CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ekosistem - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"d95be53e-4b06-4ec8-b456-8ae6541ad55c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ekosistem","wgTitle":"Ekosistem","wgCurRevisionId":25712450,"wgRevisionId":25712450,"wgArticleId":51940,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif","Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen","Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA","Artikel dengan kutipan otomatis","Ekologi","Ekologi sistem"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ekosistem","wgRelevantArticleId":51940,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q37813","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="879"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="586"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="469"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ekosistem - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ekosistem rootpage-Ekosistem skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Ekosistem" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Ekosistem" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Ekosistem" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Ekosistem" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Komponen_pembentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komponen_pembentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Komponen pembentuk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Komponen_pembentuk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Komponen pembentuk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Komponen_pembentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abiotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abiotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Biotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heterotrof_/_Konsumen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterotrof_/_Konsumen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Heterotrof / Konsumen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterotrof_/_Konsumen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengurai_/_dekomposer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengurai_/_dekomposer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Pengurai / dekomposer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengurai_/_dekomposer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketergantungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketergantungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ketergantungan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ketergantungan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ketergantungan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ketergantungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antar_komponen_biotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antar_komponen_biotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antar komponen biotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antar_komponen_biotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antar_komponen_biotik_dan_abiotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antar_komponen_biotik_dan_abiotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antar komponen biotik dan abiotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antar_komponen_biotik_dan_abiotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_perairan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_perairan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ekosistem perairan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_perairan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_air_tawar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_air_tawar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ekosistem air tawar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_air_tawar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_air_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_air_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ekosistem air laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_air_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_estuari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_estuari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Ekosistem estuari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_estuari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_pantai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_pantai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Ekosistem pantai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_pantai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_sungai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_sungai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Ekosistem sungai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_sungai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_terumbu_karang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_terumbu_karang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Ekosistem terumbu karang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_terumbu_karang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_laut_dalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_laut_dalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Ekosistem laut dalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_laut_dalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_lamun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_lamun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Ekosistem lamun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_lamun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_darat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_darat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ekosistem darat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_darat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hutan_hujan_tropis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutan_hujan_tropis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hutan hujan tropis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutan_hujan_tropis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sabana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Padang_rumput" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padang_rumput"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Padang rumput</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padang_rumput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Gurun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hutan_gugur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hutan_gugur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Hutan gugur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hutan_gugur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Taiga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tundra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tundra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Tundra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tundra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Karst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_buatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_buatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ekosistem buatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_buatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak_kerusakan_ekosistem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak_kerusakan_ekosistem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dampak kerusakan ekosistem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak_kerusakan_ekosistem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekosistem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 112 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekostelsel" title="Ekostelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekostelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نظام بيئي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام بيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিৱেশ তন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экасістэма – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экасістэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экасыстэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экасыстэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Екосистема – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екосистема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="इकोसिस्टम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इकोसिस्टम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂေဟစနိစ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂေဟစနိစ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="বাস্তুতন্ত্র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তুতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoreizhiad" title="Ekoreizhiad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ekoreizhiad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosyst%C3%A9m" title="Ekosystém – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekosystém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Экотытăм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экотытăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ecosystem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Οικοσύστημα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικοσύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecosystem" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemo" title="Ekosistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekosistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Ökosüsteem – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökosüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="اکوسیستم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکوسیستم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosysteemi" title="Ekosysteemi – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekosysteemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cosyst%C3%A8me" title="Écosystème – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écosystème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosysteem" title="Ekosysteem – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekosysteem" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89iceach%C3%B3ras" title="Éiceachóras – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éiceachóras" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosyst%C3%A8m" title="Ékosystèm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékosystèm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="નિવસન તંત્ર – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિવસન તંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מערכת אקולוגית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת אקולוגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पारितंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारितंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosustav" title="Ekosustav – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekosustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosist%C3%A8m" title="Ekosistèm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekosistèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosziszt%C3%A9ma" title="Ökoszisztéma – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökoszisztéma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Էկոհամակարգ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոհամակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemo" title="Ekosistemo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekosistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistkerfi" title="Vistkerfi – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vistkerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema" title="Ecosistema – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecosistema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="生態系 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生態系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikosistim" title="Ikosistim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ikosistim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosistem" title="Ékosistem – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékosistem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ეკოსისტემა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოსისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Экологиялық жүйе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық жүйе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="និវេសនប្រព័ន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="និវេសនប្រព័ន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EA%B3%84" title="생태계 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecosystema" title="Oecosystema – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecosystema" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecost%C3%A8lsel" title="Ecostèlsel – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecostèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosist%C4%93ma" title="Ekosistēma – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekosistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi-tontolo_iainana" title="Rafi-tontolo iainana – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rafi-tontolo iainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Екосистем – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Екосистем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Экосистем – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экосистем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂေဟစနစ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေဟစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पारिस्थितिक प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosysteem" title="Ecosysteem – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecosysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økosystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosist%C3%A8ma" title="Ecosistèma – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecosistèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnakkoo" title="Sirnakkoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sirnakkoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystema_Natural" title="Ekosystema Natural – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ekosystema Natural" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-sistema" title="Eco-sistema – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eco-sistema" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ایکوسیستم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایکوسیستم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecossistema" title="Ecossistema – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecossistema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacha_llika" title="Pacha llika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pacha llika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistem" title="Ecosistem – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecosistem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="पर्यावरणव्यवस्था – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पर्यावरणव्यवस्था" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoseestem" title="Ecoseestem – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ecoseestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%85" title="ايڪو سسٽم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايڪو سسٽم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="පරිසර පද්ධති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිසර පද්ධති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecosystem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosyst%C3%A9m" title="Ekosystém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekosystém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistemi" title="Ekosistemi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekosistemi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Екосистем – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екосистем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kosystem" title="Ökosystem – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ökosystem" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kosistem" title="Ékosistem – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékosistem" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosystem" title="Ekosystem – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekosystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சூழல் மண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழல் மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5" title="పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8" title="ระบบนิเวศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบนิเวศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Экосистема – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экосистема" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Екосистема – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екосистема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekotizim" title="Ekotizim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekotizim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1i" title="Hệ sinh thái – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ sinh thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekostelsl" title="Ekostelsl – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ekostelsl" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekosistema" title="Ekosistema – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ekosistema" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生态系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ეკოსისტემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკოსისტემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生态系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-th%C3%A0i-h%C4%93" title="Seng-thài-hē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-thài-hē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生態系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37813#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Ekosistem" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Ekosistem" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Ekosistem" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&oldid=25712450" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Ekosistem&id=25712450&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEkosistem"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEkosistem"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ekosistem"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ekosistem&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecosystems" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37813" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg/290px-Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg/435px-Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg/580px-Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Ekosistem padang rumput adalah contoh ekosistem terestrial</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse" style="border:2px solid #90db90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Bagian dari seri</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90db90;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">Biologi</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/100px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/150px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg/200px-202104_Laboratory_instrument_dna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0 0 0.8em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">Ilmu</a> yang mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #e7f4e7;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_biologi" title="Garis besar biologi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glosarium_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Glosarium biologi">Glosarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_biologi_dan_kimia_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu biologi dan kimia organik (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Komponen kunci</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">Teori sel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekosistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohon_filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon filogenetik">Filogeni</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Pengaturan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Pertumbuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(fisiologi)" title="Stimulus (fisiologi)">Respons terhadap lingkungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">Susunan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)"> Domain</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">Arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bakteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Hewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Tumbuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">Protista</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Subdisiplin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18051832">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiologi" title="Aerobiologi">Aerobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomi" title="Agronomi">Agronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostologi" title="Agrostologi">Agrostologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteriologi" title="Bakteriologi">Bakteriologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeologi" title="Biogeologi">Biogeologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik biologis">Teknik biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosemiotika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosemiotika (halaman belum tersedia)">Biosemiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiologi sel (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologi" title="Kronobiologi">Kronobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_komputasi" title="Biologi komputasi">Biologi komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriobiologi" title="Kriobiologi">Kriobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitogenetika" title="Sitogenetika">Sitogenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrologi" title="Dendrologi">Dendrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetika_ekologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genetika ekologis (halaman belum tersedia)">Genetika ekologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embriologi" title="Embriologi">Embriologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi evolusi">Biologi evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_air_tawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi air tawar (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi air tawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiologi" title="Geobiologi">Geobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontologi" title="Gerontologi">Gerontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetologi" title="Herpetologi">Herpetologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_manusia" title="Biologi manusia">Biologi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtiologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhtiologi">Ikhtiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidologi" title="Lipidologi">Lipidologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamalogi" title="Mamalogi">Mamalogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_matematis_dan_teoritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi matematis dan teoritis (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi matematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neontologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neontologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Neontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosains" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurosains">Neurosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_gizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu gizi">Gizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornitologi" title="Ornitologi">Ornitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteologi" title="Osteologi">Osteologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotobiologi" title="Fotobiologi">Fotobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikologi" title="Fikologi">Fikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filogenetika" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetika">Filogenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomologi" title="Pomologi">Pomologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatologi" title="Primatologi">Primatologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomika" title="Proteomika">Proteomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistologi" title="Protistologi">Protistologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kuantum" title="Biologi kuantum">Biologi kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_reproduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi reproduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi reproduksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">Biologi struktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sistem" title="Biologi sistem">Biologi sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratologi" title="Teratologi">Teratologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virofisika" title="Virofisika">Virofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenobiologi">Xenobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#e7f4e7;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90db90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;">Penerapan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_pertanian" title="Ilmu pertanian">Ilmu pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_kesehatan" title="Ilmu kesehatan">Ilmu kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknologi_kesehatan" title="Teknologi kesehatan">Teknologi kesehatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming" title="Pharming">Pharming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/16px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Kategori</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi" title="Templat:Bilah sisi biologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Bilah sisi biologi (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ekosistem</b> adalah suatu sistem <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologi</a> yang terbentuk oleh hubungan timbal balik tak terpisahkan antara <a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">makhluk hidup</a> dengan lingkungannya.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem bisa dikatakan juga suatu tatanan kesatuan secara utuh dan menyeluruh antara segenap unsur lingkungan hidup yang saling memengaruhi.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekosistem merupakan penggabungan dari setiap unit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">biosistem</a> yang melibatkan interaksi timbal balik antara <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> dan lingkungan fisik sehingga aliran energi menuju kepada suatu struktur <a href="/wiki/Biotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotik">biotik</a> tertentu dan terjadi suatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siklus_materi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siklus materi (halaman belum tersedia)">siklus materi</a> antara organisme dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorganisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorganisme (halaman belum tersedia)">anorganisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matahari sebagai sumber dari semua energi yang ada.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam ekosistem, organisme dalam komunitas berkembang bersama-sama dengan lingkungan fisik sebagai suatu sistem.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisme akan beradaptasi dengan lingkungan fisik, sebaliknya organisme juga memengaruhi lingkungan fisik untuk keperluan hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengertian ini didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_Gaia" title="Hipotesis Gaia">Hipotesis Gaia</a>, yaitu: "organisme, khususnya <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a>, bersama-sama dengan lingkungan fisik menghasilkan suatu sistem kontrol yang menjaga keadaan di bumi cocok untuk kehidupan".<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hal ini mengarah pada kenyataan bahwa kandungan kimia <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> sangat terkendali dan sangat berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> lain dalam <a href="/wiki/Tata_surya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata surya">tata surya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kehadiran, kelimpahan dan penyebaran suatu spesies dalam ekosistem ditentukan oleh tingkat ketersediaan sumber daya serta kondisi faktor kimiawi dan fisis yang harus berada dalam kisaran yang dapat ditoleransi oleh spesies tersebut, inilah yang disebut dengan hukum toleransi.<sup id="cite_ref-f_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya: Panda memiliki toleransi yang luas terhadap suhu, namun memiliki toleransi yang sempit terhadap makanannya, yaitu bambu.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan demikian, panda dapat hidup di ekosistem dengan kondisi apapun asalkan dalam ekosistem tersebut terdapat bambu sebagai sumber makanannya.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan makhluk hidup yang lain, <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> dapat memperlebar kisaran toleransinya karena kemampuannya untuk berpikir, mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a> dan memanipulasi <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">alam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komponen_pembentuk">Komponen pembentuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Komponen pembentuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komponen pembentuk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem terbentuk dari unsur lingkungan hidup yang memiliki dua peran yaitu adalah <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrofik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrofik</a>. Autotrofik merupakan peran unsur lingkungan hidup sebagai penyedia makanan secara mandiri dengan bantuan energi matahari. Sedangkan heterotrofik merupakan peran unsur lingkungan hidup sebagai pemeroleh manfaat dari keberadaan makanan. Makanan yang dihasilkan dapat berupa bahan organik maupun bahan anorganik.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizal201721-22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizal201721-22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unsur lingkungan hidup yang menjadi pembentuk ekosistem yaitu abiotik, biotik, produsen, konsumen, dan <a href="/wiki/Pengurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengurai">dekomposer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizal201722_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERizal201722-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abiotik">Abiotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Abiotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abiotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abiotik atau komponen tak hidup adalah komponen <a href="/wiki/Fisik" title="Fisik">fisik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Medium" title="Medium">medium</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a> tempat berlangsungnya <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan">lingkungan</a> tempat hidup.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar komponen abiotik bervariasi dalam ruang dan waktunya.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komponen abiotik dapat berupa bahan organik, senyawa anorganik, dan faktor yang memengaruhi distribusi organisme, yaitu:<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">Suhu</a>. Proses biologi dipengaruhi suhu. <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">Mamalia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Unggas" title="Unggas">unggas</a> membutuhkan energi untuk meregulasi temperatur dalam tubuhnya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">Air</a>. Ketersediaan air memengaruhi distribusi organisme. Organisme di gurun beradaptasi terhadap ketersediaan air di gurun.