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id="toc-Legal_grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Legal grounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Harold_Wilson_(1974–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harold_Wilson_(1974–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.1</span> <span>Harold Wilson (1974–1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harold_Wilson_(1974–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Major_(1996–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Major_(1996–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.2</span> <span>John Major (1996–1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Major_(1996–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Cameron_(2010–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Cameron_(2010–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.3</span> <span>David Cameron (2010–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Cameron_(2010–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theresa_May_(2017–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theresa_May_(2017–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.4</span> <span>Theresa May (2017–2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theresa_May_(2017–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boris_Johnson_(2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boris_Johnson_(2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.5</span> <span>Boris Johnson (2019)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boris_Johnson_(2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.6</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.6.1</span> <span>2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.6.2</span> <span>2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021-2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.6.3</span> <span>2021-2024</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15.7</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_current_minority_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_current_minority_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of current minority governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_current_minority_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minority government</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheidskabinet" title="Minderheidskabinet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minderheidskabinet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حكومة الأقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة الأقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C5%A1inov%C3%A1_vl%C3%A1da" title="Menšinová vláda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menšinová vláda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindretalsregering" title="Mindretalsregering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mindretalsregering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheitsregierung" title="Minderheitsregierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minderheitsregierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4hemusvalitsus" title="Vähemusvalitsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vähemusvalitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno_en_minor%C3%ADa" title="Gobierno en minoría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno en minoría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoritata_registaro" title="Minoritata registaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minoritata registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_minoritaire" title="Gouvernement minoritaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement minoritaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98_%EC%97%AC%EB%8B%B9_%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="소수 여당 정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소수 여당 정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अल्पमत सरकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्पमत सरकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_minoritas" title="Pemerintahan minoritas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan minoritas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnihlutastj%C3%B3rn" title="Minnihlutastjórn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Minnihlutastjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_di_minoranza" title="Governo di minoranza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo di minoranza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%98" title="ממשלת מיעוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלת מיעוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%BEumos_vyriausyb%C4%97" title="Mažumos vyriausybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mažumos vyriausybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisebbs%C3%A9gi_korm%C3%A1ny" title="Kisebbségi kormány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kisebbségi kormány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_minoriti" title="Pemerintahan minoriti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan minoriti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheidsregering" title="Minderheidsregering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minderheidsregering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अल्पमतको सरकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्पमतको सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9" title="少数与党政権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="少数与党政権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindretallsregjering" title="Mindretallsregjering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mindretallsregjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindretalsregjering" title="Mindretalsregjering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mindretalsregjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnerheitsregeeren" title="Minnerheitsregeeren – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minnerheitsregeeren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_mniejszo%C5%9Bciowy" title="Rząd mniejszościowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd mniejszościowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_minorit%C3%A1rio" title="Governo minoritário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo minoritário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Правительство меньшинства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство меньшинства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C5%A1inov%C3%A1_vl%C3%A1da" title="Menšinová vláda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Menšinová vláda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manj%C5%A1inska_vlada" title="Manjšinska vlada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manjšinska vlada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мањинска влада – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мањинска влада" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjinska_vlada" title="Manjinska vlada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manjinska vlada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="รัฐบาลเสียงข้างน้อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาลเสียงข้างน้อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k_h%C3%BCk%C3%BBmeti" title="Azınlık hükûmeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azınlık hükûmeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Уряд меншості – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд меншості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="מינאריטעט רעגירונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינאריטעט רעגירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B4%BE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="少數派政府 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="少數派政府" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of parliamentary system government</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about cabinets appointed without majority support in the legislature. For states ruled by an influential minority, see <a href="/wiki/Dominant_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant minorities">dominant minorities</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>minority government</b>, <b>minority cabinet</b>, <b>minority administration,</b> or a <b>minority parliament</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> formed in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> when a political party or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, enabling a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support or consent of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislatures</a>, the term relates to the situation in the chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government (generally, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>). </p><p>A minority government tends to be less stable than a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> because, if they can unite, opposing parliamentary members have sufficient numbers to vote against legislation, or even bring down the government with a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>. If, however, the minority government forms supporting partnerships with some parliamentary parties, it can be as stable as majority governments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalitions_and_alliances">Coalitions and alliances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Coalitions and alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minority_government" title="Special:EditPage/Minority government">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To deal with situations in parliamentary systems where no clear majority to form a government exists, two or more parties may establish a formal coalition government, commanding a clear majority of the parliamentary members. A party might also enter into less formal alliances or agreements with other parties or individual members to allow the minority government to stay in office. </p><p>A common situation is a governance with "jumping majorities", where the cabinet stays as long as it can negotiate support from a majority in the parliament, even though that majority may be differently formed from issue to issue or bill to bill. On occasion, the legislature may permit a minority cabinet to continue in office despite having been defeated on a given vote, and a minority government might even bring on a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence vote">confidence vote</a> and threaten to resign should the legislature vote against it. </p><p>An alternative arrangement is a looser alliance of parties, exemplified by Sweden. There the long-governing Social Democrats have ruled with more or less formal support from other parties – in the mid-20th century from Agrarians, after 1968 from Communists, and more recently from Greens and ex-Communists – and have thus been able to retain executive power and (in practice) legislative initiative. This is also common in Canada, where nine <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">elections</a> from 1921 to 2005 effectively produced <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority federal governments</a>. The parties can rarely cooperate enough to establish a formal coalition but operate under a loose agreement instead. </p><p>Occasionally, a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> agreement may be formed. This is a more formal pact that still falls short of creating a coalition government. In the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> formed a minority government from <a href="/wiki/1985_Ontario_general_election" title="1985 Ontario general election">1985</a> to 1987 on the basis of a formal accord with the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP): the NDP