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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First efforts at publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_efforts_at_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editor_of_the_Tribune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editor_of_the_Tribune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Editor of the <i>Tribune</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Editor_of_the_Tribune-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Editor of the <i>Tribune</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Editor_of_the_Tribune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_(1841–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_(1841–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early years (1841–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_(1841–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressman_(1848–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressman_(1848–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Congressman (1848–1849)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressman_(1848–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_(1849–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_(1849–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Influence (1849–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_(1849–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1860_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1860_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1860 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1860_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_breaks_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_breaks_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>War breaks out</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_breaks_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_Prayer_of_Twenty_Millions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_Prayer_of_Twenty_Millions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>"The Prayer of Twenty Millions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_Prayer_of_Twenty_Millions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_riots_and_peace_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_riots_and_peace_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Draft riots and peace efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_riots_and_peace_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grant_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grant_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Grant years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grant_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidential candidate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_candidate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential candidate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Final_month_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_month_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Final month and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_month_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appraisal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_written_by_Greeley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_written_by_Greeley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works written by Greeley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_written_by_Greeley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horace Greeley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هوراس غريلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوراس غريلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هوراس قریلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هوراس قریلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="হোরাস গ্রিলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হোরাস গ্রিলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Хорас Грылі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хорас Грылі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хорас Грийли – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хорас Грийли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هوراس گریلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوراس گریلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="호러스 그릴리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호러스 그릴리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Հորաս Գրիլի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հորաս Գրիլի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99" title="הוראס גרילי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוראס גרילי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Greeley" title="Horatius Greeley – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Horatius Greeley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horass_Gr%C4%ABlijs" title="Horass Grīlijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Horass Grīlijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="होरेस ग्रीली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होरेस ग्रीली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="هوراس جريلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوراس جريلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ホレス・グリーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホレス・グリーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="هوريس ګريلي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوريس ګريلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horace Greeley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and publisher (1811–1872)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Horace Greeley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/220px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/330px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg/440px-Horace_Greeley_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Greeley, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860s</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <span data-sort-value="New York06 !"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="New York's 6th congressional district">6th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 4, 1848 – March 3, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Jackson" title="David S. Jackson">David S. Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Brooks_(politician)" title="James Brooks (politician)">James Brooks</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1811-02-03</span>)</span>February 3, 1811<br /><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst, New Hampshire</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 29, 1872<span style="display:none">(1872-11-29)</span> (aged 61)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pleasantville,_New_York" title="Pleasantville, New York">Pleasantville, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (before 1854)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1854–1872)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> (1872)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Cheney_Greeley" title="Mary Young Cheney Greeley">Mary Cheney</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1836; died 1872)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horace Greeley's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg/128px-Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg/192px-Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg/256px-Horace_Greeley_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="101" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Horace Greeley</b> (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper editor">editor</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>. Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 presidential election</a> against incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who won by a landslide. </p><p>Greeley was born to a poor family in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst, New Hampshire</a>. He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications, involved himself in <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> politics, and took a significant part in <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>'s successful 1840 presidential campaign. </p><p>The following year, Greeley founded the <i>Tribune</i>, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country through weekly editions sent by mail. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</a>, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and the unemployed. He popularized the slogan "<a href="/wiki/Go_West,_young_man" title="Go West, young man">Go West, young man, and grow up with the country</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Go_West,_young_man_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_West,_young_man-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He endlessly promoted radical reforms such as <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">temperance</a> and hired the best talent that he could find. </p><p>Greeley's alliance with <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a> led to his serving three months in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, where he angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. In 1854, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. Republican newspapers across the nation regularly reprinted his editorials. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, he mostly supported President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> but urged him to commit to the end of slavery before Lincoln was willing to do so. After <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's assassination">Lincoln's assassination</a>, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> in opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>. He broke with the Radicals and with Republican President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a> because of the party's corruption and Greeley's view that <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction-era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction-era">Reconstruction-era</a> policies were no longer needed. </p><p>Greeley was the new <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>'s presidential nominee in <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a>. He lost in a landslide despite having the additional support of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. He was devastated by the death of his wife five days before the election and died one month later, prior to the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG/220px-Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG/330px-Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG/440px-Horacegreeleybirthplace1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Horace Greeley Birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst, New Hampshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a small farm about five miles from <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_New_Hampshire" title="Amherst, New Hampshire">Amherst, New Hampshire</a>. He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life. It is suggested that this deprivation may have caused him to develop <a href="/wiki/Asperger%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Asperger's syndrome">Asperger's syndrome</a>—some of his biographers, such as Mitchell Snay, maintain that this condition would account for his eccentric behaviors in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's family was of <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> descent, and his forebears included early settlers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his mother's family descended from <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> immigrants from the village of <a href="/wiki/Garvagh" title="Garvagh">Garvagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a> who had settled <a href="/wiki/Londonderry,_New_Hampshire" title="Londonderry, New Hampshire">Londonderry, New Hampshire</a>. Some of Greeley's maternal ancestors were present at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Derry" title="Siege of Derry">siege of Derry</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a> in 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary (Woodburn) Greeley. Zaccheus was not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horace attended the local schools and was a brilliant student.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeing the boy's intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horace's way at <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>, but the Greeleys did not want to accept charity. In 1820, Zaccheus's financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned for debt, and settle in Vermont. Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could—the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library. In 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a <a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_devil" title="Printer's devil">printer's apprentice</a>, but was told he was too young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams12_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams12-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1826, at age 15, Greeley was made a printer's apprentice to Amos Bliss, editor of the <i>Northern Spectator</i>, a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Poultney_(town),_Vermont" title="Poultney (town), Vermont">East Poultney, Vermont</a>. There, he learned the mechanics of a printer's job, and acquired a reputation as the town encyclopedia, reading his way through the local library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family, living near <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>. He remained there only briefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired by the <i>Erie Gazette</i>. Although ambitious for greater things, he remained until 1831 to help support his father. While there, he became a <a href="/wiki/Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalist">Universalist</a>, breaking from his <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> upbringing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams30–33_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams30–33-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_efforts_at_publishing">First efforts at publishing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First efforts at publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg/170px-Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg/255px-Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg/340px-Greeley_arrives_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Early depiction of Greeley's first arrival in New York</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1831, Greeley went to New York City to seek his fortune. There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to the metropolis, and he could only find short-term work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay16_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay16-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832, Greeley worked as an employee of the publication <i>Spirit of the Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built his resources and set up a print shop in that year. In 1833, he tried his hand with <a href="/wiki/Horatio_D._Sheppard" title="Horatio D. Sheppard">Horatio D. Sheppard</a> at editing a daily newspaper, the <i>New York Morning Post</i>, which was not a success. Despite this failure and its attendant financial loss, Greeley published the thrice-weekly <i>Constitutionalist</i>, which mostly printed lottery results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 22, 1834, he published the first issue of <i>The New-Yorker</i> in partnership with Jonas Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was less expensive than other literary magazines of the time and published both contemporary ditties and political commentary. Circulation reached 9,000, then a sizable number, yet it was ill-managed and eventually fell victim to the economic <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky4–5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky4–5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also published the campaign newssheet of the new <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> in New York for the 1834 campaign, and came to believe in its positions, including free markets with government assistance in developing the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams31–32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams31–32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his move to New York City, Greeley met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Cheney_Greeley" title="Mary Young Cheney Greeley">Mary Young Cheney</a>. Both were living at a boarding house run on the diet principles of <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Graham" title="Sylvester Graham">Sylvester Graham</a>, eschewing meat, alcohol, coffee, tea, and spices, as well as abstaining from the use of tobacco. Greeley was subscribing to Graham's principles at the time, and to the end of his life rarely ate meat. Mary Cheney, a schoolteacher, moved to North Carolina to take a teaching job in 1835. They were married in <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_North_Carolina" title="Warrenton, North Carolina">Warrenton, North Carolina</a>, on July 5, 1836, and an announcement duly appeared in <i>The New-Yorker</i> eleven days later. Greeley had stopped over in Washington, D.C., on his way south to observe Congress. He took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work while his wife took up a teaching job in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams37–39_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams37–39-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the positions taken by <i>The New-Yorker</i> was that the unemployed of the cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s, the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837 and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In his journal, Greeley urged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to make public lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers. He told his readers, "Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anything rather than remain here ... the West is the true destination."