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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="background:#d0e5f5;border-top:1px solid darkgray;border-left:1px solid darkgray;border-right:1px solid darkgray;">Trade unions in the United Kingdom</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">TUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Scottish Trades Union Congress">STUC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">ICTU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regulatory authority</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Department_for_the_Economy" title="Department for the Economy"> Northern Ireland Department for the Economy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary legislation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total union membership</th><td class="infobox-data">6.44 million (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2019_membership_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_membership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Percentage of workforce unionised</th><td class="infobox-data">23.5% (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2019_membership_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019_membership-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The UK is a member of the ILO</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Convention ratification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Association_and_Protection_of_the_Right_to_Organise_Convention" title="Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention">Freedom of Association</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Organise_and_Collective_Bargaining_Convention,_1949" title="Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949">Right to Organise</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1950</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/350px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/525px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/700px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>A rally by <a href="/wiki/UNISON" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISON">UNISON</a> in support of better terms and conditions of work for their members</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ED1F24; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:150%; font-weight:bold; color:black; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">Socialism in<br />the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ideologies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Bennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black radical tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a> · <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Principles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality of opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Fairness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a> (factions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">State intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Intellectuals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bhaskar" title="Roy Bhaskar">Bhaskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Blakeley" title="Grace Blakeley">Blakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Campbell" title="Beatrix Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cockshott" title="Paul Cockshott">Cockshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Dobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher (Mark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Gibson" title="Nigel Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gonzalez_(historian)" title="Mike Gonzalez (historian)">Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Hall (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall (Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones" title="Owen Jones">Jones (Owen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Loach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mainwaring" title="Sam Mainwaring">Mainwaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">Miéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">Monbiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Samuel" title="Raphael Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/News_from_Nowhere" title="News from Nowhere">News from Nowhere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged-Trousered_Philanthropists" title="The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists">The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_and_the_City" title="The Country and the City">The Country and the City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Towards_a_New_Socialism" title="Towards a New Socialism">Towards a New Socialism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist Realism (book)">Capitalist Realism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment:_And_How_They_Get_Away_with_It" title="The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It">The Establishment: And How They Get Away with It</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">British left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">History of the Labour Party (UK)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:British_socialists" title="Category:British socialists">Political figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Bevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher_(political_activist)" title="Andrew Fisher (political activist)">Fisher (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Foot_(journalist)" title="Paul Foot (journalist)">Foot (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fryer" title="Peter Fryer">Fryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">Gallacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Julian_Harney" title="George Julian Harney">Harney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Healy" title="Gerry Healy">Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Hyndman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Inkpin" title="Albert Inkpin">Inkpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones (Claudia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Lawson" title="Neal Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Long-Bailey" title="Rebecca Long-Bailey">Long-Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lynch_(trade_unionist)" title="Mick Lynch (trade unionist)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maclean_(Scottish_socialist)" title="John Maclean (Scottish socialist)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Marx" title="Eleanor Marx">Marx (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Maxton" title="James Maxton">Maxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_McCluskey" title="Len McCluskey">McCluskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meltzer" title="Albert Meltzer">Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Nellist" title="Dave Nellist">Nellist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Schneider" title="James Schneider">Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarah_Sultana" title="Zarah Sultana">Sultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taaffe" title="Peter Taaffe">Taaffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Tatchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Webb (Beatrice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb (Sidney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Winstanley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Parties</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">(<a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Socialist