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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_notation:_st.v._and_st.n."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Latin notation: st.v. and st.n.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_notation:_st.v._and_st.n.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transposition_of_historical_event_dates_and_possible_date_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transposition_of_historical_event_dates_and_possible_date_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transposition of historical event dates and possible date conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transposition_of_historical_event_dates_and_possible_date_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تقويمان جديد وقديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويمان جديد وقديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Стар стил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стар стил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Antiguo_y_Estilo_Nuevo" title="Estilo Antiguo y Estilo Nuevo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo Antiguo y Estilo Nuevo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سبک قدیمی و سبک جدید گاه‌شماری میلادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک قدیمی و سبک جدید گاه‌شماری میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_antigo_de_dataci%C3%B3n_e_estilo_novo_de_dataci%C3%B3n" title="Estilo antigo de datación e estilo novo de datación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estilo antigo de datación e estilo novo de datación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%A5%EA%B3%BC_%EC%8B%A0%EB%A0%A5" title="구력과 신력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구력과 신력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पुरानी शैली और नया शैली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरानी शैली और नया शैली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanggal_Gaya_Lama_dan_Gaya_Baru" title="Tanggal Gaya Lama dan Gaya Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanggal Gaya Lama dan Gaya Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilus_vetus_et_stilus_novus" title="Stilus vetus et stilus novus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stilus vetus et stilus novus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vec%C4%81_un_jaun%C4%81_stila_datumi" title="Vecā un jaunā stila datumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vecā un jaunā stila datumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Stijl_en_Nieuwe_Stijl" title="Oude Stijl en Nieuwe Stijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Stijl en Nieuwe Stijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daty_nowego_i_starego_porz%C4%85dku" title="Daty nowego i starego porządku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Daty nowego i starego porządku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Antigo_e_Estilo_Novo" title="Estilo Antigo e Estilo Novo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estilo Antigo e Estilo Novo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stil_vechi" title="Stil vechi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stil vechi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Даты старого и нового стиля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Даты старого и нового стиля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old Style and New Style dates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Датуми старог и новог календара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Датуми старог и новог календара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamla_stilen_och_nya_stilen" title="Gamla stilen och nya stilen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gamla stilen och nya stilen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Usul_ve_Yeni_Usul_tarihler" title="Eski Usul ve Yeni Usul tarihler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Usul ve Yeni Usul tarihler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Дати за старим і новим стилем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дати за старим і новим стилем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="旧式与新式日期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旧式与新式日期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1922815#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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title="Old Style">Old Style</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Changes in calendar conventions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Old Style" and "New Style" redirect here. For other meanings of old style, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Old Style (disambiguation)">Old Style (disambiguation)</a>. For other meanings of new style, see <a href="/wiki/The_New_Style_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The New Style (disambiguation)">The New Style</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 18th-century changes in calendar conventions used by Great Britain and its colonies, together with a brief explanation of usage of the term in other contexts. For a more general discussion of the equivalent transitions in other countries, see <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu/page1-220px-The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu/page1-330px-The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu/page1-440px-The_London_Gazette_9198.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5753" data-file-height="10753" /></a><figcaption>Issue 9198 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>, covering the calendar change in Great Britain. The issue spans the changeover; the date heading reads: "From Tuesday September 1, O.S. to Saturday September 16, N.S. 1752".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Old Style</b> (<b>O.S.</b>) and <b>New Style</b> (<b>N.S.</b>) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, they refer to the change from the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> as enacted in various <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries between 1582 and 1923. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">Britain's American colonies</a>, there were two calendar changes, both in 1752. The first adjusted the start of a new year from 25 March (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Feast of the Annunciation</a>) to 1 January, a change which <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> had made in 1600. The second discarded the Julian calendar in favour of the Gregorian calendar, skipping 11 days in the month of September to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole199595–139_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole199595–139-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MS2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accommodate the two calendar changes, writers used <a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">dual dating</a> to identify a given day by giving its date according to both styles of dating. </p><p>For countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> where no start-of-year adjustment took place,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O.S. and N.S. simply indicate the Julian and Gregorian dating systems respectively. