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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optimus_princeps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Optimus princeps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optimus_princeps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek-Roman_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek-Roman_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Greek-Roman relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-Roman_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Building projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_and_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_and_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Currency and welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_and_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Military campaigns </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military campaigns subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Dacia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Dacia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Conquest of Dacia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Dacia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabataean_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabataean_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nabataean annexation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabataean_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Parthian campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cause_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Cause of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Course of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Diaspora revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death and succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 After Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Romanian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Romanian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 In Romanian culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Romanian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jewish_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jewish_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 In Jewish legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jewish_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Nerva–Antonine family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerva–Antonine_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources and further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources and further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Secondary material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Trajan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" > 109 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5" title="ትራያኑስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትራያኑስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراجان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تراجان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trach%C3%A1n" title="Trachán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Trachán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traxanu" title="Traxanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Traxanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayan" title="Trayan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trayan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراژان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تراژان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Марк Ульпіюс Траян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марк Ульпіюс Траян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traj%C3%A0" title="Trajà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trajà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τραϊανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραϊανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanu" title="Trajanu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Trajanu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراژان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراژان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i%C3%A1n" title="Tráián – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tráián" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traxano" title="Traxano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Traxano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="ટ્રાજન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટ્રાજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="트라야누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라야누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Տրայանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրայանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="त्राजान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्राजान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiano" title="Traiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="טראיאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טראיאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟ್ರೇಜನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ರೇಜನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ტრაიანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაიანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Траян Марк Улпий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Траян Марк Улпий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizari_Traian" title="Kaizari Traian – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaizari Traian" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traj%C4%81ns" title="Trajāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trajāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanas" title="Trajanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trajanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Traianus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Traianus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Трајан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трајан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiano" title="Traiano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Traiano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ട്രേജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രേജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ट्राजान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्राजान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ტრაიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრაიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراچان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تراچان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراجان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تراجان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="トラヤヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラヤヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiano" title="Traiano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Traiano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan_av_Romarriket" title="Trajan av Romarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trajan av Romarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayan" title="Trayan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trayan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਰਾਜਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਾਜਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراجان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تراجان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ត្រាហ្សាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ត្រាហ្សាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian" title="Traian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Traian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajani" title="Trajani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trajani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianu" title="Traianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Traianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traj%C3%A1n" title="Traján – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Traján" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تراجان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تراجان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Трајан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трајан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanus" title="Trajanus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trajanus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trajano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="திராயான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராயான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิตรายานุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิตรายานุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%91%E1%88%B5" title="ትራያኑስ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ትራያኑስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Траян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترائیان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترائیان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traianus" title="Traianus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Traianus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%9F" title="图拉真 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图拉真" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="טריאנוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טריאנוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Trajan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%9F" title="圖拉真 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖拉真" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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For the emperor's father, see <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Traian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Traian (disambiguation)">Traian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Trajan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Optimus Princeps</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg/220px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg/330px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg/440px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_336.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2261" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Marble bust, <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, Munich</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 98 – 9 August 117</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Marcus Ulpius Traianus 18 September 53 <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>, Roman Empire (present-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 August 117 (aged 63) <a href="/wiki/Selinus,_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Selinus, Cilicia">Selinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>, Roman Empire (present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Rome, in the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adoptive children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (AD 97)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Trajan (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtreɪdʒən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">TRAY-jən</a>; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9 August 117) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a>. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier-emperor who presided over one of the greatest military expansions in <a href="/wiki/Roman_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman history">Roman history</a>, during which, by the time of his death, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> reached its maximum territorial extent. He was given the title of Optimus ('the best') by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>. Trajan was born in the <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a> in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Seville" title="Province of Seville">Seville</a> in southern Spain, an <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>; his <a href="/wiki/Gens_Ulpia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Ulpia">gens Ulpia</a> came from the town of <a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Tuder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Regio_VI_Umbria" title="Regio VI Umbria">Umbria</a> region of central Italy. His namesake father, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a>, was a general and distinguished senator. Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>; in AD 89, serving as a <a href="/wiki/Legatus_legionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, he supported the emperor against a revolt on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Saturninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonius Saturninus">Antonius Saturninus</a>. He then served as governor of <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Germania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by the elderly and childless <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a revolt by members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, Nerva decided to adopt as his heir and successor the more popular Trajan, who had distinguished himself in military campaigns against Germanic tribes. As emperor of Rome, Trajan oversaw the construction of <a href="#Building_projects">building projects</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">forum named after him</a>, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">social welfare policies</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Alimenta" title="Alimenta">alimenta</a>, and new military conquests. He annexed <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">his war</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> ended with the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a> as Roman provinces. In August AD 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of <a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">deified</a> by the senate and his successor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (Trajan's cousin). According to historical tradition, Trajan's ashes were entombed in a small room beneath <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> An account of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dacica" title="Dacica">Commentarii de bellis Dacicis</a>, written by Trajan himself or a <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a> and modelled after <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>, is lost with the exception of one sentence. Only fragments remain of the Getica, a book by Trajan's personal physician <a href="/wiki/Criton_of_Heraclea" title="Criton of Heraclea">Titus Statilius Criton</a>. The Parthica, a 17-volume account of the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Parthian Wars</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, has met a similar fate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201014-3">[3]</a> Book 68 in Greek author <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>'s Roman History, which survives mostly as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> abridgements and <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitomes</a>, is the main source for the political history of Trajan's rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201015-4">[4]</a> Besides this, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>'s Panegyricus and <a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a>'s orations are the best surviving contemporary sources. Both are adulatory <a href="/wiki/Dispositio#Peroratio" title="Dispositio">perorations</a>, typical of the High Imperial period, that describe an idealized monarch and an equally idealized view of Trajan's rule, and concern themselves more with ideology than with fact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xii/xiii_&_63-5">[5]</a> The 10th volume of Pliny's letters contains his correspondence with Trajan, which deals with various aspects of imperial Roman government. It is generally agreed that Pliny, being part of the emperor's inner circle, provides a unique and valuable source of information through his letters with Trajan, the only surviving correspondence between a governor and his emperor. However, it has been argued that Pliny's correspondence with Trajan is neither intimate nor candid, but rather an exchange of official mail in which Pliny's stance borders on the servile. Some authors have even proposed that much of the text was written and/or edited by Trajan's Imperial secretary, his <a href="/wiki/Ab_epistulis" title="Ab epistulis">ab epistulis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Given the scarcity of literary sources, discussion of Trajan and his rule in modern historiography cannot avoid speculation. Non-literary sources such as archaeology, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a> are also useful for reconstructing his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xiii-10">[10]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Trajan</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="24" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="9"> </td><td rowspan="8" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpius</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Traia_gens" title="Traia gens">Traia</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Quintus Marcius Barea Sura</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Antonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Antonius Rufus">Aulus Antonius Rufus</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;"><a href="/wiki/Gens_Antonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Antonia">Antonia Furnilla</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;"><a href="/wiki/Furnia_gens" title="Furnia gens">Furnia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg/330px-TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg/500px-TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/TRAIANUS_PATER_RIC_II_764-711445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of Trajan depicting him alongside his <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">namesake father</a>, c. AD 115</figcaption></figure> Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September AD 53 in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[14]</a> (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>), in the municipium of <a href="/wiki/Italica" title="Italica">Italica</a> (now in the municipal area of <a href="/wiki/Santiponce" title="Santiponce">Santiponce</a>, in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>), a Roman colony established in 206 BC by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-syme64_144-17">[17]</a> At the time of Trajan's birth it was a small town, without baths, theatre and amphitheatre, and with a very narrow territory under its direct administration.<a href="#cite_note-syme64_144-17">[17]</a> Trajan's year of birth is not reliably attested and may instead have been AD 56.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The epitome of Cassius Dio's Roman history describes Trajan as "an Iberian and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote", but this claim is contradicted by other ancient sources and rejected by modern scholars, who have reconstructed Trajan's Italic lineage.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> states that Trajan's hometown of Italica was settled by and named after Italic veterans who fought in Spain under Scipio, and new settlers arrived there from Italy in the following centuries. Among the Italic settlers were the <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Traia_gens" title="Traia gens">Traii</a>, who were either part of the original colonists or arrived as late as the end of the 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Their original home, according to the description of Trajan as "Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina" in the <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a>, was the town of Tuder (<a href="/wiki/Todi" title="Todi">Todi</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> region of central <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> This is confirmed by archeology, with <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic evidence</a> placing both the Ulpii and the Traii in Umbria generally and Tuder specifically, and by linguistic studies of the family names Ulpius and Traius which show that both are of <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Osco-Umbrian">Osco-Umbrian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It is unknown whether Trajan's ancestors were <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizens">Roman citizens</a> or not at their arrival in Spain. They would have certainly possessed Roman citizenship in case they arrived after the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War (91–87 BC)</a>, when Tuder became a municipium of Roman citizens. In Spain they may well have intermarried with native Iberians, in which case they would have lost their citizenship. Had they lacked or lost the status of Roman citizens, they would have achieved it or recovered it when Italica became a municipium with Latin rights in the mid-1st century BC. Trajan's paternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_gens" title="Ulpia gens">Ulpius</a> married a <a href="/wiki/Traia_gens" title="Traia gens">Traia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Their son, Trajan's namesake father <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Trajanus_(father_of_Trajan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Ulpius Trajanus (father of Trajan)">Marcus Ulpius Traianus</a>, was born at Italica during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and became a prominent senator and general, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201040-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Trajan's mother was <a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a>, a Roman noblewoman of the gens <a href="/wiki/Marcia_gens" title="Marcia gens">Marcia</a> and a sister-in-law of the second Flavian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201041-33">[33]</a> Little is known of her. Her father is believed to be <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Quintus Marcius Barea Sura</a>. Her mother was <a href="/wiki/Gens_Antonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Antonia">Antonia Furnilla</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Antonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Antonius Rufus">Aulus Antonius Rufus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furnia_gens" title="Furnia gens">Furnia</a>. Trajan owned some lands called Figlinae Marcianae in <a href="/wiki/Amelia,_Umbria" title="Amelia, Umbria">Ameria</a>, another Umbrian town, located near both Tuder and <a href="/wiki/Reate" class="mw-redirect" title="Reate">Reate</a> (the home of the Flavian dynasty) and believed to be the home of Marcia's family. The line of the Ulpii continued long after Trajan's death. His elder sister was <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Ulpia Marciana</a>, and his niece was <a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a>. Very little is known about Trajan's early formative years, but it is thought likely that he spent his first months or years in Italica before moving to Rome and then, perhaps at around eight or nine years of age, he almost certainly would have returned temporarily to Italica with his father during Trajanus's governorship of <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a> (ca. 64–65).<a href="#cite_note-impression-34">[34]</a> The lack of a strong local power base, caused by the size of the town from which they came, made it necessary for the Ulpii (and for the <a href="/wiki/Aelia_gens" title="Aelia gens">Aelii</a>, the other important senatorial family of Italica with whom they were allied) to weave local alliances, in the Baetica (with the <a href="/wiki/Annii" class="mw-redirect" title="Annii">Annii</a>, the Ucubi and perhaps the Dasumii from Corduba), the <a href="/wiki/Tarraconense" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarraconense">Tarraconense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narbonensian_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensian Gaul">Narbonense</a>, here above all through <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a>, Trajan's wife.<a href="#cite_note-syme64_144-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-syme64_145-35">[35]</a> Many of these alliances were made not in Spain, but in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-syme64_145-35">[35]</a> The family home in Rome, the Domus Traiana, was on the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a>; excavations under the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Diana_(Rome)" title="Temple of Diana (Rome)">Piazza del Tempio di Diana</a> found remains thought to be of the family's large suburban villa, with evidence of highly decorated rooms.<a href="#cite_note-impression-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_career">Military career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perge_-_Trajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perge_-_Trajan.jpg/220px-Perge_-_Trajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perge_-_Trajan.jpg/330px-Perge_-_Trajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Perge_-_Trajan.jpg/440px-Perge_-_Trajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Trajan wearing the <a href="/wiki/Civic_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic crown">civic crown</a> and military garb such as a <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">muscle cuirass</a>, 2nd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Museum" title="Antalya Museum">Antalya Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> As a young man Trajan rose through the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>, serving in some of the most contested parts of the empire's frontier. In 76–77, his father was <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a> pro praetore Syriae), where Trajan himself remained as <a href="/wiki/Tribunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunus">Tribunus</a> legionis. From there, after his father's replacement, he seems to have been transferred to an unspecified Rhine province, and Pliny implies that he engaged in active combat duty during both commissions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200122–23-36">[36]</a> In about 86, Trajan's cousin <a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">Aelius Afer</a> died, leaving his young children <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulina_(sister_of_Hadrian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina (sister of Hadrian)">Paulina</a> orphans. Trajan and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">Publius Acilius Attianus</a> became co-guardians of the two children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014378-37">[37]</a> Trajan, in his late thirties, was created ordinary <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> for the year 91. This early appointment may reflect the prominence of his father's career, as his father had been instrumental to the ascent of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, held consular rank himself and had just been made a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200113-38">[38]</a> Around this time Trajan brought the architect and engineer <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a> with him to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2.5–6-39">[39]</a> and married <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a>, a noblewoman from the Roman settlement at <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>; the marriage ultimately remained childless.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The historian Cassius Dio later noted that Trajan was a lover <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">of young men</a>, in contrast to the usual <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> activity that was common among upper-class Roman men of the period. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> also made a sardonic reference to his predecessor's sexual preference, stating that Zeus himself would have had to be on guard had his <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a> come within Trajan's vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200158-41">[41]</a> This distaste reflected a change of mores that began with the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Trajan's putative lovers included the future emperor, Hadrian, pages of the imperial household, the actor Pylades, a dancer called Apolaustus, Lucius Licinius Sura, and Trajan's predecessor Nerva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200158-41">[41]</a> Cassius Dio also relates that Trajan made an ally out of <a href="/wiki/Abgar_VII" title="Abgar VII">Abgar VII</a> on account of the latter's beautiful son, Arbandes, who would then dance for Trajan at a banquet. The details of Trajan's early military career are obscure, save for the fact that in 89, as legate of <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Gemina" title="Legio VII Gemina">Legio VII Gemina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>, he supported Domitian against an attempted coup by Lucius <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Saturninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonius Saturninus">Antonius Saturninus</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200143-43">[43]</a> Trajan probably remained in the region after the revolt was quashed, to engage with the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> who had sided with Saturninus, before returning the VII Gemina legion to Legio in Hispania Tarraconensis.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 91 he held a consulate with <a href="/wiki/Manius_Acilius_Glabrio_(consul_91)" title="Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91)">Acilius Glabrio</a>, a rarity in that neither consul was a member of the ruling dynasty. He held an unspecified consular commission as governor of either <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, or possibly both. Pliny – who seems to deliberately avoid offering details that would stress personal attachment between Trajan and the "tyrant" Domitian – attributes to him, at the time, various (and unspecified) feats of arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200145–46-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/170px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/255px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg/340px-Nerva_Tivoli_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, who became emperor following the assassination of Domitian</figcaption></figure> Domitian's successor, <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, was unpopular with the army, and had been forced by his Praetorian Prefect <a href="/wiki/Casperius_Aelianus" title="Casperius Aelianus">Casperius Aelianus</a> to execute Domitian's killers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014261-46">[46]</a> Nerva needed the army's support to avoid being ousted. He accomplished this in the summer of 97 by naming Trajan as his adoptive son and successor, claiming that this was entirely due to Trajan's outstanding military merits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200145–46-45">[45]</a> There are hints, however, in contemporary literary sources that Trajan's adoption was imposed on Nerva. Pliny implied as much when he wrote that, although an emperor could not be coerced into doing something, if this was the way in which Trajan was raised to power, then it was worth it. Alice König argues that the notion of a natural continuity between Nerva's and Trajan's reigns was an ex post facto fiction developed by authors writing under Trajan, including <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, the future Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> brought word to Trajan of his adoption.<a href="#cite_note-2.5–6-39">[39]</a> Trajan retained Hadrian on the Rhine frontier as a <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribune</a>, and Hadrian thus became privy to the circle of friends and relations with whom Trajan surrounded himself. Among them was <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Sura" title="Lucius Licinius Sura">Lucius Licinius Sura</a>, a Roman senator born in Spain and the governor of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, who was Trajan's personal friend and became an official adviser of the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger200491,_109-48">[48]</a> Sura was highly influential, and was appointed consul for a third term in 107.