agreed to support the Liberals for two years on all <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence motions</a> and budgetary legislation, in exchange for the passage of certain legislative measures proposed by the NDP. This was not a formal coalition, because the NDP remained an opposition party and was not given seats in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>. In this case, the Liberals did not even have a plurality of seats: the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Progressive_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario Progressive Conservative Party">Progressive Conservatives</a> were the largest single party with 52 seats, whereas the Liberals had 48 and the NDP had 25. </p><p>New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/48th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="48th New Zealand Parliament">48th Parliament</a> operated with both a coalition and a looser agreement: the government was a coalition between the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Progressive_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Progressive Party">Progressives</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_Future_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="United Future New Zealand">United Future</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> had an agreement to support the government on confidence matters, while the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Green Party">Green Party</a> abstained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_plurality_system">Simple plurality system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple plurality system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> nations, each constituency elects one member of parliament by simple plurality voting. This system heavily biases the vote towards increasing the number of seats of the top two parties and reducing the seats of smaller parties, a principle known in political science as <a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a>, and thus minority governments are relatively uncommon. Advocates of this system see this as one of its advantages. A party with less than 40% of the popular vote can often win an outright majority of the seats. (For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 UK General Election</a>, the governing Labour party won by a majority of 66 seats in the House of Commons with only 35.2% of the popular vote.) If support for some parties is regionally concentrated, however, then Duverger's law applies separately to each region, and so no party can be sufficiently dominant in each region to receive a majority of the seats. This was the situation in Canada in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> federal elections, with no party obtaining a majority due in part to the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. </p><p>In Westminster systems, in minority situations, the incumbent government usually has the first opportunity to attempt to win the confidence of the House. This is so even if the incumbents have fewer seats – the incumbent prime minister still holds their commission for the duration of the writ period and immediately following an election. If they cannot form a government that commands the confidence of the House then it is expected that they will resign that commission voluntarily – it is not considered acceptable for the Sovereign (or his representative) to revoke said commission unless the prime minister was acting in serious breach of constitutional protocol. Nevertheless, usually, an incumbent government that loses its plurality in the House simply resigns, especially if the main opposition party is only a few seats short of having a majority or if it feels it has no chance of winning the support of enough members of smaller parties to win an initial confidence vote. </p><p>Nevertheless, the now-common practice of the party with the most seats forming the government has led to a widespread misconception among voters that a convention exists whereby the party with the most seats always gets to form the government. In fact, the most compelling reason for this practice is that the party with the most seats can survive confidence votes so long as smaller party (or parties) simply <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstain</a> from confidence votes, whereas a governing party without a plurality in the House needs at least one other party to vote with it at all times (assuming the largest party will always vote no confidence, but that is almost certain to occur when they are denied the opportunity to govern). This means that in most situations, the party with the most seats has the best chance and the least complicated route to winning a confidence vote, regardless of its place on the political spectrum. </p><p>At the Canadian federal level, in the four most recent of the five occasions a governing party lost the plurality without another winning a majority (1957, 1963, 1979, and 2006), the incumbent governments resigned rather than attempt to stay in power. </p><p>Whatever party forms the government must either form a coalition with one or more other parties, or they must win some form of support from the other parties or independents so as to avoid no-confidence motions. Because of no-confidence motions, minority governments are frequently short-lived or fall before their term is expired. The leader of a minority government will also often call an election in hopes of winning a stronger mandate from the electorate. In Canada, for instance, federal minority governments last an average of 18 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unprecedentedly close <a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 Australian federal election</a> produced a federal minority government in Australia for the first time since <a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">1940</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> both won 72 seats, 4 short of a majority. Labor won the <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-party-preferred">two-party preferred</a> vote by 0.24%. Six crossbenchers, consisting of four independents, one <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a> MP, and one <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia_(WA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party of Australia (WA)">WA Nationals</a> MP, held the balance of power. Ultimately, four crossbenchers gave <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> to Labor, allowing them to form an extremely narrow minority government. This government stood until the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> formed a majority government of just one seat. They lost their majority after the <a href="/wiki/2018_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spills" title="2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills">2018 leadership spill</a> which deposed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a>, as <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hogan_(politician)" title="Kevin Hogan (politician)">Kevin Hogan</a> moved to the crossbench. The government lost another seat after the <a href="/wiki/2018_Wentworth_by-election" title="2018 Wentworth by-election">2018 Wentworth by-election</a>, which was won by independent <a href="/wiki/Kerryn_Phelps" title="Kerryn Phelps">Kerryn Phelps</a>. They lost another seat after MP <a href="/wiki/Julia_Banks" title="Julia Banks">Julia Banks</a> resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a>, reducing the government to 73 seats. However, they retained confidence from all three MPs, enabling them to remain in government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is not unfamiliar with minority governments. Moreover, this type of government is not explicitly provided for in the Constitution, even though the Constitution does not prevent its existence. More often than not, minority governments emerge following elections when the government that was in power loses its majority and has to become a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> pending the formation of a new government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_grounds">Legal grounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal grounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belgium, it is the King who appoints the government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Belgium is a democratic state, constitutional custom requires that this appointment must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Chamber of Representatives</a>, the democratically elected body.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consent is given by a vote of confidence. There is, however, a small constitutional trick, since the majority required to obtain confidence is not calculated on the basis of all the members of parliament, but on the basis of the votes cast. As the specialist on minority governments in Belgium, Lucien Rigaux, points out, this means that the majority is calculated on the basis of the members present and does not require more than 76 votes (the majority of the 150 seats in the Chamber). Moreover, confidence is obtained if there are more votes in favour than against. For example, out of 100 votes cast, a minority government can be invested with 40 affirmative votes, 20 negative votes and 40 abstentions. The abstention of parties that, for various reasons, do not wish to enter the government thus makes it possible to form an emergency government with full powers and democratic legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Never in the federated entities has a minority government been formed spontaneously. On the other hand, at the central and then federal state level, there have been five attempts to form a minority government. Three of these attempts were transformed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Lucien Rigaux points out in an issue devoted to the history of minority governments in Belgium: "The first two attempts were failures. In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberals</a> experienced an electoral debacle. They preferred to stay away from a government majority. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Belgian Workers' Party</a> each won approximately 40 percent of the seats so they could not govern alone. However, within the Catholic Party, there remains serious reluctance to collaborate with the Socialists. It must be said that strong tensions between the two camps, particularly over the Flemishisation of the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a> and the management of external affairs, had led to the fall of the homogeneous Catholic government. After 38 days of <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> – which was relatively long for the time – the King appointed a Catholic cabinet. The latter was finally nipped in the bud by Parliament since the latter decided not to grant its confidence because the proposed Catholic coalition did not respect "Flemish national law", that it "was not qualified to resolve the difficulties of the parliamentary situation" and that it did not make it possible to fight the bourgeoisie".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the government of national unity, which followed <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, had already served its purpose. The Liberals felt that their new electoral defeat invited them to undergo an opposition cure. Socialists and Catholics clashed during the election campaign over the royal question of the return of King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a> to Belgium, which made the political climate particularly tense. The Socialists reject the invitation of the Catholic informer to form a government because the former want to associate the Communists, who have obtained a better result than the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberal Party</a>, with the government, while the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a> categorically refuses to do so. After a month of political crisis, a cabinet composed solely of socialists is appointed by the King. In the parliamentary gallery, the then Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a>, declared: "if you think you can quickly give the country a government other than the one before you, stronger, based on a stable majority, do not hesitate, overthrow us. But if you don't have that assurance, if you foresee, after a negative vote, a long period of hesitation, conciliations, abortive attempts, then think carefully about what you are going to do".