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam">Garam</a>. Konsentrasi garam memengaruhi kesetimbangan air dalam organisme melalui <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>. Beberapa organisme <a href="/wiki/Terestrial" title="Terestrial">terestrial</a> beradaptasi dengan lingkungan dengan kandungan garam tinggi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahaya_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahaya matahari">Cahaya matahari</a>. Intensitas dan kualitas cahaya memengaruhi proses <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>. Air dapat menyerap cahaya sehingga pada lingkungan air, fotosintesis terjadi di sekitar permukaan yang terjangkau cahaya matahari. Di <a href="/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun">gurun</a>, intensitas cahaya yang besar membuat peningkatan suhu sehingga <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> tertekan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah">Tanah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Batu" title="Batu">batu</a>. Beberapa karakteristik tanah yang meliputi struktur fisik, pH, dan komposisi mineral membatasi penyebaran organisme berdasarkan pada kandungan sumber makanannya di tanah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">Iklim</a>. Iklim adalah kondisi <a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">cuaca</a> dalam jangka waktu lama dalam suatu area. Iklim makro meliputi iklim <a href="/wiki/Global" title="Global">global</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional" class="mw-disambig" title="Regional">regional</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lokal" class="mw-disambig" title="Lokal">lokal</a>. Iklim mikro meliputi iklim dalam suatu daerah yang dihuni <a href="/wiki/Komunitas" title="Komunitas">komunitas</a> tertentu.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotik">Biotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Biotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biotik adalah istilah yang biasanya digunakan untuk menyebut sesuatu yang hidup (organisme). Komponen biotik adalah suatu komponen yang menyusun suatu ekosistem selain komponen abiotik (tidak bernyawa). Berdasarkan peran dan fungsinya, makhluk hidup dibedakan menjadi dua macam, yaitu: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heterotrof_/_Konsumen"><span id="Heterotrof_.2F_Konsumen"></span>Heterotrof / Konsumen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Heterotrof / Konsumen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Heterotrof / Konsumen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komponen heterotrof terdiri dari organisme yang memanfaatkan bahan-bahan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">organik</a> yang disediakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> lain sebagai makanannya .<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komponen heterotrof disebut juga konsumen makro (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagotrof (halaman belum tersedia)">fagotrof</a>) karena makanan yang dimakan berukuran lebih kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang tergolong heterotrof adalah <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur">jamur</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mikrob" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrob">mikrob</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pengurai_/_dekomposer"><span id="Pengurai_.2F_dekomposer"></span>Pengurai / dekomposer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pengurai / dekomposer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengurai / dekomposer"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pengurai atau dekomposer adalah organisme yang menguraikan bahan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">organik</a> yang berasal dari organisme mati.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengurai disebut juga konsumen makro (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapotrof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapotrof (halaman belum tersedia)">sapotrof</a>) karena makanan yang dimakan berukuran lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisme pengurai menyerap sebagian hasil penguraian tersebut dan melepaskan bahan-bahan yang sederhana yang dapat digunakan kembali oleh <a href="/wiki/Produsen" title="Produsen">produsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang tergolong pengurai adalah <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur">jamur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada pula pengurai yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">detritivor</a>, yaitu hewan pengurai yang memakan sisa-sisa bahan organik, contohnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Kutu_kayu" title="Kutu kayu">kutu kayu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipe dekomposisi ada tiga, yaitu:<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobik" title="Aerobik">aerobik</a>: oksigen adalah penerima elektron / <a href="/wiki/Oksidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidan">oksidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobik" class="mw-disambig" title="Anaerobik">anaerobik</a>: oksigen tidak terlibat. Bahan organik sebagai penerima elektron /oksidan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi">fermentasi</a>: anaerobik namun bahan organik yang teroksidasi juga sebagai penerima <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. komponen tersebut berada pada suatu tempat dan berinteraksi membentuk suatu kesatuan ekosistem yang teratur.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya, pada suatu ekosistem <a href="/wiki/Akuarium" title="Akuarium">akuarium</a>, ekosistem ini terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a> sebagai komponen heterotrof, tumbuhan air sebagai komponen autotrof, <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> yang terapung di air sebagai komponen pengurai, sedangkan yang termasuk komponen <a href="/wiki/Abiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotik">abiotik</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batu" title="Batu">batu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> yang terlarut dalam air.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ketergantungan">Ketergantungan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Ketergantungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ketergantungan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:FoodChain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/200px-FoodChain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/300px-FoodChain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/FoodChain.svg/400px-FoodChain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Rantai makanan</figcaption></figure> <p>Ketergantungan pada ekosistem dapat terjadi antar komponen biotik atau antara komponen biotik dan abiotik.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketergantungan antara komponen biotik dan abiotik terjadi melalui <a href="/wiki/Daur_biogeokimia" title="Daur biogeokimia">daur biogeokimia</a> yang berfungsi untuk mencegah suatu bentuk materi menumpuk pada suatu tempat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antar_komponen_biotik">Antar komponen biotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Antar komponen biotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antar komponen biotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketergantungan antar komponen biotik dapat terjadi melalui:<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">Rantai makanan</a></b>, yaitu perpindahan materi dan energi melalui proses makan dan dimakan dengan urutan tertentu. Tiap tingkat dari rantai makanan disebut <a href="/wiki/Tingkat_trofi" title="Tingkat trofi">tingkat trofi</a> atau taraf trofi. Karena organisme pertama yang mampu menghasilkan zat makanan adalah tumbuhan maka tingkat trofi pertama selalu diduduki tumbuhan hijau sebagai produsen. Tingkat selanjutnya adalah tingkat trofi kedua, terdiri atas hewan pemakan tumbuhan yang biasa disebut <a href="/wiki/Konsumen" title="Konsumen">konsumen</a> primer. Hewan pemakan konsumen primer merupakan tingkat trofi ketiga, terdiri atas hewan-hewan <a href="/wiki/Karnivora" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnivora">karnivora</a>. Setiap pertukaran energi dari satu tingkat trofi ke tingkat trofi lainnya, sebagian energi akan hilang.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jaring-jaring_makanan" title="Jaring-jaring makanan">Jaring-jaring makanan</a></b>, yaitu rantai-rantai makanan yang saling berhubungan satu sama lain sedemikian rupa sehingga membentuk seperi jaring-jaring. Jaring-jaring makanan terjadi karena setiap jenis makhluk hidup tidak hanya memakan satu jenis makhluk hidup lainnya.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antar_komponen_biotik_dan_abiotik">Antar komponen biotik dan abiotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Antar komponen biotik dan abiotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antar komponen biotik dan abiotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ketergantungan antara komponen biotik dan abiotik dapat terjadi melalui siklus materi, seperti:<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>siklus <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a></li> <li>siklus air</li> <li>siklus <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></li> <li>siklus <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a></li></ol> <p>Siklus ini berfungsi untuk mencegah suatu bentuk materi menumpuk pada suatu tempat.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulah manusia telah membuat suatu sistem yang awalnya siklik menjadi nonsiklik, manusia cenderung mengganggu keseimbangan lingkungan.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis">Jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secara umum ada tiga tipe ekosistem, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem_perairan" title="Ekosistem perairan">ekosistem perairan</a>, ekosistem darat, dan ekosistem buatan.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekosistem_perairan">Ekosistem perairan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem perairan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem perairan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg/220px-Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg/330px-Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg/440px-Upper_Lehman_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Ekosistem sungai</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_air_tawar">Ekosistem air tawar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem air tawar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem air tawar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ciri-ciri ekosistem air tawar antara lain variasi suhu tidak menyolok, penetrasi cahaya kurang, dan terpengaruh oleh <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">cuaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macam tumbuhan yang terbanyak adalah jenis <a href="/wiki/Ganggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggang">ganggang</a>, sedangkan lainnya tumbuhan biji.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hampir semua filum hewan terdapat dalam air tawar. Organisme yang hidup di air tawar pada umumnya telah beradaptasi.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_air_laut">Ekosistem air laut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem air laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem air laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Habitat laut (oseanik) ditandai oleh <a href="/wiki/Salinitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinitas">salinitas</a> (kadar garam) yang tinggi dengan ion CI<sup>-</sup> mencapai 55% terutama di daerah laut tropik, karena suhunya tinggi dan penguapan besar.