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976686,_note_399-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some senators may have resented Sura's activities as a <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">kingmaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a>, among them the historian Tacitus, who acknowledged Sura's military and oratorical talents, but compared his rapacity and devious ways to those of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s éminence grise <a href="/wiki/Licinius_Mucianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Licinius Mucianus">Licinius Mucianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Sura is said to have informed Hadrian in 108 that he had been chosen as Trajan's imperial heir.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> As governor of Upper Germany (Germania Superior) during Nerva's reign, Trajan received the impressive title of Germanicus for his skilful management and rule of the volatile Imperial province.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> When Nerva died on 28 January 98, Trajan succeeded to the role of emperor without any outward adverse incident.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The fact that he chose not to hasten towards Rome, but made a lengthy tour of inspection on the Rhine and Danube frontiers, may suggest that he was unsure of his position, both in Rome and with the armies at the front. Alternatively, Trajan's keen military mind understood the importance of strengthening the empire's frontiers. His vision for future conquests required the diligent improvement of surveillance networks, defences and transport along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Prior to his frontier tours, Trajan ordered his Prefect Aelianus to attend him in Germany, where he was apparently executed forthwith ("put out of the way"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004111-57">[57]</a> and his now-vacant post taken by <a href="/wiki/Attius_Suburanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Attius Suburanus">Attius Suburanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200152-58">[58]</a> Trajan's accession, therefore, could qualify more as a successful coup than an orderly succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014262-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_emperor">Roman emperor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman emperor">edit</a>]</div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#b80049; color:#ffffff;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/150px-INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/225px-INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/300px-INC-1573-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA._116-117_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="530" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Aureus of Trajan</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a> (AD 96–192)</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 96–98</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trajan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 98–117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 117–138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 138–161</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–169</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 161–180</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 177–192</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty#Nerva–Antonine_family_tree" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E5E4E2;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></td><td> Followed by <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> On his entry to Rome, Trajan granted the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebs</a> a direct gift of money. The traditional <a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donative</a> to the troops, however, was reduced by half.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014200,_206-60">[60]</a> There remained the issue of the strained relations between the emperor and the Senate, especially after the supposed bloodiness that had marked Domitian's reign and his dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a>. By feigning reluctance to hold power, Trajan was able to start building a consensus around him in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012198-61">[61]</a> His belated ceremonial entry into Rome in 99 was notably understated, something on which Pliny the Younger elaborated.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> By not openly supporting Domitian's preference for equestrian officers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002178-63">[63]</a> Trajan appeared to conform to the idea (developed by Pliny) that an emperor derived his legitimacy from his adherence to traditional hierarchies and senatorial morals.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Therefore, he could point to the allegedly republican character of his rule.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship, on 1 January 100, Trajan exhorted the senate to share the care-taking of the empire with him – an event later celebrated on a coin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012121-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005402-67">[67]</a> In reality, Trajan did not share power in any meaningful way with the senate, something that Pliny admits candidly: "[E]verything depends on the whims of a single man who, on behalf of the common welfare, has taken upon himself all functions and all tasks".<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne200538,_footnote-69">[69]</a> One of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the senate's sphere of authority, such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> into imperial ones in order to deal with the inordinate spending on public works by local magnates<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and the general mismanagement of provincial affairs by various <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a> appointed by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optimus_princeps">Optimus princeps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Optimus princeps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg/220px-CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg/330px-CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg/440px-CVT_APX_Amphitheater_Traiansstatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Trajan, posing in military garb, in front of the Amphitheatre of Colonia Ulpia Traiana in the <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a> Archaeological Park in modern-day Germany</figcaption></figure> In the formula developed by Pliny, however, Trajan was a "good" emperor in that, by himself, he approved or blamed the same things that the Senate would have approved or blamed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne200537-72">[72]</a> If in reality Trajan was an autocrat, his deferential behavior towards his peers qualified him to be viewed as a virtuous monarch.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The idea is that Trajan wielded autocratic power through moderatio instead of contumacia – moderation instead of insolence.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In short, according to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the Imperial Roman Age, Trajan was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear, and more by acting as a role model, for, according to Pliny, "men learn better from examples".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Eventually, Trajan's popularity among his peers was such that the Roman Senate bestowed upon him the <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> of optimus, meaning "the best",<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> which appears on coins from 105 on.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This title had mostly to do with Trajan's role as benefactor, such as in the case of his returning confiscated property.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The epithet optimus princeps had already been used for the emperors since the late republic, but Trajan was the only one officially honoured by the title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022-80">[80]</a> Pliny states that Trajan's ideal role was a conservative one, argued as well by the orations of Dio Chrysostom—in particular his four Orations on Kingship, composed early during Trajan's reign. Dio, as a Greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places, and possibly an official friend to the emperor (amicus caesaris), saw Trajan as a defender of the status quo.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005241-82">[82]</a> In his third kingship oration, Dio describes an ideal king ruling by means of "friendship" – that is, through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Dio's notion of being "friend" to Trajan (or any other Roman emperor), however, was that of an informal arrangement, that involved no formal entry of such "friends" into the Roman administration.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Trajan ingratiated himself with the Greek intellectual elite by recalling to Rome many (including Dio) who had been exiled by Domitian,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and by returning (in a process begun by Nerva) a great deal of private property that Domitian had confiscated. He also had good dealings with <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who, as a notable of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, seems to have been favoured by the decisions taken on behalf of his home-place by one of Trajan's legates, who had arbitrated a boundary dispute between Delphi and its neighbouring cities.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> However, it was clear to Trajan that Greek intellectuals and notables were to be regarded as tools for local administration, and not be allowed to fancy themselves in a privileged position.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> As Pliny said in one of his letters at the time, it was official policy that Greek civic elites be treated according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their Roman rulers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> When the city of <a href="/wiki/Apamea_Myrlea" title="Apamea Myrlea">Apamea</a> complained of an audit of its accounts by Pliny, alleging its "free" status as a Roman colony, Trajan replied by writing that it was by his own wish that such inspections had been ordered. Concern about independent local political activity is seen in Trajan's decision to forbid <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> from having a corps of firemen ("If people assemble for a common purpose ... they soon turn it into a political society", Trajan wrote to Pliny) as well as in his and Pliny's fears about excessive civic generosities by local notables such as distribution of money or gifts.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Pliny's letters suggest that Trajan and his aides were as much bored as they were alarmed by the claims of Dio and other Greek notables to political influence based on what they saw as their "special connection" to their Roman overlords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005240-90">[90]</a> Pliny tells of Dio of Prusa placing a statue of Trajan in a building complex where Dio's wife and son were buried – therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the emperor's statue near a grave. Trajan, however, dropped the charge.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Nevertheless, while the office of corrector was intended as a tool to curb any hint of independent political activity among local notables in the Greek cities,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> the correctores themselves were all men of the highest social standing entrusted with an exceptional commission. The post seems to have been conceived partly as a reward for senators who had chosen to make a career solely on the emperor's behalf. Therefore, in reality the post was conceived as a means for "taming" both Greek notables and Roman senators.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> It must be added that, although Trajan was wary of the civic oligarchies in the Greek cities, he also admitted into the senate a number of prominent Eastern notables already slated for promotion during Domitian's reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrates (the <a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">vigintiviri</a>).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Such must be the case of the Galatian notable and "leading member of the Greek community" (according to one inscription) Gaius Julius Severus, who was a descendant of several <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> dynasts and client kings.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Severus was the grandfather of the prominent general <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Quadratus_Bassus" title="Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus">Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus</a>, consul in 105.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Other prominent Eastern senators included <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Alexander_Berenicianus" title="Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus">Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, suffect consul in 116.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Trajan created at least fourteen new senators from the Greek-speaking half of the empire, an unprecedented recruitment number that opens to question the issue of the "traditionally Roman" character of his reign, as well as the "Hellenism" of his successor Hadrian.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> But then Trajan's new Eastern senators were mostly very powerful and very wealthy men with more than local influence<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and much interconnected by marriage, so that many of them were not altogether "new" to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989119-100">[100]</a> On the local level, among the lower section of the Eastern propertied,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989466-101">[101]</a> the alienation of most Greek notables and intellectuals towards Roman rule, and the fact that the Romans were seen by most such Greek notables as aliens, persisted well after Trajan's reign.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> One of Trajan's senatorial creations from the East, the <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philopappos" title="Philopappos">Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos</a>, a member of the Royal House of <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, left behind him a <a href="/wiki/Philopappos_Monument" title="Philopappos Monument">funeral monument</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mouseion_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouseion Hill">Mouseion Hill</a> that was later disparagingly described by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> as "a monument built to a <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> man".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek-Roman_relations">Greek-Roman relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greek-Roman relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/220px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/330px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg/440px-Traianus_Glyptothek_Munich_72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Trajan wearing the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Crown" title="Civic Crown">Civic Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>, Munich</figcaption></figure> As a senatorial Emperor, Trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from among the members of the ruling urban oligarchies. In the West, that meant local senatorial families like his own. In the East, that meant the families of Greek notables. The Greeks, though, had their own memories of independence – and a commonly acknowledged sense of cultural superiority – and, instead of seeing themselves as Roman, disdained Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005195–196-104">[104]</a> What the Greek oligarchies wanted from Rome was, above all, to be left in peace, to be allowed to exert their right to self-government (i.e., to be excluded from the provincial government, as was Italy) and to concentrate on their local interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229-105">[105]</a> This was something the Romans were not disposed to do as from their perspective the Greek notables were shunning their responsibilities in regard to the management of Imperial affairs – primarily in failing to keep the common people under control, thus creating the need for the Roman governor to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229–230-106">[106]</a> An excellent example of this Greek alienation was the personal role played by Dio of Prusa in his relationship with Trajan. Dio is described by <a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a> as Trajan's close friend, and Trajan as supposedly engaging publicly in conversations with Dio.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Nevertheless, as a Greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for Rome,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Dio of Prusa was actually a target for one of Trajan's authoritarian innovations: the appointing of imperial <a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">correctores</a> to audit the civic finances<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_city_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free city (antiquity)">technically free Greek cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The main goal was to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighbouring cities. As Pliny wrote to Trajan, this had as its most visible consequence a trail of unfinished or ill-kept public utilities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Competition among Greek cities and their ruling oligarchies was mainly for marks of pre-eminence, especially for titles bestowed by the Roman emperor. Such titles were ordered in a ranking system that determined how the cities were to be outwardly treated by Rome.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The usual form that such rivalries took was that of grandiose building plans, giving the cities the opportunity to vie with each other over "extravagant, needless ... structures that would make a show".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A side effect of such extravagant spending was that junior and thus less wealthy members of the local oligarchies felt disinclined to present themselves to fill posts as local magistrates, positions that involved ever-increasing personal expense.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Roman authorities liked to play the Greek cities against one another<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> – something of which Dio of Prusa was fully aware: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[B]y their public acts [the Roman governors] have branded you as a pack of fools, yes, they treat you just like children, for we often offer children the most trivial things in place of things of greatest worth [...] In place of justice, in place of the freedom of the cities from spoliation or from the seizure of the private possessions of their inhabitants, in place of their refraining from insulting you [...] your governors hand you titles, and call you 'first' either by word of mouth or in writing; that done, they may thenceforth with impunity treat you as being the very last!"<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005232–233-117">[117]</a></blockquote>These same Roman authorities had also an interest in assuring the cities' solvency and therefore ready collection of Imperial taxes.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Last but not least, inordinate spending on civic buildings was not only a means to achieve local superiority, but also a means for the local Greek elites to maintain a separate cultural identity – something expressed in the contemporary rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a>; this "cultural patriotism" acted as a kind of substitute for the loss of political independence,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and as such was shunned by Roman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As Trajan himself wrote to Pliny: "These poor Greeks all love a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Ancient_Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasium (Ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> ... they will have to content with one that suits their real needs".<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The first known corrector was charged with a commission "to deal with the situation of the free cities", as it was felt that the old method of ad hoc intervention by the Emperor and/or the proconsuls had not been enough to curb the pretensions of the Greek notables.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> It is noteworthy that an embassy from Dio's city of Prusa was not favourably received by Trajan,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and that this had to do with Dio's chief objective, which was to elevate Prusa to the status of a free city, an "independent" city-state exempt from paying taxes to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Eventually, Dio gained for Prusa the right to become the head of the assize-district, <a href="/wiki/Conventus_iuridicus" title="Conventus iuridicus">conventus</a> (meaning that Prusans did not have to travel to be judged by the Roman governor), but eleutheria (freedom, in the sense of full political autonomy) was denied.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Eventually, it fell to Pliny, as imperial governor of Bithynia in AD 110, to deal with the consequences of the financial mess wrought by Dio and his fellow civic officials.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> "It's well established that [the cities' finances] are in a state of disorder", Pliny once wrote to Trajan, plans for unnecessary works made in collusion with local contractors being identified as one of the main problems.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> One of the compensatory measures proposed by Pliny expressed a thoroughly Roman conservative position: as the cities' financial solvency depended on the councilmen's purses, it was necessary to have more councilmen on the local city councils. According to Pliny, the best way to achieve this was to lower the minimum age for holding a seat on the council, making it possible for more sons of the established oligarchical families to join and thus contribute to civic spending; this was seen as preferable to enrolling non-noble wealthy upstarts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989530-128">[128]</a> Such an increase in the number of council members was granted to Dio's city of Prusa, to the dismay of existing councilmen who felt their status lowered.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A similar situation existed in <a href="/wiki/Claudiopolis_(Bithynia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudiopolis (Bithynia)">Claudiopolis</a>, where a public bath was built with the proceeds from the entrance fees paid by "supernumerary" members of the council, enrolled with Trajan's permission.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digest</a>, Trajan decreed that when a city magistrate promised to achieve a particular public building, his heirs inherited responsibility for its completion.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_projects">Building projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Building projects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube,_Serbia_(27251575447).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg/220px-Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg/330px-Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg/440px-Remains_of_the_Trajan%27s_Bridge_on_the_right_bank_of_Danube%2C_Serbia_%2827251575447%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Supporting piers of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a> on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, in modern Serbia. Its wooden superstructure was dismantled by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, presumably to reduce the threat of invasion from the north.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> Trajan was a prolific builder. Many of his buildings were designed and erected by the gifted architect <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">massive bridge over the Danube</a>, which the Roman army and its reinforcements could use regardless of weather; the Danube sometimes froze over in winter, but seldom enough to bear the passage of a party of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Trajan's works at the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> created or enlarged the <a href="/wiki/Boardwalk" title="Boardwalk">boardwalk</a> road cut into the cliff-face along the Iron Gate's gorge.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A canal was built between the Danube's Kasajna tributary and Ducis Pratum, circumventing rapids and cataracts.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Trajan's <a href="/wiki/Forum_Traiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Traiani">Forum Traiani</a> was Rome's largest forum. It was built to commemorate his victories in <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, and was largely financed from that campaign's loot.<a href="#cite_note-Trajan:_Rome's_Last_Conqueror-136">[136]</a> To accommodate it, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hills</a> had to be removed, the latter enlarging a clear area first established by Domitian. <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>' "magnificent" design incorporated a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">Triumphal arch</a> entrance, a forum space approximately 120 m long and 90m wide, surrounded by peristyles: a monumentally sized <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>: and later, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> and libraries. It was started in AD 107, dedicated on 1 January 112, and remained in use for at least 500 years. It still drew admiration when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> visited Rome in the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-Trajan:_Rome's_Last_Conqueror-136">[136]</a> It accommodated Trajan's Market, and an adjacent brick market.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Trajan was also a prolific builder of triumphal arches, many of which survive. He built roads, such as the <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Appia" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Appia">Via Appia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Beneventum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a>, a mostly military road between <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aila</a>, which Rome employed in its <a href="#Annexation_of_Nabataea">annexation of Nabataea</a> and founding of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera,_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg/170px-Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg/255px-Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg/340px-Trajan_on_the_Roman_Mammisi_at_Dendera%2C_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Trajan in <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharonic aspect</a> with <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyph</a> name (<a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg/20px-Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg/30px-Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg/40px-Trajan_in_Hieroglyphs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="458" /></a>), making offerings to Egyptian Gods, on the Roman <a href="/wiki/Mammisi" title="Mammisi">Mammisi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Dendera Temple complex</a>, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-PAS-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> Some historians attribute the construction or reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>'s Roman fortress (also known as "Babylon Fort") to Trajan, and the building of a canal between the <a href="/wiki/River_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="River Nile">River Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In Egypt, Trajan was "quite active" in constructing and embellishing buildings. He is portrayed, together with <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Propylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Propylon">propylon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Temple of Hathor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PAS-141">[141]</a> He built palatial villas outside Rome at <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Trajan" title="Villa of Trajan">Arcinazzo</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Centumcellae" class="mw-redirect" title="Centumcellae">Centumcellae</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Talamone" title="Talamone">Talamone</a>. He also built a <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">bath complex</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Traiana" title="Aqua Traiana">Aqua Traiana</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Games">edit</a>]</div> Trajan invested heavily in the provision of popular amusements. He carried out a "massive reconstruction" of the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, which was already the empire's biggest and best appointed circuit for the immensely popular sport of <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a>. The Circus also hosted <a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">religious theatrical spectacles and games</a>, and public processions on a grand scale. Trajan's reconstruction, completed by 103, was modestly described by Trajan himself as "adequate" for the Roman people. It replaced flammable wooden seating tiers with stone, and increased the Circus' already vast capacity by about 5,000 seats. Its lofty, elevated Imperial viewing box was rebuilt among the seating tiers, so that spectators could see their emperor sharing their enjoyment of the races, alongside his family and images of the gods,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> At some time during 108 or 109, Trajan held 123 days of games to celebrate his Dacian victory. They involved "fully 10,000" <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> and the slaughter of thousands, "possibly tens of thousands," of animals, both wild and domestic.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Trajan's careful management of public spectacles led the orator Fronto to congratulate him for paying equal attention to public entertainments and more serious issues, acknowledging that "neglect of serious matters can cause greater damage, but neglect of amusements greater discontent".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> State-funded public entertainments helped to maintain contentment among the populace; the more "serious matter" of the corn dole aimed to satisfy individuals.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christians">Christians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christians">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_(Smith,_1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/220px-Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/330px-Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg/440px-Church_and_Empire_in_the_East_under_Trajan_%28Smith%2C_1915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>In red, Christian communities in the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan.</figcaption></figure> During the period of peace that followed the Dacian war, Trajan exchanged letters with Pliny the Younger on how best to deal with the Christians of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>. Trajan told <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger_on_Christians" title="Pliny the Younger on Christians">Pliny to continue</a> prosecutions of Christians if they merited that, but not to accept anonymous or malicious denunciations. He considered this to be in the interests of justice, and to reflect "the spirit of the age". Non-citizens who admitted to being Christians and refused to recant were to be executed "for obstinacy". Citizens were sent to Rome for trial.