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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principat_de_Transsilv%C3%A0nia_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principat de Transsilvània (1711–1867) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Principat de Transsilvània (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmihradsk%C3%A9_velkokn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD" title="Sedmihradské velkoknížectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedmihradské velkoknížectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen" title="Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaania_v%C3%BCrstkond_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Transilvaania vürstkond (1711–1867) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transilvaania vürstkond (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Τρανσυλβανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Τρανσυλβανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Transilvania_(1711-1867)" title="Principado de Transilvania (1711-1867) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principado de Transilvania (1711-1867)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande-principaut%C3%A9_de_Transylvanie" title="Grande-principauté de Transylvanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande-principauté de Transylvanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepangeranan_Transilvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Kepangeranan Transilvania (1711–1867) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepangeranan Transilvania (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principato_di_Transilvania_(1711-1867)" title="Principato di Transilvania (1711-1867) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principato di Transilvania (1711-1867)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="נסיכות טרנסילבניה (1711–1867) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נסיכות טרנסילבניה (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_(1711-1867)" title="ტრანსილვანიის სამთავრო (1711-1867) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსილვანიის სამთავრო (1711-1867)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%A9lyi_Fejedelems%C3%A9g_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Erdélyi Fejedelemség (1711–1867) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erdélyi Fejedelemség (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootvorstendom_Zevenburgen" title="Grootvorstendom Zevenburgen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootvorstendom Zevenburgen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Principado_da_Transilv%C3%A2nia" title="Grão-Principado da Transilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-Principado da Transilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatul_Transilvaniei_(1711-1867)" title="Principatul Transilvaniei (1711-1867) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principatul Transilvaniei (1711-1867)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmohradsk%C3%A9_ve%C4%BEkoknie%C5%BEatstvo" title="Sedmohradské veľkokniežatstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sedmohradské veľkokniežatstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Кнежевина Трансилванија (1711–1867) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кнежевина Трансилванија (1711–1867)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1711%E2%80%941867)" title="Трансильванське князівство (1711—1867) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансильванське князівство (1711—1867)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B_(1711%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941867%E5%B9%B4)" title="外西凡尼亞公國 (1711年—1867年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外西凡尼亞公國 (1711年—1867年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Grand Principality of Transylvania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Erdélyi Nagyfejedelemség</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Marele Principat al Transilvaniei</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1711–1867</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Transylvania"><img alt="Flag of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/125px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/188px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/250px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Transylvania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg/85px-Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg/128px-Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg/170px-Transylvania_-_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen_-_Erd%C3%A9ly_-_Transilvania_v1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Hermannstadt (Nagyszeben, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>) 1711–1791, 1848–1861<br />Klausenburg (Kolozsvár, <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a>) 1791–1848, 1861–1867</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian">Transylvanian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1711–1740 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848–1867 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1703 – 1 May 1711</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" title="Treaty of Szatmár">Peace of Szatmár</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 April 1711</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siculicidium" title="Siculicidium">Massacre at Madéfalva</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 January 1764</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1784 – 14 December 1784</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1848 – 4 October 1849</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1867</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/20px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/30px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/40px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="377" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Principality of Transylvania</b>, from 1765 the <b>Grand Principality of Transylvania</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Hungarian_Crown" title="Lands of the Hungarian Crown">realm of the Hungarian Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a> monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>) and governed by mostly Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LieberWigglesworth1836_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LieberWigglesworth1836-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MallowsAbraham2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MallowsAbraham2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Ottomans were ousted from most of the territories of medieval Kingdom of Hungary, and after the failure of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> (1703–1711), the Habsburg dynasty claimed the former territories of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> under the capacity of their title of "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a>, the Hungarian government proclaimed union with Transylvania in the <a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a> of 1848<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (after the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Diet" title="Transylvanian Diet">Transylvanian Diet</a>'s confirmation on 30 May and the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">king's</a> approval on 10 June<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Transylvania to become once again an integral part of Hungary). After the failure of the revolution, the <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="March Constitution of Austria">March Constitution of Austria</a> decreed that the Principality of Transylvania be a separate crown land entirely independent of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-hoelseth.