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di daerah tropik, suhu laut sekitar 25 °C. Perbedaan suhu bagian atas dan bawah tinggi, sehingga terdapat batas antara lapisan air yang panas di bagian atas dengan air yang dingin di bagian bawah yang disebut daerah <a href="/wiki/Termoklin" title="Termoklin">termoklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_estuari">Ekosistem estuari</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem estuari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem estuari"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estuari (muara) merupakan tempat bersatunya sungai dengan laut.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estuari sering dipagari oleh lempengan lumpur <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> yang luas atau <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa</a> garam. Ekosistem estuari memiliki produktivitas yang tinggi dan kaya akan nutrisi.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komunitas tumbuhan yang hidup di <a href="/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari">estuari</a> antara lain rumput rawa garam, <a href="/wiki/Ganggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggang">ganggang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komunitas hewannya antara lain berbagai cacing, <a href="/wiki/Kerang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerang">kerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepiting" title="Kepiting">kepiting</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_pantai">Ekosistem pantai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem pantai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem pantai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dinamakan demikian karena yang paling banyak tumbuh di gundukan <a href="/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a> adalah tumbuhan <i>Ipomoea pes caprae</i> yang tahan terhadap hempasan gelombang dan <a href="/wiki/Angin" title="Angin">angin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumbuhan yang hidup di ekosistem ini menjalar dan berdaun tebal.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_sungai">Ekosistem sungai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem sungai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem sungai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">Sungai</a> adalah suatu badan air yang mengalir ke satu arah.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air sungai dingin dan jernih serta mengandung sedikit <a href="/wiki/Sedimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimen">sedimen</a> dan makanan. Aliran air dan gelombang secara konstan memberikan oksigen pada air.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suhu air bervariasi sesuai dengan ketinggian dan garis <a href="/wiki/Lintang" class="mw-disambig" title="Lintang">lintang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem sungai dihuni oleh hewan seperti ikan kucing, <a href="/wiki/Gurame" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurame">gurame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kura-kura" title="Kura-kura">kura-kura</a>, ular, <a href="/wiki/Buaya" title="Buaya">buaya</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Lumba-lumba" title="Lumba-lumba">lumba-lumba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_terumbu_karang">Ekosistem terumbu karang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem terumbu karang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem terumbu karang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem ini terdiri dari coral yang berada dekat pantai.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efisiensi ekosistem ini sangat tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewan-hewan yang hidup di karang memakan organisme mikroskopis dan sisa organik lain.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbagai invertebrata, mikro organisme, dan ikan, hidup di antara <a href="/wiki/Karang" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karang">karang</a> dan ganggang.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Herbivora" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivora">Herbivora</a> seperti siput, landak laut, ikan, menjadi mangsa bagi <a href="/wiki/Gurita" title="Gurita">gurita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintang_laut" title="Bintang laut">bintang laut</a>, dan ikan karnivora.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kehadiran terumbu karang di dekat pantai membuat pantai memiliki pasir putih.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_laut_dalam">Ekosistem laut dalam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem laut dalam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem laut dalam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kedalamannya lebih dari 6.000 m.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biasanya terdapat lele laut dan ikan laut yang dapat mengeluarkan cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai produsen terdapat bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan karang tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ekosistem_lamun">Ekosistem lamun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem lamun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem lamun"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamun atau <i>seagrass</i> adalah satu‑satunya kelompok tumbuh-tumbuhan berbunga yang hidup di lingkungan laut.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumbuh‑tumbuhan ini hidup di habitat perairan pantai yang dangkal.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seperti halnya rumput di darat, mereka mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Tunas" title="Tunas">tunas</a> berdaun yang tegak dan tangkai‑tangkai yang merayap yang efektif untuk berbiak.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbeda dengan tumbuh‑tumbuhan laut lainnya (alga dan rumput laut), lamun berbunga, berbuah dan menghasilkan biji. Mereka juga mempunyai akar dan sistem internal untuk mengangkut gas dan zat‑zat hara.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai sumber daya <a href="/wiki/Hayati" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayati">hayati</a>, lamun banyak dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekosistem_darat">Ekosistem darat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem darat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem darat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Daintree_Rainforest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Daintree_Rainforest.JPG/180px-Daintree_Rainforest.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Daintree_Rainforest.JPG/270px-Daintree_Rainforest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Daintree_Rainforest.JPG/360px-Daintree_Rainforest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ekosistem hutan hujan tropis memiliki produktivitas tinggi.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg/180px-Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg/270px-Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg/360px-Gasp%C3%A9_taiga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ekosistem taiga merupakan hutan pinus dengan ciri iklim musim dingin yang panjang.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg/180px-Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg/270px-Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg/360px-Greenland-sydkap_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption>Ekosistem tundra didominasi oleh vegetasi perdu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Penentuan zona dalam ekosistem terestrial ditentukan oleh temperatur dan curah hujan.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem terestrial dapat dikontrol oleh iklim dan gangguan.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iklim sangat penting untuk menentukan mengapa suatu ekosistem terestrial berada pada suatu tempat tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pola ekosistem dapat berubah akibat gangguan seperti <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a>, kebakaran, atau aktivitas manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hutan_hujan_tropis">Hutan hujan tropis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Hutan hujan tropis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hutan hujan tropis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutan hujan tropis terdapat di daerah tropis dan subtropis.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciri-cirinya adalah curah hujan 200–225 cm per tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spesies pepohonan relatif banyak, jenisnya berbeda antara satu dengan yang lainnya tergantung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Letak_geografis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letak geografis (halaman belum tersedia)">letak geografisnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinggi pohon utama antara 20–40 m, cabang-cabang pohon tinggi dan berdaun lebat hingga membentuk <a href="/wiki/Tudung" title="Tudung">tudung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanopi">kanopi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam hutan basah terjadi perubahan iklim mikro, yaitu iklim yang langsung terdapat di sekitar organisme.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daerah tudung cukup mendapat sinar matahari, variasi suhu dan <a href="/wiki/Kelembapan" title="Kelembapan">kelembapan</a> tinggi, suhu sepanjang hari sekitar 25 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam hutan hujan tropis sering terdapat tumbuhan khas, yaitu liana (<a href="/wiki/Rotan" title="Rotan">rotan</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Anggrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Anggrek">anggrek</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Epifit" title="Epifit">epifit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewannya antara lain, <a href="/wiki/Kera" title="Kera">kera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burung" title="Burung">burung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badak" title="Badak">badak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babi_hutan" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Babi hutan">babi hutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harimau" title="Harimau">harimau</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Burung_hantu" title="Burung hantu">burung hantu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sabana">Sabana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Sabana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sabana"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sabana dari daerah tropis terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">wilayah</a> dengan curah hujan 40 – 60 inci per tahun, tetapi temperatur dan kelembaban masih tergantung musim.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sabana yang terluas di dunia terdapat di Afrika; namun di Australia juga terdapat sabana yang luas.