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Further tests faced by Christians in Pontus are alluded to in correspondence between Pliny the Younger, governor of the Roman province of Bithynia and Pontus, and Emperor Trajan. Writing from Pontus in about AD 112, Pliny reported that the "contagion" of Christianity threatened everyone, regardless of gender, age, or rank. Pliny gave those accused of being Christians opportunity to deny it, and those who would not, he executed. Any who cursed Christ or recited a prayer to the gods or to Trajan’s statue were released. Pliny acknowledged that these were things that "those who are really Christians cannot be made to do." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_and_welfare">Currency and welfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Currency and welfare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alimenta" title="Alimenta">Alimenta</a></div> In 107, Trajan devalued the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>, decreasing the silver content of the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> from 93.5% to 89.0% – the actual silver weight dropping from 3.04 grams to 2.88 grams.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> This devaluation, along with the massive amounts of gold and silver acquired through his <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian wars</a>, allowed Trajan to mint many more denarii than his predecessors. He also withdrew from circulation silver denarii minted before Nero's devaluation. Trajan's devaluation may have had a political intent, enabling planned increases in civil and military spending.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit1976188-150">[150]</a> Trajan formalised the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy by providing cash, food and subsidized education. The program was supported out of Dacian War booty, estate taxes and philanthropy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The alimenta also relied indirectly on mortgages secured against Italian farms (fundi). Registered landowners received a lump sum from the imperial treasury, and in return were expected to repay an annual sum to support the alimentary fund.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military campaigns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Dacia">Conquest of Dacia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conquest of Dacia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg/250px-Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg/330px-Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg/500px-Trajan%27s_Column_HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="5456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> The earliest of Trajan's conquests were Rome's two wars against <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>, an area that had troubled Roman politics for over a decade in regard to the unstable peace negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s ministers with the powerful Dacian king <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romanis_REquote01-153">[153]</a> Dacia would be reduced by Trajan's Rome to a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">client kingdom</a> in the first war (101–102), followed by a second war that ended in actual incorporation into the Empire of the trans-Danube border group of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-Romanis_REquote01-153">[153]</a> According to the provisions of Decebalus's earlier treaty with Rome, made in the time of Domitian, Decebalus was acknowledged as rex amicus, that is, client king; in exchange for accepting client status, he received from Rome both a generous stipend and a steady supply of technical experts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20059-154">[154]</a> The treaty seems to have allowed Roman troops the right of passage through the Dacian kingdom in order to attack the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>. However, senatorial opinion never forgave Domitian for paying what was seen as tribute to a barbarian king.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Unlike the Germanic tribes, the Dacian kingdom was an organized state capable of developing alliances of its own,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979100-156">[156]</a> thus making it a strategic threat and giving Trajan a strong motive to attack it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz200513-157">[157]</a> In May of 101, Trajan launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-Romanis_REquote05-158">[158]</a> crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_warfare" title="Dacian warfare">Dacian army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tapae" title="Tapae">Tapae</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tapae" title="Second Battle of Tapae">Second Battle of Tapae</a>), near the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gates of Transylvania">Iron Gates of Transylvania</a>. It was not a decisive victory, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199873-159">[159]</a> Trajan's troops took heavy losses in the encounter, and he put off further campaigning for the year in order to regroup and reinforce his army.<a href="#cite_note-Romanis_REquote03-160">[160]</a> Nevertheless, the battle was considered a Roman victory and Trajan strived to ultimately consolidate his position, including other major engagements, as well as the capture of Decebalus' sister as depicted on Trajan's Column.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-161">[161]</a> The following winter, Decebalus took the initiative by launching a counter-attack across the Danube further downstream, supported by Sarmatian cavalry,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> forcing Trajan to come to the aid of the troops in his rearguard. The Dacians and their allies were repulsed after two battles in Moesia, at <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis_ad_Istrum" title="Nicopolis ad Istrum">Nicopolis ad Istrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adamclisi" title="Adamclisi">Adamclisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Trajan's army then advanced further into Dacian territory, and, a year later, forced Decebalus to submit. He had to renounce claim to some regions of his kingdom, return runaways from Rome then under his protection (most of them technical experts), and surrender all his war machines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200194–95-164">[164]</a> Trajan returned to Rome in triumph and was granted the title Dacicus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200196-165">[165]</a> The peace of 102 had returned Decebalus to the condition of more or less harmless client king; however, he soon began to rearm, to again harbour Roman runaways, and to pressure his Western neighbours, the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> Sarmatians, into allying themselves with him. Through his efforts to develop an anti-Roman bloc, Decebalus prevented Trajan from treating Dacia as a protectorate instead of an outright conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_171-166">[166]</a> In 104, Decebalus devised an attempt on Trajan's life by means of some Roman deserters, a plan that failed. Decebalus also took prisoner Trajan's legate Longinus, who eventually poisoned himself while in custody. Finally, in 105, Decebalus undertook an invasion of Roman-occupied territory north of the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2012not_numbered-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Romanis_REquote04-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decebal%27s_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Decebal%27s_portrait.png/200px-Decebal%27s_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Decebal%27s_portrait.png/300px-Decebal%27s_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Decebal%27s_portrait.png/400px-Decebal%27s_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of King <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> in the Cartea omului matur (1919)</figcaption></figure> Prior to the campaign, Trajan had raised two entirely new legions: <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">II Traiana</a> – which, however, may have been posted in the East, at the Syrian port of <a href="/wiki/Laodicea_ad_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="Laodicea ad Mare">Laodicea</a> – and <a href="/wiki/XXX_Ulpia_Victrix" class="mw-redirect" title="XXX Ulpia Victrix">XXX Ulpia Victrix</a>, which was posted to <a href="/wiki/Brigetio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigetio">Brigetio</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2012not_numbered-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> By 105, the concentration of Roman troops assembled in the middle and lower Danube amounted to fourteen legions (up from nine in 101) – about half of the entire Roman army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern199993-170">[170]</a> Even after the Dacian wars, the Danube frontier would permanently replace the Rhine as the main military axis of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874-171">[171]</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliaries</a>, the number of Roman troops engaged on both campaigns was between 150,000 and 175,000, while Decebalus could dispose of up to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199873-159">[159]</a> Other estimates for the Roman forces involved in Trajan's second Dacian War cite around 86,000 for active campaigning with large reserves retained in the proximal provinces, and potentially much lower numbers around 50,000 for Decebalus' depleted forces and absent allies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-172">[172]</a> In a fierce campaign that seems to have consisted mostly of static warfare, the Dacians, devoid of manoeuvring room, kept to their network of fortresses, which the Romans sought systematically to storm<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201049-173">[173]</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Second_Dacian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dacian War">Second Dacian War</a>). The Romans gradually tightened their grip around Decebalus' stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa_Regia" title="Sarmizegetusa Regia">Sarmizegetusa Regia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874-171">[171]</a> which they finally took and destroyed. A controversial scene on Trajan's column just before the fall of Sarmizegetusa Regia suggests that Decebalus may have offered poison to his remaining men as an alternative option to capture or death while trying to flee the besieged capital with him.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-172">[172]</a> Decebalus fled but, when later cornered by Roman cavalry, committed suicide. His severed head, brought to Trajan by the cavalryman <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Maximus" title="Tiberius Claudius Maximus">Tiberius Claudius Maximus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> was later exhibited in Rome on the steps leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a> and thrown on the <a href="/wiki/Gemonian_stairs" title="Gemonian stairs">Gemonian stairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The famous Dacian treasures were not found in the captured capital and their whereabouts were only revealed when a Dacian nobleman called Bikilis was captured. Decebalus’ treasures had been buried under a temporarily diverted river and the captive workers executed to retain the secret. Staggering amounts of gold and silver were found and packed off to fill Rome's coffers.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg/250px-UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg/330px-UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg/500px-UlpiaTraianaSarmizegetusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The amphitheater at <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa</a></figcaption></figure> Trajan built a new city, <a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Traiana_Sarmizegetusa" title="Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa">Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa</a>, on another site (north of the hill citadel holding the previous Dacian capital),<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> although bearing the same full name, Sarmizegetusa. This capital city was conceived as a purely civilian administrative centre and was provided the usual Romanized administrative apparatus (<a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">decurions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a>, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Urban life in Roman Dacia seems to have been restricted to Roman colonists, mostly military veterans;<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> there is no extant evidence for the existence in the province of <a href="/wiki/Peregrinus_(Roman)" title="Peregrinus (Roman)">peregrine</a> cities. Native Dacians continued to live in scattered rural settlements, according to their own ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998268-179">[179]</a> In another arrangement with no parallels in any other Roman province, the existing quasi-urban Dacian settlements disappeared after the Roman conquest.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A number of unorganized urban settlements (<a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a>) developed around military encampments in Dacia proper – the most important being <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Apulum</a> – but were only acknowledged as cities proper well after Trajan's reign.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The main regional effort of urbanization was concentrated by Trajan at the rearguard, in Moesia, where he created the new cities of Nicopolis ad Istrum and <a href="/wiki/Marcianopolis" title="Marcianopolis">Marcianopolis</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vicus</a> was also created around the Tropaeum Traianum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre1994269-182">[182]</a> The garrison city of <a href="/wiki/Oescus" title="Oescus">Oescus</a> received the status of <a href="/wiki/Roman_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colony">Roman colony</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">legionary</a> garrison was redeployed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre1994269-182">[182]</a> The fact that these former Danubian outposts had ceased to be frontier bases and were now in the deep rear acted as an inducement to their urbanization and development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101,_104-183">[183]</a> Not all of Dacia was permanently occupied. After the post-Trajanic evacuation of lands across the lower Danube,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101-184">[184]</a> land extending from the Danube to the inner arch of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metaliferi_Mountains" title="Metaliferi Mountains">Metaliferi Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> was absorbed into the Roman province, which eventually took the form of an "excrescence" with ill-defined limits, stretching from the Danube northwards to the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874-171">[171]</a> This may have been intended as a basis for further expansion within Eastern Europe, as the Romans believed the region to be much more geographically "flattened", and thus easier to traverse, than it actually was; they also underestimated the distance from those vaguely defined borders to the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern199961-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Londinium_Roman_Wall_(39482079765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg/250px-Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg/330px-Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg/500px-Londinium_Roman_Wall_%2839482079765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Trajan">statue of Trajan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Defence of the province was entrusted to a single legion, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina" title="Legio XIII Gemina">XIII Gemina</a>, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Alba_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alba Julia">Apulum</a>, which functioned as an advance guard that could, in case of need, strike either west or east at the Sarmatians living at the borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101,_104-183">[183]</a> Therefore, the indefensible character of the province did not appear to be a problem for Trajan, as the province was conceived more as a sally-base for further attacks.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Even in the absence of further Roman expansion, the value of the province depended on Roman overall strength: while Rome was strong, the Dacian salient was an instrument of military and diplomatic control over the Danubian lands; when Rome was weak, as during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, the province became a liability and was eventually abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979104-187">[187]</a> Trajan resettled Dacia with Romans and annexed it as a province of the Roman Empire. Aside from their enormous booty (over half a million slaves, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lydus">John Lydus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Trajan's Dacian campaigns benefited the Empire's finances through the acquisition of Dacia's gold mines, managed by an imperial <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrian</a> rank (procurator aurariarum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998241-189">[189]</a> On the other hand, commercial agricultural exploitation on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villa</a> model, based on the centralized management of a huge landed estate by a single owner (fundus) was poorly developed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998202,_242-190">[190]</a> Therefore, use of slave labor in the province itself seems to have been relatively undeveloped, and epigraphic evidence points to work in the gold mines being conducted by means of labor contracts (locatio conductio rei) and seasonal wage-earning.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The victory was commemorated by the construction both of the 102 cenotaph generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Traiani" title="Tropaeum Traiani">Tropaeum Traiani</a> in Moesia, as well of the much later (113) Trajan's Column in Rome, the latter depicting in stone carved bas-reliefs the Dacian Wars' most important moments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001102,_90-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nabataean_annexation">Nabataean annexation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nabataean annexation">edit</a>]</div> In 106, <a href="/wiki/Rabbel_II_Soter" title="Rabbel II Soter">Rabbel II Soter</a>, one of Rome's client kings, died. This event might have prompted the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a>, but the manner and the formal reasons for the annexation are unclear. Some epigraphic evidence suggests a military operation, with forces from Syria and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>. What is known is that by 107, Roman legions were stationed in the area around <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>, as is shown by a papyrus found in Egypt. The furthest south the Romans occupied (or, better, garrisoned, adopting a policy of having garrisons at key points in the desert)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre199446-193">[193]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Hegra</a>, over 300 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001177-194">[194]</a> The empire gained what became the province of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> (modern southern Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001172–182-195">[195]</a> At this time, a Roman road (<a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a>) was built from Aila (now <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosrah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning198233-196">[196]</a> As Nabataea was the last client kingdom in Asia west of the Euphrates, the annexation meant that the entire Roman East had been provincialized, completing a trend towards direct rule that had begun under the Flavians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre199446-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_campaign">Parthian campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Parthian campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Trajan's Parthian campaign</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/300px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/450px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/600px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6167" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>Anatolia, western Caucasus and northern Levant under Trajan</figcaption></figure> In 113, Trajan embarked on his last campaign, provoked by <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>'s decision to put an unacceptable king on the throne of Armenia, a kingdom over which the two great empires had shared <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> some fifty years earlier. Trajan, already in Syria early in 113, consistently refused to accept diplomatic approaches from the Parthians intended to settle the Armenian imbroglio peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> As the surviving literary accounts of Trajan's Parthian War are fragmentary and scattered,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> it is difficult to assign them a proper context, something that has led to a long-running controversy about its precise happenings and ultimate aims. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cause_of_the_war">Cause of the war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cause of the war">edit</a>]</div> Modern historians advance the possibility that Trajan's decision to wage war against Parthia had economic motives: after Trajan's annexation of Arabia, he built a new road, <a href="/wiki/Via_Traiana_Nova" title="Via Traiana Nova">Via Traiana Nova</a>, that went from <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bostra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aila</a> on the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986154-199">[199]</a> That meant that <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charax Spasinou">Charax</a> on the Persian Gulf was the sole remaining western terminus of the Indian trade route outside direct Roman control,<a href="#cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_Rome,_171-200">[200]</a> and such control was important in order to lower import prices and to limit the supposed drain of precious metals created by the deficit in Roman trade with the Far East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001181-201">[201]</a> That Charax traded with the Roman Empire, there can be no doubt, as its actual connections with merchants from <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> during the period are well documented in a contemporary Palmyrene epigraph, which tells of various Palmyrene citizens honoured for holding office in Charax.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Also, Charax's rulers' domains at the time possibly included the Bahrain islands, which offered the possibility of extending Roman hegemony into the Persian Gulf itself.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> (A Palmyrene citizen held office as <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> over the islands shortly after Trajan's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005279-204">[204]</a> though the appointment was made by a Parthian king of Charax.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a>) The rationale behind Trajan's campaign, in this case, was one of breaking down a system of Far Eastern trade through small Semitic ("Arab") cities under Parthia's control and to put it under Roman control instead.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_RIC_325_-_650918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trajan_RIC_325_-_650918.jpg/270px-Trajan_RIC_325_-_650918.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Trajan_RIC_325_-_650918.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of Parthia. Inscription: IMP. CAES. NER. TRAIAN. OPTIM. AVG. GER. DAC. PARTHICO / P. M., TR. P., CO[N]S. VI, P. P., S.P.Q.R. – PARTHIA CAPTA</figcaption></figure> In his Dacian conquests, Trajan had already resorted to Syrian auxiliary units, whose veterans, along with Syrian traders, had an important role in the subsequent colonization of Dacia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201059-207">[207]</a> He had recruited Palmyrene units into his army, including a camel unit,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> therefore apparently procuring Palmyrene support to his ultimate goal of annexing Charax. It has even been ventured that, when earlier in his campaign Trajan annexed Armenia, he was bound to annex the whole of Mesopotamia lest the Parthians interrupt the flux of trade from the Persian Gulf and/or foment trouble at the Roman frontier on the Danube.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Other historians reject these motives, as the supposed Parthian "control" over the maritime Far Eastern trade route was, at best, conjectural and based on a selective reading of Chinese sources – trade by land through Parthia seems to have been unhampered by Parthian authorities and left solely to the devices of private enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001176_sqq-210">[210]</a> Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been a general phenomenon, shared by many peoples within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158-211">[211]</a> As in the case of the alimenta, scholars like Moses Finley and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a> have considered the idea that a foreign trade policy underlay Trajan's war to be anachronistic; according to these scholars, the concern of Roman leaders with the trade in far eastern luxuries – besides collecting toll taxes and customs<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> – was moral in nature, because contemporary Roman mores frowned upon the "softness" of luxuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999132-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001163/215-214">[214]</a> In the absence of conclusive evidence, trade between Rome and India might have been far more balanced, in terms of quantities of precious metals exchanged: one of our sources for the notion of the Roman gold drain – Pliny's the Younger's uncle Pliny the Elder – had earlier described the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plains">Gangetic Plains</a> as one of the gold sources for the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001181-215">[215]</a> Accordingly – in a controversial book on the Roman economy – Finley considers Trajan's "badly miscalculated and expensive assault on Parthia" to be an example of the many Roman "commercial wars" that had in common the fact of existing only in the books of modern historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158-211">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg/500px-Statue_of_Trajan_from_Minturno_-_Museo_Archeologico_di_Napoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2849" data-file-height="4499" /></a><figcaption>Trajan, "<a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">the Palladium</a>", white marble statue at Naples Archeological Museum, late 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> The alternative view is to see the campaign as triggered by the lure of territorial annexation and prestige,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158-211">[211]</a> the sole motive ascribed by Cassius Dio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001188-216">[216]</a> As far as territorial conquest involved tax-collecting,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> especially of the 25% tax levied on all goods entering the Roman Empire, the tetarte, one can say that Trajan's Parthian War had an "economic" motive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986144-218">[218]</a> Also, there was the propaganda value of an Eastern conquest that would emulate, in Roman fashion, those of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The fact that emissaries from the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> might have attended to the commemorative ceremonies for the Dacian War may have kindled in some Greco-Roman intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> – who wrote about only 70,000 Roman soldiers being necessary to a conquest of India[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]  – as well as in Trajan's closer associates, speculative dreams about the booty to be obtained by reproducing Macedonian Eastern conquests.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> There could also be Trajan's idea to use an ambitious blueprint of conquests as a way to emphasize quasi-divine status, such as with his cultivated association, in coins and monuments, to <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Also, it is possible that the attachment of Trajan to an expansionist policy was supported by a powerful circle of conservative senators from Hispania committed to a policy of imperial expansion, first among them being the all-powerful Licinius Sura.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005304,_311-222">[222]</a> Alternatively, one can explain the campaign by the fact that, for the Romans, their empire was in principle unlimited, and that Trajan only took advantage of an opportunity to make idea and reality coincide.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Finally, there are other modern historians who think that Trajan's original aims were purely military and strategic: to assure a more defensible Eastern frontier for the Roman Empire, crossing Northern Mesopotamia along the course of the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a> in order to offer cover to a Roman Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979108-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-225">[225]</a> This interpretation is backed by the fact that all subsequent Roman wars against Parthia would aim at establishing a Roman presence deep into Parthia itself.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> It is possible that during the onset of Trajan's military experience, as a young tribune, he had witnessed engagement with the Parthians; so any strategic vision was grounded in a tactical awareness of what was needed to tackle Parthia.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Course of the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_inscription_Artaxata,_Armenia_116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg/250px-Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg/330px-Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg/500px-Trajan_inscription_Artaxata%2C_Armenia_116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3887" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>An AD 116 <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_inscription_Artaxata,_Armenia_116_full.jpg" title="File:Trajan inscription Artaxata, Armenia 116 full.jpg">inscription</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Scythica" title="Legio IV Scythica">Legio IV Scythica</a> found near the Armenian capital <a href="/wiki/Artaxata" title="Artaxata">Artaxata</a> mentioning Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></figcaption></figure> The campaign was carefully planned in advance: ten legions were concentrated in the Eastern theatre; since 111, the correspondence of Pliny the Younger witnesses to the fact that provincial authorities in Bithynia had to organize supplies for passing troops, and local city councils and their individual members had to shoulder part of the increased expenses by supplying troops themselves.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The intended campaign, therefore, was immensely costly from its very beginning.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Trajan marched first on Armenia, deposed the Parthian-appointed king, <a href="/wiki/Parthamasiris_of_Armenia" title="Parthamasiris of Armenia">Parthamasiris</a> (who was afterwards murdered while kept in the custody of Roman troops in an unclear incident, later described by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a> as a breach of Roman good faith),<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> and annexed it to the Roman Empire as a province, receiving in passing the acknowledgement of Roman hegemony by various tribes in the Caucasus and on the Eastern coast of the Black Sea – a process that kept him busy until the end of 114.