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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tertiary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersi%C3%AAr" title="Tersiêr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tersiêr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A4r" title="Tertiär – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tertiär" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB" title="العصر الثالث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الثالث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-sa%E2%81%BF-k%C3%AD" title="Tē-saⁿ-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-saⁿ-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Трацічны перыяд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трацічны перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Терциер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Терциер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercijar" title="Tercijar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tercijar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terciari" title="Terciari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terciari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terci%C3%A9r" title="Terciér – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Terciér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A6r" title="Tertiær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tertiær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A4r" title="Tertiär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tertiär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertsiaar" title="Tertsiaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tertsiaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τριτογενής περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριτογενής περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terciaro" title="Terciaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terciaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ترشیاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترشیاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiaire_(g%C3%A9ologie)" title="Tertiaire (géologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tertiaire (géologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tr%C3%A9imhse_Threasach" title="An Tréimhse Threasach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tréimhse Threasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EA%B8%B0" title="제3기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Երրորդական ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երրորդական ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="तृतीय कल्प – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तृतीय कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercijar" title="Tercijar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tercijar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersier" title="Tersier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tersier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert%C3%ADert%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Tertíertímabilið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tertíertímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שלישון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלישון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მესამეული სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მესამეული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3" title="Үштік кезең – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үштік кезең" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terci%C4%81rs" title="Terciārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Terciārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terciaras" title="Terciaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Terciaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmadid%C5%91szak" title="Harmadidőszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harmadidőszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Терцијар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Терцијар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ടെർഷ്യറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെർഷ്യറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertier" title="Tertier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tertier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiair" title="Tertiair – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tertiair" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%80" title="第三紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第三紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A4r" title="Tertiär – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tertiär" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A6r" title="Tertiær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tertiær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A6rtida" title="Tertiærtida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tertiærtida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terciari" title="Terciari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Terciari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchlamchi_sistema" title="Uchlamchi sistema – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uchlamchi sistema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_tersiaria" title="Era tersiaria – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Era tersiaria" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzeciorz%C4%99d" title="Trzeciorzęd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzeciorzęd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terci%C3%A1rio" title="Terciário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terciário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C8%9Biar" title="Terțiar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Terțiar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Третичный период – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третичный период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tertiary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terci%C3%A9r" title="Terciér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Terciér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terciar" title="Terciar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Terciar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Терцијар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Терцијар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercijar" title="Tercijar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tercijar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A4%C3%A4rikausi" title="Tertiäärikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tertiäärikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terti%C3%A4r" title="Tertiär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tertiär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersiyer" title="Tersiyer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tersiyer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Третинний період – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Третинний період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Tam" title="Phân đại Đệ Tam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân đại Đệ Tam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trev%C3%A9ns_t%C3%AE%C3%A7reces" title="Trevéns tîçreces – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Trevéns tîçreces" data-language-autonym="Walon" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former term for the geologic period from 65 million to 2.58 million years ago</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geological term. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tertiary (disambiguation)">Tertiary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(242,249,2);"><i>Tertiary</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">66.0 – 2.6 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:197.66153846154px; width:21.458461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:197.66153846154px; width:21.458461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:198.66153846154px; width:19.458461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:13.400em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.94em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−70 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.80em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−65 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−60 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.10em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−55 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−50 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−45 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−40 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.11em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.97em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−35 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.69em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−30 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.41em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−25 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−20 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.99em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−15 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.28em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(154,217,221);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic"> P <br /> h <br /> a <br /> n <br /> e <br /> r <br /> o <br /> z <br /> o <br /> i <br /> c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.118em;height:1.882em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.941em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:30.018em;left:0.900em;width:0.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.009em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">C<br />e<br />n<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(249,249,127);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.077em;left:1.800em;width:5.700em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.539em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,154,82);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.514em;height:19.504em;left:1.800em;width:5.700em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-9.752em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.177em;height:9.236em;left:1.800em;width:5.700em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.618em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:246.737em;height:0.137em;left:0.000em;width:7.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.068em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:114.950em;height:0.137em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.068em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:12.250em"><b>An approximate timescale of key Cenozoic events.</b><br />Vertical axis scale: <a href="/wiki/Megaannus" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannus">Millions of years ago</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Informal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Regional(?)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a> Time Scale (formerly)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Formerly used by</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)" title="System (stratigraphy)">System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Informal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">K-Pg extinction event</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> glaciation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">N/A</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tertiary</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TUR</span>-shə-ree, <span style="font-size:90%">TUR</span>-shee-err-ee</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an obsolete term for the <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">geologic period</a> from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. The period began with the extinction of the non-<a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era</a>, and extended to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene Epoch</a>. The time span covered by the Tertiary has no exact equivalent in the current <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic time">geologic time</a> system, but it is essentially the merged <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> periods, which are informally called the Early Tertiary and the Late Tertiary, respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use_of_the_term">Historical use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tertiary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term Tertiary was first used by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arduino_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Arduino (geologist)">Giovanni Arduino</a> during the mid-18th century. He classified geologic time into primitive (or primary), secondary, and tertiary periods based on observations of geology in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a fourth period, the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, was applied. </p><p>In the early development of the study of geology, the periods were thought by <a href="/wiki/Scriptural_geologist" title="Scriptural geologist">scriptural geologists</a> to correspond to the Biblical narrative, the rocks of the Tertiary being thought to be associated with the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudwick_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudwick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> incorporated a Tertiary Period into his own, far more detailed system of classification, based on <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> he collected in Italy and Sicily in 1828–1829. He subdivided the Tertiary Period into four epochs according to the percentage of fossil mollusks resembling modern species found in those <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>. He used <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> names: Eocene, Miocene, Older Pliocene, and Newer Pliocene.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these divisions seemed adequate for the region to which the designations were originally applied (parts of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and plains of Italy), when the same system was later extended to other parts of Europe and to America, it proved to be inapplicable. Therefore, the use of mollusks was abandoned from the definition and the epochs were renamed and redefined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Citation needed for the entire above section, where none are provided (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For much of the time during which the term 'Tertiary' was in formal use, it referred to the span of time between 65 and 1.8 million years ago. The end date of the Cretaceous and the start date of the Quaternary were subsequently redefined at c. 66 and 2.6 million years ago respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_etal_2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head_etal_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_etal_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard_etal_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_equivalents">Modern equivalents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tertiary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern equivalents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tertiary period lies between the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary Period</a>, although it is no longer recognized as a formal unit by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_etal_2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head_etal_2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_etal_2010_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard_etal_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The span of the Tertiary is subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> (66–56 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (56–33.9 million years BP), the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> (33–23.9 million years BP), the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (23–5.3 million years BP) and the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (5.3–2.6 million years BP), extending to the first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian</a> Stage.<sup id="cite_ref-International_Stratigraphic_Chart_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Stratigraphic_Chart-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tertiary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/tertiary">"tertiary [ tur-shee-er-ee, tur-shuh-ree ]"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.atitle=tertiary+%5B+tur-shee-er-ee%2C+tur-shuh-ree+%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftertiary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunbar1964" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, Carl O. (1964). <i>Historical Geology</i> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. p. 352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=352&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Carl+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudwick-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rudwick_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudwick,_M._J._S.