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_Julian_and_Gregorian_dates">Differences between Julian and Gregorian dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Differences between Julian and Gregorian dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Difference_between_Gregorian_and_Julian_calendar_dates" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar § Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates</a></div> <p>The need to correct the calendar arose from the realisation that the correct figure for the number of days in a year is not 365.25 (365 days 6 hours) as assumed by the Julian calendar but <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year#Mean_tropical_year_current_value" title="Tropical year">slightly less</a> (c. 365.242 days). The Julian calendar therefore has too many <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a>. The consequence was that the basis for the calculation of the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">date of Easter</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">decided in the 4th century</a>, had drifted from <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">reality</a>. The Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these figures, between the years 325 and 1582, by skipping 10 days to set the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_equinox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical equinox">ecclesiastical date of the equinox</a> to be 21 March, the median date of its occurrence at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">First Council of Nicea</a> in 325. </p><p>Countries that adopted the Gregorian calendar after 1699 needed to skip an additional day for each subsequent new century that the Julian calendar had added since then. When the British Empire did so in 1752, the gap had grown to eleven days;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Russia did so (as its <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a>) in 1918, thirteen days needed to be skipped.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Britain_and_its_colonies_or_possessions">Britain and its colonies or possessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Britain and its colonies or possessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_John_Etty_(18373251064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_John_Etty_%2818373251064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="3926" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque to John Etty in <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_North_Street,_York" title="All Saints' Church, North Street, York">All Saints' Church, North Street, York</a>, recording his date of death as "28 of Jan: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠170<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">8</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span>"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and its possessions, the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">Calendar (New Style) Act 1750</a> introduced two concurrent changes to the calendar. The first, which applied to England, Wales, Ireland and the British colonies, changed the start of the year from 25 March to 1 January, with effect from "the day after 31 December 1751".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpage91mode1up_page_91]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpage91mode1up_page_91]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Scotland had already made this aspect of the changes, on 1 January 1600.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteele20004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele20004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpagen20mode1up_xvii]–xviii:_original_text_of_the_Scottish_decree_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpagen20mode1up_xvii]–xviii:_original_text_of_the_Scottish_decree-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second (in effect<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) adopted the Gregorian calendar in place of the Julian calendar. Thus "New Style" can refer to the <a href="#Differences_in_the_start_of_the_year">start-of-year adjustment</a>, to the <a href="#Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar">adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a>, or to the combination of the two. It was through their use in the Calendar Act that the notations "Old Style" and "New Style" came into common usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start-of-year_adjustment"><span class="anchor" id="Differences_in_the_start_of_the_year"></span>Start-of-year adjustment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Start-of-year adjustment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar#New_Year's_Day" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar § New Year's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750#New_Year's_Day" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 § New Year's Day</a></div> <p>When recording British history, it is usual to quote the date as originally recorded at the time of the event, but with the year number adjusted to start on 1 January.<sup id="cite_ref-woolf_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter adjustment may be needed because the start of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">civil calendar</a> year had not always been 1 January and was altered at different times in different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1155 to 1752, the civil or legal year in England began on 25 March (<a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerard1908_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1908-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so for example, the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> was recorded at the time in Parliament as happening on 30 January 164<b>8</b> (Old Style).<sup id="cite_ref-regicides_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regicides-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In newer English-language texts, this date is usually shown as "30 January 164<b>9</b>" (New Style).<sup id="cite_ref-EC-NA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-NA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding date in the Gregorian calendar is 9 February 1649, the date by which his contemporaries in some parts of continental Europe would have recorded his execution. </p><p>The O.S./N.S. designation is particularly relevant for dates which fall between the start of the "historical year" (1 January) and the legal start date, where different. This was 25 March in England, Wales, Ireland and the colonies until 1752, and until 1600 in Scotland. </p><p>In Britain, 1 January was celebrated as the New Year festival from as early as the 13th century, despite the recorded (civil) year not incrementing until 25 March,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pepys_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepys-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the "year starting 25th March was called the Civil or Legal Year, although the phrase Old Style was more commonly used".<sup id="cite_ref-MS2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reduce misunderstandings about the date, it was normal even in semi-official documents such as parish registers to place a statutory new-year heading after 24 March (for example "1661") and another heading from the end of the following December, <i>1661/62</i>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">dual dating</a> to indicate that in the following twelve weeks or so, the year was 1661 Old Style but 1662 New Style.<sup id="cite_ref-MS-oblique-stroke_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MS-oblique-stroke-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some more modern sources, often more academic ones (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Parliament">History of Parliament</a>) also use the <i>1661/62</i> style for the period between 1 January and 24 March for years before the introduction of the New Style calendar in England.