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001194–195-231">[231]</a> At the same time, a Roman column under the legate <a href="/wiki/Lusius_Quietus" title="Lusius Quietus">Lusius Quietus</a> – an outstanding cavalry general<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> who had signalled himself during the Dacian Wars by commanding a unit from his native <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> – crossed the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Araxes</a> river from Armenia into <a href="/wiki/Media_Atropatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Atropatene">Media Atropatene</a> and the land of the <a href="/wiki/Mardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardians">Mardians</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ghilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghilan">Ghilan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164-234">[234]</a> It is possible that Quietus' campaign had as its goal the extending of the newer, more defensible Roman border eastwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and northwards to the foothills of the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> This newer, more "rational" frontier, depended, however, on an increased, permanent Roman presence east of the Euphrates.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg/270px-Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg/405px-Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg/540px-Trajan_Sestertius_116_833039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">Sestertius</a> during 116 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Trajan's Parthian victories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: bust of Trajan, with laurel crown; caption: IMP. CAES. NERV. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. PARTHICO P. M., TR. P., COS VI, P. P.; Reverse: Trajan standing between prostrate allegories of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> (crowned with a <a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">tiara</a>) and the Rivers Tigris & Euphrates; caption: ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P. R. REDACTAE (put under the authority of the Roman People) – S. C. (Senatus Consultus, issued by <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">the Senate</a>).</figcaption></figure> The chronology of subsequent events is uncertain, but it is generally believed that early in 115 Trajan launched a Mesopotamian campaign, marching down towards the Taurus mountains in order to consolidate territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. He placed permanent garrisons along the way to secure the territory.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> While Trajan moved from west to east, Lusius Quietus moved with his army from the Caspian Sea towards the west, both armies performing a successful pincer movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001195-238">[238]</a> whose apparent result was to establish a Roman presence into the Parthian Empire proper, with Trajan taking the northern Mesopotamian cities of <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7#History" title="Suruç">Batnae</a> and organizing a province of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a>, including the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a> – where King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_VII" title="Abgar VII">Abgar VII</a> submitted to Trajan publicly<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> – as a Roman protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001199-240">[240]</a> This process seems to have been completed at the beginning of 116, when coins were issued announcing that Armenia and Mesopotamia had been put under the authority of the Roman people.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The area between the Khabur River and the mountains around <a href="/wiki/Singara" title="Singara">Singara</a> seems to have been considered as the new frontier, and as such received a road surrounded by fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197644-242">[242]</a> After wintering in Antioch during 115/116  – and, according to literary sources, barely escaping from a <a href="/wiki/115_Antioch_earthquake" title="115 Antioch earthquake">violent earthquake</a> that claimed the life of one of the consuls, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Pedo_Vergilianus" title="Marcus Pedo Vergilianus">Marcus Pedo Virgilianus</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201371-244">[244]</a> – Trajan again took to the field in 116, with a view to the conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia, an overambitious goal that eventually backfired on the results of his entire campaign. According to some modern historians, the aim of the campaign of 116 was to achieve a "pre-emptive demonstration" aiming not toward the conquest of Parthia, but for tighter Roman control over the Eastern trade route. However, the overall scarcity of manpower for the Roman military establishment meant that the campaign was doomed from the start.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> It is noteworthy that no new legions were raised by Trajan before the Parthian campaign, maybe because the sources of new citizen recruits were already over-exploited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197645-246">[246]</a> As far as the sources allow a description of this campaign, it seems that one Roman division crossed the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> into <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>, sweeping south and capturing Adenystrae; a second followed the river south, capturing <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>; Trajan himself sailed down the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> – where a triumphal arch was erected in his honour – through Ozogardana, where he erected a "tribunal" still to be seen at the time of <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate's</a> campaigns in the same area. Having come to the narrow strip of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, he then dragged his fleet overland into the Tigris, capturing <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia on the Tigris">Seleucia</a> and finally the Parthian capital of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001197/199-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201372-248">[248]</a> He continued southward to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, when, after escaping with his fleet a tidal bore on the Tigris,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-249">[249]</a> he received the submission of Athambelus, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax</a>. He declared Babylon a new province of the Empire and had his statue erected on the shore of the Persian Gulf,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> after which he sent the Senate a laurelled letter declaring the war to be at a close and bemoaning that he was too old to go on any further and repeat the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001199-240">[240]</a> Since Charax was a de facto independent kingdom whose connections to Palmyra were described above, Trajan's bid for the Persian Gulf may have coincided with Palmyrene interests in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwell200721-251">[251]</a> Another hypothesis is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> The Parthian city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> was apparently also occupied by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/250px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/330px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/500px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>A coin of Trajan, found together with coins of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a> Buddhist Monastery, Afghanistan. Caption: IMP. CAES. NER. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC.</figcaption></figure> According to late literary sources (not backed by numismatic or inscriptional evidence) a province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Assyria">Assyria</a> was also proclaimed,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> apparently covering the territory of Adiabene.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Some measures seem to have been considered regarding the fiscal administration of Indian trade – or simply about the payment of customs (portoria) on goods traded on the Euphrates and Tigris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979110-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwell200721-251">[251]</a> It is possible that it was this "streamlining" of the administration of the newly conquered lands according to the standard pattern of Roman provincial administration in tax collecting, requisitions and the handling of local potentates' prerogatives, that triggered later resistance against Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> According to some modern historians, Trajan might have busied himself during his stay on the Persian Gulf with ordering raids on the Parthian coasts,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> as well as probing into extending Roman suzerainty over the mountaineer tribes holding the passes across the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> eastward, as well as establishing some sort of direct contact between Rome and the Kushan Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164/165-259">[259]</a> No attempt was made to expand into the Iranian Plateau itself, where the Roman army, with its relative weakness in cavalry, would have been at a disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Trajan left the Persian Gulf for Babylon – where he intended to offer sacrifice to Alexander in the house where he had died in 323 BC<a href="#cite_note-Bennett,_Trajan,_199-261">[261]</a> –  But a revolt led by <a href="/wiki/Sanatruces_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanatruces II of Parthia">Sanatruces</a>, a nephew of the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> who had retained a cavalry force, possibly strengthened by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> archers,<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> imperilled Roman positions in Mesopotamia and Armenia. Trajan sought to deal with this by forsaking direct Roman rule in Parthia proper, at least partially.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200-263">[263]</a> Trajan sent two armies towards Northern Mesopotamia: the first, under Lusius Quietus, recovered Nisibis and <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> from the rebels, probably having King Abgarus deposed and killed in the process,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200-263">[263]</a> with Quietus probably earning the right to receive the honors of a senator of praetorian rank (adlectus inter praetorios).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The second army, however, under Appius Maximus Santra (probably a governor of Macedonia) was defeated and Santra killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-265">[265]</a> Later in 116, Trajan, with the assistance of Quietus and two other legates, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Erucius_Clarus" title="Marcus Erucius Clarus">Marcus Erucius Clarus</a> and Tiberius Julius Alexander Julianus,<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-265">[265]</a> defeated a Parthian army in a battle where Sanatruces was killed (possibly with the assistance of Osroes' son and Sanatruces' cousin, <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a>, whom Trajan wooed successfully).<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> After re-taking and burning Seleucia, Trajan then formally deposed Osroes, putting Parthamaspates on the throne as client ruler. This event was commemorated in a coin as the reduction of Parthia to client kingdom status: REX PARTHIS DATUS, "a king is given to the Parthians".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999289-268">[268]</a> That done, Trajan retreated north in order to retain what he could of the new provinces of Armenia – where he had already accepted an armistice in exchange for surrendering part of the territory to Sanatruces' son Vologeses<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001203-269">[269]</a> – and Mesopotamia. It was at this point that Trajan's health started to fail him. The fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> in his rear, continued to hold out against repeated Roman assaults. He was personally present at the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>, and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora_revolt">Diaspora revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diaspora revolt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08,_Traianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg/220px-Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg/330px-Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg/440px-Ostia_Museum_2013-03-08%2C_Traianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="4383" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Trajan, <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Luna marble and Proconessian marble</a>, 2nd century AD, from <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></figcaption></figure> About this same time (AD 116–117), Jews in the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire—Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene, which was likely the original trouble hotspot—rebelled in what appears to have been an ethnic and religious uprising against the local populations, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Additionally, Jewish communities in Northern Mesopotamia revolted, likely as part of a broader resistance against Roman occupation.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Trajan had to withdraw his army to suppress these revolts, a move he considered a temporary setback. He never returned to command, delegating Eastern operations to Lusius Quietus, who was appointed governor of Judaea in early 117 and likely dealt with Jewish unrest there.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Quietus discharged his commissions successfully, leading rabbinic sources to name the conflict in Judaea the "<a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a>," with Kitus being a corruption of Quietus.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Whether or not the Diaspora revolt included Judea proper, or only the Jewish Eastern diaspora, remains doubtful in the absence of clear epigraphic and archaeological evidence. What is certain is that there was an increased Roman military presence in Judea at the time.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Quietus was promised a consulate<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> in the following year (118) for his victories, but he was killed before this could occur, during the bloody purge that opened Hadrian's reign, in which Quietus and three other former consuls were sentenced to death after being tried on a vague charge of conspiracy by the (secret) court of the Praetorian Prefect <a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">Attianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> It has been thought that Quietus and his colleagues were executed on Hadrian's direct orders, for fear of their popular standing with the army and their close connections to Trajan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001203-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> In contrast, the next prominent Roman figure in charge of the repression of the Jewish revolt, the equestrian Quintus <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Turbo" title="Marcius Turbo">Marcius Turbo</a>, who had dealt with the rebel leader from Cyrene, Loukuas, retained Hadrian's trust, eventually becoming his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> As all four consulars were senators of the highest standing and as such generally regarded as able to take imperial power (capaces imperii), Hadrian seems to have decided to forestall these prospective rivals.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death and succession">edit</a>]</div> Early in 117, Trajan grew ill and set sail for Italy. His health declined throughout the spring and summer of 117, possibly acknowledged to the public by the display of a bronze portrait-bust at <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_of_Ankara" title="Roman Baths of Ankara">the public baths of Ancyra</a>, showing an aged and emaciated man, though the identification with Trajan is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001201-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> He reached <a href="/wiki/Selinus_(Cilicia)" title="Selinus (Cilicia)">Selinus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-282">[a]</a> where he suddenly died, shortly before 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-286">[b]</a> Trajan in person could have lawfully nominated Hadrian as his successor, but Dio claims that Trajan's wife, <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Pompeia Plotina</a>, assured Hadrian's succession by keeping Trajan's death a secret, long enough for her to produce and sign a document attesting to Hadrian's adoption as son and successor. Dio, who tells this narrative, offers his father – the governor of Cilicia <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Apronianus" title="Cassius Apronianus">Apronianus</a> – as a source, so his narrative may be based on contemporary rumour. It may also reflect male Roman displeasure that an empress – let alone any woman –  could presume to meddle in Rome's political affairs.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Hadrian held an ambiguous position during Trajan's reign. After commanding <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Minervia" title="Legio I Minervia">Legio I Minervia</a> during the Dacian Wars, he had been relieved from front-line duties at the decisive stage of the Second Dacian War, being sent to govern the newly created province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a>. He had pursued a senatorial career without particular distinction and had not been officially adopted by Trajan although he received from him decorations and other marks of distinction that made him hope for the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201352-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201350,_52-289">[287]</a> He received no post after his 108 consulate and no further honours other than being made <a href="/wiki/Archon_eponymos" class="mw-redirect" title="Archon eponymos">Archon eponymos</a> for <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 111/112.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005306-290">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201364-291">[289]</a> He probably did not take part in the Parthian War. Literary sources relate that Trajan had considered others, such as the jurist <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Neratius_Priscus" title="Lucius Neratius Priscus">Lucius Neratius Priscus</a>, as heir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201350-292">[290]</a> Hadrian, who was eventually entrusted with the governorship of Syria at the time of Trajan's death, was Trajan's cousin and was married to Trajan's grandniece, which all made him as good as heir designate.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197653-294">[292]</a> Hadrian seems to have been well connected to the powerful and influential coterie of Spanish senators at Trajan's court, through his ties to Plotina and the Prefect Attianus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005307-295">[293]</a> His refusal to sustain Trajan's senatorial and expansionist policy during his own reign may account for the "crass hostility" shown him by literary sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014379-296">[294]</a> Hadrian's first major act as emperor was to abandon Mesopotamia as too costly and distant to defend, and to restore Armenia and Osrhoene to Parthian hegemony, under Rome's suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_171-166">[166]</a> The Parthian campaign had been an enormous setback to Trajan's policy, proof that Rome had overstretched its capacity to sustain an ambitious program of conquest. According to the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, Hadrian claimed to follow the precedent set by <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> towards the Macedonians, who "were to be set free because they could not be protected" – something Birley sees as an unconvincing precedent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201378-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979110-256">[256]</a> Other territories conquered by Trajan were retained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001132-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> According to a well-established historical tradition, Trajan's ashes were placed within the small cella that still survives at the base of Trajan's column. In some modern scholarship, his ashes were more likely interred near his column, in a mausoleum, temple or tomb built for his cult as a divus of the Roman state.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Trajan,_found_in_Salona_(Solin,_Croatia),_ca._108_AD,_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D,_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum,_Austria_(20405430933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg/250px-Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg/500px-Bust_of_Trajan%2C_found_in_Salona_%28Solin%2C_Croatia%29%2C_ca._108_AD%2C_of_the_so-called_%E2%80%9CDecennalia_type%E2%80%9D%2C_Vienna_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Austria_%2820405430933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="4564" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Trajan found in <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Art_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Art History">Museum of Art History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient sources on Trajan's personality and accomplishments are unanimously positive. Pliny the Younger, for example, celebrates Trajan in his panegyric as a wise and just emperor and a moral man. Cassius Dio added that he always remained dignified and fair.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-302">[300]</a> A third-century emperor, Decius, even received from the Senate the name Trajan as a decoration.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a>, following the setbacks of the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">third century</a>, Trajan, together with Augustus, became the paragon of the most positive traits of the Imperial order.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022-80">[80]</a> Emperors in the 4th century were honoured by the Senate with the acclamation <a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, Melior Traiano</a> ("May you be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan").<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> The fourth-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a> is credited with calling him a "plant upon every wall" for the many buildings bearing inscriptions with his name.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_statue_depicting_an_ageing_Trajan_dressed_in_military_cuirass,_reworked_in_the_3rd_century,_from_the_theatre_stage_building_at_Perga,_Antalya_Museum_(9643079289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Marble_statue_depicting_an_ageing_Trajan_dressed_in_military_cuirass%2C_reworked_in_the_3rd_century%2C_from_the_theatre_stage_building_at_Perga%2C_Antalya_Museum_%289643079289%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Marble_statue_depicting_an_ageing_Trajan_dressed_in_military_cuirass%2C_reworked_in_the_3rd_century%2C_from_the_theatre_stage_building_at_Perga%2C_Antalya_Museum_%289643079289%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Marble_statue_depicting_an_ageing_Trajan_dressed_in_military_cuirass%2C_reworked_in_the_3rd_century%2C_from_the_theatre_stage_building_at_Perga%2C_Antalya_Museum_%289643079289%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="4271" /></a><figcaption>The head of this statue was reworked with a beard in the 3rd century for the theater of <a href="/wiki/Perge" class="mw-redirect" title="Perge">Perge</a>. Now at the <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Museum" title="Antalya Museum">Antalya Museum</a> in Turkey.</figcaption></figure> All Roman emperors until Trajan, except <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> who occasionally wore sideburns, were depicted clean-shaven, according to the fashion introduced among the Romans by <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> (236 – 183 BC). This Imperial fashion was changed by Trajan's successor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> who made <a href="/wiki/Beard#Rome" title="Beard">beards</a> fashionable for emperors.<a href="#cite_note-Gschwantler-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dorsey-311">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Rome">After Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: After Rome">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, some theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> discussed Trajan as an example of a <a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">virtuous pagan</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, following this legend, sees the spirit of Trajan in the Heaven of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> with other historical and mythological persons noted for their justice. Also, a mural of Trajan stopping to provide justice for a poor widow is present in the first terrace of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> as a lesson to those who are purged for being proud.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> I noticed that the inner bank of the curve... Was of white marble, and so decorated With carvings that not only Polycletus But nature herself would there be put to shame... There was recorded the high glory Of that ruler of Rome whose worth Moved Gregory to his great victory; I mean by this the Emperor Trajan; And at his bridle a poor widow Whose attitude bespoke tears and grief... The wretched woman, in the midst of all this, Seemed to be saying: 'Lord, avenge my son, Who is dead, so that my heart is broken..' So he said: 'Now be comforted, for I must Carry out my duty before I go on: Justice requires it and pity holds me back.' Dante, The Divine Comedy, Purgatorio X, ll. 32 f. and 73 f.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> </div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg/260px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg/390px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg/520px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Pythagoreio_-_Statue_of_Trajan_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Trajan depicting him in <a href="/wiki/Heroic_nudity" title="Heroic nudity">heroic nudity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, speaking on the advantages of adoptive succession over heredity, mentioned the five successive good emperors "from Nerva to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus</a>"<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> out of which the 18th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> popularized the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">Five Good Emperors</a>, of whom Trajan was the second.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> In the 18th century, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a> to paint The Triumph of Trajan on the ceiling of the banquet hall of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Madrid" title="Royal Palace of Madrid">Royal Palace of Madrid</a> – considered among the best works of this artist.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg/330px-La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg/500px-La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg/520px-La_justice_de_Trajan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Justice_of_Trajan" title="The Justice of Trajan">The Justice of Trajan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, 1840</figcaption></figure> It was only during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> that this legacy began to be contested, when Edward Gibbon expressed doubts about the militarized character of Trajan's reign in contrast to the "moderate" practices of his immediate successors.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a> adopted a divided stance towards Trajan, at some point of his posthumously published lectures even speaking about his "vainglory" (Scheinglorie).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999488-318">[316]</a> Mommsen also speaks of Trajan's "insatiable, unlimited lust for conquest".<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> Although Mommsen had no liking for Trajan's successor Hadrian – "a repellent manner, and a venomous, envious and malicious nature" – he admitted that Hadrian, in renouncing Trajan's conquests, was "doing what the situation clearly required".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999290-320">[318]</a> It was exactly this military character of Trajan's reign that attracted his early twentieth-century biographer, the Italian historian Roberto Paribeni, who in his 1927 two-volume biography Optimus Princeps described Trajan's reign as the acme of the Roman principate, which he saw as Italy's patrimony.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Following in Paribeni's footsteps, the German historian Alfred Heuss saw in Trajan "the accomplished human embodiment of the imperial title" (die ideale Verkörperung des humanen Kaiserbegriffs).<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> Trajan's first English-language biography by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bennett_(archaeologist)" title="Julian Bennett (archaeologist)">Julian Bennett</a> is also a positive one in that it assumes that Trajan was an active policy-maker concerned with the management of the empire as a whole – something his reviewer Lendon considers an anachronistic outlook that sees in the Roman emperor a kind of modern administrator.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> During the 1980s, the Romanian historian Eugen Cizek took a more nuanced view as he described the changes in the personal ideology of Trajan's reign, stressing the fact that it became ever more autocratic and militarized, especially after 112 and towards the Parthian War (as "only an universal monarch, a kosmocrator, could dictate his law to the East").<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> The biography by the German historian Karl Strobel stresses the continuity between Domitian's and Trajan's reigns, saying that Trajan's rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as Domitian's, culminating in a failed Parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> It is in modern French historiography that Trajan's reputation becomes most markedly deflated: Paul Petit writes about Trajan's portraits as a "lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys".<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Paul_Veyne" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, what is to be retained from Trajan's "stylish" qualities was that he was the last Roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely Italian and Rome-centred hegemony of conquest. In contrast, his successor Hadrian would stress the notion of the empire as ecumenical and of the emperor as universal benefactor and not kosmocrator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976654/655-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Romanian_culture">In Romanian culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Romanian culture">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, Trajan (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Traian) is regarded as one of the founders of the Romanian nation and a historical figure of great importance to the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">culture</a>. This is due to his orchestration of the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> that led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Daco-Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Roman culture">Daco-Roman culture</a> and the Latin-based Romanian language.