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He nevertheless succumbs a few days later, since with as many votes in his favour as against him, he does not enjoy the confidence of Parliament. The defeat must have been all the more difficult to swallow as two Socialist MEPs had left before the vote in order not to miss their train to <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the last three attempts were successful. </p><p>Firstly in 1958 a minority government received, for the first time, the support of Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Belgium,_defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)">Social Christian Party</a> obtained a remarkable score that had nothing to envy to its results of the 19th century with 104 seats out of 212. However, the government's formation patinated notably on the school question which pitted Catholics and lay people against each other and which related to the financing of Catholic and public schools. Both the socialists and the liberals have the impression that they are playing a fool's game where the lowest bidder will have the chance to claim a few positions in a government that will carry out the entire Christian program. The Christian Social Party then tries to capitalize on its 104 seats to gain confidence. Contrary to all expectations, the abstention of one <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Belgium)" title="People's Union (Belgium)">Volksunie</a> member and two Liberals was enough to gain the confidence of Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Eyskens</a> II minority government thus received the support of a relative majority of the members present, 106 in favour and 104 against. A few months later, the minority government became a majority government when the Liberal Party joined the government team after an agreement was reached on the school issue.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, in 1974, the political context was that of the state reforms initiated in 1970. Community autonomy was achieved, but the implementation of regionalisation was at a standstill, in particular because the Brussels dossier was repeatedly put on ice. Fifteen days after the elections of 10 March 1974, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Léo Tindemans</a> (CVP) was appointed formator. He is entering into negotiations with the Liberals and the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Socialiste (Belgium)">Socialists</a> to form a government that can benefit from a broad parliamentary base. While the liberals seem to be acquiescing, the negotiations with the socialists reveal divergences, mainly on the implementation of regionalisation, on the question of state interference in economic affairs and on the method of "community to community" negotiation involving so-called community parties rather than political families.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The socialists, who had campaigned strongly on the left, decided in the Namur Congress to withdraw from the negotiations and denounced the formation of a "coalition of the rights". Not giving up on forming a large majority, the social-Christian and liberal political families negotiated with the community parties. A partial agreement is reached in Steenokkerzeel. For the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Rally" title="Walloon Rally">Walloon Rally</a> as long as there is no agreement on everything, there is no agreement on anything. Nevertheless, it decides to grant its benevolent abstentions to the Christian Liberal coalition so that a government can be formed quickly. With 100 votes in favour, 63 against and, above all, 47 abstentions, the minority Tindemans I government won the confidence of the House and the Senate five days later. The <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Rally" title="Walloon Rally">Walloon Rally</a> also joined the coalition, which became a majority a few months later.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the last successful attempt was made in 2020 to fight the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> crisis. While the negotiations have been stalled since the last elections on 26 May 2019, the coronavirus crisis has brought down the cards. A sort of national union to which the <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">N-VA</a> does not, however, adhere, the <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> and the PTB decided to give its confidence to the <a href="/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_II_Government" title="Wilmès II Government">Wilmès II government</a> in order to give it full powers and, above all, democratic legitimacy to deal with the health crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with day-to-day business, the minority government provides a flexible institutional response in times of crisis that allows the state to continue to function and to be able to carry out its essential tasks. However, unlike a majority government, the action of a minority government is not locked to current affairs, day-to-day business or urgent decisions. It benefits from the fullness of its competences since it is constituted on the basis of a democratic decision which grants it de facto a certain democratic legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main disadvantage of minority government by the elected assembly is that it can be instituted without a majority of the members of Parliament having voted in favour of it, but that, on the other hand, a majority of the members of the assembly is required to dismiss it (76 minimum).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">Minority governments in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federal_minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Federal minority governments in Canada">Federal minority governments in Canada</a></div> <p>Minority governments can occur in the federal <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>, and the legislatures of most <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, which have non-partisan legislatures and operate as a <a href="/wiki/Consensus_government_in_Canada" title="Consensus government in Canada">consensus government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canenmg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canenmg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the history of federal Canadian politics, there have been fifteen minority governments, in fourteen separate minority parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal minority governments typically last less than two years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptions to this include the <a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Parliament" title="26th Canadian Parliament">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Parliament" title="27th Canadian Parliament">27th</a>, <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">39th</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">40th</a> Canadian parliaments, which all lasted for longer than two years. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Parliament" title="14th Canadian Parliament">14th Canadian Parliament</a> functioned as a minority government for half of its duration, owing to <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">floor-crossings</a> and by-elections. The <a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Parliament" title="15th Canadian Parliament">15th Canadian Parliament</a> was the only federal minority parliament that saw two different minority governments form. The most recent minority parliament elected at the federal level is the <a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Canadian Parliament</a>, whose composition was determined in September 2021. </p><p>Minority governments also occur in all provincial legislatures, as well as the Yukon Legislative Assembly. However, minority governments do not occur as frequently in these legislatures as they do at the federal level. <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> has seen six minority legislatures in its political history, the most among the 10 provinces and the territory of Yukon. <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> is the only province that has never had a minority government in its provincial legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While minority governments may occur in Canadian politics, the formation of a formal coalitions is rare, with past minority governments relying on cooperation and <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> arrangements to govern instead.<sup id="cite_ref-canenmg_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canenmg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, several coalition governments have formed in the 1840s and 1850s, in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Parliament of the Province of Canada">Parliament of the Province of Canada</a>. The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Coalition" title="Great Coalition">Great Coalition</a> in 1864 eventually led to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867. Since <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, only one wartime <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">coalition between the Conservatives and Liberals</a> has formed in federal Canadian politics in 1917. Coalition governments have occurred more frequently in provincial legislatures, with several provincial coalition governments having been formed in the 20th and 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> has a rich tradition of minority governments. Despite the country's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, which almost always results in the winning party coming nowhere near a majority, single-party minority governments are still a regular occurrence in Danish politics. </p><p>Since 1982 even most of multi-party coalition governments in Denmark are minority ones; thus, the government of the day is still required to make deals with non-governing parties. More often small far-left or far-right parties provide confidence support of centre-left or centre-right coalition governments led by Social Democrats or Venstre. For many years, Danish politics has been divided into "Red" and "Blue" blocs, whose parliamentarians are typically expected to support <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> cabinets, respectively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Frederiksen_I_Cabinet" title="Frederiksen I Cabinet">Frederiksen Cabinet</a> elected in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Danish_general_election" title="2019 Danish general election">2019 Danish general election</a> is a single-party minority government of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democrats</a> (who received about 25% of the vote in the previous election) supported by three other parties;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the previous cabinet, <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen_III_Cabinet" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet">Lars Løkke Rasmussen III</a>, was a three-party minority coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a>. An earlier cabinet of Rasmussen's, <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen_II_Cabinet" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet">Lars Løkke Rasmussen II</a>, was a single-party <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> minority government, a particularly notable feat, as <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> only received about 20% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Danish_general_election" title="2015 Danish general election">election</a>, finishing third. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> has had several minority governments. A minority cabinet can occur: </p> <ol><li>when the governing coalition loses support due to a coalition member leaving the governing coalition (Vähi II and Ansip II cabinets);</li> <li>when the Prime Minister asks the ministers of a coalition party to be relieved of their duties (Kaja Kallas cabinet);</li> <li>when MPs leave party factions (Ratas cabinet);</li> <li>when a minority government is appointed with additional parliamentary support (Tõnisson IV, Vähi Interim, Siimann and Siim Kallas cabinets); or</li> <li>when the government is voted into office with a plurality and some MPs abstain from voting (Birk, Tõnisson II, Piip and Akel cabinets).</li></ol> <p>Additional support is possible also because MPs leaving a party faction are not allowed to officially join another faction until the next elections. A government can be a minority government either throughout its term or just a part of its term, usually the latter. A list of minority cabinets: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ado_Birk" title="Ado Birk">A. Birk cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Estonian Constituent Assembly">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_T%C3%B5nisson" title="Jaan Tõnisson">J. Tõnisson II cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Estonian Constituent Assembly">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ants_Piip" title="Ants Piip">A. Piip cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Estonian Constituent Assembly">1920–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Akel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Karl Akel">F. K. Akel cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1923_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1923 Estonian parliamentary election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_T%C3%B5nisson" title="Jaan Tõnisson">J. Tõnisson IV cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1932 Estonian parliamentary election">1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiit_V%C3%A4hi" title="Tiit Vähi">T. Vähi Interim cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Estonian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Estonian Supreme Soviet election">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiit_V%C3%A4hi" title="Tiit Vähi">T. Vähi II cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1995_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Estonian parliamentary election">1996–1997</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart_Siimann" title="Mart Siimann">M. Siimann cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1995_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Estonian parliamentary election">1997–1999</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siim_Kallas" title="Siim Kallas">S. Kallas cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/1999_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="1999 Estonian parliamentary election">2002–2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrus_Ansip%27s_second_cabinet" title="Andrus Ansip's second cabinet">A. Ansip II cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/2007_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2007 Estonian parliamentary election">2009–2011</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Ratas%27_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jüri Ratas' cabinet">J. Ratas cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/2015_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Estonian parliamentary election">2018–2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaja_Kallas%27_first_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaja Kallas' first cabinet">K. Kallas I cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/2019_Estonian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Estonian parliamentary election">2022</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the joint establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> for parliamentary elections in 1958, France has known only a few minority governments: indeed, the majoritarian electoral system usually produces seizable parliamentary majorities on which governments can rely, but there are some exceptions. Since 1958, only 3 out of 16 legislative elections resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>: the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 French legislative elections">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 French legislative elections">2022</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 French legislative elections">2024</a> elections. In both instances, minority governments were formed following the elections, with no formal coalition or confidence-and-supply agreement being put in place to guarantee stability. </p><p>In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French Constitution</a> provides a large number of institutional tools to ensure political stability at the detriment of parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional tools that become critical when the <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a> has to govern in minority: </p> <ul><li>Article 44: allows the government to reject proposed amendments that have not been discussed in committee prior to the general discussion (<b>44 paragraph 2</b>); allows the government to ask for a parliamentary chamber to vote on the entirety or a part of a bill while overturning all amendments that have not been proposed or sponsored by the ministers (<b>44 paragraph 3</b>);</li> <li>Articles 47 and 47-1: if Parliament has not voted on the Government Budget (<b>47</b>) or the Social Security Budget (<b>47-1</b>) within the constitutional time limit (70 days for the Government Budget, 50 days for the Social Security Budget), then the government can implement its budget by decrees;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_49_of_the_French_Constitution" title="Article 49 of the French Constitution">Article 49</a>: allows the government the possibility to avoid a vote of confidence on its program or general policy declaration in the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">lower house</a> (<b>49 paragraph 1</b>); requires the absolute majority of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>'s entire membership to pass a motion of no confidence (<b>49 paragraph 2</b>); allows the government to "commit its responsibility" on a bill per parliamentary session (apart from Government and Social Security budgets on which this special power can be used without numerical limit), the bill is considered passed without a vote unless a no-confidence motion is adopted by the lower house, thus effectively treating the bill as an issue of a vote of confidence (<b>49 paragraph 3</b>/<b>49.3</b>)</li></ul> <p>These are the six minority governments in the history of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s Fifth Republic as of 2024: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Period </th> <th rowspan="2">Government head </th> <th rowspan="2">Parties </th> <th colspan="5">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Government </th> <th>Support </th> <th colspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1988-1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td><b>275</b> </td> <td>47.7% </td> <td>41 </td> <td>316/577 </td> <td><b>54.8%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991-1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td><b>275</b> </td> <td>47.7% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>275/577 </td> <td>47.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992-1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> </td> <td><b>275</b> </td> <td>47.7% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>275/577 </td> <td>47.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022–2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Élisabeth Borne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">RE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">HOR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble !</a>) </td> <td><b>251</b> </td> <td>43.5% </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>251/577 </td> <td>43.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Attal" title="Gabriel Attal">Gabriel Attal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">RE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">HOR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble !</a>) </td> <td><b>250</b> </td> <td>43.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>250/577 </td> <td>43.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024–present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michel_Barnier" title="Michel Barnier">Michel Barnier</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">RE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">HOR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble !</a>) – <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a> </td> <td><b>212</b> </td> <td>36.9% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>212/577 </td> <td>36.9% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The previous <a href="/wiki/Borne_government" title="Borne government">Borne government</a> was a three-party minority coalition government as result of the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">June 2022 parliamentary elections</a> that saw President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a>'s coalition lose its parliamentary majority in the National Assembly, going from a 115-seat majority to a hung parliament in which the centrist presidential coalition was the largest bloc but 38 short of an overall majority. The Borne cabinet survived to 31ss motions of no confidence and Prime Minister Borne triggered constitutional article 49.3 23 times, mostly to pass the 2023 Government and Social Security Budgets but also to pass its pension system reform in March 2023. Nonetheless, the government lost several parliamentary votes, an oddity under the Fifth Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minority government is unusual in Germany, though it was more common historically during the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. In the Federal Republic (since 1949), the <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a> theoretically grants minority governments a high degree of longevity, but they are rare in practice. No minority government has ever been invested on the federal level, though brief periods of minority government have existed when a government has lost its majority mid-term. Minority governments have also existed at the state level, sometimes for substantial periods. The viability of minority government varies between states, as some require an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> vote by parliament for a government to be invested, while others require only a simple majority or plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-Minder_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minder-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1949 and December 2017, there were 31 periods of minority government in Germany, including four at the federal and 27 at the state level. All four federal instances were the result of an incumbent government losing its majority: the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Adenauer_cabinet" title="Fourth Adenauer cabinet">fourth Adenauer cabinet</a> after the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Second_Erhard_cabinet" title="Second Erhard cabinet">second Erhard cabinet</a>, also after the withdrawal of the FDP; the <a href="/wiki/First_Brandt_cabinet" title="First Brandt cabinet">first Brandt cabinet</a> after parliamentary defections; and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Schmidt_cabinet" title="Third Schmidt cabinet">third Schmidt cabinet</a> after the dismissal of the FDP. Of these, only the second Erhard and third Schmidt cabinets are considered "true" minority governments, as the fourth Adenauer cabinet was quickly dissolved and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Adenauer_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Adenauer cabinet">fifth Adenauer cabinet</a>, and the first Brandt cabinet retained a technical majority due to the Bundestag delegation from Berlin. Erhard and Schmidt's minority governments were short-lived, lasting less than a month, and both ended with the Chancellor leaving office.