parties in the United Kingdom">Current UK parties</a> - <a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_socialist_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Defunct socialist parties in the United Kingdom">Defunct UK parties</a>) <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party (UK)</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Party" title="Breakthrough Party">Breakthrough Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Unity_(UK)" title="Left Unity (UK)">Left Unity (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK)">Socialist Labour Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party GB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(England_and_Wales)" title="Socialist Party (England and Wales)">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)" title="Socialist Workers Party (UK)">Socialist Workers Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_(political_party)" title="Transform (political party)">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">TUSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="Communist Party of Britain">Communist Party of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party Britain-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party GB-ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain_(Provisional_Central_Committee)" title="Communist Party of Great Britain (Provisional Central Committee)">Communist Party GB-PCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_Party_of_Britain" title="New Communist Party of Britain">New Communist Party of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Group_(UK)" title="Revolutionary Communist Group (UK)">RCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Appeal_(UK,_1992)" title="Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_of_Britain_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)">RCPB-ML</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i><b>Northern Ireland</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Scotland</b></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Labour" title="Scottish Labour">Scottish Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a></li></ul> <p><i><b>Wales</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UK Trade unions</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_Workers_Union_(United_Kingdom)" title="Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)">CWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMB_(trade_union)" title="GMB (trade union)">GMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Workers%27_Union_of_Great_Britain" title="Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain">IWGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">ICTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASUWT" title="NASUWT">NASUWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Union" title="National Education Union">NEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">NUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Scottish Trades Union Congress">STUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">TUC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales_TUC" title="Wales TUC">Wales TUC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMT_(trade_union)" title="RMT (trade union)">RMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unison_(trade_union)" title="Unison (trade union)">Unison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Shop,_Distributive_and_Allied_Workers" title="Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers">USDAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Voices_of_the_World" title="United Voices of the World">UVW</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Federation_(Britain)" title="Anarchist Federation (Britain)">Anarchist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(organisation)" title="Momentum (organisation)">Momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Federation" title="Solidarity Federation">Solidarity Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Transformed" title="The World Transformed">The World Transformed</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Herald (United Kingdom)">Daily Herald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novara_Media" title="Novara Media">Novara Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Pepper_(magazine)" title="Red Pepper (magazine)">Red Pepper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Socialist_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Socialist (UK newspaper)">The Socialist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">Anarchism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in the United Kingdom">Communism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in the United Kingdom">Politics in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliband%E2%80%93Poulantzas_debate" title="Miliband–Poulantzas debate">Miliband–Poulantzas debate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organised_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organised labour">Organised labour portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_in_the_UK" title="Template:Socialism in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Socialism in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trade unions in the United Kingdom</b> emerged in the early 19th century, but faced punitive laws that sharply limited their activities. They began political activity in the late 19th century and formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in the early 20th century. The grew rapidly 1900 to 1920, lost their legal disabilities, and were well established by the 1920s. Union members largely switched from Liberal to the new <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. Its leader <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> became prime minister in 1924 briefly, and then again in 1929. In the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s Conservative governments weakened the powers of the unions by making it more difficult to strike legally. Most British unions are members of the TUC, the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> (founded in 1867), or where appropriate, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Trades_Union_Congress" title="Scottish Trades Union Congress">Scottish Trades Union Congress</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">Irish Congress of Trade Unions</a>, which are the country's principal <a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" class="mw-redirect" title="National trade union center">national trade union centres</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of trade unions in the United Kingdom">History of trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Trade unions in the United Kingdom were first decriminalised under the recommendation of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">Royal commission</a> in 1867, which agreed that the establishment of the organisations was to the advantage of both employers and employees. Legalised in 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Trade Union Movement</a> sought to reform socio-economic conditions for working men in British industries, and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>' search for this led to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Representation Committee</a> which effectively formed the basis for today's <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, which still has extensive links with the Trade Union Movement in Britain. </p><p>As factories closed, membership declined steeply in the 1980s and 1990s, falling from 13 million in 1979 to around 7.3 million in 2000. In September 2012 union