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams41–42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams41–42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, he advised "any young man" about to start in the world, "Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated and your energy and industry rewarded."<sup id="cite_ref-Go_West,_young_man_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Go_West,_young_man-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams43_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams43-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, Greeley met Albany editor <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>. Weed spoke for a liberal faction of the Whigs in his newspaper, the Albany <i>Evening Journal</i>. He hired Greeley as editor of the state Whig newspaper for the upcoming campaign. The newspaper, the <i>Jeffersonian</i>, premiered in February 1838 and helped elect the Whig candidate for governor, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky4–5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky4–5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1839, Greeley worked for several journals, and took a month-long break to go as far west as Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams47_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams47-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley was deeply involved in the campaign of the Whig candidate for president in <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. He published the major Whig periodical, the <i>Log Cabin</i>, and also wrote many of the pro-Harrison songs that marked the campaign. These songs were sung at mass meetings, many organized and led by Greeley. According to biographer Robert C. Williams, "Greeley's lyrics swept the country and roused Whig voters to action."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams53_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funds raised by Weed helped distribute the <i>Log Cabin</i> widely. Harrison and his running mate <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> were easily elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams53–54_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams53–54-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editor_of_the_Tribune"><span class="anchor" id="politics"></span>Editor of the <i>Tribune</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Editor of the Tribune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_(1841–1848)"><span id="Early_years_.281841.E2.80.931848.29"></span>Early years (1841–1848)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early years (1841–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1840sGreeley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1840sGreeley.jpg/170px-1840sGreeley.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1840sGreeley.jpg/255px-1840sGreeley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/1840sGreeley.jpg/340px-1840sGreeley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Greeley by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, taken between 1844 and 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 1840 campaign, the <i>Log Cabin'</i>s circulation had risen to 80,000 and Greeley decided to establish a daily newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, New York had many newspapers, dominated by <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_Bennett,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Gordon Bennett, Sr.">James Gordon Bennett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></i>, which, with a circulation of about 55,000, had more readers than its combined competition. As technology advanced, it became cheaper and easier to publish a newspaper, and the daily press came to dominate the weekly, which had once been the more common format for news periodicals. Greeley borrowed money from friends to get started, and published the first issue of the <i>Tribune</i> on April 10, 1841—the day of a memorial parade in New York for President Harrison, who had died after a month in office and been replaced by Vice President Tyler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams58_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams58-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first issue, Greeley promised that his newspaper would be a "new morning Journal of Politics, Literature, and General Intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams58_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams58-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Yorkers were not initially receptive; the first week's receipts were $92 and expenses $525.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams58_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams58-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper was sold for a cent a copy by newsboys who purchased bundles of papers at a discount. The price of advertising was initially four cents a line but was quickly raised to six cents. Through the 1840s, the <i>Tribune</i> was four pages, that is, a single sheet folded. It initially had 600 subscribers and 5,000 copies were sold of the first issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay54–55_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay54–55-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early days, Greeley's chief assistant was <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Raymond">Henry J. Raymond</a>, who a decade later founded <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. To place the <i>Tribune</i> on a sound financial footing, Greeley sold a half-interest in it to attorney <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_McElrath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas McElrath (page does not exist)">Thomas McElrath</a> (1807–1888), who became publisher of the <i>Tribune</i> (Greeley was editor) and ran the business side. Politically, the <i>Tribune</i> backed Kentucky Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, who had unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination that fell to Harrison, and supported Clay's <a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a> for development of the country. Greeley was one of the first newspaper editors to have a full-time correspondent in Washington, an innovation quickly followed by his rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams58_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams58-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of Greeley's strategy was to make the <i>Tribune</i> a newspaper of national scope, not merely local.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One factor in establishing the paper nationally was the <i>Weekly Tribune</i>, created in September 1841 when the <i>Log Cabin</i> and <i>The New-Yorker</i> were merged. With an initial subscription price of $2 a year,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay55_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay55-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was sent to many across the United States by mail and was especially popular in the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay11,_23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay11,_23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1841, Greeley was offered the editorship of the national Whig newspaper, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madisonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madisonian (page does not exist)">Madisonian</a></i>. He demanded full control, and declined when not given it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams59_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley, in his paper, initially supported the Whig program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay63_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As divisions between Clay and President Tyler became apparent, he supported the Kentucky senator and looked to a Clay nomination for president in <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams59_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams59-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Clay was nominated by the Whigs, he was defeated by the Democrat, former Tennessee governor <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, though Greeley worked hard on Clay's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay86–87_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay86–87-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley had taken positions in opposition to slavery as editor of <i>The New-Yorker</i> in the late 1830s, opposing the annexation of the slaveholding <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay39–41_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay39–41-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1840s, Greeley became an increasingly vocal opponent of the expansion of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay63_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley hired <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> in 1844 as first literary editor of the <i>Tribune</i>, for which she wrote over 200 articles. She lived with the Greeley family for several years, and when she moved to Italy, he made her a foreign correspondent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams78–81_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams78–81-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted the work of <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, serving as literary agent and seeing to it that Thoreau's work was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams82_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams82-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> also benefited from Greeley's promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams81–82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams81–82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> explained: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <i>Tribune</i> set a new standard in American journalism by its combination of energy in newsgathering with good taste, high moral standards, and intellectual appeal. Police reports, scandals, dubious medical advertisements, and flippant personalities were barred from its pages; the editorials were vigorous but usually temperate; the political news was the most exact in the city; book reviews and book-extracts were numerous; and as an inveterate lecturer Greeley gave generous space to lectures. The paper appealed to substantial and thoughtful people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins528–534_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins528–534-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Greeley, who had met his wife at a Graham boarding house, became enthusiastic about other social movements that did not last and promoted them in his paper. He subscribed to the views of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, a French social thinker, then recently deceased, <a href="/wiki/Fourierism#Social_life" title="Fourierism">who proposed</a> the establishment of settlements called "phalanxes" with a given number of people from various walks of life, who would function as a corporation and among whose members profits would be shared. Greeley, in addition to promoting <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a> in the <i>Tribune</i>, was associated with two such settlements, both of which eventually failed, though the town that eventually developed on the site of the one in Pennsylvania was after his death renamed <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Pennsylvania" title="Greeley, Pennsylvania">Greeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay68–72_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay68–72-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressman_(1848–1849)"><span id="Congressman_.281848.E2.80.931849.29"></span>Congressman (1848–1849)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congressman (1848–1849)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1848, Congressman <a href="/wiki/David_S._Jackson" title="David S. Jackson">David S. Jackson</a>, a Democrat, of New York's 6th district was unseated for election fraud. Jackson's term was to expire in March 1849 but, during the 19th century, Congress convened annually in December, making it important to fill the seat. Under the laws then in force, the Whig committee from the Sixth District chose Greeley to run in the special election for the remainder of the term, though they did not select him as their candidate for the seat in the following Congress. The Sixth District, or Sixth Ward as it was commonly called, was mostly Irish-American, and Greeley proclaimed his support for Irish efforts towards independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. He easily won the November election and took his seat when Congress convened in December 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley's selection was procured by the influence of his ally, <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a congressman for three months, Greeley introduced legislation for a <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">homestead act</a> that would allow settlers who improved land to purchase it at low rates—a fourth of what speculators would pay. He was quickly noticed because he launched a series of attacks on legislative privileges, taking note of which congressmen were missing votes, and questioning the office of <a href="/wiki/House_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="House Chaplain">House Chaplain</a>. This was enough to make him unpopular. But he outraged his colleagues when on December 22, 1848, the <i>Tribune</i> published evidence that many congressmen had been paid excessive sums as travel allowance. In January 1849, Greeley supported a bill that would have corrected the issue, but it was defeated. He was so disliked, he wrote a friend, that he had "divided the House into two parties—one that would like to see me extinguished and the other that wouldn't be satisfied without a hand in doing it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams114–115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams114–115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other legislation introduced by Greeley, all of which failed, included attempts to end flogging in the Navy and to ban alcohol from its ships. He tried to change the name of the United States to "Columbia", abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and increase tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky145_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One lasting effect of the term of Congressman Greeley was his friendship with a fellow Whig, serving his only term in the House, Illinois's <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Greeley's term ended after March 3, 1849, and he returned to New York and the <i>Tribune</i>, having, according to Williams, "failed to achieve much except notoriety".