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[r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Jerapah" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Jerapah" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Jerapah" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Jerapah" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Anatomi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Anatomi </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Badan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Badan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kepala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Leher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lokomotor_dan_postur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokomotor_dan_postur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Lokomotor dan postur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokomotor_dan_postur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistem_internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistem_internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Sistem internal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistem_internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perilaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perilaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Perilaku </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perilaku-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Perilaku </button> <ul id="toc-Perilaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pola_makan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pola_makan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pola makan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pola_makan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kehidupan_sosial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kehidupan_sosial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kehidupan sosial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kehidupan_sosial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perkembangbiakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkembangbiakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Perkembangbiakan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkembangbiakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adu_leher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adu_leher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Adu leher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adu_leher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspesies_jerapah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspesies_jerapah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Subspesies jerapah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspesies_jerapah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jerapah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 88 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" > 88 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Жираф – Adygei" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Жираф" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adygei" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameelperd" title="Kameelperd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kameelperd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel%C4%93opard" title="Camelēopard – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Camelēopard" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="زرافة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زرافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܙܪܢܦܐ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܪܢܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="زرافه (جنس من الثدييات) – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زرافه (جنس من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kustrol_(Giraffa)" title="Kustrol (Giraffa) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kustrol (Giraffa)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCraf%C9%99" title="Zürafə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zürafə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerapah" title="Jerapah – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerapah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB" title="জিরাফ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিরাফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng-g%C3%AAng-l%C4%95%CC%A4k" title="Dòng-gêng-lĕ̤k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dòng-gêng-lĕ̤k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%95" title="زەڕافە – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەڕافە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirafa" title="Žirafa – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žirafa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_(%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BA)" title="Жираф (кăк) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жираф (кăк)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jir%C3%A1ff" title="Jiráff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jiráff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraf" title="Giraf – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giraf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffen" title="Giraffen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giraffen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%94veda" title="Sɔveda – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Sɔveda" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Giraffe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cirafo" title="Ĝirafo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝirafo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirafa" title="Jirafa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jirafa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%87_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="زرافه (سرده) – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زرافه (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83" title="Lă – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Lă" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girafe" title="Girafe – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Girafe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraf" title="Giraf – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Giraf" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%B8%E9%B9%BF" title="長頸鹿 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="長頸鹿" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioraf" title="Sioraf – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sioraf" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xirafa" title="Xirafa – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xirafa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AB" title="જિરાફ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જિરાફ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwannalagh" title="Mwannalagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mwannalagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%B2ng-ki%C3%A1ng-lu%CC%8Dk" title="Chhòng-kiáng-lu̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhòng-kiáng-lu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A3" title="ג'ירף – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ירף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC" title="जिराफ़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिराफ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="キリン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerapah" title="Jerapah – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerapah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amde%C9%A3" title="Amdeɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amdeɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1lakumi_a%CC%B1yit" title="A̱lakumi a̱yit – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱lakumi a̱yit" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%A6%B0" title="기린 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirafa" title="Zirafa – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zirafa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiraf" title="Jiraf – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jiraf" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Акыра – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirafa" title="Jirafa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jirafa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirafes" title="Žirafes – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žirafes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirafa" title="Jirafa – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jirafa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C4%ABroa" title="Kakīroa – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kakīroa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Жирафа – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жирафа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിറാഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിറാഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Анааш – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анааш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="जिराफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जिराफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirafah" title="Zirafah – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zirafah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="သစ်ကုလားအုတ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ကုလားအုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="जिराफ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जिराफ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffen" title="Giraffen – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Giraffen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutlwa" title="Thutlwa – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutlwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinl%C3%A1tah_ay%C3%A1anii" title="Tsinlátah ayáanii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsinlátah ayáanii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜਿਰਾਫ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਰਾਫ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrafa" title="Żyrafa – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żyrafa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girafa" title="Girafa – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Girafa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraf%C4%83" title="Girafă – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Girafă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Жирафы – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жирафы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="चित्रोष्ट्रः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चित्रोष्ट्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giarraffa" title="Giarraffa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giarraffa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%81" title="زرافہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زرافہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirafa" title="Žirafa – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žirafa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Giraffe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirafa_(rod)" title="Žirafa (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žirafa (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirafa" title="Žirafa – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žirafa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirafa" title="Gjirafa – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjirafa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Жирафа – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жирафа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffer" title="Giraffer – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Giraffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiga" title="Twiga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Twiga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="జిరాఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిరాఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5)" title="ยีราฟ (สกุล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยีราฟ (สกุล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrafa" title="Zürafa – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zürafa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Жирафа – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жирафа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirafa" title="Jirafa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jirafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1u_cao_c%E1%BB%95" title="Hươu cao cổ – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hươu cao cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Giraffe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" title="Giraffa – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Giraffa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%A2%88%E9%B9%BF" title="长颈鹿 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="长颈鹿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%A2%88%E9%B9%BF" title="长颈鹿 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="长颈鹿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-%C4%81m-lo%CC%8Dk" title="Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%A0%B8%E9%B9%BF%E5%B1%AC" title="長頸鹿屬 