<sup id="cite_ref-Minder_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minder-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1949 and December 2017, nine different states had at least one period of minority government, with some having as many as four. Compared to the federal level, state-level minority governments usually survived much longer, lasting an average of 333 days. The longest was the two <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>-led minority governments of Reinhold Höppner in <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, which served two complete terms (1,452 and 1,406 days, respectively) between 1994 and 2002. These governments, enabled by the abstention of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">PDS</a> during confidence votes, were dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburger</a> model". However, most minority governments still resulted from the loss of a majority – on 13 occasions due to the withdrawal of a coalition partner, on 12 occasions due to defeat in an election, and on four occasions due to parliamentary defections. Only seven minority governments were formed on a "tolerance" basis similar to the Magdeburger model. Furthermore, only two minority governments lasted more than a single term: the aforementioned Höppner governments in Saxony-Anhalt, and from 1982 to 1983 and 1983–85 in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> tolerated two consecutive SPD minority governments (this arrangement ended in 1985 when the SPD and Greens entered into coalition.)<sup id="cite_ref-Minder_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minder-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other examples of a minority government on a state level include the first government of <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit" title="Klaus Wowereit">Klaus Wowereit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, comprising a minority coalition of the SPD and Greens supported by the PDS, which was invested after a corruption scandal led to the collapse of the previous CDU government; it served on an interim basis from June 2001 until the <a href="/wiki/2001_Berlin_state_election" title="2001 Berlin state election">October state election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first government of <a href="/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft" title="Hannelore Kraft">Hannelore Kraft</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, comprising a coalition of the SPD and Greens tolerated by <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>, was formed after the <a href="/wiki/2010_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2010 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2010 state election</a> and served until the <a href="/wiki/2012_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">2012 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second government of <a href="/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow" title="Bodo Ramelow">Bodo Ramelow</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, a coalition of The Left, SPD, and Greens, was invested with the tolerance of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> to resolve the <a href="/wiki/2020_Thuringian_government_crisis" title="2020 Thuringian government crisis">2020 Thuringian government crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in the Republic of Ireland">Irish parliamentary system</a> broadly works on a simple majority system, where the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> is elected by the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il" class="mw-redirect" title="Dáil">Dáil</a> when they achieve 50% + 1 of the votes in favour of their nomination. The Taoiseach then appoints the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">members of the government</a> with the approval of the Dáil. Since the 1980s, the popularity of other parties has increased such that coalition governments are now typical and expected, with one of the two major parties being the senior partner, and with one or more junior partners ensuring that the coalition retains a majority in the Dáil. </p><p>A minority government is formed when a party (or a coalition) secures agreement from one or more other parties or <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">independent TDs</a> who are not members of the government to support their nomination for Taoiseach and achieve majority support. Support for bills and other items requiring a Dáil majority vote is then negotiated on a bill-by-bill basis. </p><p>If no agreement can be reached to nominate an individual to lead a government, the outgoing Taoiseach (continuing to act in a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker</a> capacity) can seek dissolution of the Dáil and call a new general election. However, this circumstance has not occurred to date. </p><p>The last Dáil with a single-party simple majority government was the <a href="/wiki/21st_D%C3%A1il" title="21st Dáil">21st Dáil</a> elected at the <a href="/wiki/1977_Irish_general_election" title="1977 Irish general election">1977 general election</a>. Fifteen of the 32 governments in Irish history were minority governments, most of which were formed by <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">June 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1927_Irish_general_election" title="September 1927 Irish general election">September 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">1932</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Irish_general_election" title="1933 Irish general election">1933</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Irish_general_election" title="1937 Irish general election">1937</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Irish_general_election" title="1943 Irish general election">1943</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Irish_general_election" title="1951 Irish general election">1951</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Irish_general_election" title="1961 Irish general election">1961</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_general_election" title="1981 Irish general election">1981</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>–<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1982_Irish_general_election" title="February 1982 Irish general election">February 1982</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Irish_general_election" title="1987 Irish general election">1987</a> (Fianna Fáil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Irish_general_election" title="1997 Irish general election">1997</a> (Fianna Fáil–<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Irish_general_election" title="2016 Irish general election">2016</a> (Fine Gael)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coalitions in the Netherlands are formed with the support from parliamentary parties, elected by proportional representation. Although very rare, minority governments can be formed during the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands#Formation" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">formation</a> period of a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Dutch cabinet</a>, if an election result makes a majority coalition impossible. More often, a minority government is formed when one of the cabinet's coalition partners withdraws its support, or when all ministers of a given parliamentary party resign. In these cases, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> offers the full cabinet's resignation to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Dutch Monarch</a>. </p><p>At this point, the Monarch may choose to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election. The cabinet continues to serve as <i><a href="/wiki/Demissionary_cabinet" title="Demissionary cabinet">demissionary</a></i>. A demissionary cabinet is not a minority government but a form of <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a>, enjoying only limited powers until the new Parliament assembles. </p><p>If the Monarch does not dissolve Parliament, the remaining cabinet continues as a minority cabinet, in full possession of its powers. It can finish any legislation already before underpreparation, if Parliament passes it by majority vote; this necessitates the support of parties outside the government. Theoretically, early general elections need not be held, but they are often necessary in practice, since the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition agreement">coalition agreement</a> no longer has parliamentary support. </p><p>A third option is available to the Monarch: the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands#Formation" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">formation of a new cabinet</a> of different Parliamentary parties (which may include the defecting coalition partner). Elections are then held as scheduled at the end of the parliamentary term, since the Monarch does not dissolve parliament if an <i><a href="/wiki/Informateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Informateur">informateur</a></i> has been able to negotiate a new coalition agreement. </p><p>The Netherlands had a minority government in 2010–2012: the <a href="/wiki/First_Rutte_cabinet" title="First Rutte cabinet">First Rutte cabinet</a>. This government was supported in parliament by the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party For Freedom</a>, which all together provided the government a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Rutte_cabinet" title="Second Rutte cabinet">Second Rutte cabinet</a> (2012–2017) consisted of the conservative liberal <a href="/wiki/VVD" class="mw-redirect" title="VVD">VVD</a> and the social-democratic <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a> and had a majority in the <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a></i>, but a plurality in the <i><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Netherlands)" title="Senate (Netherlands)">Senate</a></i>. On 11 October 2013, the cabinet reached a budgetary agreement with the social-liberal <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a> and the smaller Christian parties <a href="/wiki/ChristenUnie" class="mw-redirect" title="ChristenUnie">CU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Political_Party" title="Reformed Political Party">SGP</a>. This provided the VVD/PvdA cabinet a single-seat majority in the <i>Senate</i> (<i>see also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (government)">Purple (government)</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of January 20, 2020 Norway has a minority government. In the beginning of 2019, the Christian Democratic party <a href="/wiki/KrF" class="mw-redirect" title="KrF">KrF</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Erna_Solberg" title="Erna