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams115–116_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams115–116-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_(1849–1860)"><span id="Influence_.281849.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Influence (1849–1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence (1849–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg/220px-New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg/330px-New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg/440px-New_York_Tribune_editorial_staff_by_Brady.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2342" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> editorial staff, with Greeley third from the left in the front row</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 1840s, Greeley's <i>Tribune</i> was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influential nationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas and small towns. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Taylor" title="Bayard Taylor">Bayard Taylor</a> deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According to Williams, the <i>Tribune</i> could mold public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively than could the president. Greeley sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, who worked for the <i>Tribune</i> in the 1870s, deemed the "Gospel according to St. Horace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams61_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams61-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Tribune</i> remained a Whig paper, but Greeley took an independent course. In <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>, he had been slow to endorse the Whig presidential nominee, General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, a Louisianan and hero of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Greeley opposed both the war and the expansion of slavery into the new territories seized from Mexico and feared Taylor would support expansion as president. Greeley considered endorsing former President <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, but finally endorsed Taylor, who was elected; the editor was rewarded for his loyalty with the congressional term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky144–145_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky144–145-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley vacillated on support for the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, which gave victories to both sides of the slavery issue, before finally opposing it. In the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 presidential campaign</a>, he supported the Whig candidate, General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, but savaged the Whig platform for its support of the Compromise. "We defy it, execrate it, spit upon it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay110–112_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay110–112-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such party divisions contributed to Scott's defeat by former New Hampshire senator <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, with the party increasingly divided over the slavery issue, Greeley printed an editorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Whig and declaring it to be nonpartisan. He was confident that the paper would not suffer financially, trusting in reader loyalty. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the <i>Republic</i>, a Whig organ, mocked Greeley and his beliefs: "If a party is to be built up and maintained on <a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">Mesmerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_Liquor_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Liquor laws">Maine Liquor laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritual Rappings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuthism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a>, and forty other <a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">isms</a>, we have no disposition to mix with any such companions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuchinsky155_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuchinsky155-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in 1854, Illinois Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> introduced his <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Bill</a>, allowing residents of each territory to decide whether it would be slave or free, Greeley strongly fought the legislation in his newspaper. After it passed, and the <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Border War</a> broke out in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>, Greeley was part of efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay114–115_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay114–115-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, proponents of slavery recognized Greeley and the <i>Tribune</i> as adversaries, stopping shipments of the paper to the South and harassing local agents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams168_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams168-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, by 1858, the <i>Tribune</i> reached 300,000 subscribers through the weekly edition, and it would continue as the foremost American newspaper through the years of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams169_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams169-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kansas–Nebraska Act helped destroy the Whig Party, but a new party with opposition to the spread of slavery at its heart had been under discussion for some years. Beginning in 1853, Greeley participated in the discussions that led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and may have coined its name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams175_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams175-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley attended the first New York state Republican Convention in 1854 and was disappointed not to be nominated either for governor or lieutenant governor. The switch in parties coincided with the end of two of his longtime political alliances: in December 1854, Greeley wrote that the political partnership between Weed, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> (who was by then senator after serving as governor) and himself was ended "by the withdrawal of the junior partner".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay116–117_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay116–117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival <i>The New York Times</i> for support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay117_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay117-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, Greeley purchased a farm in rural <a href="/wiki/Chappaqua,_New_York" title="Chappaqua, New York">Chappaqua, New York</a>, where he experimented with farming techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde_ANB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde_ANB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, he designed and built <a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(Chappaqua,_New_York)" title="Rehoboth (Chappaqua, New York)">Rehoboth</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> structures in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv_ny_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv_ny-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, Greeley published a campaign biography by an anonymous author for the first Republican presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Tribune</i> continued to print a wide variety of material. In 1851, its managing editor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles A. Dana</a>, recruited <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as a foreign correspondent in London. Marx collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> on his work for the <i>Tribune</i>, which continued for over a decade, covering 500 articles. Greeley felt compelled to print, "Mr. Marx has very decided opinions of his own, with some of which we are far from agreeing, but those who do not read his letters are neglecting one of the most instructive sources of information on the great questions of current European politics."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams131–135_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams131–135-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley sponsored a host of reforms, including pacifism and feminism and especially the ideal of the hard-working free laborer. Greeley demanded reforms to make all citizens free and equal. He envisioned virtuous citizens who would eradicate corruption. He talked endlessly about progress, improvement, and freedom, while calling for harmony between labor and capital.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley's editorials promoted social democratic reforms and were widely reprinted. They influenced the free-labor ideology of the Whigs and the radical wing of the Republican Party, especially in promoting the free-labor ideology. Before 1848 he sponsored an American version of Fourierist socialist reform. but backed away after the failed revolutions of 1848 in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To promote multiple reforms Greeley hired a roster of writers who later became famous in their own right, including <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles A. Dana, <a href="/wiki/George_William_Curtis" title="George William Curtis">George William Curtis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fry" title="William Henry Fry">William Henry Fry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Taylor" title="Bayard Taylor">Bayard Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Chambers" title="Julius Chambers">Julius Chambers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Henry Jarvis Raymond</a>, who later co-founded <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years <a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">George Ripley</a> was the staff literary critic.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Swisshelm" title="Jane Swisshelm">Jane Swisshelm</a> was one of the first women hired by a major newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859, Greeley traveled across the continent to see the West for himself, to write about it for the <i>Tribune</i>, and to publicize the need for a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams203_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams203-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also planned to give speeches to promote the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen230_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen230-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1859, he went to Chicago, and then to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>, and was unimpressed by the local people. Nevertheless, after speaking before the first ever Kansas Republican Party Convention at <a href="/wiki/Osawatomie,_Kansas" title="Osawatomie, Kansas">Osawatomie, Kansas</a>, Greeley took one of the first stagecoaches to Denver, seeing the town then in course of formation as a mining camp of the <a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams203_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams203-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sending dispatches back to the <i>Tribune</i>, Greeley took the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Trail" title="Overland Trail">Overland Trail</a>, reaching <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, where he conducted a two-hour interview with the <a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>—the first newspaper interview Young had given. Greeley encountered Native Americans and was sympathetic but, like many of his time, deemed Indian culture inferior. In California, he toured widely and gave many addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde60–65_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde60–65-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860_presidential_election">1860 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1860 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a> and <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Although he remained on cordial terms with Senator Seward, Greeley never seriously considered supporting him in his bid for the Republican nomination for president. Instead, during the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago, he pressed the candidacy of former Missouri representative <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a>, an opponent of the spread of slavery who had freed his own slaves. In his newspaper, in speeches, and in conversation, Greeley pushed Bates as a man who could win the North and even make inroads in the South. Nevertheless, when one of the <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark horse candidate">dark horse candidates</a> for the Republican nomination, Abraham Lincoln, came to New York to give <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">an address</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a>, Greeley urged his readers to go hear Lincoln, and was among those who accompanied him to the platform. Greeley thought of Lincoln as a possible nominee for vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen231,_241–245_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen231,_241–245-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley attended the convention as a substitute for Oregon delegate Leander Holmes, who was unable to attend. In Chicago, he promoted Bates but deemed his cause hopeless and felt that Seward would be nominated. In conversations with other delegates, he predicted that, if nominated, Seward could not carry crucial battleground states such as Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard198–199_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard198–199-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley's estrangement from Seward was not widely known, giving the editor more credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin242_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin242-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley (and Seward) biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen noted that it is uncertain how great a part Greeley played in Seward's defeat by Lincoln—he had little success gaining delegates for Bates. On the first two ballots, Seward led Lincoln, but on the second only by a small margin. After the third ballot, on which Lincoln was nominated, Greeley was seen among the Oregon delegation, a broad smile on his face.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale222–223_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale222–223-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pulitzer Prize-winning historian <a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a>, "it is hard to imagine Lincoln letting Greeley's resentment smolder for years as Seward did".