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woolf_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woolf-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_notations">Other notations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other notations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_adoption_dates_of_the_Gregorian_calendar_by_country" title="List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country">List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Russia" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar § Russia</a></div> <p>The Gregorian calendar was implemented in Russia on <span class="nowrap">14 February 1918</span> by dropping the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> dates of <span class="nowrap">1–13 February 1918</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pursuant to a <a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a> decree signed <span class="nowrap">24 January 1918</span> (Julian) by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. The decree required that the Julian date was to be written in parentheses after the Gregorian date, until <span class="nowrap">1 July 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigorenko_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigorenko-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p>It is common in English-language publications to use the familiar Old Style or New Style terms to discuss events and personalities in other countries, especially with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the very beginning of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a>. For example, in the article "The October (November) Revolution", the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> uses the format of "25 October (7 November, New Style)" to describe the date of the start of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB_online2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB_online2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_notation:_st.v._and_st.n.">Latin notation: st.v. and st.n.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latin notation: st.v. and st.n."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin equivalents, which are used in many languages, are, on the one hand, <i>stili veteris</i> (genitive) or <i>stilo vetere</i> (ablative), abbreviated <i>st.v.</i>, and meaning <span class="nowrap">"(of/in) old style"</span>; and, on the other, <i>stili novi</i> or <i>stilo novo</i>, abbreviated <i>st.n.</i> and meaning <span class="nowrap">"(of/in) new style".</span><sup id="cite_ref-Lenz210_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz210-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin abbreviations may be capitalised differently by different users, e.g., <i>St.n.</i> or <i>St.N.</i> for <i>stili novi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenz210_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenz210-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are equivalents for these terms in other languages as well, such as the German <i>a.St.</i> ("<i>alter Stil</i>" for O.S.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transposition_of_historical_event_dates_and_possible_date_conflicts">Transposition of historical event dates and possible date conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transposition of historical event dates and possible date conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s tombstone. Written below the <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> is "Born April 2. 1743. O.S. Died July 4. 1826."</figcaption></figure> <p>Usually, the mapping of New Style dates onto Old Style dates with a start-of-year adjustment works well with little confusion for events before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> is well known to have been fought on 25 October 1415, which is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Crispin%27s_Day" title="Saint Crispin's Day">Saint Crispin's Day</a>. However, for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752, there can be considerable confusion between events in Continental Western Europe and in British domains. Events in Continental Western Europe are usually reported in English-language histories by using the Gregorian calendar. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Battle of Blenheim</a> is always given as 13 August 1704. However, confusion occurs when an event involves both. For example, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of England</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> in England on 5 November (Julian calendar), after he had set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November (Gregorian calendar) 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-C&J19_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&J19-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in Ireland took place a few months later on 1 July 1690 (Julian calendar). That maps to 11 July (Gregorian calendar), conveniently close to the Julian date of the subsequent (and more decisive) <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim" title="Battle of Aughrim">Battle of Aughrim</a> on 12 July 1691 (Julian). The latter battle was commemorated annually throughout the 18th century on 12 July,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> on 5 November). The Battle of the Boyne was commemorated with smaller parades on 1 July. However, both events were combined in the late 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenihan_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenihan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continue to be celebrated as "<a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a>". </p><p>Because of the differences, British writers and their correspondents often employed two dates, a practice called <a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">dual dating</a>, more or less automatically. Letters concerning diplomacy and international trade thus sometimes bore both Julian and Gregorian dates to prevent confusion. For example, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Boswell" title="William Boswell">William Boswell</a> wrote to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Coke" title="John Coke">John Coke</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> a letter dated "12/22 Dec. 1635".<sup id="cite_ref-C&J19_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C&J19-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his biography of <a href="/wiki/John_Dee_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dee (mathematician)">John Dee</a>, <i>The Queen's Conjurer</i>, Benjamin Woolley surmises that because Dee fought unsuccessfully for England to embrace the 1583/84 date set for the change, "England remained outside the Gregorian system for a further 170 years, communications during that period customarily carrying two dates".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who lived while the British Isles and colonies converted to the Gregorian calendar, instructed that his tombstone bear his date of birth by using the Julian calendar (notated O.S. for Old Style) and his date of death by using the Gregorian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Jefferson's birth, the difference was eleven days between the Julian and Gregorian calendars and so his birthday of 2 April in the Julian calendar is 13 April in the Gregorian calendar. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> is now officially reported as having been born on 22 February 1732, rather than on 11 February 1731/32 (Julian calendar).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>, born on 4 February 1747/8 (Julian calendar), in later life celebrated his birthday on 15 February.