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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Sewer socialism</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">American socialist</a> movement that centered in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, from around 1892 to 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moniker was coined by <a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a> at the 1932 Milwaukee convention of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> as a commentary on the Milwaukee socialists and their perpetual boasting about the excellent public <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewer system</a> in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>, this group formed the core of an element that favored reformism rather than revolution, de-emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> and revolutionary rhetoric in favor of honest government and efforts to improve <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. The sewer socialists fought to clean up what they saw as "the dirty and polluted legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cleaning up neighborhoods and factories with new <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> systems, city-owned water and power systems and improved education. This approach is sometimes called "constructive socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has its origins in the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (United States)">Social Democratic Party</a>, a precursor to the Socialist Party of America. Even before the creation of the Social Democratic Party, Milwaukee had elected socialist millwright <a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Henry Smith (Wisconsin politician)">Henry Smith</a> (who had been elected to the legislature under the "Socialist" label) to Congress on the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a> ticket in 1886. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victor_Berger_and_Meta_Berger">Victor Berger and Meta Berger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victor Berger and Meta Berger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berger-victor-1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Berger-victor-1905.jpg/220px-Berger-victor-1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Berger-victor-1905.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a>, Representative of Wisconsin's 5th district in the 61st and 67th–72nd Congresses</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a> was one of the prime movers of sewer socialism,<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often compared to <a href="/wiki/Robert_La_Follette,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert La Follette, Sr.">Robert La Follette</a> and his representation of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>. He was an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austrian Jewish</a> immigrant who published <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> daily <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, distributing free copies to every household in Milwaukee before elections. He was the best-known local leader of this tendency. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Berger" title="Meta Berger">Meta Berger</a>, was also a prominent socialist activist. In 1910, he became the first of two 20th-century Socialists elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Wisconsin's 5th congressional district">Wisconsin's 5th congressional district</a> (the second was <a href="/wiki/Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">Meyer London</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>). Berger was reelected in 1918, but he was barred from his seat in the House because of his trial and conviction under the <a href="/wiki/1917_Espionage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 Espionage Act">1917 Espionage Act</a> for his public remarks opposing intervention in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. A special election was called in which Berger again emerged victorious, but he was denied the seat and it was declared vacant. Berger served the 5th district again from 1923 until 1929 and during his tenure introduced proposals for numerous programs that were subsequently adopted, such as <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pension">old age pensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">unemployment insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">public housing</a>. Positions advanced by <a href="/wiki/Meta_Berger" title="Meta Berger">Meta Berger</a> which proved successful included "penny lunches", medical exams for children, and improved working conditions and wages for teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_success">Electoral success</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debs_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Debs_campaign.jpg/220px-Debs_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Debs_campaign.jpg/330px-Debs_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Debs_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Campaign poster from the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a> where <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> was the running mate of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1910, the Socialists won most of the seats in the Milwaukee city council and county board. This included the first Socialist mayor in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a>, who also received the nomination for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 election</a> when the Socialists netted 6% of the vote, their highest-ever percentage. Seidel and Berger both lost their campaigns in 1912, but in 1916 a new socialist mayor was elected, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a>, who remained in office until 1940. Socialists never regained total control over the local government as they did in 1910, but they continued to show major influence until the defeat of Daniel Hoan in 1940. The sewer socialists elected one more mayor in Milwaukee, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Frank Zeidler</a>, who served for three terms (1948–1960). A member of a socialist party has not been elected mayor of a major American