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin255–256_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin255–256-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seward's forces made Greeley a target of their anger at the senator's defeat. One subscriber cancelled, regretting the three-cent stamp he had to use on the letter; Greeley supplied a replacement. When he was attacked in print, Greeley responded in kind. He launched a campaign against corruption in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Legislature">New York Legislature</a>, hoping voters would defeat incumbents and the new legislators would elect him to the Senate when Seward's term expired in 1861. (Before 1913, senators were elected by state legislatures.) But his main activity during the campaign of 1860 was boosting Lincoln and denigrating the other presidential candidates. He made it clear that a Republican administration would not interfere with slavery where it already was and denied that Lincoln was in favor of voting rights for African Americans. He kept up the pressure until Lincoln was elected in November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen248–253_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen248–253-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln soon let it be known that Seward would be <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, which meant that he would not be a candidate for re-election to the Senate. Weed wanted <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> elected in his place, while the anti-Seward forces in New York gathered around Greeley. The crucial battleground was the Republican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature. Greeley's forces did not have enough votes to send him to the Senate, but they had enough strength to block Evarts's candidacy. Weed threw his support to <a href="/wiki/Ira_Harris" title="Ira Harris">Ira Harris</a>, who had already received several votes, and who was chosen by the caucus and elected by the legislature in February 1861. Weed was content to have blocked the editor, and stated that he had "paid the <i>first</i> installment on a large debt to Mr. Greeley".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen256–257_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen256–257-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_breaks_out">War breaks out</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War breaks out"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Lincoln's election, there was talk of secession in the South. The <i>Tribune</i> was initially in favor of peaceful separation, with the South becoming a separate nation. According to an editorial on November 9: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the Cotton States shall become satisfied that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless.... And whenever a considerable section of our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures designed to keep it in. We hope never to live in a republic whereof one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz190–191_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz190–191-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Similar editorials appeared through January 1861, after which <i>Tribune</i> editorials took a hard line on the South, opposing concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner435_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner435-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Williams concludes that "for a brief moment, Horace Greeley had believed that peaceful secession might be a form of freedom preferable to civil war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams219_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams219-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brief flirtation with disunion would have consequences for Greeley—it was used against him when he ran for president in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams219_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams219-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the days leading up to <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's inauguration</a>, the <i>Tribune</i> headed its editorial columns each day, in large capital letters: "No compromise!/No concession to traitors!/The Constitution as it is!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard210_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard210-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley attended the inauguration, sitting close to Senator Douglas, as the <i>Tribune</i> hailed the beginning of Lincoln's presidency. When southern forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attacked Fort Sumter</a>, the <i>Tribune</i> regretted the loss of the fort, but applauded the fact that war to subdue the rebels, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, would now take place. The paper criticized Lincoln for not being quick to use force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard211–212_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard211–212-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the spring and early summer of 1861, Greeley and the <i>Tribune</i> beat the drum for a Union attack. "On to Richmond", a phrase coined by a <i>Tribune</i> <a href="/wiki/Stringer_(journalism)" title="Stringer (journalism)">stringer</a>, became the watchword of the newspaper as Greeley urged the occupation of the rebel capital of Richmond before the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Congress">Confederate Congress</a> could meet on July 20. In part because of the public pressure, in mid July Lincoln sent the half-trained <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> into the field at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, where it was soundly beaten. The defeat threw Greeley into despair, and he may have suffered a nervous breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams220–223_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams220–223-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""The_Prayer_of_Twenty_Millions""><span id=".22The_Prayer_of_Twenty_Millions.22"></span>"The Prayer of Twenty Millions"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: "The Prayer of Twenty Millions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restored to health by two weeks at the farm he had purchased in Chappaqua, Greeley returned to the <i>Tribune</i> and a policy of general backing of the Lincoln administration, even having kind words to say about Secretary Seward, his old foe. He was supportive even during the military defeats of the first year of the war. Late in 1861, he proposed to Lincoln through an intermediary that the president provide him with advance information as to its policies, in exchange for friendly coverage in the <i>Tribune</i>. Lincoln eagerly accepted, "having him firmly behind me will be as helpful to me as an army of one hundred thousand men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen279–281_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen279–281-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1862, however, Greeley was again sometimes critical of the administration, frustrated by the failure to win decisive military victories, and perturbed at the president's slowness to commit to the emancipation of the slaves once the Confederacy was defeated, something the <i>Tribune</i> was urging in its editorials. This was a change in Greeley's thinking which began after First Manassas, a shift from preservation of the Union being the primary war purpose to wanting the war to end slavery. By March, the only action against slavery that Lincoln had backed was a proposal for compensated emancipation in the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> that had remained loyal to the Union, though he signed legislation abolishing slavery in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–285_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen282–285-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln supposedly asked a <i>Tribune</i> correspondent, "What in the world is the matter with Uncle Horace? Why can't he restrain himself and wait a little while?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams226_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams226-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley's prodding of Lincoln culminated in a letter to him on August 19, 1862, reprinted on the following day in the <i>Tribune</i> as "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". By this time, Lincoln had informed his Cabinet of the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> he had composed, and Greeley was told of it the same day the prayer was printed. In his letter, Greeley demanded action on emancipation and strict enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a>. Lincoln must "fight slavery with liberty", and not fight "wolves with the devices of a sheep."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams232–233_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams232–233-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lincoln's reply would become famous, much more so than the prayer that provoked it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams233_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams233-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "My paramount object in this struggle <i>is</i> to save the Union, and is <i>not</i> either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing <i>any</i> slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing <i>all</i> the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do <i>not</i> believe it would help to save the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln's statement angered abolitionists; William Seward's wife <a href="/wiki/Frances_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Seward">Frances</a> complained to her husband that Lincoln had made it seem "that the mere keeping together a number of states is more important than human freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley felt Lincoln had not truly answered him, "but I'll forgive him everything if he'll issue the proclamation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams233_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams233-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lincoln did, on September 22, Greeley hailed the Emancipation Proclamation as a "great boon of Freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams234_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams234-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Williams, "Lincoln's war for Union was now also Greeley's war for emancipation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams234_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams234-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Draft_riots_and_peace_efforts">Draft riots and peace efforts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Draft riots and peace efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG/220px-Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG/330px-Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG/440px-Horace_Greeley_1961_issue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Greeley <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">honored</a> on a 1961 U.S. postage stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Union victory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">at Gettysburg</a> in early July 1863, the <i>Tribune</i> wrote that the rebellion would be quickly "stamped out".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale271_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale271-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week after the battle, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> erupted. Greeley and the <i>Tribune</i> were generally supportive of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">conscription</a>, though feeling that the rich should not be allowed to evade it by hiring substitutes. Support for the draft made them targets of the mob, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune_Building" title="New York Tribune Building"><i>Tribune</i> Building</a> was surrounded, and at least once invaded. Greeley secured arms from the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a>, and 150 soldiers kept the building secure. Mary Greeley and her children were at the farm in Chappaqua; a mob threatened them but dispersed without doing harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams240–241_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams240–241-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1863, Greeley was requested by a firm of Hartford publishers to write a history of the war. Greeley agreed, and over the next eight months he penned a 600-page volume, which would be the first of two, entitled <i>The American Conflict</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen301_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen301-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books were very successful, selling a total of 225,000 copies by 1870, a large sale for the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams245_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams245-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, Greeley played with ideas as to how to settle it. In 1862, Greeley had approached the French minister to Washington, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mercier" title="Henri Mercier">Henri Mercier</a>, to discuss a mediated settlement. However, Seward rejected such talks, and the prospect of European intervention receded after the bloody Union victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a> in September 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams247_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams247-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1864, Greeley received word that there were Confederate commissioners in Canada, empowered to offer peace. In fact, the men were in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a>, Canada, in order to aid <a href="/wiki/Peace_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Democrats">Peace Democrats</a> and otherwise undermine the Union war effort, but they played along when Greeley journeyed to Niagara Falls, at Lincoln's request. The president was willing to consider any deal that included reunion and emancipation. The Confederates had no credentials and were unwilling to accompany Greeley to Washington under safe conduct. Greeley returned to New York, and the episode, when it became public, embarrassed the administration. Lincoln said nothing publicly concerning Greeley's credulous conduct, but he privately indicated that he had no confidence in him anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen306–309_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen306–309-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley did not initially support Lincoln for nomination in 1864, casting about for other candidates. In February, he wrote in the <i>Tribune</i> that Lincoln could not be elected to a second term. Nevertheless, no candidate made a serious challenge to Lincoln, and Lincoln was nominated in June, which the <i>Tribune</i> applauded slightly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen303–304_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen303–304-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, fearing a Democratic victory and acceptance of the Confederacy, Greeley engaged in a plot to get a new convention to nominate another candidate, with Lincoln withdrawing. The plot came to nothing. Once <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta was taken</a> by Union forces on September 3, Greeley became a fervent supporter of Lincoln. Greeley was gratified by both <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">Lincoln's re-election</a> and continued Union victories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen310–311_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen310–311-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the war drew to a close in April 1865, Greeley and the <i>Tribune</i> urged magnanimity towards the defeated Confederates, arguing that making martyrs of Confederate leaders would only inspire future rebels. This talk of moderation ceased when <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>. Many concluded that Lincoln had fallen as the result of a final rebel plot, and the new president, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, offered $100,000 for the capture of fugitive Confederate president <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>. After the rebel leader was caught, Greeley initially advocated that "punishment be meted out in accord with a just verdict".