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some evidence that the calendar change was not easily accepted. Many British people continued to celebrate their holidays "Old Style" well into the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice that the author Karen Bellenir considered to reveal a deep emotional resistance to calendar reform.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a> – Date given in two different calendars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#Difference_between_Gregorian_and_Julian_calendar_dates" title="Gregorian calendar">Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates</a> (ready-reckoner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_New_Year" title="Old New Year">Old New Year</a> – Informal traditional holiday based on the Julian calendar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a> – Alternative title for 6 January ("Old Christmas")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By decrees (1735, 1736) of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in December 1699 (with effect from 1 January 1700), Russia changed its start of year from September to January and adopted the AD era in place of <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ukase_1736_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukase_1736-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, only one extra Julian leap day (in 1700) needed to be taken into account.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because 1600 was a leap year in both calendars, three extra Julian leap days (in 1700, 1800 and 1900) needed to be taken into account.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Act has to use this formulation since "1 January 1752" was still ambiguous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Calendar Act does not mention Pope Gregory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British official legal documents of the 16th and 17th centuries were usually dated by the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal years of English monarchs">regnal year</a> of the monarch. As these commence on the day and date of the monarch's accession, they normally span two consecutive calendar years and have to be calculated accordingly, but the resultant dates should be unambiguous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pepys-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pepys_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see the <a href="/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys" class="mw-redirect" title="Diary of Samuel Pepys">Diary of Samuel Pepys</a> for 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1661: "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ...",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is immediately followed by an entry dated "1<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1661/62".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an example of the <a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">dual dating</a> system which had become common at the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Julian calendar had by that time drifted by another three days since 1582 (in 1700, 1800 and 1900, see <a href="/wiki/Century_leap_year" title="Century leap year">Century leap year</a>) from astronomical reality, so thirteen days needed to be elided.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/9198/page/1">"The London Gazette | From Tuesday September 1 O.S. to Saturday September 16 N.S. 1752"</a>. <i>London Gazette</i> (9198): 1. 1 September 1752.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+London+Gazette+%7C+From+Tuesday+September+1+O.S.+to+Saturday+September+16+N.S.+1752&rft.issue=9198&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1752-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F9198%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole199595–139-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole199595–139_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoole1995">Poole 1995</a>, pp. 95–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MS2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MS2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpathaky" class="citation web cs1">Spathaky, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm">"Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Style+and+New+Style+Dates+and+the+change+to+the+Gregorian+Calendar&rft.aulast=Spathaky&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cree.name%2Fgenuki%2Fdates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span>. "Before 1752, parish registers, in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing, for example '1733', had another heading at the end of the following December indicating '1733/4'. This showed where the Historical Year 1734 started even though the Civil Year 1733 continued until 24th March. ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms. It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745, for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Civil or the Historical Year. The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS (if indeed it was Old Style) or as 20th January 1745/6. The hyphen (1745-6) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=682&rotate=0&theme=white">"Ukase No. 1735"</a>. <i>Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III</i> [<i>Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.</i>]. 10 December 1699. p. 682.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukase+No.+1735&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+III&rft.pages=682&rft.date=1699-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.rsl.ru%2Fru%2Frsl01003821638%3Fpage%3D682%26rotate%3D0%26theme%3Dwhite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukase_1736-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukase_1736_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01003821638?page=683&rotate=0&theme=white">"Ukase No. 1736"</a>. <i>Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Том III</i> [<i>Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Volume III.</i>]. 20 December 1699. p. 683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukase+No.+1736&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+III&rft.pages=683&rft.date=1699-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.rsl.ru%2Fru%2Frsl01003821638%3Fpage%3D683%26rotate%3D0%26theme%3Dwhite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpage91mode1up_page_91]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpage91mode1up_page_91]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1875">Bond 1875</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handybookofrules00bond/page/91/mode/1up">page 91</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteele20004-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteele20004_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteele2000">Steele 2000</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpagen20mode1up_xvii]–xviii:_original_text_of_the_Scottish_decree-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBond1875[httpsarchiveorgdetailshandybookofrules00bondpagen20mode1up_xvii]–xviii:_original_text_of_the_Scottish_decree_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBond1875">Bond 1875</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handybookofrules00bond/page/n20/mode/1up">xvii</a>–xviii: original text of the Scottish decree.