city since the end of Zeidler's tenure, although independent democratic socialist <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> was elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a> in 1981. In the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> primary for the <a href="/wiki/2021_Buffalo_mayoral_election" title="2021 Buffalo mayoral election">2021 Buffalo mayoral election</a>, self-identified socialist <a href="/wiki/India_Walton" title="India Walton">India Walton</a> scored an upset victory over incumbent <a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Byron Brown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_Wins_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_Wins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Brown went on to defeat Walton in the general election as a <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in candidate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_Wins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_Wins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had Walton won, she would have been the first socialist to serve as mayor of a major American city since Zeidler.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_Wins_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_Wins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Milwaukee elected two democratic socialists to the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly" title="Wisconsin State Assembly">Wisconsin State Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrin_Madison" title="Darrin Madison">Darrin Madison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Clancy" title="Ryan Clancy">Ryan Clancy</a>. Madison and Clancy, who are both members of the Democratic Party, announced they would form an informal Socialist Caucus, the first of its kind in Wisconsin since 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Wisconsin_Progressive_Party">Relationship with the Wisconsin Progressive Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Wisconsin Progressive Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Socialists had many ideas and policies similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Wisconsin Progressives</a>, tensions still existed between the two groups because of their differing ideologies. Socialist Assemblyman <a href="/wiki/George_L._Tews" title="George L. Tews">George L. Tews</a>, during a 1932 debate on <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_compensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment compensation">unemployment compensation</a> and how to fund it, argued for the Socialist bill and against the Progressive substitute, stating that a Progressive was "a Socialist with the brains knocked out".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, as a rule, the Progressives and Socialists did not run candidates against each other in Milwaukee, they rarely co-operated on elections. One notable exception was the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert La Follette</a>, who was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. A factor that affected this lack of collaboration was the relationship of each party to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. Socialists were outright opposed to the party, while the Progressives sometimes worked with their parent party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage">Heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, Progressive editor <a href="/wiki/William_Evjue" class="mw-redirect" title="William Evjue">William Evjue</a> wrote of the Wisconsin Socialist legislators he had known by saying: "They never were approached by the lobbyists, because the lobbyists knew it was not possible to influence these men. They were incorruptible."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, when union organizer Juan Miguel Martinez was elected to join incumbent Ryan Clancy as the second self-proclaimed socialist member of the eighteen-member Milwaukee County board of supervisors (both had been endorsed by the Milwaukee chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a>), Martinez and Clancy both cited the sewer socialists as part of the heritage on which they seek to build.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_McLevy" title="Jasper McLevy">Jasper McLevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=9192&search_term=socialism">"Socialism in Milwaukee"</a>. Wisconsin Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104021609/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=9192&search_term=socialism">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialism+in+Milwaukee&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fdictionary%2Findex.asp%3Faction%3Dview%26term_id%3D9192%26search_term%3Dsocialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewer+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Waldman, <i>Labor Lawyer.</i> New York: Dutton, 1944, p. 260. Hillquit was running against Milwaukee mayor Dan Hoan for the position of National Chairman of the Socialist Party at the 1932 convention, and the insult may have sprung up in that context.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisconsinhistory1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-043/?action=more_essay">"Milwaukee Sewer Socialism"</a>. Wisconsin Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310095243/https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-043/?action=more_essay">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milwaukee+Sewer+Socialism&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fturningpoints%2Ftp-043%2F%3Faction%3Dmore_essay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewer+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Sally M. <i>Victor Berger and the Promise of Constructive Socialism</i> Westwood, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walton_Wins-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walton_Wins_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walton_Wins_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Jones, Sarah (June 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706193304/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/socialist-india-walton-looks-like-buffalos-next-mayor.html">"It Looks Like Buffalo Will Have a Socialist Mayor"</a>. <i>New York</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/06/socialist-india-walton-looks-like-buffalos-next-mayor.