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard231–234_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard231–234-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through 1866, Greeley editorialized that Davis, who was being held at <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Monroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Monroe">Fortress Monroe</a>, should either be set free or put on trial. Davis's wife <a href="/wiki/Varina_Davis" title="Varina Davis">Varina</a> urged Greeley to use his influence to gain her husband's release. In May 1867, a Richmond judge set bail for the former Confederate president at $100,000 (~$1.79 million in 2023). Greeley was among those who signed the <a href="/wiki/Bail_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Bail bond">bail bond</a>, and the two men met briefly at the courthouse. This act resulted in public anger against Greeley in the North. Sales of the second volume of his history (published in 1866) declined sharply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams272–273_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams272–273-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subscriptions to the <i>Tribune</i> (especially the <i>Weekly Tribune</i>) also dropped off, though they recovered during the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen354–355_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen354–355-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially supportive of Andrew Johnson's lenient <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> policies, Greeley soon became disillusioned, as the president's plan allowed the quick formation of state governments without securing <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> for the freedman. When Congress convened in December 1865, and gradually took control of Reconstruction, he was generally supportive, as <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> pushed hard for universal male suffrage and civil rights for freedmen. Greeley ran for Congress in 1866 but lost badly. He ran for Senate in the legislative election held in early 1867 but lost to <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen342–349_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen342–349-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the president and Congress battled, Greeley remained firmly opposed to the president, and when <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Johnson was impeached</a> in March 1868, Greeley and the <i>Tribune</i> strongly supported his removal, attacking Johnson as "an aching tooth in the national jaw, a screeching infant in a crowded lecture room," and declaring, "There can be no peace or comfort till he is out."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the president was acquitted by the Senate, much to Greeley's disappointment. Also in 1868, Greeley sought the Republican nomination for governor but was frustrated by the Conkling forces. Greeley supported the successful Republican presidential nominee, General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen368–373_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen368–373-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grant_years">Grant years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grant years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood,_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg/220px-Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg/330px-Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg/440px-Horace_Greeley_by_Rockwood%2C_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Greeley at his Chappaqua farm in 1869, photographed by his friend <a href="/wiki/George_G._Rockwood" title="George G. Rockwood">George G. Rockwood</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1868, <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a> joined the <i>Tribune</i> 's staff as managing editor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard270_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard270-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Reid, Greeley found a reliable second-in-command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen377_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen377-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also on the Tribune's staff in the late 1860s was <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen320_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen320-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> sometimes contributed pieces, as did <a href="/wiki/Bret_Harte" title="Bret Harte">Bret Harte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale300,_311_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale300,_311-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> joined the staff as an editorial writer. Greeley soon pronounced Hay the most brilliant at that craft ever to write for the <i>Tribune</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferro132–133_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferro132–133-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley maintained his interest in <a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">associationism</a>. Beginning in 1869, he was heavily involved in an attempt to found the <a href="/wiki/Union_Colony_of_Colorado" title="Union Colony of Colorado">Union Colony of Colorado</a>, a utopia on the prairie, in a scheme led by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Meeker" title="Nathan Meeker">Nathan Meeker</a>. The new town of <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> was named after him. He served as treasurer and lent Meeker money to keep the colony afloat. In 1871, Greeley published a book <i>What I Know About Farming</i>, based on his childhood experience and that from his country home in Chappaqua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams284–289_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams284–289-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard266_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard266-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley continued to seek political office, running for <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptroller of New York">state comptroller</a> in 1869 and the House of Representatives in 1870, losing both times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams293_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams293-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, President Grant offered Greeley the post of minister to Santo Domingo (today, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>), which he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams294_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams294-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_candidate"><span class="anchor" id="election_of_1872"></span>Presidential candidate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 United States presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign</a></div> <p>As had been the case for much of the 19th century, political parties continued to be formed and to vanish after the Civil War. In September 1871, Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a>, founded on opposition to President Grant, opposition to corruption, and support of civil service reform, lower taxes, and land reform. He gathered around him an eclectic group of supporters whose only real link was their opposition to Grant, whose administration had proved increasingly corrupt. The party needed a candidate, with a presidential election upcoming. Greeley was one of the best-known Americans, as well as being a perennial candidate for office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams292–293_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams292–293-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was more minded to consider a run for the Republican nomination, fearing the effect on the <i>Tribune</i> should he bolt the party. Nevertheless, he wanted to be president, as a Republican if possible, and if not, as a Liberal Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams295–296_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams295–296-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard302–303_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard302–303-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Liberal Republican national convention met in Cincinnati in May 1872. Greeley was spoken of as a possible candidate, as was Missouri Governor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Gratz Brown">Benjamin Gratz Brown</a>. Schurz was ineligible, being foreign-born. On the first ballot, former minister to Britain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a> led, but Greeley took a narrow lead on a revised second ballot. Adams then retook the lead, but on the sixth ballot, after a "spontaneous" demonstration staged by Reid, Greeley gained the nomination, with Brown as the vice presidential candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams296–298_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams296–298-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ronald White writes, "No one summed up Greeley's strength and weakness better than Grant, who wrote a friend, 'He is a genius without common sense'".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats, when they met in Baltimore in July, faced a stark choice: nominate Greeley, long a thorn in their side, or split the anti-Grant vote and go on to certain defeat. They chose the former, and even adopted the Liberal Republican platform, which called for equal rights for African Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale338_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale338-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley resigned as editor of the <i>Tribune</i> for the campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz388_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz388-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, unusually for the time, embarked on a speaking tour to bring his message to the people. As it was customary for candidates for major office not to actively campaign, he was attacked as a seeker after office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard309–310_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard309–310-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in late July, Greeley (and others, such as former Ohio governor <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>) thought he would very likely be elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams303_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams303-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley campaigned on a platform of intersectional reconciliation, arguing that the war was over and the issue of slavery was resolved. He asserted that it was time to restore normalcy and end the continuing military occupation of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard313_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard313-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eat_own_words.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Eat_own_words.jpg/220px-Eat_own_words.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Eat_own_words.jpg/330px-Eat_own_words.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Eat_own_words.jpg/440px-Eat_own_words.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> cartoon for the 1872 campaign, alleging that Greeley was contradicting his earlier positions</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican counterattack was well financed, accusing Greeley of support for everything from treason to the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. The anti-Greeley campaign was famously and effectively summed up in the cartoons of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, whom Grant later credited with a major role in his re-election. Nast's cartoons showed Greeley giving bail money for Jefferson Davis, throwing mud on Grant, and shaking hands with John Wilkes Booth across Lincoln's grave. The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_of_America_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Crédit Mobilier of America scandal">Crédit Mobilier scandal</a>—corruption in the financing of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>—broke in September, but Greeley was unable to take advantage of the Grant administration's ties to the scandal as he had stock in the railroad himself, and some alleged it had been given to him in exchange for favorable coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams303–304_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams303–304-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley's wife Mary had returned ill from a trip to Europe in late June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale339–340_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale339–340-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her condition worsened in October, and he effectively broke off campaigning after October 12 to be with her. She died on October 30, plunging him into despair a week before the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams305_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams305-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor results for the Democrats in those states that had elections for other offices in September and October presaged defeat for Greeley, and so it proved. He received 2,834,125 votes to 3,597,132 for Grant, who secured 286 electors to 66 for Greeley. The editor-turned-candidate won only six states (out of 37): Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz390–391_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz390–391-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_month_and_death"><span class="anchor" id="death"></span>Final month and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Final month and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greeley resumed editorship of the <i>Tribune</i> but quickly learned that a movement to unseat him was underway. He found himself unable to sleep, and after a final visit to the <i>Tribune</i> on November 13 (a week after the election), he remained under medical care. At the recommendation of a family physician, Greeley was sent to <a href="/wiki/Choate_House_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choate House (New York)">Choate House</a>, the asylum of Dr. <a href="/wiki/George_Choate" class="mw-redirect" title="George Choate">George Choate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pleasantville,_New_York" title="Pleasantville, New York">Pleasantville, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz398–399_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz398–399-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he continued to worsen, and he died on November 29, with his two surviving daughters and Whitelaw Reid at his side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams306_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams306-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His death came before the Electoral College balloted. His 66 electoral votes were divided among four others, principally Indiana governor-elect <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> and Greeley's vice presidential running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz391_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz391-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Greeley had requested a simple funeral, his daughters ignored his wishes and arranged a grand affair at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Universalist_Society_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York">Church of the Divine Paternity</a>, later the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Universalist_Society_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York">Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York</a>, where Greeley was a member. He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>. Among the mourners were old friends, <i>Tribune</i> employees including Reid and Hay, his journalistic rivals, and a broad array of politicians, led by President Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale352–353_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale352–353-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appraisal">Appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tributes_to_Horace_Greeley" title="Tributes to Horace Greeley">Tributes to Horace Greeley</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeley_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greeley_grave.JPG/170px-Greeley_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greeley_grave.JPG/255px-Greeley_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greeley_grave.JPG/340px-Greeley_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Horace Greeley in Green-Wood Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the venom that had been spewed over him in the presidential campaign, Greeley's death was widely mourned. <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, which had printed Nast's cartoons, wrote, "Since the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, the death of no American has been so sincerely deplored as that of Horace Greeley; and its tragical circumstances have given a peculiarly affectionate pathos to all that has been said of him."