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoelseth.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a>, the principality was reunited with Hungary proper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg/220px-Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg/330px-Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg/440px-Map_of_Transylvania_in_1791_by_Reilly_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Grand Principality of Transylvania in 1791</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg/220px-1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg/330px-1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg/440px-1818_Pinkerton_Map_of_the_Austrian_Empire_-_Geographicus_-_Austria-pinkerton-1818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3642" /></a><figcaption>Transylvania (in yellow - right side) on a map of the military districts of the Habsburg Monarchy (1818 map showing the situation in the late 1790s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> had occupied the vassal <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a> and forced Prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a> to acknowledge his overlordship in his capacity as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>. Upon Apafi's death in 1690, Emperor Leopold decreed the <i><a href="/wiki/Diploma_Leopoldinum" title="Diploma Leopoldinum">Diploma Leopoldinum</a></i>, which affiliated the Transylvanian territory with the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. In 1697 Michael's son and heir Prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Apafi" title="Michael II Apafi">Michael II Apafi</a> finally renounced Transylvania in favour of Leopold; the transfer to the Habsburg lands was confirmed by the 1699 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League</a> and the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> had failed, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" title="Treaty of Szatmár">Peace of Szatmár</a> was concluded in 1711: Habsburg control over Transylvania was consolidated, and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Transylvania" title="Prince of Transylvania">Princes of Transylvania</a> were replaced with Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Transylvania" title="Governor of Transylvania">imperial governors</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gubernatoren</i></span>). In 1765 <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> and her son Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> proclaimed the Grand Principality of Transylvania, consolidating the special separate status of Transylvania within the Habsburg Monarchy, established by the <i>Diploma Leopoldinum</i> in 1691. </p><p>From about 1734 onwards, southern Transylvania became the settlement area of German-speaking <i><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Transylvanian Landler</a></i> expellees, <a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Protestants</a> from the Habsburg hereditary lands of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, who were exiled to the easternmost outpost of the Habsburg Monarchy. The area around <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> (<i>Hermannstadt</i>) had been colonized by <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> since medieval times; here the <i>Landler</i> had to settle in regions devastated during the Great Turkish War. </p><p>The majority of the Transylvanian population was <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>, many of them peasants working for Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> under the precarious conditions of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>. The 1784 <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a>, however, and all demands of political equality were of no avail. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Austrian_Empire" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire">1848 Revolutions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian insurgents</a> called for the re-unification of Transylvania with Hungary – opposed by Romanian (<a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian</a>) revolutionaries led by <a href="/wiki/Avram_Iancu" title="Avram Iancu">Avram Iancu</a> and Austrian forces led by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Urban" title="Karl von Urban">Karl von Urban</a> – but also for the abolition of serfdom. The <a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a> of 1848 proclaimed the re-unification, but after the Hungarian revolt was crushed, Transylvania remained under military administration for several years, and the <a href="/wiki/March_Constitution_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="March Constitution of Austria">March Constitution of Austria</a> defined the Principality of Transylvania as being a separate crown land that is entirely independent of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-hoelseth.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoelseth.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Military_Frontier" title="Transylvanian Military Frontier">Transylvanian Military Frontier</a>, which existed from 1762, was abolished and again incorporated into Transylvania. </p><p>The 1863-1864 <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Diet" title="Transylvanian Diet">Transylvanian Diet</a> summoned in Sibiu (the first meeting of Transylvania's governing body after the 1848 Revolution) proclaimed that the Romanian nation, language, and cults (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>) were to be elevated to the same rank as those of the other nations, thus granting Romanians complete equality of rights with the rest of the inhabitants of Transylvania. Also, it was on this occasion that the Romanians held the relative majority of seats in the Transylvanian Diet for the first time, following a provisional, liberal regulation (Romanians: 48 deputies for 1,300,913 inhabitants or one deputy for 28,280 people; Hungarians: 44 deputies for 568,172 inhabitants or one deputy for 12,913 people; Saxons: 33 deputies for 204,031 inhabitants or one deputy for 6,370 people).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1865, the emperor, now looking for a reconciliation with the Hungarians amidst the pressing Austrian military and economic crisis, dissolved the Sibiu Diet and convened a new diet in Cluj, chosen according to a different electoral regulation, one that grossly favored the Hungarian side. On 19 November 1865, this new Transylvanian Diet voted for the affiliation with Hungary. With the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a> (<i>Ausgleich</i>), the centuries-long autonomous status of Hungarian nobility, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and Transylvanian Saxons ended and the Grand Principality of Transylvania was incorporated into Hungary proper within the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Dual Monarchy</a>, codified on 6 December 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Compromise, on 3 May 1868, during a popular assembly attended by some 60,000 peasants from throughout Transylvania, the representatives of the Transylvanian Romanians issued the <a href="/wiki/Blaj_Pronouncement" title="Blaj Pronouncement">Blaj Pronouncement</a>, a political declaration against the Hungarian system of government that did away with Transylvania's long-standing autonomy. It called for the autonomy of Transylvania, the reopening of its Diet on the basis of proportional representation, and the recognition of the laws approved by the Diet of Sibiu. It specified that Romanians did not recognise the Parliament of Hungary or its right to make laws for Transylvania. At the same time, the document expressed the principles of the passivist doctrine of refusing to recognise Hungarian institutions and boycotting the country's political life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borders">Borders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before