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewan yang hidup di sabana antara lain <a href="/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga">serangga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singa" title="Singa">singa</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Hyena" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyena">hyena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Padang_rumput">Padang rumput</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Padang rumput" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Padang rumput"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Padang rumput terdapat di daerah yang terbentang dari daerah <a href="/wiki/Tropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropis">tropis</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Subtropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropis">subtropis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciri-ciri padang rumput adalah curah hujan kurang lebih 25–30 cm per tahun, hujan turun tidak teratur, porositas (peresapan air) tinggi, dan <a href="/wiki/Drainase" title="Drainase">drainase</a> (aliran air) cepat.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumbuhan yang ada terdiri atas tumbuhan terna (herbs) dan rumput yang keduanya tergantung pada kelembapan.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewannya antara lain: bison, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singa" title="Singa">singa</a>, anjing liar, <a href="/wiki/Serigala" title="Serigala">serigala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajah" title="Gajah">gajah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerapah" title="Jerapah">jerapah</a>, kangguru, <a href="/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga">serangga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus">tikus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ular" title="Ular">ular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gurun">Gurun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Gurun" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Gurun"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gurun terdapat di daerah tropis yang berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Padang_rumput" title="Padang rumput">padang rumput</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciri-ciri ekosistem gurun adalah <a href="/wiki/Gersang" title="Gersang">gersang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Curah_hujan" class="mw-redirect" title="Curah hujan">curah hujan</a> rendah (25 cm/tahun).<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perbedaan suhu antara <a href="/wiki/Siang" title="Siang">siang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Malam" title="Malam">malam</a> sangat besar.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumbuhan semusim yang terdapat di gurun berukuran kecil.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, di gurun dijumpai pula tumbuhan menahun berdaun seperti duri contohnya <a href="/wiki/Kaktus" title="Kaktus">kaktus</a>, atau tak berdaun dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Akar" title="Akar">akar</a> panjang serta mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">jaringan</a> untuk menyimpan air.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewan yang hidup di gurun antara lain rodentia, semut, <a href="/wiki/Ular" title="Ular">ular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadal" title="Kadal">kadal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katak" class="mw-redirect" title="Katak">katak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalajengking" title="Kalajengking">kalajengking</a>, dan beberapa hewan <a href="/wiki/Nokturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokturnal">nokturnal</a> lain.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hutan_gugur">Hutan gugur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Hutan gugur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hutan gugur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hutan gugur terdapat di daerah beriklim sedang yang memiliki empat musim, ciri-cirinya adalah curah hujan merata sepanjang tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenis pohon sedikit (10 s/d 20) dan tidak terlalu rapat.<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hewan yang terdapat di hutam gugur antara lain rusa, <a href="/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang">beruang</a>, rubah, <a href="/wiki/Bajing" title="Bajing">bajing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burung_pelatuk" title="Burung pelatuk">burung pelatuk</a>, dan rakun (sebangsa luak).<sup id="cite_ref-c_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiga">Taiga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Taiga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Taiga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taiga terdapat di belahan bumi sebelah <a href="/wiki/Utara" title="Utara">utara</a> dan di pegunungan daerah tropis, ciri-cirinya adalah suhu di <a href="/wiki/Musim_dingin" title="Musim dingin">musim dingin</a> rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biasanya taiga merupakan <a href="/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan">hutan</a> yang tersusun atas satu <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Konifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Konifer">konifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">pinus</a>, dan sejenisnya.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Semak" class="mw-redirect" title="Semak">Semak</a> dan tumbuhan basah sedikit sekali, sedangkan hewannya antara lain moose, <a href="/wiki/Beruang" title="Beruang">beruang</a> hitam, ajag, dan burung-burung yang bermigrasi ke <a href="/wiki/Selatan" title="Selatan">selatan</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Musim_gugur" title="Musim gugur">musim gugur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tundra">Tundra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Tundra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tundra"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tundra terdapat di belahan bumi sebelah utara di dalam lingkaran <a href="/wiki/Kutub_utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutub utara">kutub utara</a> dan terdapat di <a href="/wiki/Puncak" class="mw-redirect" title="Puncak">puncak</a>-puncak gunung tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertumbuhan tanaman di daerah ini hanya 60 hari.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh tumbuhan yang dominan adalah sphagnum, liken, tumbuhan biji semusim, tumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Perdu" title="Perdu">perdu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a> alang-alang.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada umumnya, tumbuhannya mampu beradaptasi dengan keadaan yang <a href="/wiki/Dingin" title="Dingin">dingin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karst">Karst</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Karst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karst"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karst berawal dari nama kawasan batu gamping di wilayah <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kawasan karst di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> rata-rata mempunyai ciri-ciri yang hampir sama yaitu, tanahnya kurang subur untuk <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, sensitif terhadap <a href="/wiki/Erosi" title="Erosi">erosi</a>, mudah longsor, bersifat rentan dengan pori-pori <a href="/wiki/Aerasi" title="Aerasi">aerasi</a> yang rendah, gaya <a href="/wiki/Permeabilitas" title="Permeabilitas">permeabilitas</a> yang lamban dan didominasi oleh pori-pori mikro.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem karst mengalami keunikan tersendiri, dengan keragaman aspek biotis yang tidak dijumpai di ekosistem lain.<sup id="cite_ref-e_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekosistem_buatan">Ekosistem buatan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem buatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem buatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bali_riziere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bali_riziere.jpg/210px-Bali_riziere.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bali_riziere.jpg/315px-Bali_riziere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bali_riziere.jpg/420px-Bali_riziere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Sawah merupakan salah satu contoh ekosistem buatan</figcaption></figure> <p>Ekosistem buatan adalah ekosistem yang diciptakan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya.<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem buatan mendapatkan subsidi energi dari luar, tanaman atau hewan peliharaan didominasi pengaruh manusia, dan memiliki keanekaragaman rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contoh ekosistem buatan adalah:<sup id="cite_ref-a_8-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendungan" title="Bendungan">bendungan</a></li> <li>hutan tanaman <a href="/wiki/Produksi" title="Produksi">produksi</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Jati" title="Jati">jati</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">pinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroekosistem" class="mw-redirect" title="Agroekosistem">agroekosistem</a> berupa sawah tadah hujan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawah" title="Sawah">sawah</a> irigasi</li> <li>perkebunan sawit</li> <li>ekosistem pemukiman seperti <a href="/wiki/Kota" title="Kota">kota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Desa" title="Desa">desa</a></li> <li>ekosistem ruang angkasa.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ekosistem kota memiliki metabolisme tinggi sehingga butuh energi yang banyak.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebutuhan materi juga tinggi dan tergantung dari luar, serta memiliki pengeluaran yang eksesif seperti polusi dan panas.<sup id="cite_ref-y_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ekosistem ruang angkasa bukan merupakan suatu sistem tertutup yang dapat memenuhi sendiri kebutuhannya tanpa tergantung input dari luar.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua ekosistem dan kehidupan selalu bergantung pada bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-b_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak_kerusakan_ekosistem">Dampak kerusakan ekosistem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak kerusakan ekosistem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dampak kerusakan ekosistem"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem bersifat timbal balik, artinya jika ekosistem rusak maka akan mempengaruhi keseimbangan ekosistem. Ketidakseimbangan ekosistem akan menciptakan lingkungan yang tidak sehat. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya peristiwa memakan dan dimakan. Misalnya, bila terjadi kerusakan ekosistem hutan maka akan berdampak terhadap keberlangsungan hidup makhluk hidup didalamnya yang disebabkan oleh pengaruh berkurangnya bahan makanan (<a href="/wiki/Produsen" title="Produsen">produsen</a>) dan dapat ,menyakibatkan kepunahan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung (ekologi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">Aliran energi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piramida_ekologi" title="Piramida ekologi">Piramida ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_Biogeokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daur Biogeokimia">Daur Biogeokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomassa_(ekologi)" title="Biomassa (ekologi)">Biomassa (ekologi)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-b-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutagalung RA. 2010. Ekologi Dasar. Jakarta. Hlm. 13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-y_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Campbell NA, Reece JB. 2009. Biology. USA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Page. 415-419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qoNxXYY7jdIJ:carahidup.um.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/BABII.ppt+ekosistem&cd=7&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id.">ITB. 2004. Ekosistem sebagai lingkungan hidup manusia</a>. Diakses pada 11 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERizal201721-22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizal201721-22_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRizal2017">Rizal 2017</a>, hlm. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERizal201722-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERizal201722_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRizal2017">Rizal 2017</a>, hlm. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bebas.vlsm.org/v13/Sponsor/_Sponsor-Pendamping/Praweda/Biologi/0034%20Bio%201-7e.htm.">Anonim. 2000. Susunan dan Macam Ekosistem</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Diakses pada 11 Apr 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf"><i>Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Pekanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 171. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-6879-99-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-6879-99-8">978-602-6879-99-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415143329/http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologi+Dasar+Terintegrasi&rft.place=Pekanbaru&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Kreasi+Edukasi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-602-6879-99-8&rft.au=Susilawati+dan+Bachtiar%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uin-suska.ac.id%2F26091%2F1%2FBuku%2520Biologi%2520Dasar%2520Terintegrasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_8-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryulina D,<i> et al</i>. 2004. Biologi SMA untuk kelas X. Jakarta: Esis.Hlm. 211-215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwf.or.id/ekosistem.htm.">Anonim. 2010. Ekosistem</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> Diakses pada 11 Apr 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar pustaka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Daftar pustaka"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><cite id="CITEREFRizal2017" class="citation book">Rizal, Reda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upnvj.ac.id/269/1/9786021908761_analisis_kualitas_lingkungan.pdf"><i>Analisis Kualitas Lingkungan</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Jakarta: Penerbit Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-19087-6-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-19087-6-1">978-602-19087-6-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analisis+Kualitas+Lingkungan&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Penerbit+Lembaga+Penelitian+dan+Pengabdian+Masyarakat+Universitas+Pembangunan+Nasional+Veteran+Jakarta&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-602-19087-6-1&rft.aulast=Rizal&rft.aufirst=Reda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upnvj.ac.id%2F269%2F1%2F9786021908761_analisis_kualitas_lingkungan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Biologi_nav" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Biologi nav"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Biologi_nav&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">Biologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li>Pengantar (<a href="/wiki/Pengantar_genetika" title="Pengantar genetika">Genetika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pengantar_evolusi" title="Pengantar evolusi">Evolusi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_biologi" title="Garis besar biologi">Garis besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_biologi" title="Sejarah biologi">Sejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_biologi_dan_kimia_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu biologi dan kimia organik (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_artikel_biologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks artikel biologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Indeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Subdisiplin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomi" title="Anatomi">Anatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antropologi_biologis" title="Antropologi biologis">Antropologi biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiologi" title="Astrobiologi">Astrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofisika" title="Biofisika">Biofisika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatika" title="Bioinformatika">Bioinformatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_evolusioner" title="Biologi evolusioner">Biologi evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kelautan" title="Biologi kelautan">Biologi kelautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimiawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimiawi (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimiawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kognitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kognitif (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kognitif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_komputasi" title="Biologi komputasi">Biologi komputasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_konservasi" title="Biologi konservasi">Biologi konservasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_kuantum" title="Biologi kuantum">Biologi kuantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_manusia" title="Biologi manusia">Biologi manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_matematikal_dan_teoretikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi matematikal dan teoretikal (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi matematikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan_evolusioner" title="Biologi perkembangan evolusioner">Biologi perkembangan evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">Biologi sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sintetis" title="Biologi sintetis">Biologi sintetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_sistem" title="Biologi sistem">Biologi sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktur" title="Biologi struktur">Biologi struktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomekanika" title="Biomekanika">Biomekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistika" title="Biostatistika">Biostatistika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botani" title="Botani">Botani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">Epidemiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">Fisiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">Histologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imunologi" title="Imunologi">Imunologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronobiologi" title="Kronobiologi">Kronobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidologi" title="Lipidologi">Lipidologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikologi" title="Mikologi">Mikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">Mikrobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrobiologi_seluler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrobiologi seluler (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrobiologi seluler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobioteknologi" title="Nanobioteknologi">Nanobioteknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_saraf" title="Ilmu saraf">Neurosains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">Nutrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontologi" title="Paleontologi">Paleontologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitologi" title="Parasitologi">Parasitologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi">Patologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">Psikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiobiologi" title="Sosiobiologi">Sosiobiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi" title="Toksikologi">Toksikologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virologi" title="Virologi">Virologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoologi" title="Zoologi">Zoologi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">Hierarki kehidupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a> >  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekosistem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> >  <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">Organisme</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">Sistem organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">Jaringan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a>) > <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Fondasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">Genetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Taksonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_sel" title="Teori sel">Teori sel</a></li> <li>Transformasi <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#90EE90;width:1%">Prinsip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">Evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">Adaptasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_gen" title="Aliran gen">Aliran gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentuk_kehidupan_paling_awal_yang_diketahui" title="Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui">Bentuk kehidupan paling awal yang diketahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungsi_(biologi)" title="Fungsi (biologi)">Fungsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanyutan_genetik" title="Hanyutan genetik">Hanyutan genetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makroevolusi" title="Makroevolusi">Makroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikroevolusi" title="Mikroevolusi">Mikroevolusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">Mutasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleksi_alam" title="Seleksi alam">Seleksi alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesiasi" title="Spesiasi">Spesiasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Dinamika populasi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekosistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keanekaragaman_hayati" title="Keanekaragaman hayati">Keanekaragaman hayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_(biologi)" title="Sumber daya (biologi)">Sumber daya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi<br />molekuler</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_perkembangan" title="Biologi perkembangan">Biologi perkembangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetika" title="Epigenetika">Epigenetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">Mitosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modifikasi_pascatranskripsi" title="Modifikasi pascatranskripsi">Modifikasi pascatranskripsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persinyalan_sel" title="Persinyalan sel">Persinyalan sel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulasi_gen" title="Regulasi gen">Regulasi gen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asam_nukleat" title="Asam nukleat">Asam nukleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">Enzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">Fotosintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">Karbohidrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">Lipid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Biologi" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Biologi">ProyekWiki</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisasi_biologis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Organisasi_biologis" title="Templat:Organisasi biologis"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Organisasi_biologis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Organisasi biologis (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Organisasi_biologis&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisasi_biologis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_biologis" title="Organisasi biologis">Organisasi biologis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a> > <a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a> > <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekosistem</a> > <a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> > <a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> > <a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">Organisme</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sistem_organ" title="Sistem organ">Sistem organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomi)" title="Organ (anatomi)">Organ</a> > <a href="/wiki/Jaringan" title="Jaringan">Jaringan</a> > <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">Sel</a> > <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">Organel</a> > <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perakitan_makromolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perakitan makromolekul (halaman belum tersedia)">Perakitan makromolekul</a> > <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">Makromolekul</a> > <a href="/wiki/Biomolekul" title="Biomolekul">Biomolekul</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ekologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekologi" title="Templat:Ekologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Ekologi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ekologi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ekologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ekologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">Komponen biotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komponen_abiotik" title="Komponen abiotik">Komponen abiotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomassa_(ekologi)" title="Biomassa (ekologi)">Biomassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_nutrien" title="Daur nutrien">Daur nutrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_biogeokimia" title="Daur biogeokimia">Daur biogeokimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">Organisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Ekologi populasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_komunitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekologi komunitas">Ekologi komunitas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ekosistem</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ekosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ekosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ekosistem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka pendek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan">Pemangsaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanibalisme" title="Kanibalisme">Kanibalisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">Penyerbukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka panjang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">Simbiosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">Mutualisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">Komensalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">Parasitisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetisi_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetisi (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompetisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosimbion" title="Endosimbion">Endosimbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaring-jaring_makanan" title="Jaring-jaring makanan">Jaring-jaring makanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">Rantai makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkatan_trofik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkatan trofik (halaman belum tersedia)">Tingkatan trofik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piramida_ekologi" title="Piramida ekologi">Piramida ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">Aliran energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peranan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">Heterotrof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa" title="Pemangsa">Pemangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa_puncak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangsa puncak">Pemangsa puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">Herbivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">Karnivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">Omnivor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengurai">Pengurai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">Detritivor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran sebagai spesies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_spesies" title="Distribusi spesies">Distribusi spesies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribumi_(ekologi)" title="Pribumi (ekologi)">Spesies asli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_pendatang" title="Spesies pendatang">Spesies pendatang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenis_asing_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenis asing invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme">Endemik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan">Kosmopolitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesies_dasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesies dasar (halaman belum tersedia)">Spesies dasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_kunci" title="Spesies kunci">Spesies kunci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindikator" title="Bioindikator">Spesies indikator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ruang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ruang (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ruang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_lanskap" title="Ekologi lanskap">Ekologi lanskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoton" title="Ekoton">Ekoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekotipe" title="Ekotipe">Ekotipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_habitat" title="Fragmentasi habitat">Fragmentasi habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi_pulau" title="Biogeografi pulau">Biogeografi pulau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi" title="Kategori:Ekologi">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ecology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Biologi" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Biologi">ProyekWiki</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043216-6">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18806">Ukraina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01040441">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114432&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/110872660">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&oldid=25712450">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&oldid=25712450</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_kutipan_otomatis" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan kutipan otomatis">Artikel dengan kutipan otomatis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi" title="Kategori:Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi_sistem" title="Kategori:Ekologi sistem">Ekologi sistem</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_EMU" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_MA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 14 Mei 2024, pukul 02.08.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-brmz7","wgBackendResponseTime":153,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.500","walltime":"0.637","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2087,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":81947,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1321,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":11,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":54529,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 434.727 1 -total"," 32.42% 140.938 1 Templat:Bilah_sisi_biologi"," 31.65% 137.597 1 Templat:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 20.12% 87.468 7 Templat:Navbox"," 18.70% 81.278 1 Templat:Reflist"," 16.09% 69.939 1 Templat:Biologi_nav"," 11.72% 50.971 1 Templat:Authority_control"," 11.31% 49.165 2 Templat:Cite_book"," 7.52% 32.683 1 Templat:Excerpt"," 5.45% 23.673 2 Templat:Nowrap"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.203","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3943979,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b786b4b4d-c6z5b","timestamp":"20241119001840","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ekosistem","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ekosistem","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37813","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37813","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-03-28T04:13:53Z","dateModified":"2024-05-14T02:08:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Wild_zebra_on_Kenya_countryside.jpg","headline":"suatu lingkungan yang terdiri atas komponen hidup dan nonhidup yang berinteraksi sebagai sebuah sistem"}</script> </body> </html>