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woolf-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woolf_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woolf_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Woolf" title="Daniel Woolf">Woolf, Daniel</a> (2003). <i>The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500–1730</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925778-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925778-7"><bdi>0-19-925778-7</bdi></a>. <q>Dates are Old Style, but the year is calculated from 1 January. On occasion, where clarity requires it, dates are written 1687/8.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Circulation+of+the+Past%3A+English+Historical+Culture+1500%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-925778-7&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nørby, Toke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php#England">The Perpetual Calendar: What about England?</a> Version 29 February 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerard1908-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerard1908_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerard1908">Gerard 1908</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regicides-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regicides_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=26211#s5">"House of Commons Journal Volume 8, 9 June 1660 (Regicides)"</a>. British History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Journal+Volume+8%2C+9+June+1660+%28Regicides%29&rft.pub=British+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.asp%3Fcompid%3D26211%23s5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EC-NA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EC-NA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/charles_warrant.htm">Death warrant of Charles I</a> web page of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/">UK National Archives</a>. A demonstration of New Style, meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1940" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, A. F.</a> (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553864">"New Year's Day and Leap Year in English History"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>55</b> (218). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 180–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flv.ccxviii.177">10.1093/ehr/lv.ccxviii.177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553864">553864</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202193510/https://www.jstor.org/stable/553864">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=New+Year%27s+Day+and+Leap+Year+in+English+History&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=218&rft.pages=180-185&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flv.ccxviii.177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F553864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F553864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepys2004" class="citation web cs1">Pepys, Samuel (31 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124225143/https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1661/12/31/">"Tuesday 31 December 1661"</a>. <i>www.pepysdiary.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1661/12/31/">the original</a> on 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pepysdiary.com&rft.atitle=Tuesday+31+December+1661&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.aulast=Pepys&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Fdiary%2F1661%2F12%2F31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepys2005" class="citation web cs1">Pepys, Samuel (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124225147/https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1662/01/01/">"Wednesday 1 January 1661/62"</a>. <i>www.pepysdiary.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1662/01/01/">the original</a> on 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pepysdiary.com&rft.atitle=Wednesday+1+January+1661%2F62&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Pepys&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepysdiary.com%2Fdiary%2F1662%2F01%2F01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MS-oblique-stroke-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MS-oblique-stroke_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spathaky, Mike <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cree.name/genuki/dates.htm">Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar</a>. "An <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">oblique stroke</a> is by far the most usual indicator, but sometimes the alternative final figures of the year are written above and below a horizontal line, as in a fraction, thus: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 17{\tfrac {33}{34}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>17</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>33</mn> <mn>34</mn> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 17{\tfrac {33}{34}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd5efb34fd3ee32bec8155c0be3a64fc21cc680e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:4.805ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 17{\tfrac {33}{34}}}"></span>. Very occasionally a hyphen is used, as 1733-34."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example this biographical entry: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2010" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Henry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/chocke-alexander-ii-15934-1625">"Chocke, Alexander II (1593/4–1625), of Shalbourne, Wilts.; later of Hungerford Park, Berks"</a>. In Thrush, Andrew; Ferris, John P. (eds.). <i>The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604–1629</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chocke%2C+Alexander+II+%281593%2F4%E2%80%931625%29%2C+of+Shalbourne%2C+Wilts.%3B+later+of+Hungerford+Park%2C+Berks&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parliament%3A+the+House+of+Commons+1604%E2%80%931629&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1604-1629%2Fmember%2Fchocke-alexander-ii-15934-1625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigorenko-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grigorenko_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm">История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and the USSR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017163723/http://grigam.narod.ru/kalend/kalen19.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, chapter 19 in История календаря и хронология by Селешников (History of the calendar and chronology by Seleschnikov) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niv.ru/library/006/001.htm">ДЕКРЕТ "О ВВЕДЕНИИ ЗАПАДНО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО КАЛЕНДАРЯ" (Decree "On the introduction of the Western European calendar")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121144021/http://www.niv.ru/library/006/001.htm">Archived</a> 21 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> contains the full text of the decree <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB_online2017-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB_online2017_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB_online2017">EB online 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenz210-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz210_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenz210_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzUwe_BredehornMarek_Winiarczyk2002" class="citation book cs1">Lenz, Rudolf; Uwe Bredehorn; Marek Winiarczyk (2002). <i>Abkürzungen aus Personalschriften des XVI. bis XVIII. Jahrhunderts</i> (3 ed.). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-08152-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-08152-6"><bdi>3-515-08152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abk%C3%BCrzungen+aus+Personalschriften+des+XVI.+bis+XVIII.