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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpins" title="Hirpins – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hirpins" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ιρπίνοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρπίνοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpinos" title="Hirpinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hirpinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpinoak" title="Hirpinoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hirpinoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpins" title="Hirpins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hirpins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irpini" title="Irpini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irpini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpinusok" title="Hirpinusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hirpinusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hirpini" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%8B%E6%97%8F" title="ヒルピニ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒルピニ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Гирпины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гирпины" 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irpini" class="extiw" title="it:Irpini">the corresponding article</a> in Italian</b>.  <i><small>(September 2022)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIrpini&sl=it&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en">View</a> a machine-translated version of the Italian article.</li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Irpini]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|it|Irpini}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hirpini" title="Talk:Hirpini">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hirpini</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hirpini</i></span></i>) were an ancient <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnite</a> tribe of Southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. While generally regarded as having been Samnites, sometimes they are treated as a distinct and independent nation. They inhabited the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>, in the more extensive sense of that name, roughly the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Irpinia" title="Irpinia">Irpinia</a> from their name—a mountainous region bordering on <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> towards the south, on <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> to the east, and on <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> towards the west. No marked natural boundary separated them from these neighboring nations, but they occupied the lofty masses and groups of the central <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a>, while the plains on each side, and the lower ranges that bounded them, belonged to their more fortunate neighbors. The mountain basin formed by the three tributaries of the <i>Vulturnus</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Volturno" title="Volturno">Volturno</a>)—the <i>Tamarus</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tammaro" title="Tammaro">Tammaro</a>), <i>Calor</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Calore_Irpino" title="Calore Irpino">Calore</a>), and <i>Sabatus</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sabato_(river)" title="Sabato (river)">Sabato</a>), which, with their valleys, unite near <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a>, surrounded on all sides by lofty and rugged ranges of mountains—is the center and heart of their territory. They occupied the <a href="/wiki/Daunian_Mountains" title="Daunian Mountains">Daunian Mountains</a> to the north,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while its more southern portion comprised the upper valley of the <i>Aufidus</i> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ofanto" title="Ofanto">Ofanto</a>) and the lofty group of mountains where that river takes its rise. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their name derives, according to ancient writers, from <i>hirpus</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> for '<a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>') and meant 'those who belong to the wolf'.<i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> In accordance with this derivation, their first ancestors were supposedly guided to their new settlements by a wolf.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition implies that the Hirpini were regarded as having migrated, like the other <a href="/wiki/Sabellians" title="Sabellians">Sabellian</a> peoples in the south of Italy, from the north, but when this migration occurred is unknown. From their position in the vastnesses of the central Apennines, they were probably there long before they first appear in history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliations_and_history">Affiliations and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Affiliations and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg/220px-Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg/330px-Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg/440px-Samnium_Hirpinum.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Map of ancient Hirpini's territory at the southeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>; white lines show the possible tribal boundaries.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early history of the Hirpini cannot be separated from that of the Samnites in general. Their name does not once occur in history during the long protracted struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and the Samnite confederacy (the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a>), though their territory was often the theatre of the war, and several of their cities, especially <i>Maloenton</i> (Roman <i>Maleventum</i>, modern <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a>), are repeatedly mentioned as bearing an important part in the military operations of both powers. Hence, the Hirpini at this time must have formed an integral part of the Samnite league, and were included by the Roman annalists (whose language on such points <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> follows with scrupulous fidelity) under the general name of Samnites, without distinguishing between the several tribes of that people. For the same reason we can't fix the exact period when the Romans subjugated them, but it must have been before 268 BC, when the Romans established their colony at Beneventum,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position that likely was the military key to the possession of their country. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, the Hirpini appear as an independent people, acting apart from the rest of the Samnites. Livy expressly uses the name of Samnium in contradistinction to the land of the Hirpini.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter people was one of those that declared in favour of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">battle of Cannae</a>, 216 BC;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Roman colony of Beneventum never fell into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> general. As early as the following year, three of the smaller towns of the Hirpini were recovered by the Roman praetor <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Valerius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Valerius (page does not exist)">M. Valerius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 214 BC, their territory was the scene of the operations of <a href="/wiki/Hanno,_son_of_Bomilcar" title="Hanno, son of Bomilcar">Hanno</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Sempronius_Gracchus_(consul_215_BC)" title="Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)">Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus</a>, and again in 212 BC of those of the same Carthaginian general with a view to the relief of <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 209 BC, when Hannibal lost all footing in the center of Italy, that the Hirpini submitted to Rome, and gained favourable terms by betraying the Carthaginian garrisons in their towns.