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="長頸鹿屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Jerapah" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Jerapah" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Giraffen.jpg/220px-Giraffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Giraffen.jpg/330px-Giraffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Giraffen.jpg/440px-Giraffen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1250" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Taxonomy/Giraffa" title="Sunting klasifikasi ini"><img alt="Sunting klasifikasi ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kerajaan: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Filum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kelas: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordo: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_genap" title="Hewan berkuku genap">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Famili: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giraffa</a> Brisson, 1762 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Spesies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> Lihat teks. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><center><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffa_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giraffa_distribution.svg/220px-Giraffa_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giraffa_distribution.svg/330px-Giraffa_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giraffa_distribution.svg/440px-Giraffa_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="430" /></a></center> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Jerapah adalah mamalia berkuku besar Afrika yang termasuk dalam genus Giraffa. Ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a> darat tertinggi yang masih hidup dan <a href="/wiki/Pemamah_biak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemamah biak">pemamah biak</a> terbesar di Bumi. Secara tradisional, jerapah dianggap sebagai satu spesies , Giraffa camelopardalis , dengan sembilan subspesies . Baru-baru ini, para peneliti mengusulkan untuk membagi mereka menjadi delapan spesies yang masih ada karena penelitian baru terhadap <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> dan inti mereka , serta pengukuran <a href="/wiki/Morfologi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Morfologi">morfologi</a>. Tujuh spesies jerapah lainnya yang <a href="/wiki/Punah" class="mw-redirect" title="Punah">punah</a> diketahui dari catatan <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a>. Ciri-ciri utama jerapah yang membedakan adalah leher dan kakinya yang sangat panjang, osikonnya yang mirip tanduk , dan pola bulunya yang berbintik . Ia diklasifikasikan dalam keluarga Giraffidae , bersama dengan kerabat terdekatnya yang masih ada, <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a> . Wilayah penyebarannya terbentang dari <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> di utara hingga <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a> di selatan, dan dari Niger di barat hingga <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> di timur. Jerapah biasanya menghuni <a href="/wiki/Sabana" title="Sabana">sabana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hutan" title="Hutan">hutan</a> . Sumber makanan mereka adalah dedaunan, buah-buahan, dan bunga tanaman berkayu, terutama spesies akasia , yang mereka jelajahi pada ketinggian yang tidak dapat dijangkau oleh sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Herbivora" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivora">herbivora</a> lainnya. <a href="/wiki/Singa" title="Singa">Singa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macan_tutul" title="Macan tutul">macan tutul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubuk" title="Dubuk">dubuk</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Anjing_liar_afrika" title="Anjing liar afrika">anjing liar afrika</a> dikenal sebagai predator bagi jerapah. Oleh karena itu, jerapah hidup dalam kawanan. Jerapah hidup dalam kawanan betina yang berkerabat dan keturunannya, atau dalam kawanan lajang yang terdiri dari pejantan dewasa yang tidak berkerabat, namun mereka suka berteman dan dapat berkumpul dalam kelompok besar. Pejantan membangun hierarki sosial melalui "adu leher", pertarungan di mana leher digunakan sebagai senjata. Pejantan yang dominan mendapatkan akses kawin dengan betina, yang bertanggung jawab penuh untuk membesarkan anak-anaknya. Jerapah telah membuat penasaran berbagai budaya kuno dan modern karena penampilannya yang unik, dan sering ditampilkan dalam lukisan, buku, dan kartun. Ia diklasifikasikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Internasional_untuk_Konservasi_Alam" title="Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam">Uni Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam</a> (IUCN) sebagai rentan terhadap kepunahan dan telah punah dari banyak wilayah jelajahnya sebelumnya. Jerapah masih ditemukan di banyak <a href="/wiki/Taman_nasional" title="Taman nasional">taman nasional</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Cagar_alam" title="Cagar alam">cagar alam</a> , namun perkiraan pada tahun 2016 menunjukkan ada sekitar 97.500 anggota Jerapah di alam liar. Lebih dari 1.600 ekor dipelihara di kebun binatang pada tahun 2010. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Nama spesiesnya camelopardalis diambil dari nama dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">latin</a>, karena dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hibrida" class="mw-disambig" title="Hibrida">bastar</a> <a href="/wiki/Unta" title="Unta">unta</a> (camel) dan <a href="/wiki/Macan_tutul" title="Macan tutul">macan tutul</a> (leopard). Nama camelopardalis dipakai oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plinius_senior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plinius senior (halaman belum tersedia)">Plinius senior</a> dalam ensiklopedia yang ditulisnya. Nama ini juga dipakai sebagai nama salah satu <a href="/wiki/Rasi_bintang" title="Rasi bintang">rasi bintang</a>. Nama "jerapah" sendiri dipinjam dari nama hewan ini dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> (الزرافة, zirafah). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomi">Anatomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Anatomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Anatomi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badan">Badan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Badan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Badan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffe_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Giraffe skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Giraffe_skeleton.jpg/170px-Giraffe_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Giraffe_skeleton.jpg/255px-Giraffe_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Giraffe_skeleton.jpg/340px-Giraffe_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Kerangka jerapah yang dipajang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Osteologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Osteologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Osteologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></figcaption></figure> Jerapah dewasa memiliki tinggi 4,3–5,7 m (14–19 kaki), dengan jantan lebih tinggi daripada betina.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1999-1">[1]</a> Berat rata-rata adalah 1.192 kg (2.628 lb) untuk pejantan dewasa dan 828 kg (1.825 lb) untuk wanita dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-Skinner1990-2">[2]</a> Meski leher dan kakinya panjang, tubuhnya relatif pendek.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:66 Kulitnya sebagian besar berwarna abu-abu,<a href="#cite_note-Skinner1990-2">[2]</a> atau cokelat,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> dan ketebalannya bisa mencapai 20 mm (0,79 in).<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:87 Ekor sepanjang 80–100 cm (31–39 inci)<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a> berakhir dengan seberkas rambut panjang berwarna gelap dan digunakan sebagai pertahanan terhadap serangga.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:94 Bulunya memiliki bercak atau bercak gelap, bisa berwarna <a href="/wiki/Jingga" title="Jingga">jingga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadru" title="Kadru">kadru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coklat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coklat">coklat</a>, atau hampir <a href="/wiki/Hitam" title="Hitam">hitam</a>, dikelilingi oleh rambut terang, biasanya berwarna <a href="/wiki/Putih" title="Putih">putih</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Krem" class="mw-redirect" title="Krem">krem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">[7]</a> Jerapah jantan menjadi lebih gelap seiring bertambahnya usia.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Pola bulunya diklaim berfungsi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kamuflase" title="Kamuflase">kamuflase</a> dalam pola cahaya dan bayangan hutan sabana.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a> Saat berdiri di antara pepohonan dan semak-semak, mereka sulit terlihat bahkan pada jarak beberapa meter. Namun, jerapah dewasa bergerak untuk mendapatkan pandangan terbaik dari pemangsa yang mendekat, mengandalkan ukuran dan kemampuan mereka untuk mempertahankan diri daripada kamuflase, yang mungkin lebih penting bagi anak jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell20003-9">[9]</a> Setiap jerapah memiliki pola bulu yang unik.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Anak jerapah mewarisi beberapa ciri pola bulu dari induknya, dan variasi pada beberapa ciri bintik berkorelasi dengan kelangsungan hidup anak jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-12">[12]</a> Kulit di bawah bercak dapat mengatur suhu tubuh hewan, menjadi tempat bagi sistem pembuluh darah yang kompleks dan kelenjar keringat yang besar.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2004-13">[13]</a> Jerapah yang tidak berbercak atau berwarna solid sangat jarang ditemukan, namun telah diamati.<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic_12_September_2023-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR_6_September_2023-15">[15]</a> Bulu dapat memberikan pertahanan kimiawi pada hewan, karena penolak parasitnya memberikan aroma yang khas. Setidaknya ada 11 bahan kimia <a href="/wiki/Aromatisitas" title="Aromatisitas">aromatik</a> utama di bulunya, meskipun <a href="/wiki/Indol" class="mw-redirect" title="Indol">indol</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=3-metilindol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-metilindol (halaman belum tersedia)">3-metilindol</a> bertanggung jawab atas sebagian besar bau. Karena jantan memiliki bau yang lebih kuat dibandingkan betina, ia mungkin juga memiliki fungsi seksual.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepala">Kepala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Kepala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kepala">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_(Profil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Closeup photograph of a giraffe head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg/220px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg/330px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg/440px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_head_%28Profil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4041" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>Ambilan dekat dari kepala jerapah Utara</figcaption></figure> Kedua jenis kelamin memiliki struktur mirip tanduk yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Osikon" title="Osikon">osikon</a>, yang panjangnya bisa mencapai 13,5 cm (5,3 inci). Mereka terbentuk dari tulang rawan yang mengeras, ditutupi kulit dan menyatu dengan tengkorak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulang_parietal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tulang parietal (halaman belum tersedia)">tulang parietal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:95–97<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Karena mengalami vaskularisasi, osikon mungkin memiliki peran dalam termoregulasi,<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2004-13">[13]</a> dan digunakan dalam pertarungan antar pejantan.<a href="#cite_note-sim2010-17">[17]</a> Penampilan adalah panduan yang dapat diandalkan untuk menentukan jenis kelamin atau usia jerapah: tulang tulang jerapah betina dan mudanya tipis dan memperlihatkan jambul rambut di bagian atas, sedangkan tulang tulang jerapah jantan dewasa cenderung botak dan menonjol di bagian atas.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Benjolan, yang lebih menonjol pada jantan, muncul di tengah tengkorak.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Pejantan mengembangkan timbunan kalsium yang membentuk benjolan di tengkorak mereka seiring bertambahnya usia.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomi)" title="Sinus (anatomi)">Sinus</a> ganda mencerahkan tengkorak jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:103 Namun, seiring bertambahnya usia pejantan, tengkorak mereka menjadi lebih berat dan lebih mirip gada, membantu mereka menjadi lebih dominan dalam pertempuran.