membership dropped below 6 million for the first time since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-2012_membership_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012_membership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union membership has since begun rising gradually again, reaching 6.44 million in 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">United Kingdom labour law</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_on_trade_unions1637" style="width: 350px; text-align: center; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em; background-color: #fafafa; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clist_unions" title="Template:Clist unions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clist_unions" title="Template talk:Clist unions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clist_unions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clist unions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_on_trade_unions1637" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources on trade unions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Article_11_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Rights_and_Fundamental_Freedoms#Article_11_–_Freedom_of_assembly_and_association¹" class="extiw" title="s:European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms">art 11</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ILO_Freedom_of_Association_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO Freedom of Association Convention">ILO Freedom of Association Convention</a> (1948) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm">C87</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/ASLEF_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLEF v United Kingdom">ASLEF v United Kingdom</a></i> [2007] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2007/184.html">ECHR 184</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v_Showmen%E2%80%99s_Guild_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee v Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain">Lee v Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain</a></i> [1952] 2 QB 359</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v_Halliwell" title="Edwards v Halliwell">Edwards v Halliwell</a></i> [1950] 2 All ER 1064</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v_NALGO" title="Hodgson v NALGO">Hodgson v NALGO</a></i> [1972] 1 WLR 130</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">TULRCA 1992</a> ss <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/52/part/I/chapter/IV">46-61</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclestone_v_National_Union_of_Journalists" title="Ecclestone v National Union of Journalists"><span class="wrap">Ecclestone v National Union of Journalists</span></a></i> [1999] IRLR 166</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Breen_v_Amalgamated_Engineering_Union" title="Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union">Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union</a></i> [1971] 2 QB 175</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/AB_v_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="AB v CD">AB v CD</a></i> [2001] IRLR 808</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">TULRCA 1992</a> ss <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/52/part/I/chapter/VI">71-96</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v_NALGO" title="Paul v NALGO">Paul v NALGO</a></i> [1987] IRLR 413</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Roebuck_v_NUM_(Yorkshire_Area)_No_2" title="Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) No 2">Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) No 2</a></i> [1978] ICR 676</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Esterman_v_NALGO" title="Esterman v NALGO">Esterman v NALGO</a></i> [1974] ICR 625</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cheall_v_APEX" title="Cheall v APEX">Cheall v APEX</a></i> [1983] 2 AC 180</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">TULRCA 1992</a> ss 62-65</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>see <a href="/wiki/UK_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK labour law">UK labour</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">trade unions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Much like <a href="/wiki/UK_company_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK company law">corporations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trade unions were regarded as criminal until the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act_1825" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination Act 1825">Combination Act 1825</a>, and were regarded as quasi-legal organisations, subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Restraint_of_trade" title="Restraint of trade">restraint of trade</a> doctrine, until the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_1871" title="Trade Union Act 1871">Trade Union Act 1871</a>. This Act abolished common-law restrictions, but took an abstentionist stance to unions' internal affairs. The <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a> exempted trade-union funds from liability in action for damages for torts, and this freedom gave future union pickets a great deal of power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_organisation">Democratic organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Democratic organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle that the common law enforced a union's own rules, and that unions were free to arrange their affairs, is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/ILO_Freedom_of_Association_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO Freedom of Association Convention">ILO Freedom of Association Convention</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Article_11_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a>, subject to the requirement that regulations "<a href="/wiki/Necessary_in_a_democratic_society" title="Necessary in a democratic society">necessary in a democratic society</a>" may be imposed. Unions must have an executive body and that executive must, under the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> sections 46 to 56, be elected at least every five years, directly in a secret, equal <a href="/wiki/Postal_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal vote">postal vote</a> of union members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_constitutions">Union constitutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of the unions was based in <a href="/wiki/English_contract_law" title="English contract law">contract</a>, and the rights of members depended on being able to show some <a href="/wiki/English_property_law" title="English property law">proprietary</a> interest to be <a href="/wiki/Specifically_enforced" class="mw-redirect" title="Specifically enforced">specifically enforced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the express terms of the union rule book can, like any contract, be supplemented with implied terms by the courts as strictly necessary to reflect the reasonable expectations of the parties,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, by implying the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Reform Service">Electoral Reform Service</a>'s guidance to say what happens in a tie break situation during an election when the union rules are silent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there are irregular occurrences in the affairs of the union, for instance if negligence or mismanagement is not alleged and a majority could vote on the issue to forgive them, then members have no