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-515-08152-6&rft.aulast=Lenz&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Uwe+Bredehorn&rft.au=Marek+Winiarczyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C&J19-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C&J19_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C&J19_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheneyJones2000">Cheney & Jones 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenihan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenihan_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenihan2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenihan, Pádraig (2003). <i>1690 Battle of the Boyne</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. pp. 258–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2597-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2597-8"><bdi>0-7524-2597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1690+Battle+of+the+Boyne&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7524-2597-8&rft.aulast=Lenihan&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1draig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404085408/http://www2.localaccess.com/marlowe/bacon6.htm">"Why Bacon, Oxford and Other's Weren't Shakespeare"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.localaccess.com/marlowe/bacon6.htm">the original</a> on 4 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Bacon%2C+Oxford+and+Other%27s+Weren%27t+Shakespeare&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.localaccess.com%2Fmarlowe%2Fbacon6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span>) uses the quote by Benjamin Woolley and cites <i>The Queen's Conjurer, The Science and Magic of Dr. John Dee, Adviser to Queen Elizabeth I</i>, page 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/old-style">"Old Style (O.S.)"</a>. monticello.org. June 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Style+%28O.S.%29&rft.pub=monticello.org&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fold-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngber2006" class="citation journal cs1">Engber, Daniel (18 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2134455/">"What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=What%27s+Benjamin+Franklin%27s+Birthday%3F&rft.date=2006-01-18&rft.aulast=Engber&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2134455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span> (Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprigge2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Sprigge" title="Timothy Sprigge">Sprigge, Timothy L. S.</a>, ed. (2017) [1968]. "Jeremy Bentham to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bentham" title="Samuel Bentham">Samuel Bentham</a>, 15 Feb. 1776". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1558740/1/The-Correspondence-of-Jeremy-Bentham-Volume-1.pdf"><i>The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham: Volume I: 1752–76</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: UCL Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-911576-05-1"><bdi>978-1-911576-05-1</bdi></a>. <q>God's-daddikins! it is my birthday – say something pretty to me on the occasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jeremy+Bentham+to+Samuel+Bentham%2C+15+Feb.+1776&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Jeremy+Bentham%3A+Volume+I%3A+1752%E2%80%9376&rft.place=London&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-911576-05-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1558740%2F1%2FThe-Correspondence-of-Jeremy-Bentham-Volume-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellenir2004" class="citation book cs1">Bellenir, Karen (2004). <i>Religious Holidays and Calendars</i>. Detroit: Omnigraphics. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Holidays+and+Calendars&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Omnigraphics&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bellenir&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_James_Bond" title="John James Bond">Bond, John James</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handybookofrules00bond/page/n4/mode/1up"><i>Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations...'<span></span></i></a>. London: George Bell & Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121133435/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2wBAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handy+Book+of+Rules+and+Tables+for+Verifying+Dates+With+the+Christian+Era+Giving+an+Account+of+the+Chief+Eras+and+Systems+Used+by+Various+Nations...%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=John+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandybookofrules00bond%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheneyJones2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Cheney" title="C. R. Cheney">Cheney, C. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a>, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99027383.pdf"><i>A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a> Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77095-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Dates+for+Students+of+British+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Royal+Historical+Society+Guides+and+Handbooks&rft.pages=17-20&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77095-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatdir.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fsamples%2Fcam032%2F99027383.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gerard, John (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/General Chronology#Beginning of the year"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/General_Chronology#Beginning_of_the_year">"General Chronology § Beginning of the year" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Chronology+%C2%A7+Beginning+of+the+year&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB_online2017" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38556/Russia"><i>Russia: the October (November) Revolution</i></a> (Online ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+the+October+%28November%29+Revolution&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-38556%2FRussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2000" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Duncan (2000). <i>Marking Time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar</i>. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471404217" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471404217"><bdi>978-0471404217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marking+Time%3A+the+epic+quest+to+invent+the+perfect+calendar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0471404217&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1995" class="citation journal cs1">Poole, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2342015">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> (149). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Academic">Oxford Academic</a>: 95–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F149.1.95">10.1093/past/149.1.95</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205220427/http://www.academia.edu/2342015/Give_us_our_eleven_days_">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=%27Give+us+our+eleven+days%21%27%3A+calendar+reform+in+eighteenth-century+England&rft.issue=149&rft.pages=95-139&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F149.1.95&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2342015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Style+and+New+Style+dates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" 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