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz403_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz403-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a> wrote in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlook_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outlook (New York)">Christian Union</a></i>, "when Horace Greeley died, unjust and hard judgment of him died also".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz404_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz404-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> noted Greeley's eccentric dress, "That poor white hat! If, alas, it covered many weaknesses, it covered also much strength, much real kindness and benevolence, and much that the world will be better for".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz404_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz404-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greeley supported liberal policies towards the fast-growing western regions; he memorably advised the ambitious to "Go West, young man."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hired <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> because of his interest in covering working-class society and politics,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked monopolies of all sorts, and rejected land grants to railroads.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry would make everyone rich, he insisted, as he promoted high tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported vegetarianism, opposed liquor, and paid serious attention to any ism anyone proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Iver Bernstein says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Greeley was an eclectic and unsystematic thinker, a one-man switchboard for the international cause of "Reform." He committed himself, all at once, to utopian and artisan socialism, to land, sexual, and dietary reform, and, of course, to anti-slavery. Indeed Greeley's great significance in the culture and politics of Civil War-era America stemmed from his attempt to accommodate intellectually the contradictions inherent in the many diverse reform movements of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Greeley's view of freedom was based in the desire that all should have the opportunity to better themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams314_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams314-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his biographer, Erik S. Lunde, "a dedicated social reformer deeply sympathetic to the treatment of poor white males, slaves, free blacks, and white women, he still espoused the virtues of self-help and free enterprise".<sup id="cite_ref-bio_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Deusen stated: "His genuine human sympathies, his moral fervor, even the exhibitionism that was a part of his makeup, made it inevitable that he should crusade for a better world. He did so with apostolic zeal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Greeley's effectiveness as a reformer was undermined by his idiosyncrasies: according to Williams, he "must have looked like an apparition, a man of eccentric habits dressed in an old linen coat that made him look like a farmer who came into town for supplies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams313_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams313-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Deusen wrote, "Greeley's effectiveness as a crusader was limited by some of his traits and characteristics. Culturally deficient, he was to the end ignorant of his own limitations, and this ignorance was a great handicap."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Tribune</i> remained under that name until 1924, when it merged with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York <i>Herald</i></a> to become the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Herald-Tribune">New York <i>Herald-Tribune</i></a>, which was published until 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name survived until 2013, when the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="International Herald-Tribune">International Herald-Tribune</a></i> became the <i><a href="/wiki/International_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="International New York Times">International New York Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town of Greeley, Colorado is named after Horace Greeley.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a statue of Greeley in <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_Park,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall Park, Manhattan">City Hall Park</a> in New York, donated by the Tribune Association. Cast in 1890, it was not dedicated until 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second statue of Greeley is located in <a href="/wiki/Greeley_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeley Square">Greeley Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greeley Square, at Broadway and 33rd Street, was named by the New York City Common Council in a vote after Greeley's death.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Deusen concluded his biography of Greeley: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>More significant still was the service that Greeley performed as a result of his faith in his country and his countrymen, his belief in infinite American progress. For all his faults and shortcomings, Greeley symbolized an America that, though often shortsighted and misled, was never suffocated by the wealth pouring from its farms and furnaces ... For through his faith in the American future, a faith expressed in his ceaseless efforts to make real the promise of America, he inspired others with hope and confidence, making them feel that their dreams also had the substance of realty. It is his faith, and theirs that has given him his place in American history. In that faith he still marches among us, scolding and benevolent, exhorting us to confidence and to victory in the great struggles of our own day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen430_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen430-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Go_West,_young_man-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Go_West,_young_man_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Go_West,_young_man_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The origin of the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Go_West,_young_man" title="Go West, young man">Go West, young man</a>, and grow up with the country" and its variants is uncertain, though Greeley popularized it and he is closely associated with the phrase. The <i>Tribune</i> alleged that the phrase was "attached to the editor erroneously" and, according to his biographer Williams, Greeley probably did not coin it. There are many tales regarding its origination: minister <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Grinnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Grinnell">Josiah Grinnell</a>, founder of Iowa's <a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell College</a>, claimed to be the young man whom Greeley first told to "go West". See Thomas Fuller, "'Go West, young man!'—An Elusive Slogan." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> (2004): 231–242. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27792556">online</a> See <a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Statues of Horace Greeley in<br /> New York City</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg/200px-Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg/300px-Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg/400px-Greeley_in_rain_City_Hall_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Horace_Greeley_(City_Hall_Park)" title="Statue of Horace Greeley (City Hall Park)">In City Hall Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg/200px-Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg/300px-Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg/400px-Horace_Greeley_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Horace_Greeley_(Herald_Square)" title="Statue of Horace Greeley (Herald Square)">At Greeley Square</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay9-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay9_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnay">Snay</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207053839/http://ulster-scots.com/uploads/USCNNewEngland.pdf">"The Ulster-Scots and New England: Scotch-Irish foundations in the New World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_Agency" title="Ulster-Scots Agency">Ulster-Scots Agency</a>. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulster-scots.com/uploads/USCNNewEngland.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ulster-Scots+and+New+England%3A+Scotch-Irish+foundations+in+the+New+World&rft.pages=33&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster-scots.com%2Fuploads%2FUSCNNewEngland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde26_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunde">Lunde</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams12-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams12_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams30–33-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams30–33_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnay16-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnay16_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnay">Snay</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde11-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde11_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELunde11_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLunde">Lunde</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams27-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams233_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams233_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fact that Lincoln was planning to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation suggests that he had already chosen the third of these options.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin471_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodwin">Goodwin</a>, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams234-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams234_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams234_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale271-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale271_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams240–241-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams240–241_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen301-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen301_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams245-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams245_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams247-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams247_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen306–309-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen306–309_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 306–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen303–304-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen303–304_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen310–311-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen310–311_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard231–234-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard231–234_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, pp. 231–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams272–273-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams272–273_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 272–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen354–355-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen354–355_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen342–349-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen342–349_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 342–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1998" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Adam (1998) [<i><a href="/wiki/Time_(Magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (Magazine)">Time</a></i>, December 21, 1998, Vol. 152, No. 25]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1998/12/15/johnson.html">"An impeachment long ago: Andrew Johnson's saga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309073006/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1998/12/15/johnson.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=An+impeachment+long+ago%3A+Andrew+Johnson%27s+saga&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2Ftime%2F1998%2F12%2F15%2Fjohnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen368–373-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen368–373_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, pp. 368–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard270-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard270_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen377-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen377_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen320-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen320_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale300,_311-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale300,_311_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 300, 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaliaferro132–133-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaliaferro132–133_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaliaferro">Taliaferro</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams284–289-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams284–289_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 284–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard266-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard266_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams293-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams293_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams294-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams294_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams292–293-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams292–293_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams295–296-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams295–296_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard302–303-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard302–303_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, pp. 302–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams296–298-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams296–298_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 296–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._White" title="Ronald C. White">White, Ronald C.