individual rights to contest executive decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if a union's leadership acts <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a></i>, beyond its powers set out in the union constitution, if the alleged wrongdoers are in control, if a special supra-majority procedure is flouted, or a member's personal right is broken, the members may bring a derivative claim in court to sue or restrain the executive members. So in <i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v_Halliwell" title="Edwards v Halliwell">Edwards v Halliwell</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision of the executive committee of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Vehicle_Builders" title="National Union of Vehicle Builders">National Union of Vehicle Builders</a> to increase membership fees, which were set in the constitution and required a ⅔ majority vote, was able to be restrained by a claim from individual members because this touched both a personal right under the constitution and flouted a special procedure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discipline_and_expulsion">Discipline and expulsion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discipline and expulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ASLEF_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLEF v United Kingdom">ASLEF v United Kingdom</a></i> [2007] ECHR 184</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McVitae_v_UNISON&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McVitae v UNISON (page does not exist)">McVitae v UNISON</a></i> [1996] IRLR 33</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roebuck_v_NUM_(Yorkshire_Area)_No_2" title="Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) No 2">Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) No 2</a></i> [1978] ICR 676, Templeman J</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esterman_v_NALGO" title="Esterman v NALGO">Esterman v NALGO</a></i> [1974] ICR 625, Templeman J</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radford_v_NATSOPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radford v NATSOPA (page does not exist)">Radford v NATSOPA</a></i> [1972] ICR 484, Plowman J</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_resolution">Dispute resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dispute resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamlet_v_GMBATU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamlet v GMBATU (page does not exist)">Hamlet v GMBATU</a></i> [1987] ICR 150, Harman J</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longley_v_NUJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longley v NUJ (page does not exist)">Longley v NUJ</a></i> [1987] IRLR 109</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_members'_rights"><span id="Union_members.27_rights"></span>Union members' rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Union members' rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> ss 28–31, true and fair view of accounts, member's right to inspect, and complaints to Certification Officer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> ss 62–65, right to require a ballot before industrial action, and no detriment may follow</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knowles_v_Fire_Brigades_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knowles v Fire Brigades Union (page does not exist)">Knowles v Fire Brigades Union</a></i> [1997] ICR 595</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwards_v_Society_of_Graphical_and_Allied_Trades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwards v Society of Graphical and Allied Trades (page does not exist)">Edwards v Society of Graphical and Allied Trades</a></i> [1971] Ch 354</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cheall_v_APEX" title="Cheall v APEX">Cheall v APEX</a></i> [1983] 2 AC 180</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> s 174</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ASLEF_v_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLEF v United Kingdom">ASLEF v United Kingdom</a></i> [2007] ECHR 184</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Society_of_Railway_Servants_v_Osborne" title="Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v Osborne">Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v Osborne</a></i> [1910] AC 87, political donations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_1913" title="Trade Union Act 1913">Trade Union Act 1913</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch_v_National_Union_of_Railwaymen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birch v National Union of Railwaymen (page does not exist)">Birch v National Union of Railwaymen</a></i> [1950] Ch 602</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a> s 72–73 and 82</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v_NALGO" title="Paul v NALGO">Paul v NALGO</a></i> [1987] IRLR 413</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weaver_v_NATFHE" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver v NATFHE">Weaver v NATFHE</a></i> [1988] ICR 599 EAT</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscriptions">Subscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members' subscriptions are often paid by DOCAS (Deduction of Contributions at Source) i.e. deduction from salary. Implementation of the draft Trade Union (Deduction of Union Subscriptions from Wages in the Public Sector) Regulations 2017 has been delayed until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_organisation">Union organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Union organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg/220px-Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg/330px-Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg/440px-Wanja_Lundby-Wedin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/ETUC" class="mw-redirect" title="ETUC">ETUC</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Wanja_Lundby-Wedin" title="Wanja Lundby-Wedin">Wanja Lundby-Wedin</a> until May 2011, is the union federation for 37 European countries, the counterpart for the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">TUC</a> of the UK and the <a href="/wiki/ITUC" class="mw-redirect" title="ITUC">ITUC</a> internationally.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s Conservative government, first elected in 1979, saw trade unions as an obstacle to economic growth and passed legislation of the sort the Conservatives had mostly long avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membership declined steeply in the 1980s and 1990s, falling from 13 million in 1979 to around 7.3 million in 2000. In 2012, union membership dropped below 6 million for the first time since the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-2012_membership_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012_membership-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 1998, the proportion of employees who were union members fell from 52 per cent to 30 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union membership declined in parallel with the reduction in size of many traditional industries which had been highly unionised, such as steel, coal, printing, and the docks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the Conservative government passed a new <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Act_2016" title="Trade Union Act 2016">Trade Union Act</a>, which proposes stricter ballot thresholds for industrial action, further restraints on picketing and a requirement that union members contributions to political funds would only be via an ‘opt-in’.