Solberg">Erna Solberg</a>'s cabinet, that had been ruling with a minority since 2013, to form a majority. On January 20, 2020, the Progress party, <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">FrP</a>, announced that they would withdraw from their role in government, and become an opposition party, despite continuing their support of Erna Solberg as Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway has had multiple minority governments throughout history, including cabinets led by <a href="/wiki/John_Lyng" title="John Lyng">John Lyng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik" title="Kjell Magne Bondevik">Kjell Magne Bondevik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Singapore" title="Legislative Assembly of Singapore">Legislative Assembly</a> elections held on <a href="/wiki/1955_Singaporean_general_election" title="1955 Singaporean general election">2nd April 1955</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Front" title="Labour Front">LF</a> emerged as the single largest party with 10 seats of the 25 seats. <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a> formed a minority government with the support of <a href="/wiki/UMNO" title="UMNO">UMNO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">MCA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Union" title="Malay Union">Malay Union</a>. Marshall's successor <a href="/wiki/Lim_Yew_Hock" title="Lim Yew Hock">Lim Yew Hock</a> led this minority government till its electoral defeat in 1959. </p><p>In the elections held on <a href="/wiki/1959_Singaporean_general_election" title="1959 Singaporean general election">30th May 1959</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">PAP</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> won in a landslide. They secured 43 of the 51 available seats and trounced the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Singapore_People%27s_Alliance" title="Singapore People's Alliance">SPA</a> government of Lim Yew Hock. However, this majority was short-lived. In July 1960, then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of National Development (Singapore)">Minister for National Development</a> <a href="/wiki/Ong_Eng_Guan" title="Ong Eng Guan">Ong Eng Guan</a> resigned as Minister and from the ruling PAP, along with two other members. This brought PAP's strength to 40. In July 1961, 14 left-wing members of the PAP were expelled for failing to vote for the PAP in a motion of confidence brought by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>. This led to PAP's tally in the Assembly to fall to 26 - a one-seat majority. This one-seat majority was lost in July 1962 with one defection to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Sosialis" title="Barisan Sosialis">Barisan Sosialis</a>. On 16th August 1962, the PAP regained this one-seat majority with a defection from <a href="/wiki/Ong_Eng_Guan" title="Ong Eng Guan">Ong Eng Guan</a>'s new created <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Singapore)" title="United People's Party (Singapore)">UPP</a>. This did not last long and five days later, PAP lost its majority when then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)">Minister for Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibrahim_(Singaporean_politician)" title="Ahmad Ibrahim (Singaporean politician)">Ahmad Ibrahim</a> died suddenly. From then until the <a href="/wiki/1963_Singaporean_general_election" title="1963 Singaporean general election">1963 election</a>, the PAP governed in the minority with 25 of the 51 seats. </p><p>With the PAP winning the 1963 elections with more than a two-thirds majority, and subsequently dominating parliament with the resultant by-elections and general elections, 1963 would mark the last time Singapore witnessed a minority government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweden has had several minority governments, most of the time led by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a>, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)" title="Left Party (Sweden)">Socialist Left Party</a> until 2006. The <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(Sweden)" title="Alliance (Sweden)">Alliance</a>, then led by the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party" title="Moderate Party">Moderate Party</a>, formed a minority coalition government from 2010 to 2014. The recent minority coalition government is led by the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Party (Sweden)">Moderate Party</a>, which is supported by <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A list of minority governments in Turkey: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28th_government_of_Turkey" title="28th government of Turkey">28th government of Turkey</a> (25 December 1963 – 20 February 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_government_of_Turkey" title="38th government of Turkey">38th government of Turkey</a> (17 November 1974 – 31 March 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_government_of_Turkey" title="40th government of Turkey">40th government of Turkey</a> (21 June 1977 – 21 July 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_government_of_Turkey" title="43rd government of Turkey">43rd government of Turkey</a> (12 November 1979 – 11 September 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_government_of_Turkey" title="51st government of Turkey">51st government of Turkey</a> (5 October 1995 – 30 October 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_government_of_Turkey" title="53rd government of Turkey">53rd government of Turkey</a> (6 March 1996 – 28 June 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/56th_government_of_Turkey" title="56th government of Turkey">56th government of Turkey</a> (11 January 1999 – 28 May 1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been many occasions since 1900 when a single party has not commanded a parliamentary majority, although the 2010–2015 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> was the first formal coalition of its type in Britain since the <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a> between 1931 and 1945. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a> and the British media tend to perceive minority governments as unstable and ineffective, as they causes problems such as governments lacking the strength to pass legislation, vulnerability to a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> and the necessity for a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> which would result in policy compromises and a diluted political agenda. Coalition governments could also be viewed as unstable possibly due to examples of minority governments (Callaghan and Major) occurring as the result of governments in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of minority governments include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harold_Wilson_(1974–1979)"><span id="Harold_Wilson_.281974.E2.80.931979.29"></span>Harold Wilson (1974–1979)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Harold Wilson (1974–1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>, formed a minority government for seven months after the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">General Election of February 1974</a>. That situation lasted until the prime minister called another election in <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October that year</a>, following which the Labour Government obtained a small majority of three.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following administration also became a minority government after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Lib-Lab_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Lib-Lab pact">Lib-Lab pact</a> in 1978, and the then <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>'s Government fell in March 1979 as the result of a <a href="/wiki/1979_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_government_of_James_Callaghan" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 vote of no confidence in the government of James Callaghan">vote of no confidence</a> which was carried by a single vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Major_(1996–1997)"><span id="John_Major_.281996.E2.80.931997.29"></span>John Major (1996–1997)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: John Major (1996–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority Government held power in the UK between December 1996 and <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">the general election in May 1997</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>, had won the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1992 United Kingdom general election">1992 General Election</a> with an absolute majority of 21 seats over all other parties. That majority was progressively whittled away through defections and by-elections defeat, the most notable of the latter including those in <a href="/wiki/1993_Newbury_by-election" title="1993 Newbury by-election">Newbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_South_East_Staffordshire_by-election" title="1996 South East Staffordshire by-election">South East Staffordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/1997_Wirral_South_by-election" title="1997 Wirral South by-election">Wirral South</a>, resulting in the eventual loss of the Major government's majority in Parliament. However, the Conservatives maintained support from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Cameron_(2010–2015)"><span id="David_Cameron_.282010.E2.80.932015.29"></span>David Cameron (2010–2015)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: David Cameron (2010–2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 General Election</a>, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes, but only a minority of seats in parliament. There was some discussion after the election of the possibility of creating a Conservative minority government and, because the then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> had the first opportunity to form a government, there were also talks about creating some sort of alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> and the other smaller parties. However Brown waived his right, acknowledging that because the Conservative Party had won the largest number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, it should have the first opportunity to form a government. Further discussions then led to the <a href="/wiki/Cameron-Clegg_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron-Clegg coalition">establishment of a formal coalition</a> between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats, which enabled the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, because it was thought that would ensure more stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theresa_May_(2017–2019)"><span id="Theresa_May_.282017.E2.80.932019.29"></span>Theresa May (2017–2019)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theresa May (2017–2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, Theresa May took over from <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> as Prime Minister, after he resigned as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> referendum, when the UK voted to leave the EU. May decided to call a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> in 2017 to strengthen her hand in the Brexit negotiations. In the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 General Election</a>, the Conservatives won the most seats and votes but lost their majority in the House of Commons, which instead weakened their hand in the Brexit negotiations. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, formed a minority government, with 317 seats, on 9 June 2017. On 10 June, the <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">Prime Minister's Office</a> announced a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> which would see the DUP support the Conservative government on a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the DUP later announced that no such deal had been reached.