</a> (2017) <i>American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant</i>. New York: Random House. p. 532. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-8125-4">978-0-8129-8125-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale338-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale338_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz388-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz388_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard309–310-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard309–310_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, pp. 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams303-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams303_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard313-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoddard313_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoddard">Stoddard</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams303–304-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams303–304_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, pp. 303–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale339–340-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale339–340_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams305-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams305_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz390–391-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz390–391_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, pp. 390–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz398–399-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz398–399_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, pp. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams306-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams306_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz391-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz391_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale352–353-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHale352–353_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHale">Hale</a>, pp. 352–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz403-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz403_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeitz404-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz404_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeitz404_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeitz">Seitz</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earle D. 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Brophy, "Horace Greeley, 'Socialist'". <i>New York History</i> 29.3 (July 1948): 309–317 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43460290">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112124214/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43460290">Archived</a> January 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Stauss, "The Political Economy of Horace Greeley" <i>Southwestern Social Science Quarterly</i> (1939): 399–408. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42879558">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112123054/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42879558">Archived</a> January 12, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James M. Lundberg, <i>Horace Greeley: Print, Politics, and the Failure of American Nationhood</i> (2019) p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karen Iacobbo and Michael Iacobbo, <i>Vegetarian America: A History</i> (2004), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIver_Bernstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Iver Bernstein (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SF0rWO4y-JYC&pg=PT184"><i>The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War</i></a>. Oxford UP. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199923434" title="Special:BookSources/9780199923434"><bdi>9780199923434</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512115748/https://books.google.com/books?id=SF0rWO4y-JYC&pg=PT184#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+City+Draft+Riots%3A+Their+Significance+for+American+Society+and+Politics+in+the+Age+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780199923434&rft.au=Iver+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSF0rWO4y-JYC%26pg%3DPT184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams314-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams314_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunde2000" class="citation web cs1">Lunde, Erik S. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00653.html?a=1&n=Horace%20Greeley&d=10&ss=0&q=1">"Greeley, Horace"</a>. <i>American National Biography Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512115811/https://www.anb.org/display/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1600653?a=1&d=10&n=Horace+Greeley&q=1&ss=0">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Greeley%2C+Horace&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Lunde&rft.aufirst=Erik+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F16%2F16-00653.html%3Fa%3D1%26n%3DHorace%2520Greeley%26d%3D10%26ss%3D0%26q%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen428_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams313-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams313_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams">Williams</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/08/13/page/119/article/hear-herald-tribune-folds-in-new-york">"Hear <i>Herald-Tribune</i> Folds in New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. August 13, 1966. pp. 2–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211025902/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1966/08/13/page/119/article/hear-herald-tribune-folds-in-new-york/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hear+Herald-Tribune+Folds+in+New+York&rft.pages=2-10&rft.date=1966-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1966%2F08%2F13%2Fpage%2F119%2Farticle%2Fhear-herald-tribune-folds-in-new-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmemann2013" class="citation news cs1">Schmemann, Serge (October 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/14/business/media/turning-the-page.html">"Turning the Page"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213115943/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/14/business/media/turning-the-page.html?">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Turning+the+Page&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Schmemann&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2013%2F10%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fturning-the-page.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winders, Gertrude Hecker, "Horace Greeley: Newspaperman," The John Day Company, New York, 1962, page 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/city-hall-park/monuments/637">"Horace Greeley"</a>. NYC Parks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213035551/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/city-hall-park/monuments/637">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley&rft.pub=NYC+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fparks%2Fcity-hall-park%2Fmonuments%2F637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/greeley-square-park/monuments/635">"Horace Greeley"</a>. NYC Parks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213034045/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/greeley-square-park/monuments/635">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley&rft.pub=NYC+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fparks%2Fgreeley-square-park%2Fmonuments%2F635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinn1912" class="citation book cs1">Linn, William Alexander (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleyfou00linnuoft"><i>Horace Greeley: Founder and Editor of the New York Tribune</i></a>. D. Appleton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleyfou00linnuoft/page/258">258</a>–259. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/732763">732763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Founder+and+Editor+of+the+New+York+Tribune&rft.pages=258-259&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F732763&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=William+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeleyfou00linnuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen430-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Deusen430_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Deusen">Van Deusen</a>, p. 430.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner" class="citation journal cs1">Bonner, Thomas N. (December 1951). "Horace Greeley and the Secession Movement, 1860–1861". <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 425–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1889030">10.2307/1889030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1889030">1889030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Horace+Greeley+and+the+Secession+Movement%2C+1860%E2%80%931861&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-444&rft.date=1951-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1889030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1889030%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals:_The_Political_Genius_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln"><i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82490-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Harlan_Hale" title="William Harlan Hale">Hale, William Harlan</a> (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleyvoi00hale"><i>Horace Greeley: Voice of the People</i></a></span>. Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/336934">336934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Voice+of+the+People&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F336934&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=William+Harlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeleyvoi00hale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunde_ANB" class="citation web cs1">Lunde, Erik S. (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/16/16-00653.html">"Greeley, Horace"</a>. <i>American National Biography Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Greeley%2C+Horace&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Lunde&rft.aufirst=Erik+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F16%2F16-00653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunde" class="citation book cs1">Lunde, Erik S. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeley00lund"><i>Horace Greeley</i></a>. Twayne's United States Authors Series. Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7343-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-7343-6"><bdi>0-8057-7343-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley&rft.series=Twayne%27s+United+States+Authors+Series&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8057-7343-6&rft.aulast=Lunde&rft.aufirst=Erik+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeley00lund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1931). "Horace Greeley". <i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>. Vol. 7. Scribner's. pp. 528–34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4171403">4171403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horace+Greeley&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=528-34&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4171403&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Seitz" title="Don Carlos Seitz">Seitz, Don Carlos</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/95028568/horace-greeley-founder-of-the-new-york-tribune"><i>Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Founder+of+The+New+York+Tribune&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Don+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F95028568%2Fhorace-greeley-founder-of-the-new-york-tribune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95028604">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524214156/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95028604">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnay" class="citation book cs1">Snay, Mitchell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/95028568/horace-greeley-founder-of-the-new-york-tribuneisbn=0-8057-7343-6"><i>Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley+and+the+Politics+of+Reform+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Snay&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F95028568%2Fhorace-greeley-founder-of-the-new-york-tribuneisbn%3D0-8057-7343-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, Henry Luther (1946). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleypri0000stod"><i>Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader</i></a></span>. G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1372308">1372308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Printer%2C+Editor%2C+Crusader&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1372308&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Henry+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeleypri0000stod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaliaferro" class="citation book cs1">Taliaferro, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHWmAwAAQBAJ"><i>All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9741-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9741-4"><bdi>978-1-4165-9741-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Great+Prizes%3A+The+Life+of+John+Hay%2C+from+Lincoln+to+Roosevelt&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-9741-4&rft.aulast=Taliaferro&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHWmAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchinsky" class="citation book cs1">Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleysne00tuch"><i>Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4667-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4667-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-4667-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7zfzw">10.7591/j.ctt7zfzw</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%27s+New-York+Tribune%3A+Civil+War%E2%80%93Era+Socialism+and+the+Crisis+of+Free+Labor&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctt7zfzw%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4667-2&rft.aulast=Tuchinsky&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeleysne00tuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Deusen" class="citation book cs1">Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/98259620/horace-greeley-nineteenth-century-crusader"><i>Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Crusader</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Crusader&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Van+Deusen&rft.aufirst=Glyndon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F98259620%2Fhorace-greeley-nineteenth-century-crusader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98259668">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524215042/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98259668">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Robert C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleycha00will"><i>Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom</i></a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9402-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-9402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horace+Greeley%3A+Champion+of+American+Freedom&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9402-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhoracegreeleycha00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span>, scholarly biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_written_by_Greeley">Works written by Greeley</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works written by Greeley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–64</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanconflic06greegoog">Vol. I</a> (1864) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanconflic00greegoog">Vol. II</a> (1866)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essaysdesignedto00greeuoft"><i>Essays Designed to Elucidate The Science of Political Economy, While Serving To Explain and Defend The Policy of Protection to Home Industry, As a System of National Cooperation For True Elevation of Labor</i></a> (1870)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN17013775">Recollections of a Busy Life</a></i> (1868)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/greeley/greeley.pdf">Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859</a> (1860)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice_Cary" title="Alice Cary">Alice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Cary" title="Phoebe Cary">Phebe Cary</a>", in <i>Eminent Women of the Age; Being Narratives of the Lives and Deeds of the Most Prominent Women of the Present Generation</i> (1868), pp. 164–172.