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_(sport)" title="Touch (sport)">Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_rugby" title="Wheelchair rugby">Wheelchair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related codes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuju" title="Cuju">Cuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%AB-o-rahi" title="Kī-o-rahi">Kī-o-rahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jegichagi" title="Jegichagi">Jegichagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubi_lakpi" title="Yubi lakpi">Yubi lakpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stick-and-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateball" title="Gateball">Gateball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li>Super11s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Indigenous North American stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomain" title="Iomain">Iomain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knattleikr" title="Knattleikr">Knattleikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knotty" title="Knotty">Knotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_lacrosse" title="Box lacrosse">box/indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_lacrosse" title="Field lacrosse">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercrosse" title="Intercrosse">intercrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritinis" title="Ritinis">Ritinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_rules_shinty%E2%80%93hurling" title="Composite rules shinty–hurling">Shinty–Hurling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hockey" title="Hockey">Hockey</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_hockey" title="Ball hockey">Ball hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broomball" title="Broomball">Broomball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_hockey" title="Indoor hockey">indoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_hockey" title="Floor hockey">Floor hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">Floorball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pond_hockey" title="Pond hockey">pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_hockey" title="Power hockey">power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledge_hockey" title="Sledge hockey">ice sledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringette" title="Ringette">Ringette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkball" title="Rinkball">Rinkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey" title="Roller hockey">Roller hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roller_in-line_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller in-line hockey">in-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_hockey_(quad)" title="Roller hockey (quad)">quad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossall_Hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossall Hockey">Rossall hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinny" title="Shinny">Shinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hockey" title="Street hockey">Street hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicycle_hockey" title="Unicycle hockey">Unicycle hockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_polo" title="Auto polo">Auto polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_polo" title="Cowboy polo">Cowboy polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_polo" title="Cycle polo">Cycle polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_polo" title="Elephant polo">Elephant polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse_polo" title="Hobby horse polo">Hobby horse polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseball" title="Horseball">Horseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoball" title="Motoball">Motoball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pato" title="Pato">Pato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_polo" title="Arena polo">Arena polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li> <li>Snow polo</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">Polocrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segway_polo" title="Segway polo">Segway polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_polo" title="Yak polo">Yak polo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angleball" title="Angleball">Angleball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_ball" title="Cycle ball">Cycle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball" title="Dodgeball">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flickerball" title="Flickerball">Flickerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-ground" title="Gain-ground">Gain-ground</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balle_%C3%A0_la_main" title="Balle à la main">Balle à la main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_au_poing" title="Ballon au poing">Ballon au poing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_paume" title="Jeu de paume">Jeu de paume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longue_paume" title="Longue paume">Longue paume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalball" title="Goalball">Goalball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_handball" title="Beach handball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_handball" title="Czech handball">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_handball" title="Field handball">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_handball" title="Wheelchair handball">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaatsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaatsen">Kaatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin-Ball" title="Kin-Ball">Kin-Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagori">Lagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Mesoamerican ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelota_mixteca" title="Pelota mixteca">Pelota mixteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisonball" title="Prisonball">Prisonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushball" title="Pushball">Pushball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quidditch_(real-life_sport)" title="Quidditch (real-life sport)">Quidditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_ball" title="Roll ball">Roll ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburello" title="Tamburello">Tamburello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchoukball" title="Tchoukball">Tchoukball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama_(game)" title="Ulama (game)">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_pilota" title="Valencian pilota">Valencian pilota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llargues" title="Llargues">Llargues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlyball" title="Whirlyball">Whirlyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukigassen" title="Yukigassen">Yukigassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bat-and-ball_games" title="Bat-and-ball games">Bat-and-ball games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Variations_of_baseball" title="Variations of baseball">Baseball variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball5" title="Baseball5">Baseball5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4nnboll" title="Brännboll">Brännboll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkball" title="Corkball">Corkball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickball" title="Kickball">Kickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matball" title="Matball">Matball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-line" title="Over-the-line">Over-the-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes%C3%A4pallo" title="Pesäpallo">Pesäpallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlagball" title="Schlagball">Schlagball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-inch_softball" title="16-inch softball">16-inch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickball_(street_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stickball (street game)">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitilla" title="Vitilla">Vitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_baseball" title="British baseball">British baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="English baseball">English baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh baseball">Welsh baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiffle_ball" title="Wiffle ball">Wiffle ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_ball" title="Town ball">Town ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireball" title="Wireball">Wireball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_cricket" title="Forms of cricket">Cricket variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20_International" title="Twenty20 International">Twenty20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_cricket" title="Indoor cricket">Indoor cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigoro" title="Vigoro">Vigoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_longball" title="Danish longball">Danish longball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapta_(game)" title="Lapta (game)">Lapta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oin%C4%83" title="Oină">Oină</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoolball" title="Stoolball">Stoolball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_and_wall_games" title="Net and wall games">Net and wall games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_badminton" title="Ball badminton">Ball badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biribol" title="Biribol">Biribol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossaball" title="Bossaball">Bossaball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistball" title="Fistball">Fistball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fives" title="Fives">Fives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eton_fives" title="Eton fives">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_fives" title="Rugby fives">Rugby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbag_net" title="Footbag net">Footbag net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_tennis" title="Football tennis">Football tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">Footvolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzi" title="Jianzi">Jianzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokgu" title="Jokgu">Jokgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_ball" title="Newcomb ball">Newcomb ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peteca" title="Peteca">Peteca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">Sepak takraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teqball" title="Teqball">teqball‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwball" title="Throwball">Throwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_volleyball" title="Sitting volleyball">sitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_volleyball" title="Standing volleyball">standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball_variations#Pioneerball" title="Volleyball variations">pioneerball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_volleyball" title="Snow volleyball">snow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tag_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag sports">Tag sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chase_Tag" title="World Chase Tag">World Chase Tag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Synchronized swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_polo" title="Canoe polo">canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_tube_water_polo" title="Inner tube water polo">inner tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">Yacht racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-ball sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">Airsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo-taoshi" title="Bo-taoshi">Bo-taoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(juggling)" title="Combat (juggling)">Combat (juggling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_curling" title="Wheelchair curling">wheelchair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guts_(flying_disc_game)" title="Guts (flying disc game)">Guts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornussen" title="Hornussen">Hornussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura-Nage" title="Makura-Nage">Makura-Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball" title="Paintball">Paintball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_skating" title="Synchronized skating">Synchronized skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">Tug of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5849#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5849#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5849#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1101106/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050910-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88004283">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546333005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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