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remained the case until 26 June 2017, when <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">a deal</a> was agreed and announced between the two parties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boris_Johnson_(2019)"><span id="Boris_Johnson_.282019.29"></span>Boris Johnson (2019)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Boris Johnson (2019)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Theresa May resigned in May 2019, Boris Johnson became the new party leader and Prime Minister. For much of the <a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">Johnson Ministry</a> up until the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>; the government was a minority government. The suspension of the whip of 21 Conservative MPs on 24 July 2019 resulted in the government being 43 seats short of a working<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> majority.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government lost several Parliamentary votes in the autumn of 2019 before a general election was called. Johnson gained the Conservatives' biggest majority since <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was Prime Minister in 1987 after the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 United Kingdom general election</a>, ending this run of minority governments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="2007">2007</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Salmond_government" title="First Salmond government">First Salmond government</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a> formed a minority government in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>. </p><p>The SNP had won 47 seats out of 129 in the election, some way short of an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, but more than any other single party gained. The SNP were unable to negotiate a majority <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with any other party, but as no other combination of parties were able to agree on a deal, the SNP chose to form a one-party minority government. They often negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> support from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Green Party">Scottish Green Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Conservative Party">Scottish Conservative Party</a> to pass certain legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="2016">2016</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sturgeon_government" title="Second Sturgeon government">Second Sturgeon government</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016 general election</a>, The SNP won 63 out of 129 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, losing their governing majority they won in <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">2011</a>, but they went on to form a <a href="/wiki/Second_Sturgeon_government" title="Second Sturgeon government">one-party minority government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a>. Throughout the parliamentary term, they informally co-operated with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Green_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Green Party">Scottish Green Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="2021-2024">2021-2024</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2021-2024"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Sturgeon_government" title="Third Sturgeon government">Third Sturgeon government</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2021 Scottish Parliament election">2021 general election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> fell one seat short of an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">overall majority</a>. They went on to form <a href="/wiki/Third_Sturgeon_government" title="Third Sturgeon government">another minority government</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon" title="Nicola Sturgeon">Nicola Sturgeon</a>. The SNP then formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a> in August 2021, lifting Sturgeon's third government out of minority status. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Yousaf_government" title="Second Yousaf government">Second Yousaf government</a></div> <p>On 25 April 2024, First Minister <a href="/wiki/Humza_Yousaf" title="Humza Yousaf">Humza Yousaf</a> suspended the <a href="/wiki/Bute_House_Agreement" title="Bute House Agreement">power sharing agreement</a> with the Scottish Greens <a href="/wiki/2024_Scottish_government_crisis" title="2024 Scottish government crisis">resulting in an SNP minority government</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swinney_government" title="Swinney government">Swinney government</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2024_Scottish_National_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Scottish National Party leadership election">Scottish National Party leadership election</a> and formed a minority government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2007_Welsh_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Welsh Assembly election">2007 Assembly election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Labour Party">Welsh Labour Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Morgan" title="Rhodri Morgan">Rhodri Morgan</a> initially formed a minority government in the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">National Assembly of Wales</a>. This was because they gained 26 seats in the election, which was short of an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of seats in the Assembly. Whilst Labour were initially unable to form a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, a 'Rainbow Coalition' of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a>, Liberal Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> failed to come to fruition. However, on 6 July 2007, Welsh Labour Party members voted for a coalition with Plaid, which was followed by a similar result from Plaid Cymru members the next day. As a result, the Welsh Assembly was controlled by the Labour-Plaid alliance with Rhodri Morgan as First Minister (up until his retirement in 2009 and subsequent replacement by <a href="/wiki/Carwyn_Jones" title="Carwyn Jones">Carwyn Jones</a> as First Minister) and Plaid Leader <a href="/wiki/Ieuan_Wyn_Jones" title="Ieuan Wyn Jones">Ieuan Wyn Jones</a> as his deputy. After the 2011 Welsh General Election, Welsh Labour won 30 seats and entered into a new government, one seat short of an overall majority. In 2016 Welsh Labour returned with 29 seats out of 30 and formed a government with the one remaining Liberal Democrat AM, again one seat short of an overall majority. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Drakeford_government" title="Second Drakeford government">minority government</a> was also formed following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Senedd_election" title="2021 Senedd election">2021 Senedd election</a>, when Welsh Labour returned 30 seats, half of the legislature's available 60, but one short of a working majority (31), yet no coalition government was formed, with Labour relying on <a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship" title="Bipartisanship">bipartisanship</a> (minimally 1 extra vote from a non-Labour seat) for the passing of any legislation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_current_minority_governments">List of current minority governments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of current minority governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Countries and sub-national entities with a minority government as of 10 February 2025 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th rowspan="2">Head of government </th> <th rowspan="2">Legislature </th> <th rowspan="2">Parties </th> <th colspan="5">Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Government </th> <th>Support<br /><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Countries </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">PT</a> – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Brazil)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)">PDT</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Socialist_Party" title="Brazilian Socialist Party">PSB</a> – <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Liberty_Party" title="Socialism and Liberty Party">PSOL</a> – <a href="/wiki/Avante_(political_party)" title="Avante (political party)">Avante</a> – <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Brazil" title="Communist Party of Brazil">PCdoB</a> – <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Brazil)" title="Green Party (Brazil)">PV</a> – <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Brazil)" title="Solidarity (Brazil)">Solidariedade</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_Network" title="Sustainability Network">REDE</a> </td> <td><b>154</b> </td> <td>25.9% </td> <td>114 </td> <td>268/594 </td> <td>45.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a> </td> <td><b>153</b> </td> <td>45.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>153/338 </td> <td>45.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87" title="Andrej Plenković">Andrej Plenković</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">HDZ</a> – <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Movement_(Croatia)" title="Homeland Movement (Croatia)">DP</a> </td> <td><b>66</b> </td> <td>44.0% </td> <td>12 </td> <td>78/150 </td> <td><b>52.0%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mette_Frederiksen" title="Mette Frederiksen">Mette Frederiksen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">A</a> – <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">V</a> – <a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Denmark)" title="Moderates (Denmark)">M</a> </td> <td><b>86</b> </td> <td>48.0% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>90/179 </td> <td><b>50.3%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">RE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Movement_(France)" title="Democratic Movement (France)">MoDem</a> – <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(political_party)" title="Horizons (political party)">HOR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble !</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Republican_Right_group" title="Republican Right group">DR</a> </td> <td><b>211</b> </td> <td>36.6% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>211/577 </td> <td>36.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>– <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind</a> </td> <td><b>325</b> </td> <td>44.3% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>325/733 </td> <td>44.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a> – <a href="/wiki/Komeito" title="Komeito">Komei</a> </td> <td><b>221</b> </td> <td>47.5% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>221/465 </td> <td>47.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">A/Ap</a> </td> <td><b>48</b> </td> <td>28.4% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>48/169 </td> <td>28.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Montenegro" title="Luís Montenegro">Luís Montenegro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">PPD/PSD</a> – <a href="/wiki/CDS_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" title="CDS – People's Party">CDS-PP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(Portugal,_2024)" title="Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 2024)">AD</a>) </td> <td><b>80</b> </td> <td>34.8% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>80/230 </td> <td>34.