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/12006963/"><i>Horace Greeley's views on Virginia: and what he knows about the South, slave-breeding, mixed schools, miscegenation, making sectional war, Kansas and the South, favoring secession, letting "the erring sisters go, "confiscation, rapine, and ravage, slave insurrections, supporting General Butler's New Orleans order, the Ku--Klux trials</i>.</a> (1872).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Borchard, Gregory A. <i>Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley.</i> Southern Illinois University Press (2011)</li> <li>Cross, Coy F. II. <i>Go West Young Man! Horace Greeley's Vision for America.</i> University of New Mexico Press (1995)</li> <li>Downey, Matthew T. "Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872," <i>The Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 53, No. 4 (March 1967), pp. 727–750, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1893989">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Durante, Dianne. <i>Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide.</i> (New York University Press, 2007): discussion of Greeley and the two memorials to him in New York</li> <li>Fahrney, Ralph Ray. <i>Horace Greeley and the</i> Tribune <i>in the Civil War</i> (1936) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeleytri00fahr">online</a></li> <li>Guarneri, Carl J. <i>Lincoln's Informer: Charles A. Dana and the Inside Story of the Union War</i>. University Press of Kansas (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_F._Gura" title="Philip F. Gura">Gura, Philip F.</a> "Horace Greeley and the French Connection," in <i>Man's Better Angels: Romantic Reformers and the Coming of the Civil War</i>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (2017)</li> <li>Horner, Harlan Hoyt. <i>Lincoln and Greeley</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holzer" title="Harold Holzer">Holzer, Harold</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_the_Power_of_the_Press" title="Lincoln and the Power of the Press">Lincoln and the Power of the Press</a>: The War for Public Opinion.</i> Simon & Schuster (2014)</li> <li>Isely, Jeter Allen. <i>Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853–1861: A Study of the New York Tribune.</i> Princeton University Press (1947)</li> <li>Lundberg, James M. <i>Horace Greeley: Print, Politics, and the Failure of American Nationhood.</i> Johns Hopkins University Press (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Horace-Greeley-Politics-American-Nationhood/dp/1421432870/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lunde, Erik S. "The Ambiguity of the National Idea: The Presidential Campaign of 1872" <i>Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism</i> (1978) 5(1): 1–23.</li> <li>Maihafer, Harry J. <i>The General and the Journalists: Ulysses S. Grant, Horace Greeley, and Charles Dana.</i> Brassey's, Inc. (1998)</li> <li>Mott, Frank Luther. <i>American Journalism: A History, 1690–1960</i> (1962) passim.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Parrington, Vernon L.</a> <i>Main Currents in American Thought</i> (1927), II, pp. 247–57 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023145046/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~Hyper/Parrington/vol2/bk02_01_ch05.html">online edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parton" title="James Parton">Parton, James</a>. <i>The Life of Horace Greeley, Editor of "The New-York Tribune," From His Birth to the Present Time</i> (1855) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehoracegreel01partgoog">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> "Horace Greeley and Peaceable Secession." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1941), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 145–159, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191468">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid, Whitelaw</a>. <i>Horace Greeley</i> (Scribner's Sons, 1879) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horacegreeley00reid">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid, Whitelaw</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Greeley, Horace"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Greeley,_Horace">"Greeley, Horace" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 531–533.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greeley%2C+Horace&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=531-533&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Whitelaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorace+Greeley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robbins, Roy M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/robbins/robbins.html">"Horace Greeley: Land Reform and Unemployment, 1837–1862,"</a> <i>Agricultural History</i>, VII, 18 (January 1933)</li> <li>Rourke, Constance Mayfield. <i>Trumpets of Jubilee: Henry Ward Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lyman Beecher, Horace Greeley, P.T. Barnum</i> (1927)</li> <li>Schulze, Suzanne. <i>Horace Greeley: A Bio-Bibliography.</i> Greenwood (1992). 240 pp.</li> <li>Slap, Andrew. <i>The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/119796840/the-doom-of-reconstruction-the-liberal-republicans">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115201350/https://www.questia.com/library/119796840/the-doom-of-reconstruction-the-liberal-republicans">Archived</a> November 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Taylor, Sally. "Marx and Greeley on Slavery and Labor." <i>Journalism History</i> vol. 6, no. 4 (1979): 103–107</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Weisberger" title="Bernard Weisberger">Weisberger, Bernard A.</a> "Horace Greeley: Reformer as Republican". <i>Civil War History</i> (1977) 23(1): 5–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtw160-198.ippl.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v023/23.1.weisberger.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Greeley</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horace_Greeley" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Horace Greeley">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley" class="extiw" title="q:Horace Greeley">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q436790" class="extiw" title="d:Q436790">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26821">Works by Horace Greeley</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Greeley%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Horace%20Greeley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greeley%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Horace%20Greeley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Greeley%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Horace%20Greeley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Greeley%2C%20Horace%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Horace%20Greeley%22%29%20OR%20%28%221811-1872%22%20AND%20Greeley%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Horace Greeley</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/17773">Works by Horace Greeley</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nastandgreeley.harpweek.com/default.asp">Cartoonist Thomas Nast vs. Candidate Horace Greeley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404060325/http://mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=36&subjectID=3">Mr. Lincoln and Friends: Horace Greeley</a></li> <li>The <i>New-York Tribune</i> Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030213/issues/">1842–1866</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/issues/">1866–1922</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Jackson" title="David S. Jackson">David S. Jackson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="New York's 6th congressional district">New York's 6th congressional district</a> </b><br />1848–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Brooks_(politician)" title="James Brooks (politician)">James Brooks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a><br />Affiliated </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horace_Greeley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horace_Greeley" title="Template:Horace Greeley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horace_Greeley" title="Template talk:Horace Greeley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horace_Greeley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horace Greeley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horace_Greeley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace Greeley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune"><i>New-York Tribune</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune"><i>New York Herald Tribune</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Liberal_Republican_convention" title="1872 Liberal Republican convention">1872 Liberal Republican convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 United States presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeley_House_(Chappaqua,_New_York)" title="Greeley House (Chappaqua, New York)">Greeley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune_Building" title="New York Tribune Building">New York Tribune Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboth_(Chappaqua,_New_York)" title="Rehoboth (Chappaqua, New York)">Rehoboth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Cheney_Greeley" title="Mary Young Cheney Greeley">Mary Young Cheney (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_West,_young_man" title="Go West, young man">"Go West, young man" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_Award" title="Horace Greeley Award">Horace Greeley Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Democratic Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National<br />conventions</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<i>None</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of<br />the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and<br />territorial<br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1868)_1872_United_States_presidential_election_(1876_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1872 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1872 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1872 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1868)_1872_United_States_presidential_election_(1876_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">← 1868</a>) <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF69B4;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></b><br /><small><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horace Greeley</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Liberal Republican:</b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Andrew Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Democratic:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">James A. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Groesbeck" title="William S. Groesbeck">William S. Groesbeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Reform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Reform Party">Labor Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Parker_(politician)" title="Joel Parker (politician)">Joel Parker</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Conor_(American_politician)" title="Charles O'Conor (American politician)">Charles O'Conor</a> <small><i>(declined nomination)</i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">People's (Equal Rights) Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1872_Prohibition_National_Convention" title="1872 Prohibition National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(prohibitionist)" title="James Black (prohibitionist)">James Black</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(prohibitionist)" title="John Russell (prohibitionist)">John Russell</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1872 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1872_and_1873_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_and_1873_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 and 1873 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q436790#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q436790#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q436790#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121247238">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24772897">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53468/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGVmqyft3VtkWj4rdmh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118697331">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80045878">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135969932">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135969932">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35146837">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Greeley, Horace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0301010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070514542">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90110108">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284534&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=128734">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612302405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272466905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061129632706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14004364">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03421821?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500524406">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000405">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/841864">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118697331.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118697331">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052580709">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18538481">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61m016f">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h41tbn">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greeley, Horace. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/12006963/">Horace Greeley's views on Virginia: and what he knows about the South, slave-breeding, mixed schools, miscegenation, making sectional war, Kansas and the South, favoring secession, letting "the erring sisters go,"confiscation, rapine, and ravage, slave insurrections, supporting General Butler's New Orleans order, the Ku--Klux trials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512115821/https://www.loc.gov/item/12006963/">Archived</a> May 12, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> [1872] Pdf. Library of Congress Permalink: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/12006963/">https://www.loc.gov/item/12006963/</a> .</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&oldid=1259372133">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Greeley&oldid=1259372133</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horace_Greeley" title="Category:Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1811_births" title="Category:1811 births">1811 births</a></li><li><a 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