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._S._Rudwick" title="Martin J. S. Rudwick">Rudwick, M. J. S.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eM0xUqbjzs0C">"Except"</a>. <i>Scenes from Deep Time: Early Pictorial Representations of the Prehistoric World</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226731056" title="Special:BookSources/9780226731056"><bdi>9780226731056</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Except&rft.btitle=Scenes+from+Deep+Time%3A+Early+Pictorial+Representations+of+the+Prehistoric+World&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780226731056&rft.au=Rudwick%2C+M.+J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeM0xUqbjzs0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerggren1998" class="citation journal cs1">Berggren, William A. (1998). "The Cenozoic Era: Lyellian (chrono)stratigraphy and nomenclatural reform at the millennium". <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>143</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998GSLSP.143..111B">1998GSLSP.143..111B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.488.5133">10.1.1.488.5133</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1998.143.01.10">10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.143.01.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44668464">44668464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=The+Cenozoic+Era%3A+Lyellian+%28chrono%29stratigraphy+and+nomenclatural+reform+at+the+millennium&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.488.5133%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44668464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1998.143.01.10&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998GSLSP.143..111B&rft.aulast=Berggren&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head_etal_2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Head_etal_2008_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_etal_2008_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeadGibbardSalvador2008" class="citation journal cs1">Head, Martin J.; Gibbard, Philip; Salvador, Amos (2008-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009">"The Quaternary: its character and definition"</a>. <i>Episodes</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">234–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009">10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3797">0705-3797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episodes&rft.atitle=The+Quaternary%3A+its+character+and+definition&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F2008%2Fv31i2%2F009&rft.issn=0705-3797&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+Philip&rft.au=Salvador%2C+Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18814%252Fepiiugs%252F2008%252Fv31i2%252F009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbard_etal_2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbard_etal_2010_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbard_etal_2010_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbardHeadWalkerthe_Subcommission_on_Quaternary_Stratigraphy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C.; the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2010-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jqs.1338">"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma"</a>. <i>Journal of Quaternary Science</i>. <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjqs.1338">10.1002/jqs.1338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0267-8179">0267-8179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quaternary+Science&rft.atitle=Formal+ratification+of+the+Quaternary+System%2FPeriod+and+the+Pleistocene+Series%2FEpoch+with+a+base+at+2.58+Ma&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1338&rft.issn=0267-8179&rft.aulast=Gibbard&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rft.au=Head%2C+Martin+J.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Michael+J.+C.&rft.au=the+Subcommission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjqs.1338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Stratigraphic_Chart-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_Stratigraphic_Chart_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_K._M.Finney,_S.Gibbard,_P._L.2013" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S.; Gibbard, P. L. (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2013-01.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Commission on Stratigraphy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Chronostratigraphic+Chart&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=Cohen%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.&rft.au=Gibbard%2C+P.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstratigraphy.org%2FICSchart%2FChronostratChart2013-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgg,_James_G.Gradstein,_F._M.Gradstein,_Felix_M.2004" class="citation book cs1">Ogg, James G.; Gradstein, F. M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2004). "1: Chronostratigraphy: Linking time and rock". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologictimescal2004grad"><i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologictimescal2004grad/page/n66">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78142-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78142-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Chronostratigraphy%3A+Linking+time+and+rock&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78142-8&rft.au=Ogg%2C+James+G.&rft.au=Gradstein%2C+F.+M.&rft.au=Gradstein%2C+Felix+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeologictimescal2004grad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGradstein,_Felix_M.Ogg,_James_G.van_Kranendonk,_Martin" class="citation web cs1">Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/gts2008.pdf">"On the Geologic Time Scale 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Commission on Stratigraphy. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Geologic+Time+Scale+2008&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=International+Commission+on+Stratigraphy&rft.au=Gradstein%2C+Felix+M.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+James+G.&rft.au=van+Kranendonk%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2Fbak%2Fgts2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVandenberghe,_N.Hilgen,_F.J.Speijer,_R.P.2012" class="citation book cs1">Vandenberghe, N.; Hilgen, F.J.; Speijer, R.P. (2012). "28: The Paleogene period". In Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/320727"><i>The Geologic Time Scale 2012</i></a> (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-59425-9.00028-7">10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00028-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-44-459425-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-44-459425-9"><bdi>978-0-44-459425-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129821669">129821669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28%3A+The+Paleogene+period&rft.btitle=The+Geologic+Time+Scale+2012&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=856&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129821669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-59425-9.00028-7&rft.isbn=978-0-44-459425-9&rft.au=Vandenberghe%2C+N.&rft.au=Hilgen%2C+F.J.&rft.au=Speijer%2C+R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F320727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tertiary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tertiary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Tertiary">Tertiary</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tertiary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tertiary">tertiary</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tertiary"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tertiary">"Tertiary" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tertiary&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATertiary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188645#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1429" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188645#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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