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_affiliations">International affiliations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International affiliations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="European Trade Union Confederation">European Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a 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.div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_and_Protection_of_Property_Act_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875">Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1871" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871">Criminal Law Amendment Act 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employers_and_Workmen_Act_1875" title="Employers and Workmen Act 1875">Employers and Workmen Act 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_trade_union_ban" title="GCHQ trade union ban">GCHQ trade union ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of trade unions in the United Kingdom">History of trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)_affiliated_trade_union" title="Labour Party (UK) affiliated trade union">Labour Party (UK) affiliated trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of trade unions in the United Kingdom">List of trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_(Minimum_Service_Levels)_Act_2023" title="Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023">Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student unionism in the United Kingdom">Student unionism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Party_Liaison_Organisation" title="Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation">Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_Freedom_Bill" title="Trade Union Freedom Bill">Trade Union Freedom Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition" title="Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition">Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Certification_Officer" title="Trades Union Certification Officer">Trades Union Certification Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Modernisation_Fund" title="Union Modernisation Fund">Union Modernisation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Voices_of_the_World" title="United Voices of the World">United Voices of the World</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2019_membership-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2019_membership_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019_membership_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBishop2020" class="citation web cs1">Bishop, Ivan (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887740/Trade-union-membership-2019-statistical-bulletin.pdf">"Trade Union Membership, UK 1995–2019: Statistical Bulletin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226214614/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/887740/Trade-union-membership-2019-statistical-bulletin.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Union+Membership%2C+UK+1995%E2%80%932019%3A+Statistical+Bulletin&rft.pub=Department+for+Business%2C+Energy+and+Industrial+Strategy&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F887740%2FTrade-union-membership-2019-statistical-bulletin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+unions+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012_membership-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012_membership_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012_membership_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoylan2012" class="citation news cs1">Moylan, John (7 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19521535">"Union membership has halved since 1980"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119043021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19521535">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Union+membership+has+halved+since+1980&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Moylan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-19521535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+unions+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bubble_Act_1725&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bubble Act 1725 (page does not exist)">Bubble Act 1725</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act_1799" title="Combination Act 1799">Combination Act 1799</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigby_v_Connel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigby v Connel (page does not exist)">Rigby v Connel</a></i> (1880) 4 Ch D 482 and <i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v_Showmen%E2%80%99s_Guild_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee v Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain">Lee v Showmen’s Guild of Great Britain</a></i> [1952] 2 QB 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Life_Assurance_Society_v_Hyman" title="Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman">Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman</a></i> [2000] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2000/39.html">UKHL 39</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513222301/http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2000/39.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/AG_of_Belize_v_Belize_Telecom_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd">AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd</a></i> [2009] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/2009/10.html">UKPC 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507032113/http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/2009/10.html">Archived</a> 7 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/AB_v_CD" class="mw-redirect" title="AB v CD">AB v CD</a></i> [2001] IRLR 808. See also, <i><a href="/wiki/Breen_v_Amalgamated_Engineering_Union" title="Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union">Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union</a></i> [1971] 2 QB 175, where the dissenting judgment of Lord Denning MR is probably an accurate reflection of the law after <i><a href="/wiki/Equitable_Life_Assurance_Society_v_Hyman" title="Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman">Hyman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/AG_of_Belize_v_Belize_Telecom_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd">Belize</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i><a href="/wiki/Foss_v_Harbottle" title="Foss v Harbottle">Foss v Harbottle</a></i> (1843) 67 ER 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[1950] 2 All ER 1064</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin Mitchell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irwinmitchell.com/about-us/newsletters/im-educate-legal-briefing/july-18-colleges-news-in-brief">Update on Deductions of Contributions at Source (DOCAS)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094301/https://www.irwinmitchell.com/about-us/newsletters/im-educate-legal-briefing/july-18-colleges-news-in-brief">Archived</a> 1 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 1 August 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil J. Mitchell, "Where traditional Tories fear to tread: Mrs Thatcher's trade union policy." <i>West European Politics</i> 10#1 (1987): 33–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Charlwood, "The anatomy of union membership decline in Great Britain 1980–1998" (PhD . Diss. The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 2013), Bibliography pp 212–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/852/1/Charlwood_anatomy_union_membership_decline.