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=It+Looks+Like+Buffalo+Will+Have+a+Socialist+Mayor&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2021%2F06%2Fsocialist-india-walton-looks-like-buffalos-next-mayor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewer+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_Wins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_Wins_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2021" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Patrick (November 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wivb.com/india-walton-buffalo-mayor/write-ins-are-counted-buffalo-mayor-byron-brown-wins-reelection-defeating-india-walton/">"Write-ins are counted: Buffalo Mayor Byron Brown wins reelection, defeating India Walton"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WIVB-TV" title="WIVB-TV">Buffalo News 4</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalo+News+4&rft.atitle=Write-ins+are+counted%3A+Buffalo+Mayor+Byron+Brown+wins+reelection%2C+defeating+India+Walton&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wivb.com%2Findia-walton-buffalo-mayor%2Fwrite-ins-are-counted-buffalo-mayor-byron-brown-wins-reelection-defeating-india-walton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewer+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wispolitics.com/2023/rep-madison-wisconsin-socialist-caucus-formed-for-the-first-time-since-1931">"Rep. Madison: Wisconsin Socialist Caucus formed for the first time since 1931"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rep.+Madison%3A+Wisconsin+Socialist+Caucus+formed+for+the+first+time+since+1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wispolitics.com%2F2023%2Frep-madison-wisconsin-socialist-caucus-formed-for-the-first-time-since-1931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewer+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaveny, Edward T. "$10,000,000 Tax: Assembly Passes Compromise Bill by 73 to 15 Vote" <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee Sentinel">Milwaukee Sentinel</a></i> January 6, 1932; p. 1, cols. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evjue, William T. "Hello, Wisconsin," <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Times">Capital Times</a></i> November 9, 1961, p. 3, col. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox6now.com/news/socialist-elected-milwaukee-county-supervisor">Calvi, Jason "Socialist elected Milwaukee County supervisor"</a> <a href="/wiki/WITI_(TV)" title="WITI (TV)">FOX6 News</a> April 7, 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beck, Elmer A. <i>The Sewer Socialists: A History of the Socialist Party of Wisconsin, 1897–1940</i>. Fennimore, WI: Westburg Associates, 1982.</li> <li>Bekken, Jon. "'No Weapon So Powerful': Working-Class Newspapers in the United States," <i>Journal of Communication Inquiry</i>, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 104–119 (1988)</li> <li>Johnston, Scott D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/wmh/id/19840/show/19805">Wisconsin Socialists and the Conference for Progressive Political Action</a>" <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 37, no. 2 (Winter, 1953–1954): 96–100.</li> <li>Jozwiak, Elizabeth. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/wmh/id/42498/show/42441">Politics in Play: Socialism, Free Speech, and Social Centers in Milwaukee</a>" <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 66, no. 4 (Summer, 1983): 10–21.</li> <li>Kerstein, Edward S. <i>Milwaukee's All-American Mayor: Portrait of Daniel Webster Hoan.</i> Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966.</li> <li>Lorence, James J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/wmh/id/47703/show/47623">'Dynamite for the Brain': The Growth and Decline of Socialism in Central and Lakeshore Wisconsin, 1910–1920</a>" <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 66, no. 4 (Summer, 1983): 250–273.</li> <li>McCarthy, John M. <i>Making Milwaukee Mightier: Planning and the Politics of Growth, 1910–1960</i>. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Miller, Sally M. <i>Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in Early Twentieth-Century American Socialism.</i> Garland Reference Library of Social Science, vol. 880. New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1996.</li> <li>Olson, Frederick L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/wmh/id/21754/show/21702">The Socialist Party and the Union in Milwaukee, 1900–1912</a>" <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 44, no. 2 (Winter, 1960–1961): 110–116.</li> <li>Zeidler, Frank P. <i>A Liberal in City Government: My Experiences as Mayor of Milwaukee</i>. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Publishers, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expressmilwaukee.com/blog-3038-john-gurda-on-how-the-socialists-saved-milwaukee.html">John Gurda on How the Socialists Saved Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/89804422.html">Socialism before it was a four-letter word</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsonline.com/news/opinion/42448437.html">Here, Socialism meant honest, frugal government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316043202/https://thenorthstar.info/?p=13205">Parsing Out the Legacy of Sewer Socialism</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&oldid=1251291699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewer_socialism&oldid=1251291699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Milwaukee" title="Category:History of Milwaukee">History of Milwaukee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_socialism" title="Category:History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Socialism in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Category:Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Milwaukee" title="Category:20th century in Milwaukee">20th century in Milwaukee</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use American English from October 2021">Use American English from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2021">Use mdy dates from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 11:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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