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hirpini next figure in history in the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a> (90 BC), when they were among the first to take up arms against Rome. In the campaign of the following year, (89 BC), <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> took <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>, one of their strongest cities. The blow struck such terror into the rest that they offered submission, and were admitted to favourable terms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before this there appears to have been a party in the nation favorable to Rome, as Minatius Magius (the ancestor of the historian <a href="/wiki/Velleius" class="mw-redirect" title="Velleius">Velleius</a>), a native of Aeclanum, was not only himself faithful to the Roman cause, but raised an auxiliary legion among his countrymen to support the Roman generals in Campania.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hirpini were undoubtedly admitted to the Roman franchise after the war, and their national existence ended. They appear to have suffered less than their neighbours, the Samnites, from the ravages of the war, but considerable portions of their territory were confiscated, and it would seem, from a passage in <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, that a large part of it passed into the hands of wealthy Roman nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the division of Italy under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the Hirpini were separated from the other Samnites, and placed in the second Region along with Apulia and Calabria, while Samnium itself was included in the fourth Region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same separation was retained also in the later divisions of Italy under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, according to which Samnium, in the more confined sense, formed a small separate province, while Beneventum and the greater part, if not all other towns of the Hirpini, were included in the province of Campania. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liber_Coloniarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liber Coloniarum (page does not exist)">Liber Coloniarum</a></i> includes all the towns of Samnium, as well as those of the Hirpini, among the "Civitates Campaniae", but this is probably a mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_and_cities">Towns and cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Towns and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeclanum_(Ruins-03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg/220px-Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg/330px-Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg/440px-Aeclanum_%28Ruins-03%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Roman town <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The national characteristics of the Hirpini cannot be separated from those of other Samnites. It is not always easy to separate the confines of the Hirpini from those of neighbouring Samnite tribes, especially in the Imperial period, when the original distinctions of the tribes were mostly obliterated. Pliny's list of towns in the second region of Italy is more than usually obscure, and those of the Hirpini and Apulia confused in a most perplexing manner. Towns assigned with certainty to the Hirpini include: <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a> (although both <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> consider it as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> proper, as distinguished from the Hirpini),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abellinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Abellinum">Abellinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacedonia" title="Lacedonia">Aquilonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivicum" title="Trivicum">Trivicum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vescellium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vescellium (page does not exist)">Vescellium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescellium" class="extiw" title="it:Vescellium">it</a>]</span>. </p><p>Beneventum was the most important city in this part of Italy, and was often referred to as a Samnite town. Pliny called it the only Roman colony in Hirpini territory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aeclanum was a flourishing and important town close to the heart of the Hirpini territory. <a href="/wiki/Abellinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Abellinum">Abellinum</a> was on the border with Campania, and near the sources of the River Sabatus. <a href="/wiki/Compsa" title="Compsa">Compsa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Conza" class="mw-redirect" title="Conza">Conza</a>) was near the head waters of the River Aufidus (Ofanto), and bordered with Lucania. Aquilonia (modern <a href="/wiki/Lacedonia" title="Lacedonia">Lacedonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Trivicum" title="Trivicum">Trivicum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vescellium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vescellium (page does not exist)">Vescellium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vescellium" class="extiw" title="it:Vescellium">it</a>]</span> were near the border with Apulia, in the eastern portion of the Hirpinian territory. </p><p>In the valley of the River Tamarus, which was mentioned as being 5 miles above Beneventum in the <a href="/wiki/Itinerary_of_Antoninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Itinerary of Antoninus">Itinerary of Antoninus</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/Ligures_Baebiani" title="Ligures Baebiani">Ligures Baebiani et Corneliani</a>, a colony of <a href="/wiki/Ligurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurians">Ligurians</a> relocated in the heart of this mountain region by the Romans in 180 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to exist as a separate community in the days of Pliny.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the minor towns of the Hirpini were mentioned by Livy as having been retaken by the praetor M. Valerius in 215 BC;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the names given in the manuscripts, Vescellium, Vercellium, and Sicilinum, are probably corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are otherwise unknown, except for Vescellium, which is also found in Pliny's list of towns<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and should be placed in the far north, on the way to <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Luceria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fratulum, whose name is found only in Ptolemy, is equally uncertain, although the author set it in the South, at the same latitude of Compsa and the same longitude of Aquilonia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_structures">Volcanic structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Volcanic structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most remarkable natural curiosity in the land of the Hirpini was the valley and lake, or rather pool, of <a href="/wiki/Amsanctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsanctus">Amsanctus</a>, celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in a manner that shows its fame to have been widely spread through Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is remarkable as the only trace of volcanic action remaining in the central chain of the Apennines along with nearby <a href="/wiki/Monte_Vulture" title="Monte Vulture">Monte Vulture</a>, an extinct volcano located on the eastern shore of the Ofanto River.