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807231345/http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/852/1/Charlwood_anatomy_union_membership_decline.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3526917.stm#membership">graph</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307160248/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3526917.stm#membership">Archived</a> 7 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2016" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Adrian (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/the-trade-union-bill-2015-echoes-of-the-general-strike">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Trade Union Bill 2015: echoes of the General Strike?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. History and Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718065955/http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/the-trade-union-bill-2015-echoes-of-the-general-strike">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Trade+Union+Bill+2015%3A+echoes+of+the+General+Strike%3F%27&rft.pub=History+and+Policy&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fpolicy-papers%2Fpapers%2Fthe-trade-union-bill-2015-echoes-of-the-general-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrade+unions+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldcroft, D. H. and Oliver, M. J., eds. <i>Trade Unions and the Economy, 1870–2000.</i> (2000).</li> <li>Blanchflower, David G., Alex Bryson, and Colin Green. "Trade unions and the well‐being of workers." <i>British Journal of Industrial Relations</i> 60.2 (2022): 255-277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/bjir.12627">online</a></li> <li>Charlesworth, Andrew, Gilbert, David, Randall, Adrian, Southall, Humphrey and Wrigley, Chris. <i>An Atlas of Industrial Protest in Britain, 1750–1990</i> (1996).</li> <li>Davies, A. J. <i>To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s </i> (1996).</li> <li>Hunt, Tom, and Heather Connolly. "Covid‐19 and the work of trade unions: Adaptation, transition and renewal." <i>Industrial Relations Journal</i> 54.2 (2023): 150-166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/irj.12395">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laybourn,_Keith" class="mw-redirect" title="Laybourn, Keith">Laybourn, Keith</a>. <i>A history of British trade unionism c. 1770–1990</i> (1992).</li> <li>Marsh, Arthur Ivor. <i>Trade union handbook : a guide and directory to the structure, membership, policy, and personnel of the British trade unions</i> (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradeunionhandbo0000mars_x1a7">online</a></li> <li>Minkin, Lewis. <i>The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party</i> (1991)</li> <li>Pelling, Henry. <i>A history of British trade unionism</i> (1987).</li> <li>Undy, Roger, et al. <i>Change in Trade Unions: the Development of UK Unions since the 1960s</i> (Routledge, 2022).</li> <li>Wrigley, Chris, ed. <i>British Trade Unions, 1945–1995</i> (Manchester UP, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishtradeunio0000wrig">online</a></li> <li>Wrigley, Chris. "Work, the labour market and trade unions." in <i>20th Century Britain</i> (Routledge, 2022). 98-112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003037118-8/work-labour-market-trade-unions-chris-wrigley">online</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trade unions in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trade_unions_in_Europe127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Europe" title="Trade unions in Europe">Trade unions in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Andorra" title="Trade unions in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Armenia" title="Trade unions in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Trade unions in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Belarus" title="Trade unions in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Greece" title="Trade unions in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Netherlands" title="Trade unions in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Turkey" title="Trade unions in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Trade unions in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Trade unions in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Economy of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_Fledgling_Index" title="FTSE Fledgling Index">FTSE Fledgling Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_SmallCap_Index" title="FTSE SmallCap Index">FTSE SmallCap Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Government-owned companies of the United Kingdom">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">Company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business_and_Trade" title="Department for Business and Trade">Department for Business and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-edged_securities" title="Gilt-edged securities">Gilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_%26_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Revenue & Customs">HM Revenue & Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_Management_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Debt Management Office (United Kingdom)">Debt Management Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility" title="Office for Budget Responsibility">Office for Budget Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Banknotes of the pound sterling">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">Coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Statistics_Authority" title="UK Statistics Authority">UK Statistics Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment" title="UK Trade & Investment">UK Trade & Investment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">1659–1849 Navigation Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%9397" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic of 1796–97">Panic of 1796–97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">1815–46 Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism 1830s–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">1873–79 Long Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">1929–39 Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">1948–52 Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974 Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">1979 Winter of Discontent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_(financial_markets)" title="Big Bang (financial markets)">1986 Big Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">1992 Black Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#United_Kingdom" title="Great Recession in Europe">Late-2000s recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2008 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_bank_rescue_package" title="2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package">2009 bank rescue package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020 Withdrawal from the European Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom%27s_financial_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United Kingdom's financial response to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">Impact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost-of-living crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Recurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recessions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of recessions in the United Kingdom">Recessions and recoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">National champions policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization#United_Kingdom" title="Nationalization">Nationalisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Nations,<br />regions,<br />cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Gateway_(North_West_England)" title="Atlantic Gateway (North West England)">Atlantic Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bristol" title="Economy of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cornwall" title="Economy of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_London_Borough_of_Croydon" title="Economy of the London Borough of Croydon">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Devon" title="Economy of Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dorset" title="Economy of Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_plans_for_Milton_Keynes" title="Expansion plans for Milton Keynes">Expansion plans for Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Leeds" title="Economy of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_GDP" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by GDP">List of counties by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ceremonial_counties_in_England_by_gross_value_added" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ceremonial counties in England by gross value added">List of counties by GVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liverpool" title="Economy of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_London" title="Economy of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Tech_City" title="East London Tech City">East London Tech City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M11_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="M11 Corridor">M11 Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester" title="Economy of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Reading,_Berkshire" title="Economy of Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sheffield" title="Economy of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Silicon Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somerset" title="Economy of Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Gateway" title="Thames Gateway">Thames Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wiltshire" title="Economy of Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Northern<br />Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Aberdeen" title="Economy of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Scotland" title="Agriculture in Scotland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Edinburgh" title="Economy of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Industrial Revolution in Scotland">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Scotland" title="Category:Oil and gas industry in Scotland">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Glen" title="Silicon Glen">Silicon Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Scotland" title="Transport in Scotland">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cardiff" title="Economy of Cardiff">Cardiff</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Bay" title="Cardiff Bay">Cardiff Bay</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_Wales" title="Industrial Revolution in Wales">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Wales" title="Renewable energy in Wales">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Swansea" title="Economy of Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People<br />and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_billionaires" title="Category:British billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_businesspeople" title="Category:British businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_labour_law" title="United Kingdom labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_employment_equality_law" title="United Kingdom employment equality law">Equal opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pensions in the United Kingdom">Pensions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trades unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resource and<br />production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider#United_Kingdom" title="Cider">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beer in the United Kingdom">Beer</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">Mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Financial services in the United Kingdom">Financial<br />services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange" title="Baltic Exchange">Baltic Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Banking in the United Kingdom">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_societies#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of building societies">List of UK building societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">The City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext#Euronext.liffe" title="Euronext">Euronext.liffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_District" title="International Financial Services District">Glasgow International Financial Services District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Insurance in the United Kingdom">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCH_(clearing_house)" title="LCH (clearing house)">LCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libor" title="Libor">London Interbank Offered Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Platinum_and_Palladium_Market" title="London Platinum and Palladium Market">London Platinum and Palladium Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market" title="Alternative Investment Market">Alternative Investment Market</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International students</a></li></ul></li> <li>Entertainment & <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gambling in the United Kingdom">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United Kingdom">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Legal services in the United Kingdom">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of exports of the United Kingdom">Exports</a></li></ul></li> <li>Property <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Architecture of the United Kingdom">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordability_of_housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Real estate in the United Kingdom">Real estate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Internet in the United Kingdom">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom">Supermarkets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_rail_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Structure of the rail industry in the United Kingdom">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Inter-city rail in the United Kingdom">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">High-speed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Trade and<br />business<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Business_organisations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom">Business organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association" title="British Bankers' Association">British Bankers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="British Chambers of Commerce">British Chambers of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_associations_based_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Trade associations based in the United Kingdom">Industry trade groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Payments_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Payments Administration">UK Payments Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Economy of the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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