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fico" title="Robert Fico">Robert Fico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Slovakia" title="National Council of Slovakia">National Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smer" class="mw-redirect" title="Smer">Smer</a> - <a href="/wiki/Voice_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Voice – Social Democracy">Hlas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Party" title="Slovak National Party">SNS</a> </td> <td><b>72</b> </td> <td>48% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>72/150 </td> <td><b>48%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">PSOE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sumar_(electoral_platform)" title="Sumar (electoral platform)">Sumar</a> </td> <td><b>147</b> </td> <td>42.0% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>179/350 </td> <td><b>51.1%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Kristersson" title="Ulf Kristersson">Ulf Kristersson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate Party (Sweden)">M</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Sweden)" title="Christian Democrats (Sweden)">KD</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liberals_(Sweden)" title="Liberals (Sweden)">L</a> </td> <td><b>103</b> </td> <td>29.5% </td> <td>73 </td> <td>176/349 </td> <td><b>50.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choi_Sang-mok" title="Choi Sang-mok">Choi Sang-mok</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">PPP</a> </td> <td><b>108</b> </td> <td>36.0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>108/300 </td> <td>36.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cho_Jung-tai" title="Cho Jung-tai">Cho Jung-tai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a> </td> <td><b>51</b> </td> <td>45.1% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>51/113 </td> <td>45.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="9">Sub-national </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Asturias.svg/23px-Flag_of_Asturias.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Asturias.svg/35px-Flag_of_Asturias.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_Asturias.svg/45px-Flag_of_Asturias.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Barb%C3%B3n" title="Adrián Barbón">Adrián Barbón</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Junta_of_the_Principality_of_Asturias" title="General Junta of the Principality of Asturias">General Junta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Socialist_Federation" title="Asturian Socialist Federation">FSA-PSOE</a> </td> <td><b>19</b> </td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>23/45 </td> <td><b>51.1%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Azores.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Azores.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Bolieiro" title="José Manuel Bolieiro">José Manuel Bolieiro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Azores" title="Legislative Assembly of the Azores">Legislative Assembly of the Azores</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">PPD/PSD</a> – <a href="/wiki/CDS_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party" title="CDS – People's Party">CDS–PP</a> – <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Monarchist_Party_(Portugal)" title="People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)">PPM</a> </td> <td><b>26</b> </td> <td>45.6% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>29/57 </td> <td><b>50.9%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marga_Prohens" title="Marga Prohens">Marga Prohens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Parliament of the Balearic Islands">Parliament of the Balearic Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="People's Party of the Balearic Islands">PP</a> </td> <td><b>25</b> </td> <td>42.3% </td> <td>9 </td> <td>34/59 </td> <td><b>57.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Illa" title="Salvador Illa">Salvador Illa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Catalonia" title="Parliament of Catalonia">Parliament of Catalonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialists%27_Party_of_Catalonia" title="Socialists' Party of Catalonia">PSC</a> </td> <td><b>42</b> </td> <td>31.1% </td> <td>26 </td> <td>68/135 </td> <td><b>50.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Region_of_Murcia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fernando_L%C3%B3pez_Miras" title="Fernando López Miras">Fernando López Miras</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Assembly_of_Murcia" title="Regional Assembly of Murcia">Assembly of Murcia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_the_Region_of_Murcia" title="People's Party of the Region of Murcia">PP</a> </td> <td><b>21</b> </td> <td>46.6% </td> <td>9 </td> <td>30/45 </td> <td><b>66.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/35px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bandera_de_Navarra.svg/45px-Bandera_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Chivite" title="María Chivite">María Chivite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Navarre" title="Parliament of Navarre">Parliament of Navarre</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Navarre" title="Socialist Party of Navarre">PSN</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geroa_Bai" title="Geroa Bai">GBai</a> – <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a> </td> <td><b>21</b> </td> <td>42.0% </td> <td>9 </td> <td>30/50 </td> <td><b>60.0%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chris_Minns" title="Chris Minns">Chris Minns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly" title="New South Wales Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(New_South_Wales_Branch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Labor Party (New South Wales Branch)">Labor</a> </td> <td><b>45</b> </td> <td>48.4% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>48/93 </td> <td><b>51.6%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Swinney" title="John Swinney">John Swinney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> </td> <td><b>64</b> </td> <td>49.6% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>64/129 </td> <td>49.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rockliff" title="Jeremy Rockliff">Jeremy Rockliff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Liberal_Party" title="Tasmanian Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td><b>14</b> </td> <td>40.0% </td> <td>4 </td> <td>18/35 </td> <td><b>51.4%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_Voigt" title="Mario Voigt">Mario Voigt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Thuringia" title="Landtag of Thuringia">Landtag of Thuringia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht_Alliance" title="Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance">BSW</a> – <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td><b>44</b> </td> <td>50.0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>44/88 </td> <td>50.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eluned_Morgan,_Baroness_Morgan_of_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluned Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Ely">Eluned Morgan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Labour</a> </td> <td><b>30</b> </td> <td>50.0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>30/60 </td> <td>50.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranj_Pillai" title="Ranj Pillai">Ranj Pillai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly" title="Yukon Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td><b>8</b> </td> <td>42.1% </td> <td>3 </td> <td>11/19 </td> <td><b>57.9%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were two minority governments during the life of 15th Canadian Parliament</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite surviving several <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions of no confidence">motions of no confidence</a> mainly thanks to centre-right to right-wing <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">Republicans</a>' abstention, no confidence-and-supply agreement is in place and the Republicans have formally declared themselves an opposition group in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Support by another party short of a coalition, for example in a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> arrangement.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/minority-government/">"Minority Government"</a>. <i>parliament.uk</i>. UK parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May%27s+plan+to+govern+with+DUP+support+thrown+into+confusion&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2Fjun%2F10%2Ftheresa-may-dup-deal-snag-tory-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsthanaMcDonaldCarrell2017" class="citation web cs1">Asthana, Anushka; McDonald, Henry; Carrell, Severin (26 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/26/tories-and-the-dup-reach-deal-to-prop-up-minority-government">"Theresa May faces backlash from Scotland and Wales over £1bn Tory-DUP deal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+faces+backlash+from+Scotland+and+Wales+over+%C2%A31bn+Tory-DUP+deal&rft.date=2017-06-26&rft.aulast=Asthana&rft.aufirst=Anushka&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Henry&rft.au=Carrell%2C+Severin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2017%2Fjun%2F26%2Ftories-and-the-dup-reach-deal-to-prop-up-minority-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2019" class="citation web cs1">Bloom, Dan (4 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/what-boris-johnsons-majority-how-19430922">"What is Boris Johnson's majority? How purge of Tory MPs has changed Parliament"</a>. <i>Daily Mirror</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=What+is+Boris+Johnson%27s+majority%3F+How+purge+of+Tory+MPs+has+changed+Parliament&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwhat-boris-johnsons-majority-how-19430922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinority+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minority_government&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coalition_spectrum18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coalition_Spectrum_navbox" title="Template:Coalition Spectrum navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coalition_Spectrum_navbox" title="Template talk:Coalition Spectrum navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coalition_Spectrum_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coalition Spectrum navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coalition_spectrum18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Coalition spectrum</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type of government</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Government parties</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Opposition parties</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;font-size:105%;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Rainbow coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Full coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus government">Consensus government</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> ⇐ <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span>—<span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7030a0; color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b050; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f79646; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc000; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00b0f0; color:black;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0070c0; color:white;"> ∘ </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;color:white;"> ∘ </span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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