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> is therefore seen in the country as the ethnogenesis of the Romanian <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Jewish_legend">In Jewish legend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Jewish legend">edit</a>]</div> In the Jewish homiletical works, such as <a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a>, Trajan is described with the epitaph "may his bones be crushed" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: sh'hik atzamot).<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> The same epitaph is also used for Hadrian.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nerva–Antonine_family_tree">Nerva–Antonine family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Nerva–Antonine family tree">edit</a>]</div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Template talk:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nerva–Antonine family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Nerva–Antonine family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Barea_Soranus" title="Barea Soranus">Q. Marcius Barea Soranus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Marcius_Barea_Sura" title="Quintus Marcius Barea Sura">Q. Marcius Barea Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Antonia Furnilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">M. Cocceius Nerva</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Sergia Plautilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">P. Aelius Hadrianus</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #c6bbf9;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 79–81)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Furnilla" title="Marcia Furnilla">Marcia Furnilla</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_(mother_of_Trajan)" title="Marcia (mother of Trajan)">Marcia</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Traianus_(father_of_Trajan)" title="Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan)">Trajanus Pater</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_(grandmother_of_Hadrian)" title="Ulpia (grandmother of Hadrian)">Ulpia</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Hadrianus_Marullinus" title="Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus">Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />Flavia<a href="#cite_note-giac8-334">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Ulpia_Marciana" title="Ulpia Marciana">Marciana</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-335">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Salonius_Matidius_Patruinus" title="Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus">C. Salonius Matidius</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[iv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trajan</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_Plotina" title="Pompeia Plotina">Plotina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Acilius_Attianus" title="Publius Acilius Attianus">P. Acilius Attianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Aelius_Hadrianus_Afer" title="Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer">P. Aelius Afer</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-337">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Mother_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Major</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-338">[vi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mindius" title="Lucius Mindius">Lucius Mindius</a> (2)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Libo_Rupilius_Frugi" title="Libo Rupilius Frugi">Libo Rupilius Frugi</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Salonia_Matidia" title="Salonia Matidia">Salonia Matidia</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-339">[vii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vibius_Sabinus" title="Lucius Vibius Sabinus">L. Vibius Sabinus</a> (1)<a href="#cite_note-340">[viii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Sister_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Paulina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-338">[vi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus_Servianus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus">L. Julius Ursus Servianus</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_Servianus-341">[ix]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matidia_Minor" title="Matidia Minor">Matidia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac9-339">[vii]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev161-335">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a><a href="#cite_note-giac7-337">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-342">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-DIR_hadrian-338">[vi]</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Antinous" title="Antinous">Antinous</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[xi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">C. Fuscus Salinator I</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paulina#Niece_of_Hadrian" title="Paulina">Julia Serviana Paulina</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(grandfather_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Marcus Annius Verus (grandfather of Marcus Aurelius)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[xii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Rupilia Faustina<a href="#cite_note-lev163-345">[xiii]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[xiv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Boionia Procilla</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Arrius_Antoninus" title="Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus">Cn. Arrius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Ceionius Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Appia Severa</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#e5e5e5">C. Fuscus Salinator II</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Caesennius Paetus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Antonina</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Arria Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-347">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Aurelius_Fulvus_(father_of_Antoninus_Pius)" title="Titus Aurelius Fulvus (father of Antoninus Pius)">T. Aurelius Fulvus</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesennius_Antoninus" title="Lucius Caesennius Antoninus">L. Caesennius Antoninus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Commodus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautia_(mother_of_Aelius_Caesar)" title="Plautia (mother of Aelius Caesar)">Plautia</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">unknown<a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Nigrinus" title="Gaius Avidius Nigrinus">C. Avidius Nigrinus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_(praetor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annius Verus (praetor)">M. Annius Verus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-345">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lucilla_(mother_of_Marcus_Aurelius)" title="Domitia Lucilla (mother of Marcus Aurelius)">Calvisia Domitia Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[xvii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fundania<a href="#cite_note-350">[xviii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Libo">M. Annius Libo</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-345">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev162-347">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161)<a href="#cite_note-lev162-347">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Caesar" title="Lucius Aelius Caesar">L. Aelius Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Avidia_(mother_of_Lucius_Verus)" title="Avidia (mother of Lucius Verus)">Avidia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina">Cornificia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev163-345">[xiii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-351">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-351">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">C. Avidius Cassius</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[xx]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Aurelia Fadilla<a href="#cite_note-lev162-347">[xv]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–169)<a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a> (1)</td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Fabia" title="Ceionia Fabia">Ceionia Fabia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Plautius_Quintillus" title="Plautius Quintillus">Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[xxi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Pudens" title="Quintus Servilius Pudens">Q. Servilius Pudens</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ceionia_Plautia" title="Ceionia Plautia">Ceionia Plautia</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Cornificia_Faustina_Minor" title="Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor">Cornificia Minor</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-354">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Petronius_Sura_Mamertinus" title="Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus">M. Petronius Sura</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #e9a5d8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177–192)<a href="#cite_note-giac10-351">[xix]</a></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fadilla" title="Fadilla">Fadilla</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-354">[xxii]</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #f6dbef;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Verus_Caesar" title="Marcus Annius Verus Caesar">M. Annius Verus Caesar</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-351">[xix]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background: #e5e5e5;"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Pompeianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus">Ti. Claudius Pompeianus</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucilla" title="Lucilla">Lucilla</a><a href="#cite_note-giac10-351">[xix]</a></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Peducaeus_Plautius_Quintillus" title="Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus">M. Plautius Quintillus</a><a href="#cite_note-lev164-348">[xvi]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Junius Licinius Balbus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Servilia Ceionia</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Petronius Antoninus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Aurelia_Sabina" title="Vibia Aurelia Sabina">Aurelia Sabina</a><a href="#cite_note-lev117-354">[xxii]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antistius_Burrus" title="Lucius Antistius Burrus">L. Antistius Burrus</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautius Quintillus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Plautia Servilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Sabinius_Aquila_Timesitheus" title="Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus">C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maecia_Faustina" title="Maecia Faustina">Maecia Faustina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Junius_Licinius_Balbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Licinius Balbus">Junius Licinius Balbus</a>?</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Tranquillina" title="Tranquillina">Furia Sabina Tranquillina</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#c6bbf9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 238–244)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <table style="border-spacing: 2px; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Reddish-purple indicates <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties</div></li> <li>dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" />Small Caps = posthumously deified (<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augustae</a>, or other)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Notes: Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac8-334"><a href="#cite_ref-giac8_334-0">^</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev161-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev161_335-1">b</a> Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac7-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac7_337-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-DIR_hadrian-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_338-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIR_hadrian_338-2">c</a> DIR contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/hadrian.htm">"Hadrian"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac9-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac9_339-1">b</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_Servianus-341"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_Servianus_341-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ACL3129.0003.001/800?rgn=full+text;view=image;q1=servianus">"Julius Servianus"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_1870a_p._319-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1870a_p._319_342-0">^</a> Smith (1870), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/acl3129.0002.001/329?page=root;rgn=full+text;size=100;view=image;q1=hadrian">"Hadrian"</a>, pp. 319–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and passim; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev163-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_345-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_345-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev163_345-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev162-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_347-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_347-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev162_347-3">d</a> Levick (2014), p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev164-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev164_348-6">g</a> Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-giac10-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_351-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_351-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_351-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-giac10_351-4">e</a> Giacosa (1977), p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> The epitomator of Cassius Dio (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/72*.html">72.22</a>) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">HA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aurelius/2*.html">"Marcus Aurelius" 24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-lev117-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_354-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lev117_354-2">c</a> Levick (2014), p. 117. </li> </ol></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">References: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDIR_contributors2000" class="citation web cs1">DIR contributors (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/">"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families"</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis%3A+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Rulers+and+Their+Families&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%27%27DIR%27%27+contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiacosa1977" class="citation book cs1">Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8390-0193-2"><bdi>0-8390-0193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Caesars%3A+Their+Lives+and+Portraits+on+Coins&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Edizioni+Arte+e+Moneta&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8390-0193-2&rft.aulast=Giacosa&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambert1984" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Royston (1984). Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-15708-2"><bdi>0-670-15708-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beloved+and+God%3A+The+Story+of+Hadrian+and+Antinous&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-670-15708-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Royston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevick2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9"><bdi>978-0-19-537941-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faustina+I+and+II%3A+Imperial+Women+of+the+Golden+Age&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537941-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_William1870" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1870). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/120px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Trajan" title="Justice of Trajan">Justice of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> modern <a href="/wiki/Gazipa%C5%9Fa" title="Gazipaşa">Gazipaşa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> afterwards called Trajanopolis </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Dio states that Trajan ruled "nineteen years, six months and fifteen days", which gives 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> claims that Hadrian learned of his adoption on 9 August and received the news of Trajan's death on 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Dio is not reckoning to Trajan's death, but to Hadrian's accession. A travel from Selinus to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> would take at least two days, so Trajan probably died around 9 August. This appears to be corroborated by the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Simeon" title="Pseudo-Simeon">Pseudo-Simeon</a>, who claims that Trajan lived "sixty-eight years, ten months, and twenty-two days", which also gives 9 August. The <a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a> records his death as 9 July.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html#3">Book 68, 3–4.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201014-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobel201014_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrobel2010">Strobel 2010</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201015-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobel201015_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrobel2010">Strobel 2010</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xii/xiii_&_63-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xii/xiii_&_63_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. xii/xiii & 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> W. Williams, Pliny the Younger, Correspondence with Trajan from Bithynia, Epistles X, Warminster, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Sherwin-White, Trajan's replies to Pliny, 1962. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hooper, Finley (1979). Roman Realities. <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1594-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1594-1">0-8143-1594-1</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Noreña, Carlos F. (2007). "The Social Economy of Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan". American Journal of Philology, 128, 239–277, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xiii-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001xiii_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Her name is inferred from that of Trajan's sister Ulpia Marciana. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">epitome de Caesaribus</a> names Trajan's grandfather simply as Ulpius, without giving his praenomen or cognomen. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Her name is inferred from the cognomen of Marcus Ulpius Traianus. According to Antonio Caballos Rufino, she was named Traia or Traiana and was the sister or daughter of an epigraphically attested M.Traius C.Filii. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0">^</a> Syme, Tacitus, 30–44; PIR Vlpivs 575. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Roman-Italic migration in Spain, in The origins of the Social War, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gabba" title="Emilio Gabba">Emilio Gabba</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-syme64_144-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syme64_144_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syme64_144_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syme64_144_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyme1964" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". The Journal of Roman Studies. 54: 144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298660">10.2307/298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298660">298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162241585">162241585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Hadrian+and+Italica&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162241585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298660&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett1997" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Julian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNjMqUWc5QkC">Trajan Optimus Princeps</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253214351" title="Special:BookSources/0253214351"><bdi>0253214351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan+Optimus+Princeps&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0253214351&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNjMqUWc5QkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> "Cassius Dio, himself of provincial origin, had little respect for the phylogeny of the emperor Trajan, observing with barely disguised contempt that he was 'an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote'. In fact, one ancient account derives Trajan's paternal family, the gens Ulpia, from Tuder, on the northern border of ancient Umbria, an area where the clan is independently recorded... Traius, like Ulpius, while not especially common, occurs with some frequency in northern Italy, notably at Tuder and at the nearby municipality of Ameria, the probable origo of Trajan's mother, strengthening the possibility of close family ties with the region... an Italian pedigree for the gens Ulpia seems certain... his family had settled at Italica (Santiponce) in southern Spain, a few miles east of modern Seville. ... strictly speaking, Trajan was an Hispaniensis, an Italian domiciled or born in Spain, as opposed to an Hispanus...." Bennett (2001). Trajan: Optimus Princeps, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> "... The Greek historian Cassius Dio made the baseless assertion that Trajan was an Iberian...'", Colonial elites: Rome and Spain, Ronald Syme, 1970, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan">Trajan, Mason Hammond, Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> One author has argued that the Traii ancestors of Trajan were his paternal family and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> rather than Italic settlers, but this view departs from the prevailing view in academia. Las raíces béticas de Trajano: los 'Traii' de la Itálica turdetana, y otras novedades sobre su familia, Alicia M. Canto, Sevilla, 2003. The reasons for the rejection of Canto's theory are listed by Antonio Caballos Rufino in Las raíces famliares de Trajano, A.Caballos Rufino, Cluj, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett1997" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Julian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNjMqUWc5QkC">Trajan Optimus Princeps</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253214351" title="Special:BookSources/0253214351"><bdi>0253214351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan+Optimus+Princeps&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0253214351&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNjMqUWc5QkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Hadrian: the Restless Emperor, London: Routledge p.12, (1997), Anthony Birley. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> "The Epitome has clearly used a source which gave the origo vetustior, or ultima origo, as did the HA for Hadrian (H 1.1)...Umbrian Tuder as the original home of the Ulpii and the Traii surely derives from Maximus's Vita Traiani," Anthony R. Birley, Sprache und Literatur. Einzelne Autoren seit der hadrianischen Zeit und Allgemeines zur Literatur des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts, p.2726, Germany, Druyter, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Epitome de Caesaribusabscriptum Aurelio Victori, XIII, Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina... </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+11%2C+04686&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XI, 4686</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+11%2C+04725&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">XI, 4725</a>, Syme in Tacitus, App. 81, p. 786. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Chase, George Davis (1897). "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. (2019). Maxwell Craven, Fonthill Media. Table XVIII, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201040-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobel201040_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrobel2010">Strobel 2010</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2003" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003). In the name of Rome: The men who won the Roman Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+name+of+Rome%3A+The+men+who+won+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobel201041-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobel201041_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrobel2010">Strobel 2010</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-impression-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impression_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-impression_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Impressionable Years". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impressionable+Years&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syme64_145-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syme64_145_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syme64_145_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyme1964" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". The Journal of Roman Studies. 54: 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298660">10.2307/298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298660">298660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162241585">162241585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Hadrian+and+Italica&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=145&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162241585%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298660%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298660&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200122–23-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200122–23_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014378-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014378_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarzetti2014">Garzetti 2014</a>, p. 378. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200113-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200113_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-2.5–6-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2.5–6_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2.5–6_39-1">b</a> Augustan History, Life of Hadrian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html#2.5">2.5–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pompeia-Plotina">"Pompei Plotina"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pompei+Plotina&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPompeia-Plotina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200158-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200158_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200158_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Allen, Robert H. (2006). The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia. Jefferson: McFarland, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2349-1">978-0-7864-2349-1</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200143-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200143_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "The Making of a General". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+General&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200145–46-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200145–46_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200145–46_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014261-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlston2014261_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlston2014">Alston 2014</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Jason König, Tim Whitmarsh, eds., Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85969-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85969-1">978-0-521-85969-1</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger200491,_109-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger200491,_109_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrainger2004">Grainger 2004</a>, pp. 91, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976686,_note_399-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976686,_note_399_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne1976">Veyne 1976</a>, p. 686, note 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Some sources credit Sura with building a bathhouse on Rome's <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a>, and naming the bathhouse after himself; others claim the bathhouse was named in his honour but built by Trajan. In either case, the association of his name with a public building was a signal honour; most public buildings in the capital were named after members of the imperial family. See Garrett G. Fagan, Bathing in Public in the Roman World. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08865-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08865-3">0-472-08865-3</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sura's baths were later enlarged by the third century emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a>, to emphasise his link to Trajan. See Stephen L. Dyson, Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City. Baltimore: JHU Press,2010,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9253-0">978-0-8018-9253-0</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Eugen Cizek, "Tacite face à Trajan", available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000114%5C00000035.pdf">[1]</a>, pp. 127/128. Retrieved 20 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Levick, Barbara M. (2014). Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537941-9">978-0-19-537941-9</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984), The History of the Roman People, pp. 353, 354 Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papyri.info/ddbdp/rom.mil.rec;1;117">1.14-15</a>: "V K[al](endas) [Feb]rarias... ob imperium [Divi Traiani]." </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Adoption and Accession". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adoption+and+Accession&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004111-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrainger2004111_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrainger2004">Grainger 2004</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200152-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200152_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014262-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlston2014262_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlston2014">Alston 2014</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlston2014200,_206-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlston2014200,_206_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlston2014">Alston 2014</a>, pp. 200, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012198-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012198_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees2012">Rees 2012</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_V._JonesKeith_C._Sidwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Peter V. Jones; Keith C. Sidwell, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YkgTbON-GGUC&pg=PA254">The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38421-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-38421-4"><bdi>0-521-38421-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Rome%3A+An+Introduction+to+Roman+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-38421-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkgTbON-GGUC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2002178-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2002178_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2002">Jones 2002</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Serghidou, Anastasia (2007). Fear of slaves, fear of enslavement in the ancient Mediterranean. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84867-169-7">978-2-84867-169-7</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Wilkinson, Sam (2012). Republicanism during the Early Roman Empire. New York: Continuum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2052-6">978-1-4411-2052-6</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERees2012121-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees2012121_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRees2012">Rees 2012</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005402-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005402_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Letters III, 20, 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne200538,_footnote-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne200538,_footnote_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 38, footnote. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Kathleen Kuiper, ed., Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-207-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-207-9">978-1-61530-207-9</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> M.S. Gsell, "Étude sur le rôle politique du Sénat Romain à l'époque de Trajan", Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, 1887, V.7.7, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mefr_0223-4874_1887_num_7_1_6514">[2]</a>. Accessed 20 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne200537-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne200537_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ryan K. Balot, ed., A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought.John Wiley & Sons, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Roger Rees, ed., Latin Panegyric, Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957671-5">978-0-19-957671-5</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Carlos F. Noreña, "The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World". IN Ryan K. Balot, ed., A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5143-6">978-1-4051-5143-6</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Bernard W. Henderson, "Five Roman Emperors" (1927). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> F. A. Lepper, "Trajan's Parthian War" (1948). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Edward Togo Salmon,A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138. London: Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04504-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04504-5">0-415-04504-5</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Elizabeth Forbis, Municipal Virtues in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Italian Honorary Inscriptions. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-519-07628-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-519-07628-4">3-519-07628-4</a>, pp. 23/24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022">Hekster et al. 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Christopher J. Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order.Oxford University Press, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973784-0">978-0-19-973784-0</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005241-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005241_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Joshua Rice, Paul and Patronage: The Dynamics of Power in 1 Corinthians. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-557-5">978-1-62032-557-5</a>, p. 84 sqq. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0">0-19-925521-0</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Yun Lee Too, Niall Livingstone, eds. Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning.Cambridge University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59435-6">978-0-521-59435-6</a>, p. 202; Leonard L. Thompson, The Book of Revelation, Oxford University Press, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511580-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511580-5">0-19-511580-5</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Lukas De Blois, ed., The Statesman in Plutarch's Works: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congerence of the International Plutarch Society Nijmegen/Castle Hernen, 1–5 May 2002. Leiden: Brill, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13795-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13795-5">90-04-13795-5</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Giuseppe Zecchini, "Plutarch as Political Theorist and Trajan" in Philip A. Stadter, L. Van der Stockt, eds.,Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.). <a href="/wiki/Leuven_University_Press" title="Leuven University Press">Leuven University Press</a>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5867-239-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5867-239-5">90-5867-239-5</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11691-1">0-691-11691-1</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Benjamin Isaac, 487; Albino Garzetti, From Tiberius to the Antonines, 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005240-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005240_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Simon Swain, Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD 50–250. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814772-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814772-4">0-19-814772-4</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Thérèse Renoirte (Sœur), Les "Conseils politiques" de Plutarque. Une lettre ouverte aux Grecs à l'époque de Trajan. Review by Robert Flacelière, L'antiquité classique, 1952, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/antiq_0770-2817_1952_num_21_1_3210_T1_0162_0000_2">[3]</a> . Retrieved 12 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> E. Guerber, "Les correctores dans la partie hellénophone de l'empire Romain du règne de Trajan à l'avènement de Dioclétien : étude prosopographique" Anatolia Antiqua, V.5, no. 5, 1997; available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/anata_1018-1946_1997_num_5_1_876">[4]</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Brian Jones, The Emperor Domitian, Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-03625-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-03625-5">0-203-03625-5</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Brian Jones, The Emperor Domitian, 172; Petit, Pax Romana, 52; Martin Goodman, The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55978-2">978-0-415-55978-2</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Pergamum inscription (Smallwood NH 214), reproduced in Brian Campbell, The Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 337: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07172-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07172-0">0-415-07172-0</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Junghwa Choi, Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E. . Leiden: Brill, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24516-7">978-90-04-24516-7</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Pierre Lambrechts, "Trajan et le récrutement du Sénat", L'antiquité classique, 1936, 5–1, pp. 105–114. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/antiq_0770-2817_1936_num_5_1_3014">[5]</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Stanley E. Hoffer, The Anxieties of Pliny, the Younger. Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7885-0565-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7885-0565-3">0-7885-0565-3</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989119-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989119_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1989">de Ste. Croix 1989</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989466-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989466_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1989">de Ste. Croix 1989</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Hildegard Temporini, ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der Neueren Forschung. Principat, Part 2, Volume 2 .Leiden: De Gruyter, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-004971-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-004971-6">3-11-004971-6</a>, pp. 367/368. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> K. W. Arafat, Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers. Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55340-7">0-521-55340-7</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005195–196-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005195–196_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229–230-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005229–230_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Giovanni Salmeri, "Dio, Rome, and the Civic Life of Asia Minor" IN Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford U. Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0">0-19-925521-0</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Simon Goldhill, Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66317-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66317-2">0-521-66317-2</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Bradley Hudson McLean, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great Down to the Reign of Constantine (323 B.C.–A.D. 337). University of Michigan Press, 2002, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> A. G. Leventis, Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. London: Routledge, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-48218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-48218-2">0-203-48218-2</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Pliny, Letters, 10.70.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> David S. Potter, ed. A Companion to the Roman Empire. Malden, MA: Wiley, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22644-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22644-4">978-0-631-22644-4</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ramsey Macmullen, Enemies of the Roman Order. London, Routledge, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08621-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08621-3">0-415-08621-3</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Graham Anderson, Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire. London, Routledge, 2005, Google e-book, available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V4qJAgAAQBAJ">[6]</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Potter, 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Dio, Discourse 38,To the Nicomedians on Concord with the Nicaeans, 37. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dio_Chrysostom/Discourses/38*.html">[7]</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005232–233-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005232–233_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, eds., Politische Geschichte: Provinzen und Randvoelker – Griescher Balkanraum: Kleinasien. Berlin; de Gruyter, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-008015-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-008015-X">3-11-008015-X</a>, pp. 668–669. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Paul Veyne, "L'identité grecque devant Rome et l'empereur", Revue des Études Grecques, 1999, V.122-2, p. 515. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/reg_0035-2039_1999_num_112_2_4382">[8]</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Jesper Majbom Madsen, Roger David Rees, eds. Roman rule in Greek and Latin Writing: Double Vision. Leiden: Brill, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27738-0">978-90-04-27738-0</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Quoted by Hooper, Roman Realities, 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> JC Carrière, "À propos de la Politique de Plutarque " – Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, V.3, no.3, 1977. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/dha_0755-7256_1977_num_3_1_2693">[9]</a> Retrieved 13 December 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Fergus Millar, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire. University of North Carolina Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2852-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2852-1">0-8078-2852-1</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Jesper Majbom Madsen, Eager to be Roman: Greek Response to Roman Rule in Pontus and Bithynia. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3753-1">978-0-7156-3753-1</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Simon Swain, ed., Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925521-0">0-19-925521-0</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Paraskevi Martzavou, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, eds., Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD . Oxford University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965214-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965214-3">978-0-19-965214-3</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Temporini & Haase, Politische Geschichte, 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989530-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Ste._Croix1989530_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1989">de Ste. Croix 1989</a>, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Jesper Majbom Madsen, Eager to be Roman, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Sviatoslav Dmitriev, City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. Oxford University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517042-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517042-9">978-0-19-517042-9</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Fergus Millar, Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5520-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5520-0">0-8078-5520-0</a>, pp. 37/38. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOpper2008" class="citation cs2">Opper, Thorsten (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67">Hadrian: Empire and Conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hadrianempirecon0000oppe/page/67">67</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674030954" title="Special:BookSources/9780674030954"><bdi>9780674030954</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%3A+Empire+and+Conflict&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780674030954&rft.aulast=Opper&rft.aufirst=Thorsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhadrianempirecon0000oppe%2Fpage%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Wiseman, James, 1997, "Beyond the Danube's Iron Gates". Archaeology 50(2): 24–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Šašel, Jaroslav. 1973 "Trajan's Canal at the Iron Gate". The Journal of Roman Studies. 63:80–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Trajan:_Rome's_Last_Conqueror-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trajan:_Rome's_Last_Conqueror_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trajan:_Rome's_Last_Conqueror_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Biding Time between Wars". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biding+Time+between+Wars&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984) History of the Roman People, p. 382, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacker1998" class="citation journal cs1">Packer, James (January–February 1998). "Trajan's GLORIOUS FORUM". Archaeology. 51 (1): 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=Trajan%27s+GLORIOUS+FORUM&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1998-01%2F1998-02&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Martin Klonnek, Chronologie des Römischen Reiches 2: 2. Jh. – Jahr 100 bis 199. Berlin: epubli, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7375-0702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7375-0702-8">978-3-7375-0702-8</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Dikla Rivlin Katz, Noah Hacham, Geoffrey Herman, Lilach Sagiv, A Question of Identity: Social, Political, and Historical Aspects of Identity Dynamics in Jewish and Other Contexts. Berlin: Walter de Griyter, 2019 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061248-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061248-6">978-3-11-061248-6</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-PAS-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PAS_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAS_141-1">b</a> "Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStadterStockt2002" class="citation book cs1">Stadter, Philip A.; Stockt, L. Van der (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJjiYdxHmPMC&pg=PA75">Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.)</a>. Leuven University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-239-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-239-1"><bdi>978-90-5867-239-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sage+and+Emperor%3A+Plutarch%2C+Greek+Intellectuals%2C+and+Roman+Power+in+the+Time+of+Trajan+%2898%E2%80%93117+A.D.%29&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-239-1&rft.aulast=Stadter&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft.au=Stockt%2C+L.+Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJjiYdxHmPMC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x795CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT424">SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome</a>. Profile. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-441-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-441-0"><bdi>978-1-84765-441-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+A+History+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Profile&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-441-0&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx795CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler1914" class="citation book cs1">Butler, A. J. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babylonofegyptst00butluoft">Babylon of Egypt: A study in the history of Old Cairo</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babylonofegyptst00butluoft/page/5">5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylon+of+Egypt%3A+A+study+in+the+history+of+Old+Cairo&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabylonofegyptst00butluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1986" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, John H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=couetXBQO9AC">Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04921-5"><bdi>978-0-520-04921-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Circuses%3A+Arenas+for+Chariot+Racing&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04921-5&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcouetXBQO9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> pp. 80, 102-103, 126-129. The images of the gods were brought from their temples to be laid on dining couches with great ceremony, so that they too could watch the spectacle. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Epitome of Cassius Dio, Roman History, 68.15.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Quoted by Andrea Giardina, ed. The Romans. University of Chicago Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-29049-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-29049-2">0-226-29049-2</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Z. Yavetz, "The Urban Plebs in the Days of the Flavians, Nerva and Trajan". IN Opposition et Resistances a L'empire D'auguste a Trajan. Geneva: Droz, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04425-7">978-2-600-04425-7</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Stephen Benko, Pagan Rome and the Early Christians. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20385-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20385-6">0-253-20385-6</a>, pp. 6/7. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101003844/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">"Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate""</a>. Tulane.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">the original</a> on 1 November 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tulane+University+%22Roman+Currency+of+the+Principate%22&rft.pub=Tulane.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~august%2Fhandouts%2F601cprin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit1976188-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit1976188_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetit1976">Petit 1976</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210160453/http://tjbuggey.ancients.info/Alimenta.html">"Alimenta"</a>. Tjbuggey.ancients.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjbuggey.ancients.info/Alimenta.html">the original</a> on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alimenta&rft.pub=Tjbuggey.ancients.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftjbuggey.ancients.info%2FAlimenta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> John Rich, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, eds., City and Country in the Ancient World. London: Routledge, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-41870-0">0-203-41870-0</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanis_REquote01-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romanis_REquote01_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanis_REquote01_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/assobd.htm#t-inx">"De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a>. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 21 July 2007. <q>Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> had taken place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. The <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> Cornelius Fuscus led five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of <a href="/wiki/Bucova" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucova">Bucova</a>, in Romania). <a href="/wiki/Legion_V_Alaude" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion V Alaude">Legion V Alaude</a> was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> general was called <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> (the brave one).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft.atitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fassobd.htm%23t-inx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20059-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20059_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2005">Schmitz 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Marcel Emerit. "Les derniers travaux des historiens roumains sur la Dacie". In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 41, 1939, n°1. pp. 57–64. available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1939_num_41_1_3025">[10]</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979100-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979100_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz200513-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz200513_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2005">Schmitz 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanis_REquote05-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Romanis_REquote05_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/assobd.htm#t-inx">"De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a>. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 8 November 2007. <q>Because the Dacians represented an obstacle against Roman expansion in the east, in the year 101 the emperor Trajan decided to begin a new campaign against them. The first war began on 25 March 101 and the Roman troops, consisting of four principal legions (X Gemina, XI Claudia, II Traiana Fortis, and XXX Ulpia Victrix), defeated the Dacians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft.atitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fassobd.htm%23t-inx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199873-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199873_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199873_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux1998">Le Roux 1998</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanis_REquote03-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Romanis_REquote03_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/assobd.htm#t-inx">"Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105: De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a>. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 8 November 2007. <q>Although the Dacians had been defeated, the emperor postponed the final siege for the conquering of Sarmizegetuza because his armies needed reorganization. Trajan imposed on the Dacians very hard peace conditions: <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> had to renounce claim to part of his kingdom, including the Banat, Tara Hategului, Oltenia, and Muntenia in the area south-west of Transylvania. He had also to surrender all the Roman deserters and all his war machines. At Rome, Trajan was received as a winner and he took the name of Dacicus, a title that appears on his coinage of this period. At the beginning of the year 103 A.D., there were minted coins with the inscription: IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Sarmizegetusa+%28Sarmizegetuza%29%2C+A.D.+105%3A+De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fassobd.htm%23t-inx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceD-161"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceD_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "First Dacian War". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Dacian+War&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> José Maria Blázquez, Las res gestae de Trajano militar: las guerras dácicas. Aquila Legionis, 6 (2005) 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Ioan Glodariu, LA ZONE DE SARMIZEGETUSA REGIA ET LES GUERRES DE TRAJAN. Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, VII, Iasi, 2000. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarmizegetusa.org/doc/Glodariu%20I.%20-%20La%20zone%20de%20Sarmizegetusa%20et%20les%20guerres%20de%20Trajan(Studia%20Antiqua%20et%20Archaeologica,">VII, Iasi,2000).pdf</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200194–95-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200194–95_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett200196-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett200196_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_171-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christol_&_Nony,_171_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christol_&_Nony,_171_166-1">b</a> Christol & Nony, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2012not_numbered-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2012not_numbered_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDando-Collins2012not_numbered_167-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2012">Dando-Collins 2012</a>, p. not numbered. </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanis_REquote04-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Romanis_REquote04_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/assobd.htm#t-inx">"Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105: De Imperatoribus Romanis"</a>. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 8 November 2007. <q>However, during the years 103–105, Decebalus did not respect the peace conditions imposed by Trajan and the emperor then decided to destroy completely the Dacian kingdom and to conquer Sarmizegetuza.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Sarmizegetusa+%28Sarmizegetuza%29%2C+A.D.+105%3A+De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fassobd.htm%23t-inx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> In the absence of literary references, however, the positioning of the new legions is conjectural: some scholars think that Legio II Traiana Fortis was originally stationed on the Lower Danube and participated in the Second Dacian War, being only later deployed to the East:cf. Ritterling, E., 1925. RE XII. Col. 1485. Syme, R., 1971. Danubian Papers, Bucharest. p. 106. Strobel, K., 1984. "Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Studien zur Geschichte des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes in der Hohen Kaiserzeit", Antiquitas I 33. Bonn. p. 98. Strobel, K., 2010. Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte, Verlag Friedrich Pustet. Regensburg. pp. 254–255, 265, 299, 364. Urloiu, R-L., AGAIN ON LEGIO II TRAIANA FORTIS,. History and Civilization. EUBSR 2013 International Conference, Volume 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern199993-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern199993_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattern1999">Mattern 1999</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux199874_171-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux1998">Le Roux 1998</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_172-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Second Dacian War". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Second+Dacian+War&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201049-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201049_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGăzdac2010">Găzdac 2010</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Anton J. L. van Hooff, From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-killing in Classical Antiquity. London: Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04055-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04055-8">0-415-04055-8</a>, p. 277, note 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Harriet I. Flower, The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace & Oblivion in Roman Political Culture. University of North Carolina Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3063-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3063-5">978-0-8078-3063-5</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Martin Goodman, The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180, 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Jennifer Trimble, Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture. Cambridge U. Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82515-3">978-0-521-82515-3</a>, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Ioana A. Oltean, Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-94583-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-94583-2">0-203-94583-2</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998268-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998268_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux1998">Le Roux 1998</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Carbó García, Juan Ramón. " Dacia Capta: particularidades de un proceso de conquista y romanización." Habis, 41, 275–292 (2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Meléndez, Javier Bermejo, Santiago Robles Esparcia, and Juan M. Campos Carrasco. "Trajano fundador. El último impulso colonizador del imperio." Onoba. Revista de Arqueología y Antigüedad 1 (2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre1994269-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre1994269_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre1994269_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSartre1994">Sartre 1994</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101,_104-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101,_104_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101,_104_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, pp. 101, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979101_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattern199961-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattern199961_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattern1999">Mattern 1999</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Frank Vermeulen, Kathy Sas, Wouter Dhaeze, eds. Archaeology in Confrontation: Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the Northwest : Studies in Honour of Prof. Em. Hugo Thoen. Ghent: Academia Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-382-0578-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-382-0578-3">90-382-0578-3</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979104-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979104_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Moses I. Finley, ed., Classical Slavery, London: Routledge, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3320-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3320-8">0-7146-3320-8</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998241-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998241_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux1998">Le Roux 1998</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998202,_242-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELe_Roux1998202,_242_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLe_Roux1998">Le Roux 1998</a>, pp. 202, 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Steven A. Epstein, Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe. UNC Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1939-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1939-5">0-8078-1939-5</a>, p. 26; Paul du Plessis, Studying Roman Law. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001102,_90-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001102,_90_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 102, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre199446-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre199446_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre199446_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSartre1994">Sartre 1994</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001177-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001177_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001172–182-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001172–182_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 172–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowning198233-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowning198233_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowning1982">Browning 1982</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Brian Campbell, "War and Diplomacy: Rome & Parthia 31 BC – AD 235". IN John Rich, Graham Shipley, eds.War and Society in the Roman World. London: Routledge, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-07554-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-07554-4">0-203-07554-4</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan". The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 21 (1931), pp. 1–35. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/Longden1931TrajanParthians/Longden_1931_Trajan_Parthians_djvu.txt">[11]</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986154-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986154_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSidebotham1986">Sidebotham 1986</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christol_&_Nony,_Rome,_171-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Christol_&_Nony,_Rome,_171_200-0">^</a> Christol & Nony, Rome, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001181-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001181_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2001">Young 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Daniel T. Potts, ed., Araby the Blest: Studies in Arabian Archaeology. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7289-051-7" title="Special:BookSources/87-7289-051-7">87-7289-051-7</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Potts, 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005279-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2005279_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2005">Veyne 2005</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Julian Reade, ed.,The Indian Ocean In Antiquity. London: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0435-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0435-8">0-7103-0435-8</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> George Fadlo Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times. Princeton University Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00170-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00170-7">0-691-00170-7</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201059-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGăzdac201059_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGăzdac2010">Găzdac 2010</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Pat Southern, Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-034-6">978-1-84725-034-6</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Freya Stark, Rome on the Euphrates: The Story of a Frontier.London: I. B. Tauris, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-314-0">978-1-84885-314-0</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001176_sqq-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001176_sqq_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2001">Young 2001</a>, p. 176 sqq. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley1999158_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinley1999">Finley 1999</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Paul Erdkamp, The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic Study. Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83878-8">978-0-521-83878-8</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinley1999132-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinley1999132_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinley1999">Finley 1999</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001163/215-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001163/215_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2001">Veyne 2001</a>, pp. 163/215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001181-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne2001181_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne2001">Veyne 2001</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001188-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001188_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Michael Alexander Speidel: "Bellicosissimus Princeps". In: Annette Nünnerich-Asmus ed., Traian. Ein Kaiser der Superlative am Beginn einer Umbruchzeit? Mainz 2002, pp. 23/40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986144-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESidebotham1986144_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSidebotham1986">Sidebotham 1986</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Nathanael John Andrade, "Imitation Greeks": Being Syrian in the Greco-Roman World (175 BCE – 275 CE). Doctoral Thesis, University of Michigan, 2009, p. 192. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304928274">[12]</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Raoul McLaughlin, Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China. London: Continuum, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-235-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-235-7">978-1-84725-235-7</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Olivier Hekster, "Propagating power: Hercules as an example for second-century emperors". Herakles and Hercules. Exploring a Graeco-Roman Divinity (2005): 205–21.Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/2129770/Propagating_power_Hercules_as_an_example_for_second-century_emperors">[13]</a> Retrieved 18 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005304,_311-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005304,_311_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005">Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005</a>, pp. 304, 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Dexter Hoyos, ed., A Companion to Roman Imperialism. Leiden: Brill, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23593-9">978-90-04-23593-9</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979108-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979108_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceF-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2022" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Parthian War". Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror (1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784387075" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784387075"><bdi>978-1784387075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parthian+War&rft.btitle=Trajan%3A+Rome%27s+Last+Conqueror&rft.place=UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=GreenHill+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1784387075&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> David Kennedy & Derrick Riley, Rome's Desert Frontiers. London: B.T. Datsford Limited, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6262-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-6262-0">0-7134-6262-0</a>, pp. 31/32. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Discovered in 1967 in <a href="/wiki/Pokr_Vedi" title="Pokr Vedi">Pokr Vedi</a>, made of <a href="/wiki/Vedi" title="Vedi">Vedi</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Now kept at the <a href="/wiki/History_Museum_of_Armenia" title="History Museum of Armenia">History Museum of Armenia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/File:Trajan_inscription_Artaxata,_Armenia_116_sign.jpg" title="File:Trajan inscription Artaxata, Armenia 116 sign.jpg">sign</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArakelyan1967" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Babken_Arakelyan" title="Babken Arakelyan">Arakelyan, Babken</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111133137/hpj.asj-oa.am/1121/">"Լատիներեն արձանագրություններ Արտաշատ մայրաքաղաքից [Inscriptions in Latin from the Ancient Armenian Capital of Artashat]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes" title="Patma-Banasirakan Handes">Patma-Banasirakan Handes</a> (in Armenian) (4): 302–311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patma-Banasirakan+Handes&rft.atitle=%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6+%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80+%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BF+%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D6%81+%5BInscriptions+in+Latin+from+the+Ancient+Armenian+Capital+of+Artashat%5D&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Arakelyan&rft.aufirst=Babken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20161111133137%2Fhpj.asj-oa.am%2F1121%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. – A.D. 337. Harvard University Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-77886-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-77886-3">0-674-77886-3</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> M.Christol & D. Nony, Rome et son Empire. Paris: Hachette, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-01-145542-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-01-145542-1">2-01-145542-1</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> John Rich, Graham Shipley, eds., War and Society in the Roman World. London: Routledge, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06644-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06644-1">0-415-06644-1</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001194–195-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001194–195_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Hermann Bengtson, Römische Geschichte: Republik und Kaiserzeit bis 284 n. Chr. Munich: Beck, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-02505-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-02505-6">3-406-02505-6</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Alfred S. Bradford, With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95259-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95259-2">0-275-95259-2</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoisnel2004">Choisnel 2004</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> S.J. De Laet, review of Lepper, Trajan's Parthian War. L'Antiquité Classique, 18-2, 1949, pp. 487–489. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Richard Stoneman, Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. Ann Arbor: 1994, University of Michigan Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08315-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08315-5">0-472-08315-5</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheldon2010" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Rose Mary (2010). Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Wars+in+Parthia%3A+Blood+in+the+Sand&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Rose+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001195-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001195_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sartre" title="Maurice Sartre">Maurice Sartre</a>, The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01683-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01683-1">0-674-01683-1</a>, p. 146. According to Cassius Dio, the deal between Trajan and Abgaros was sealed by the king's son offering himself as Trajan's paramour—Bennett, 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001199-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001199_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001199_240-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Bennett, Trajan, 196; Christol & Nony, Rome,171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197644-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit197644_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetit1976">Petit 1976</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Fergus Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. – A.D. 337. Harvard University Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-77886-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-77886-3">0-674-77886-3</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201371-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201371_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Patrick Le Roux, IN Ségolène Demougin, ed., H.-G. Pflaum, un historien du XXe siècle: actes du colloque international, Paris les 21, 22 et 23 octobre 2004. Geneva: Droz, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-600-01099-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-600-01099-8">2-600-01099-8</a>, pp. 182/183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197645-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit197645_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetit1976">Petit 1976</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001197/199-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001197/199_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, pp. 197/199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201372-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201372_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-249"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_249-0">^</a> Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns", 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> T. Olajos, "Le monument du triomphe de Trajan en Parthie. Quelques renseignements inobservés (Jean d'Ephèse, Anthologie Grecque XVI 72)". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1981, vol. 29, no 1-4, pp. 379–383. The statue was torn down by <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a> in 571/572. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwell200721-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwell200721_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwell200721_251-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwell2007">Edwell 2007</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> E. J. Keall, Parthian Nippur and Vologases' Southern Strategy: A Hypothesis. Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 95, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1975), pp. 620–632. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> George Rawlinson, Parthia. New York: Cosimo, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-136-1">978-1-60206-136-1</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History.Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5">0-521-80918-5</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Various authors have discussed the existence of the province and its location: André Maricq (La province d'Assyrie créée par Trajan. A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. In: Maricq: Classica et orientalia, Paris 1965, pp. 103/111) identifies Assyria with Southern Mesopotamia; Chris S. Lightfood ("Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective", Journal of Roman Studies 80, 1990, pp. 115–126), doubts the actual existence of the province; Maria G. Angeli Bertinelli ("I Romani oltre l'Eufrate nel II secolo d. C. – le provincie di Assiria, di Mesopotamia e di Osroene", In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Bd. 9.1, Berlin 1976, pp. 3/45) puts Assyria between Mesopotamia and Adiabene; Lepper (1948, p. 146) considers Assyria and Adiabene to be the same province. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979110-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979110_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttwak1979110_256-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuttwak1979">Luttwak 1979</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Janos Harmatta and others, eds., History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1408-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1408-8">81-208-1408-8</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography, London: Routledge, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1098-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1098-1">0-7007-1098-1</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164/165-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoisnel2004164/165_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoisnel2004">Choisnel 2004</a>, pp. 164/165. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Axel Kristinsson, Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. Reykjavík: ReykjavíkurAkademían, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9979-9922-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9979-9922-1-9">978-9979-9922-1-9</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett,_Trajan,_199-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett,_Trajan,_199_261-0">^</a> Bennett, Trajan, 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Kaveh Farrokh, Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3">978-1-84603-108-3</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001200_263-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> The Cambridge Ancient History: The Imperial peace, A.D. 70–192, 1965 ed., p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_265-1">b</a> Julián González, ed., Trajano Emperador De Roma, 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> The last two were made consuls (suffecti) for the year 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> E. Yarshater, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1). Cambridge University Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X">0-521-20092-X</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999289-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999289_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen1999">Mommsen 1999</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001203-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001203_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001203_269-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> James J. Bloom, The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66–135: A Military Analysis. McFarland, 2010, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Bloom, 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> A precise description of events in Judea at the time being impossible, due to the non-historical character of the Jewish (rabbinic) sources, and the silence of the non-Jewish ones: William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz, eds., The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman–Rabbinic Period. Cambridge U. Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8">978-0-521-77248-8</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Bloom, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Christer Bruun, "the Spurious 'Expeditio Ivdaeae' under Trajan". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 93 (1992) 99–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> He was already consul in absentia: Tanja Gawlich, Der Aufstand der jüdischen Diaspora unter Traian. GRIN Verlag, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-32753-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-32753-9">978-3-640-32753-9</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Margret Fell, ed., Erziehung, Bildung, Recht. Berlim: Dunker & Hunblot, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-08069-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-08069-6">3-428-08069-6</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I – Chapitre III – Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Bloom, 195/196. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Gabriele Marasco, ed., Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion. Leiden: Brill, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18299-8">978-90-04-18299-8</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2001201-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett2001201_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett2001">Bennett 2001</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jag.journalagent.com/jas/pdfs/JAS_2_1_1_10.pdf">"The Trajanic Tondo from Roman Ankara: In Search of the Identity of a Roman Masterpiece"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ankara_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Ankara Studies">Journal of Ankara Studies</a>. 2 (1): 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ankara+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Trajanic+Tondo+from+Roman+Ankara%3A+In+Search+of+the+Identity+of+a+Roman+Masterpiece&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjag.journalagent.com%2Fjas%2Fpdfs%2FJAS_2_1_1_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html#33">68.33</a>. Dio later states that <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> ruled exactly "twenty years and eleven month" (using <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a>), as in the Historia Augusta. This reign-length is repeated (in corrupted form) by <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library_Vol_3.djvu/143" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Ante-Nicene Christian Library Vol 3.djvu/143">To Autolycus XXVII</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stromata" title="Stromata">Stromata</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcpFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA444">Book I</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a> (4th/5th century) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Hadrian/1*.html#4">Hadrianus 4.6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurgess2014" class="citation book cs1">Burgess, Richard W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steiner-verlag.de/en/Roman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography/9783515107327">Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography</a>. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 54–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-10732-7"><bdi>978-3-515-10732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+imperial+chronology+and+early-fourth-century+historiography&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Historia+Einzelschriften&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-515-10732-7&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-verlag.de%2Fen%2FRoman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography%2F9783515107327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Francesca Santoro L'Hoir, Tragedy, Rhetoric, and the Historiography of Tacitus' Annales. University of Michigan Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11519-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-11519-7">0-472-11519-7</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201352-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201352_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201350,_52-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201350,_52_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, pp. 50, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005306-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005306_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005">Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201364-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201364_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201350-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201350_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80918-5">0-521-80918-5</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetit197653-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetit197653_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetit1976">Petit 1976</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005307-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005307_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005">Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014379-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarzetti2014379_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarzetti2014">Garzetti 2014</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley201378-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley201378_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirley2013">Birley 2013</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2001132-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2001132_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung2001">Young 2001</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> D. S. Potter, The Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus' "Annales". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik Bd. 88, (1991), pp. 277–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hammond, Mason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan">"Trajan"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trajan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTrajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Claride, Amaanda, Hadrian's lost Temple of Trajan, in: "Hadrian's Succession and the Monuments of Trajan", edited by Thorsten Opper, The British Museum, 2016, pp. 5 - 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-302"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_302-0">^</a> Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 6; 21.2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Eric M. Thienes, "Remembering Trajan in Fourth-Century Rome: Memory and Identity in Spatial, Artistic, and Textual Narratives". Ph.D Thesis, University of Missouri, 2015, p. 70. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/46902?show=full">[14]</a> . Retrieved 28 March 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Karl Strobel, Das Imperium Romanum im "3. Jahrhundert": Modell einer historischen Krise? Zur Frage mentaler Strukturen breiterer Bevölkerungsschichten in der Zeit von Marc Aurel bis zum Ausgang des 3. Jh.n.Chr. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-05662-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-05662-9">3-515-05662-9</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, Breviarium, 8.5.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a> 41.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> 27.3.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gschwantler-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Gschwantler_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGschwantlerBernhard-WalcherLaubenbergerPlattner2011" class="citation web cs1">Gschwantler, Kurt; Bernhard-Walcher, Alfred; Laubenberger, Manuela; Plattner, Georg; Zhuber-Okrog, Karoline (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/emperor-trajan/VAFRbvyPL4JQ4A">"Emperor Trajan - unknown - Masterpieces in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Brief Guide to the Kunsthistorisches Museum"</a>. Google Arts & Culture. Vienna. Retrieved 8 May 2021. <q>Trajan is always depicted without a beard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Emperor+Trajan+-+unknown+-+Masterpieces+in+the+Collection+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities.+A+Brief+Guide+to+the+Kunsthistorisches+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gschwantler&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Bernhard-Walcher%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Laubenberger%2C+Manuela&rft.au=Plattner%2C+Georg&rft.au=Zhuber-Okrog%2C+Karoline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fasset%2Femperor-trajan%2FVAFRbvyPL4JQ4A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGschwantlerLaubenbergerPlattnerZhuber-Okrog2012" class="citation book cs1">Gschwantler, Kurt; Laubenberger, Manuela; Plattner, Georg; Zhuber-Okrog, Karoline; Bernhard-Walcher, Alfred (2012). Haag, Sabine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/944109355">Masterpieces in the collection of Greek and Roman antiquities</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Haag" title="Sabine Haag">Sabine Haag</a>, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-99020-007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-99020-007-0"><bdi>978-3-99020-007-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944109355">944109355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+in+the+collection+of+Greek+and+Roman+antiquities&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Kunsthistorisches+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944109355&rft.isbn=978-3-99020-007-0&rft.aulast=Gschwantler&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Laubenberger%2C+Manuela&rft.au=Plattner%2C+Georg&rft.au=Zhuber-Okrog%2C+Karoline&rft.au=Bernhard-Walcher%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F944109355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/50052/">"Porträtbüste: Kaiser Traian"</a>. www.khm.at (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.khm.at&rft.atitle=Portr%C3%A4tb%C3%BCste%3A+Kaiser+Traian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khm.at%2Fobjektdb%2Fdetail%2F50052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorsey-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorsey_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorsey2021" class="citation web cs1">Dorsey, Lauren (9 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyartmagazine.com/identify-roman-emperor-by-beard/">"How to Identify a Roman Emperor By His Beard? | DailyArt Magazine"</a>. DailyArtMagazine.com - Art History Stories. Retrieved 8 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyArtMagazine.com+-+Art+History+Stories&rft.atitle=How+to+Identify+a+Roman+Emperor+By+His+Beard%3F+%7C+DailyArt+Magazine&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyartmagazine.com%2Fidentify-roman-emperor-by-beard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Dante 1998, p. 593. David H. Higgins in his notes to Purgatorio XI.75 says: "Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) was held to have swayed the justice of God by prayer ('his great victory'), releasing Trajan's soul from Hell, who, resuscitated, was converted to Christianity. Dante accepted this, as Aquinas before him, and places Trajan in Paradise (Paradiso XX.44-8)." </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Dante 1998, pp. 239–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a>, I, 10, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2002" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Eric (2002). Idiots guide to the Roman Empire. Alpha Books. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864151-5"><bdi>978-0-02-864151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idiots+guide+to+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864151-5&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 4. New York, NY:Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. p 94-96. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Robert Mankin, "Edward Gibbon: Historian in Space", A Companion to Enlightenment Historiography, Leiden: Brill, 2013, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999488-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999488_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen1999">Mommsen 1999</a>, p. 488. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Römische Kaisergeschichte. Munich: 1992, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999290-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsen1999290_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsen1999">Mommsen 1999</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> A. G. G. Gibson, ed. Robert Graves and the Classical Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873805-3">978-0-19-873805-3</a>, pp. 257/258. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeuß1976" class="citation book cs1">Heuß, Alfred (1976). Römische Geschichte. Vol. 4. Braunschweig: Westermann. pp. 344ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Geschichte&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pages=344ff&rft.pub=Westermann&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Heu%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> J.E. Lendon, "Three Emperors and the Roman Imperial Regime", The Classical Journal 94 (1998) pp. 87–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Richard Jean-Claude, "Eugen Cizek, L'époque de Trajan. Circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques" [compte rendu]. Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé, Année 1985, Volume 44, Numéro 4 pp. 425–426. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/bude_1247-6862_1985_num_44_4_1698_t1_0425_0000_2">[15]</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Jens Gering, Rezension zu: Karl Strobel, Kaiser Traian – Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte,Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde 15 (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://s145739614.online.de/fera/ausgabe15/Gering.pdf">[16]</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Petit, Histoire Générale de L'Empire Romain, 1: Le Haut Empire (27 av. J.C.- 161 apr. J.C.). Paris: Seuil, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-004969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-004969-6">978-2-02-004969-6</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976654/655-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeyne1976654/655_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeyne1976">Veyne 1976</a>, pp. 654/655. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dacia">"Dacia | Europe, Map, Culture, & History"</a>. Britannica. 23 November 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Dacia+%7C+Europe%2C+Map%2C+Culture%2C+%26+History&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDacia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-language">"Romanian language | Language Basics & Dialects"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Romanian+language+%7C+Language+Basics+%26+Dialects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRomanian-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Esther_Rabbah%2C_Petichta.3">"Esther Rabbah: Petikhta, par. 3"</a>. sefaria.org. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Esther+Rabbah%3A+Petikhta%2C+par.+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FEsther_Rabbah%252C_Petichta.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> Smallwood, E. M. (1962). Palestine c. AD 115-118. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, (H. 4), 500-510. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> Pius, A., Italica, H., Sabina, V., Aelius, L., Hadrianus, P. A., Augustus, C. P. A. T. H., ... & Paulina, D. Roman imperial dynasties. Nerva, 96, 98. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources and further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlighieri1998" class="citation book cs1">Alighieri, Dante (1998) [1993]. The Divine Comedy. Translated by Sisson, Charles H. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283502-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283502-4"><bdi>978-0-19-283502-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Comedy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283502-4&rft.aulast=Alighieri&rft.aufirst=Dante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlston2014" class="citation book cs1">Alston, Richard (2014). Aspects of Roman History 31BC-AD117. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-61120-6"><bdi>978-0-415-61120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Roman+History+31BC-AD117&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-61120-6&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ancel, R. Manning. "Soldiers". <a href="/wiki/Military_Heritage" title="Military Heritage">Military Heritage</a>. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 12, 14, 16, 20 (Trajan, Emperor of Rome).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett2001" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Julian (2001). Trajan. Optimus Princeps. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21435-5"><bdi>978-0-253-21435-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trajan.+Optimus+Princeps&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21435-5&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hadrianrestlesse00birl">Hadrian: The Restless Emperor</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16544-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16544-0"><bdi>978-0-415-16544-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian%3A+The+Restless+Emperor&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16544-0&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhadrianrestlesse00birl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDes_Boscs-Plateaux2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Des Boscs-Plateaux, Françoise (2005). Un parti hispanique à Rome?: ascension des élites hispaniques et pouvoir politique d'Auguste à Hadrien, 27 av. J.-C.-138 ap. J.-C (in French). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95555-80-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95555-80-9"><bdi>978-84-95555-80-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+parti+hispanique+%C3%A0+Rome%3F%3A+ascension+des+%C3%A9lites+hispaniques+et+pouvoir+politique+d%27Auguste+%C3%A0+Hadrien%2C+27+av.+J.-C.-138+ap.+J.-C&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Casa+de+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-84-95555-80-9&rft.aulast=Des+Boscs-Plateaux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bowersock, G.W. Roman Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1983</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1982" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Iain (1982). Jerash and the Decapolis. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1166989366">1166989366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerash+and+the+Decapolis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1166989366&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoisnel2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choisnel, Emmanuel (2004). Les Parthes et la Route de la Soie (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-7037-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7475-7037-4"><bdi>978-2-7475-7037-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Parthes+et+la+Route+de+la+Soie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-7475-7037-4&rft.aulast=Choisnel&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristolNony2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Christol" title="Michel Christol">Christol, Michel</a>; Nony, N. (2003). Rome et son Empire (in French). Paris: Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-01-145542-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-01-145542-0"><bdi>978-2-01-145542-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+et+son+Empire&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-01-145542-0&rft.aulast=Christol&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Nony%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(in French) Cizek, Eugen. L'époque de Trajan: circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques. Bucharest, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-32852-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-32852-2">978-2-251-32852-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2012" class="citation book cs1">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2012). Legions of Rome: The definitive history of every Roman legion. London: Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84916-230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84916-230-2"><bdi>978-1-84916-230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legions+of+Rome%3A+The+definitive+history+of+every+Roman+legion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84916-230-2&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwell, Peter (2007). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93833-1"><bdi>978-0-203-93833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93833-1&rft.aulast=Edwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinley1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Finley, M.I.</a> (1999). The Ancient Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21946-5"><bdi>978-0-520-21946-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Economy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21946-5&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=M.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fuller, J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. <ul><li>v. 1. From the late times to the Battle of Lepanto; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80304-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80304-6">0-306-80304-6</a>. 255, 266, 269, 270, 273 (Trajan, Roman Emperor).</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarzetti2014" class="citation book cs1">Garzetti, Albino (2014). From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire AD 14-192. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-01920-1"><bdi>978-1-138-01920-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tiberius+to+the+Antonines%3A+A+History+of+the+Roman+Empire+AD+14-192&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-01920-1&rft.aulast=Garzetti&rft.aufirst=Albino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGăzdac2010" class="citation book cs1">Găzdac, Cristian (2010). Monetary Circulation in Dacia and the Provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I (AD 106–337). Cluj-Napoca: Mega. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-606-543-040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-606-543-040-2"><bdi>978-606-543-040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monetary+Circulation+in+Dacia+and+the+Provinces+from+the+Middle+and+Lower+Danube+from+Trajan+to+Constantine+I+%28AD+106%E2%80%93337%29&rft.place=Cluj-Napoca&rft.pub=Mega&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-606-543-040-2&rft.aulast=G%C4%83zdac&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrainger2004" class="citation book cs1">Grainger, John D. (2004). Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34958-1"><bdi>978-0-415-34958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nerva+and+the+Roman+Succession+Crisis+of+AD+96%E2%80%9399&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34958-1&rft.aulast=Grainger&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeksterBetjesHeijnenIannantuono2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hekster, Olivier; Betjes, Sven; Heijnen, Sam; Iannantuono, Ketty; Jussen, Dennis; Manders, Erika; Syrbe, Daniel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/klio-2021-0052/html">"The Fame of Trajan: A Late Antique Invention"</a>. Klio. 104 (2): 693–749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fklio-2021-0052">10.1515/klio-2021-0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-7669">2192-7669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Klio&rft.atitle=The+Fame+of+Trajan%3A+A+Late+Antique+Invention&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E749&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fklio-2021-0052&rft.issn=2192-7669&rft.aulast=Hekster&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Betjes%2C+Sven&rft.au=Heijnen%2C+Sam&rft.au=Iannantuono%2C+Ketty&rft.au=Jussen%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Manders%2C+Erika&rft.au=Syrbe%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fklio-2021-0052%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Isaac, B. The Limits of Empire, The Roman Army in the East, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814891-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814891-7">0-19-814891-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20091873">20091873</a></li> <li>Jackson, N. Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror, 1st edition, GreenHill Books, 2022. ISBN 9781784387075</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brian (2002). The Emperor Domitian. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03625-9"><bdi>978-0-203-03625-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Domitian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-03625-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kennedy, D. The Roman Army in Jordan, Revised Edition, Council for British Research in the Levant, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9539102-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9539102-1-0">0-9539102-1-0</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59267318">59267318</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKettenhofen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kettenhofen, Erich (2004). "TRAJAN". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/trajan">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=TRAJAN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kettenhofen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ftrajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lepper, F.A. Trajan's Parthian War. London: Oxford University Press, 1948. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2898605">2898605</a> Also available online.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuttwak1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Luttwak" title="Edward Luttwak">Luttwak, Edward N.</a> (1979). The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2158-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-2158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+From+the+First+Century+A.D.+to+the+Third&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2158-5&rft.aulast=Luttwak&rft.aufirst=Edward+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattern1999" class="citation book cs1">Mattern, Susan P. (1999). Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21166-7"><bdi>978-0-520-21166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Enemy%3A+Imperial+Strategy+in+the+Principate&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21166-7&rft.aulast=Mattern&rft.aufirst=Susan+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>(in French) Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 6, La vie de Plotine, femme de Trajan, p. 147–168. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-00291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-336-00291-0">978-2-336-00291-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen, Theodor</a> (1999). A History of Rome Under the Emperors. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-97908-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-97908-2"><bdi>978-0-203-97908-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome+Under+the+Emperors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-97908-2&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetit1976" class="citation book cs1">Petit, Paul (1976). Pax Romana. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02171-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02171-6"><bdi>978-0-520-02171-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Romana&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02171-6&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRees2012" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Roger (2012). Latin Panegyric. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957671-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957671-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Panegyric&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957671-5&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Roux, Patrick (1998). Le Haut-Empire Romain en Occident, d'Auguste aux Sévères (in French). Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-025932-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-025932-3"><bdi>978-2-02-025932-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Haut-Empire+Romain+en+Occident%2C+d%27Auguste+aux+S%C3%A9v%C3%A8res&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-02-025932-3&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Ste._Croix1989" class="citation book cs1">de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (1989). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9597-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-9597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+Struggle+in+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9597-7&rft.aulast=de+Ste.+Croix&rft.aufirst=G.E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSartre1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sartre" title="Maurice Sartre">Sartre, Maurice</a> (1994). El Oriente romano, Parte 3 (in Spanish). Madrid: AKAL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-0412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-460-0412-7"><bdi>978-84-460-0412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Oriente+romano%2C+Parte+3&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=AKAL&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-84-460-0412-7&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Schallmayer, Egon (ed.) (1999). Traian in Germanien, Traian im Reich. Saalburg-Schriften, vol. 5. Bad Homburg: Saalburgmuseum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931267-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-931267-04-0">3-931267-04-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Michael (2005). The Dacian Threat, 101–106 AD. Armidale, Australia: Caeros Pty. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9758445-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9758445-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9758445-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dacian+Threat%2C+101%E2%80%93106+AD&rft.place=Armidale%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Caeros+Pty&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9758445-0-2&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSidebotham1986" class="citation book cs1">Sidebotham, Steven E. (1986). Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa: 30 B.C. – A.D. 217. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07644-0"><bdi>978-90-04-07644-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Economic+Policy+in+the+Erythra+Thalassa%3A+30+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+217&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07644-0&rft.aulast=Sidebotham&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrobel2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strobel, Karl (2010). Kaiser Traian: Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte (in German). Regensburg: F. Pustet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2172-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2172-9"><bdi>978-3-7917-2172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaiser+Traian%3A+Eine+Epoche+der+Weltgeschichte&rft.place=Regensburg&rft.pub=F.+Pustet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-7917-2172-9&rft.aulast=Strobel&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeyne1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veyne, Paul (1976). Le Pain et le Cirque (in French). Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-004507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-004507-0"><bdi>978-2-02-004507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Pain+et+le+Cirque&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-2-02-004507-0&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeyne2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veyne, Paul (2001). La Société Romaine (in French). Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-052360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-052360-8"><bdi>978-2-02-052360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Romaine&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-02-052360-8&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeyne2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Veyne, Paul (2005). L'Empire Gréco-Romain (in French). Paris: Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-057798-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-057798-4"><bdi>978-2-02-057798-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Empire+Gr%C3%A9co-Romain&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-02-057798-4&rft.aulast=Veyne&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2001" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gary K. (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-47093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-47093-0"><bdi>978-0-203-47093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade%3A+International+Commerce+and+Imperial+Policy+31+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+305&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-203-47093-0&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wildfeuer, C.R.H. Trajan, Lion of Rome: the Untold Story of Rome's Greatest Emperor, Aquifer Publishing, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9818460-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9818460-6-8">0-9818460-6-8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496004778">496004778</a> Historical fiction.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html">Cassius Dio, Roman History Book 68</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm">Aurelius Victor (attrib.), Epitome de Caesaribus Chapter 13</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029190241/http://www.princeton.edu/~champlin/cla219/219pliny.htm">Pliny the Younger, Letters, Book 10</a>, English translation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Secondary material">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenario2000" class="citation web cs1">Benario, Herbert W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/trajan.htm">"Trajan (A.D. 98–117)"</a>. De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 24 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trajan+%28A.D.+98%E2%80%93117%29&rft.pub=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Benario&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Ftrajan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrajan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trajan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Ulpius_Nerva_Traianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus">Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Trajan </div><div><a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></div>Born: 18 September 53 Died: August 117 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> 98–117 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Tullius_Cerialis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Tullius Cerialis (page does not exist)">Marcus Tullius Cerialis</a> [<a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cerialis" class="extiw" title="la:Marcus Tullius Cerialis">la</a>; <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_T%C3%BAlio_Cerial" class="extiw" title="pt:Marco Túlio Cerial">pt</a>] <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Catullinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Catullinus">Cn. Pompeius Catullinus</a></div>as suffect consul </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 91 With: <a href="/wiki/Manius_Acilius_Glabrio_(consul_91)" title="Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 91)">Mn. Acilius Glabrio</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnaeus_Minicius_Faustinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnaeus Minicius Faustinus (page does not exist)">Gnaeus Minicius Faustinus</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cneo_Minicio_Faustino_(c%C3%B3nsul_91)" class="extiw" title="es:Cneo Minicio Faustino (cónsul 91)">es</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Minicius_Faustinus_(Konsul_91)" class="extiw" title="de:Gnaeus Minicius Faustinus (Konsul 91)">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB-%D1%81%D1%83%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_91_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Гней Миниций Фаустин (консул-суффект 91 года)">ru</a>] <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Marinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Valerius Marinus">P. Valerius Marinus</a></div>as suffect consul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">P. Cornelius Tacitus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Ostorius_Scapula_(consul_59)" title="Marcus Ostorius Scapula (consul 59)">M. Ostorius Scapula</a></div>as suffect consul </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 98 With: <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> IV </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Maecius_Postumus" title="Lucius Maecius Postumus">L. Maecius Postumus</a></div>as suffect consul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Palma_Frontonianus" title="Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus">A. Cornelius Palma Frontonianus</a> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sosius_Senecio" title="Quintus Sosius Senecio">Q. Sosius Senecio</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 100 With: <a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Sex. Julius Frontinus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Julius_Ursus" title="Lucius Julius Ursus">Lucius Julius Ursus</a></div>as suffect consul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Roscius_Aelianus_Maecius_Celer" title="Lucius Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer">L. Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Sacerdos_Julianus" title="Tiberius Claudius Sacerdos Julianus">Ti. Claudius Sacerdos Julianus</a></div>as suffect consul </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 101 With: <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Articuleius_Paetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Articuleius Paetus">Q. Articuleius Paetus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Attius_Suburanus" title="Sextus Attius Suburanus">Sex. Attius Suburanus Aemilianus</a></div>as suffect consul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_Albus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Antonius Albus">L. Antonius Albus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Homullus" title="Marcus Junius Homullus">M. Junius Homullus</a></div>as suffect consul </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 103 With: <a href="/wiki/Manius_Laberius_Maximus" title="Manius Laberius Maximus">Manius Laberius Maximus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Glitius_Atilius_Agricola" title="Quintus Glitius Atilius Agricola">Q. Glitius Atilius Agricola</a> II</div>as suffect consul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Octavius_Crassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Octavius Crassus (page does not exist)">L. Octavius Crassus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Coelius_Apollinaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Coelius Apollinaris (page does not exist)">P. Coelius Apollinaris</a></div>as suffect consul </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 112 With: <a href="/wiki/Titus_Sextius_Cornelius_Africanus" title="Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus">T. Sextius Cornelius Africanus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Licinius_Ruso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Licinius Ruso (page does not exist)">M. Licinius Ruso</a></div>as suffect consul </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a> (?), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>  (<3150–2040 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> (pre-3150 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a> (3150–2686 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2181 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate</a> (2181–2040 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>  (2040–1550 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1802 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate</a> (1802–1550 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>  (1550–664 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  (male</li><li>female♀)</li><li>uncertain</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1070 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a>♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate</a> (1069–664 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> (664 BC–313 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> (664–332 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–30 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> (30 BC–313 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1st</a></li> <li>2nd</li> <li>3rd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21st to 23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4537151247947944270001">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3319160486112205180001">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3892147270463235700002">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35755/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMhpc6ggFvFbkgwpQrHyb">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118623567">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79055990">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13164032k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13164032k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV153638">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61544279">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20040227018&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX938012">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069710260">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97049437">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115699">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1711932">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118623567.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118623567">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081821417">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63b8qhn">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68485">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trajan&oldid=1283506740">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trajan&oldid=1283506740</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trajan" title="Category:Trajan">Trajan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:53_births" title="Category:53 births">53 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:117_deaths" title="Category:117 deaths">117 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:1st-century Roman emperors">1st-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:2nd-century Roman emperors">2nd-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adult_adoptees" title="Category:Adult adoptees">Adult adoptees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_adoptees" title="Category:Ancient Roman adoptees">Ancient Roman adoptees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_military_personnel" title="Category:Ancient Roman military personnel">Ancient Roman military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_edema" title="Category:Deaths from edema">Deaths from edema</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_Roman_emperors" title="Category:Deified Roman 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Germania Superior</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_governors_of_Pannonia" title="Category:Roman governors of Pannonia">Roman governors of Pannonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_legates" title="Category:Roman legates">Roman legates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romans_from_Hispania" title="Category:Romans from Hispania">Romans from Hispania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ulpii" title="Category:Ulpii">Ulpii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_pharaohs" title="Category:Roman pharaohs">Roman pharaohs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_generals" title="Category:Ancient Roman generals">Ancient Roman generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Characters_in_the_Divine_Comedy" title="Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy">Characters in the Divine Comedy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" 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