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolle_della_Malvizza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolle della Malvizza (page does not exist)">Bolle della Malvizza</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolle_della_Malvizza" class="extiw" title="it:Bolle della Malvizza">it</a>]</span>, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscano_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miscano Valley (page does not exist)">Miscano Valley</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Miscano" class="extiw" title="it:Valle del Miscano">it</a>]</span>, is a <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcano</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country of the Hirpini, despite its rugged, mountainous character, was traversed by several Roman roads, all of which connected to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a>. The main line of that road went from Capua to Beneventum. There, it branched into two, one to <a href="/wiki/Aeclanum" title="Aeclanum">Aeclanum</a>, and Aquilonia, <a href="/wiki/Venusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusia">Venusia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Venosa" title="Venosa">Venosa</a>), and then to <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>). This was the proper Via Appia. The other branch, known from the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (who first made it safe for carriages) as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Trajana" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Trajana">Via Trajana</a> went from Beneventum through Forum Novum (modern <a href="/wiki/Buonalbergo" title="Buonalbergo">Buonalbergo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aequum_Tuticum" title="Aequum Tuticum">Aequum Tuticum</a> (<i>Saint Eleuterio</i> near <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Irpino" title="Ariano Irpino">Ariano Irpino</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aecae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aecae">Aecae</a> in Apulia, and then through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herdonea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herdonea (page does not exist)">Herdonea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Canusium">Canusium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa di Puglia</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Brundusium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundusium">Brundusium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a>). The course of these roads through Hirpini land has been traced with care by Mommsen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable Roman roads in the territory were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Herculia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Herculia (page does not exist)">Via Herculia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Herculea" class="extiw" title="it:Via Herculea">it</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Aurelia_Aeclanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Aurelia Aeclanensis (page does not exist)">Via Aurelia Aeclanensis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aurelia_Aeclanensis" class="extiw" title="it:Via Aurelia Aeclanensis">it</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Aemilia_in_Hirpinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Aemilia in Hirpinis (page does not exist)">Via Aemilia in Hirpinis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Aemilia_in_Hirpinis" class="extiw" title="it:Via Aemilia in Hirpinis">it</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFE._T._Salmon1989" class="citation journal cs1">E. T. Salmon (1989). "The Hirpini: "ex Italia semper aliquid novi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 225–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1088459">10.2307/1088459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088459">1088459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Hirpini%3A+%22ex+Italia+semper+aliquid+novi%22&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-235&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1088459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088459%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=E.+T.+Salmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirpini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergent1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Sergent" title="Bernard Sergent">Sergent, Bernard</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1991_num_17_2_1932">"Ethnozoonymes indo-européens"</a>. <i>Dialogues d'Histoire Ancienne</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fdha.1991.1932">10.3406/dha.1991.1932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27Histoire+Ancienne&rft.atitle=Ethnozoonymes+indo-europ%C3%A9ens&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fdha.1991.1932&rft.aulast=Sergent&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fdha_0755-7256_1991_num_17_2_1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirpini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo v. p. 250; <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a> <i>ad Aeneidos</i> xi. 785.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy <i>Epit.</i> xv.; <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a> i. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy xxii. 13, xxiii. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> xxii. 61, xxiii. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> xxiii. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Id.</i> xxiv. 14-16, xxv. 13, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. xxvii. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>B.C.</i> i. 39, 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a> ii. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> <i>De lege agraria</i> iii. 2; <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Zumpt" title="August Wilhelm Zumpt">August Wilhelm Zumpt</a>, <i>De Coloniis</i> p. 258.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> iii. 11. s. 16, 12. s. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lib. Col. pp. 229--239; <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a>, <i>ad Lib. Col.</i> pp. 159,205, 206; Marquardt, <i>Handb. d. Röm. Alterthümer.</i> vol. iii pp. 62, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy xxii. 13; Ptolemy iii. 1. § 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.11.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy. The History of Rome, 40.38, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.11.6; Lib. Col. p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, The History of Rome, 23.37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Alschefski, <i>ad loc.</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Elder, Natural History, l.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ajYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>La romanisation du Samnium aux IIe et Ier s. av. J.-C.: Actes du Colloque International (Naples 1988)</i></a>. Jean Centre Bérard Publisher. 2020. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782918887294" title="Special:BookSources/9782918887294"><bdi>9782918887294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+romanisation+du+Samnium+aux+IIe+et+Ier+s.+av.+J.-C.%3A+Actes+du+Colloque+International+%28Naples+1988%29&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Jean+Centre+B%C3%A9rard+Publisher&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782918887294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ajYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirpini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φρατούολον</span></span>, Ptolemy, The Geography, 3.1.71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil <i>Aen.</i> vii. 563.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Daubeny" title="Charles Daubeny">Charles Daubeny</a> on <i>Volcanoes</i>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Topografia degli Irpini</i>, in the <i>Bullettino dell' Inst. Archeol.</i> 1848, pp. 6-13.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854–1857" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1854–1857). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Geography" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</a></i>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1854%2F1857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirpini" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirpini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Hirpini"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Hirpini">"Hirpini" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hirpini&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirpini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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