its abolition in 1867, the Principality of Transylvania bordered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1538%E2%80%931867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary</a> to the northwest and west, the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bukovina" title="Duchy of Bukovina">Duchy of Bukovina</a> to the northeast, the Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a> to the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia</a> to the south and east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total</th> <th>Romanians</th> <th>Hungarians and Székelys</th> <th>Germans</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td>~500,000</td> <td>~50%</td> <td>~30%</td> <td>~20%</td> <td><i>Estimation by Benedek Jancsó</i><sup id="cite_ref-mek_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1700</td> <td>~800,000–865,000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>Recent estimates</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1712–1713</td> <td></td> <td>34%</td> <td>47%</td> <td>19%</td> <td><i>Official estimate</i><sup id="cite_ref-mek_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1720</td> <td>806,221</td> <td>49.6%</td> <td>37.2%</td> <td>12.2%</td> <td><i>Estimation by Károly Kocsis & Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1721</td> <td>-</td> <td>48,28%</td> <td>36.09%</td> <td>15.62%</td> <td><i>Estimation by <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Acs%C3%A1dy" title="Ignác Acsády">Ignác Acsády</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1730</td> <td>~725,000</td> <td>57.9%</td> <td>26.2%</td> <td>15.1%</td> <td><i>Austrian statistics</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1765</td> <td>~1,000,000</td> <td>55.9%</td> <td>26%</td> <td>12%</td> <td><i>Estimation by Bálint Hóman and Gyula Szekfü</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1773<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,066,017</td> <td>63.5%</td> <td>24.2%</td> <td>12.3%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1784</td> <td>1,440,986</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td><i>Official census</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1790<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,465,000</td> <td>50.8%</td> <td>30.4%</td> <td>-</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1835</td> <td>-</td> <td>62.3%</td> <td>23.3%</td> <td>14.3%</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850</td> <td>2,073,372</td> <td>59.1%</td> <td>25.9%</td> <td>9.3%</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors">Governors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Transylvania" title="Governor of Transylvania">Governor of Transylvania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Transylvania">List of rulers of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Unio Trium Nationum</a></i>, pact between the three Estates of Transylvania (Hungarian nobility, Saxon patricians, and free <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>), which endured into the 19th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrócsányi2002" class="citation cs2">Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/278.html"><i>Transylvania in the Habsburg Empire</i></a>, Akadémiai Kiadó<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved 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Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-419-8"><bdi>978-1-84162-419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transylvania&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-419-8&rft.au=Lucy+Mallows&rft.au=Rudolf+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYt1M3egMbWMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281711%E2%80%931867%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hochedlinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hochedlinger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-LTw-cylfoC&dq=%22habsburg+absolutism%22+%22kingdom+of+Hungary%22&pg=PA227"><i>Austria's Wars of Emergence: War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582290846" title="Special:BookSources/9780582290846"><bdi>9780582290846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+Wars+of+Emergence%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+the+Habsburg+Monarchy%2C+1683%E2%80%931797&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780582290846&rft.au=Michael+Hochedlinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-LTw-cylfoC%26dq%3D%2522habsburg%2Babsolutism%2522%2B%2522kingdom%2Bof%2BHungary%2522%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281711%E2%80%931867%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laszlo Péter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzW8aApInY8C&dq=medieval+unitary+hungary&pg=PA56">Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective</a>, BRILL, 2012, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?id=467">"Unió Erdéllyel"</a>. Múlt-Kor. 29 May 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uni%C3%B3+Erd%C3%A9llyel&rft.pub=M%C3%BAlt-Kor&rft.date=2003-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmult-kor.hu%2Fcikk.php%3Fid%3D467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281711%E2%80%931867%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexikon.katolikus.hu/U/uni%C3%B3%20Erd%C3%A9lylyel.html">"unió Erdélylyel"</a>. Magyar Katolikus Lexikon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=uni%C3%B3+Erd%C3%A9lylyel&rft.pub=Magyar+Katolikus+Lexikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexikon.katolikus.hu%2FU%2Funi%25C3%25B3%2520Erd%25C3%25A9lylyel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281711%E2%80%931867%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoelseth.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoelseth.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoelseth.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoelseth.com/royalty/austria/austrianconst18490304.html">Austrian Constitution of 4 March 1849</a>. (Section I, Art. I and Section IX., Art. 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Magyar Kisebbség. Nemzetpolitikai szemle. Új sorozat. XIV. évf. 2009. 1-2. (51-52.) sz. 64-80. - Prof. dr. PÁL Judit - Union or autonomy? The legal reagulation of the union of Transylvania. Magyar Kisebbség. Nemzetpolitikai szemle. Új sorozat. XIV. évf. 2009. 1-2. (51-52.) sz. 64-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mek-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mek_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mek_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html">A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN (1711–1770) (Demographics)</a><i>, In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II. From 1606 to 1830, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002, p. 2-527, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6">0-88033-491-6</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trócsányi, Zsolt (2002). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html">A NEW REGIME AND AN ALTERED ETHNIC PATTERN (1711–1770) (Demographics)</a></i>, In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume II. 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statisztikai közlemények 12. kötet - Ignác Acsády: The population of Hungary in the ages of the Pragmatica Sanction, Magyar statisztikai közlemények vol. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/345.html">"A Growing Population in the Grip of Underdeveloped Agriculture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Growing+Population+in+the+Grip+of+Underdeveloped+Agriculture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281711%E2%80%931867%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Rokai – Zoltan Đere – Tibor Pal – Aleksandar Kasaš, Istorija Mađara, Beograd, 2002, pages 376–377.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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