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondilus_oksipital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondilus oksipital (halaman belum tersedia)">Kondilus oksipital</a> di bagian bawah tengkorak memungkinkan hewan tersebut memiringkan kepalanya lebih dari 90 derajat dan mengambil makanan di dahan tepat di atasnya dengan lidah.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:103, 110<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Dengan mata yang terletak di sisi kepala, jerapah memiliki bidang pandang yang luas dari ketinggiannya.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:85, 102 Dibandingkan dengan hewan berkuku lainnya, penglihatan jerapah lebih binokular dan matanya lebih besar dengan luas permukaan retina yang lebih besar.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Jerapah dapat melihat warna dan indra pendengaran serta penciumannya tajam.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">[7]</a> Telinganya dapat digerakkan<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:95 dan lubang hidungnya berbentuk celah, kemungkinan untuk menahan tiupan pasir.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Panjang lidah jerapah sekitar 45 cm (18 inci). Warnanya hitam, mungkin untuk melindungi dari sengatan matahari, dan dapat menangkap dedaunan serta memetik daun dengan hati-hati.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:109–110 Bibir atas fleksibel dan berbulu untuk melindungi dari tusukan tajam.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Rahang atas memiliki langit-langit keras, bukan gigi depan. Geraham dan premolar lebar dengan mahkota rendah di permukaan.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:106 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leher">Leher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Leher" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Leher">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of an adult male giraffe with its next fully extended feeding on an acacia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_High-rise_living.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Seekor jerapah yang lehernya menjulang tinggi, sedang memakan sebuah pohon akasia di Kenya</figcaption></figure> Jerapah memiliki leher yang sangat panjang, panjangnya bisa mencapai 2,4 m (7 kaki 10 inci).<a href="#cite_note-Taylor&Wedel2013-21">[21]</a> Di sepanjang leher terdapat surai yang terbuat dari rambut pendek dan tegak.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Leher biasanya terletak pada sudut 50–60 derajat, meskipun pada remaja lebih dekat hingga 70 derajat.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:72–73 Leher yang panjang disebabkan oleh pemanjangan vertebra serviks yang tidak proporsional, bukan karena penambahan lebih banyak vertebra. Setiap vertebra serviks memiliki panjang lebih dari 28 cm (11 inci).<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:71 Panjang tulang belakang jerapah adalah 52–54 persen, dibandingkan dengan 27–33 persen pada hewan berkuku besar serupa, termasuk kerabat terdekat jerapah yang masih hidup, okapi.<a href="#cite_note-bada-22">[22]</a> Pemanjangan ini sebagian besar terjadi setelah lahir, mungkin karena induk jerapah akan kesulitan melahirkan anak jerapah dengan proporsi leher yang sama dengan jerapah dewasa.<a href="#cite_note-van-23">[23]</a> Kepala dan leher jerapah ditopang oleh otot besar dan ligamen nukal, yang diikat oleh duri vertebra toraks yang panjang, sehingga menghasilkan punuk.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solounias1999-24">[24]</a> Tulang leher jerapah mempunyai sendi bola dan soket.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:71 Titik artikulasi antara vertebra serviks dan toraks jerapah digeser sehingga terletak di antara vertebra toraks pertama dan kedua (T1 dan T2), tidak seperti pada kebanyakan hewan ruminansia lainnya, yang artikulasinya berada di antara vertebra serviks ketujuh ( C7) dan T1.<a href="#cite_note-bada-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-van-23">[23]</a> Hal ini memungkinkan C7 berkontribusi langsung pada peningkatan panjang leher dan memunculkan dugaan bahwa T1 sebenarnya adalah C8, dan jerapah telah menambahkan vertebra serviks tambahan.<a href="#cite_note-Solounias1999-24">[24]</a> Namun, proposisi ini tidak diterima secara umum, karena T1 memiliki ciri morfologi lain, seperti tulang rusuk yang mengartikulasikan , yang dianggap sebagai diagnostik vertebra toraks, dan karena pengecualian pada batas mamalia yaitu tujuh vertebra serviks umumnya ditandai dengan peningkatan anomali neurologis dan penyakit.<a href="#cite_note-bada-22">[22]</a> Ada beberapa hipotesis mengenai asal usul evolusi dan pemeliharaan pemanjangan leher jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-sim2010-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> awalnya mengusulkan "hipotesis persaingan hewan peramban tumbuhan", yang baru-baru ini ditentang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tekanan persaingan dari hewan-hewan yang lebih kecil, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudu (halaman belum tersedia)">kudu</a> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steenbok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steenbok (halaman belum tersedia)">steenbok</a> , dan <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a> , mendorong pemanjangan leher, karena memungkinkan jerapah meraih makanan yang tidak dapat dijangkau oleh pesaingnya. Keuntungan ini nyata, karena jerapah dapat dan memang makan hingga ketinggian 4,5 m (15 kaki), sementara jerapah yang cukup besar, seperti kudu, hanya dapat memberi makan hingga ketinggian sekitar 2 m (6 kaki 7 inci).<a href="#cite_note-dt1990-25">[25]</a> Ada juga penelitian yang menunjukkan bahwa persaingan meramban sangat ketat di tingkat yang lebih rendah, dan jerapah mencari makan dengan lebih efisien (mendapatkan lebih banyak biomassa daun setiap kali makan) di tempat yang tinggi di kanopi.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Namun, para ilmuwan tidak setuju tentang berapa banyak waktu yang dihabiskan jerapah untuk makan pada tingkat yang di luar jangkauan browser lain,<a href="#cite_note-sim2010-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-dt1990-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim1996-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-sexdiff-29">[29]</a> dan sebuah penelitian tahun 2010 menemukan bahwa jerapah dewasa dengan leher yang lebih panjang sebenarnya menderita tingkat kematian yang lebih tinggi pada kondisi kekeringan dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang berleher pendek. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa memelihara leher yang lebih panjang membutuhkan lebih banyak nutrisi, sehingga membuat jerapah berleher panjang berisiko mengalami kekurangan makanan.<a href="#cite_note-demography-30">[30]</a> Teori lain, hipotesis seleksi seksual , menyatakan bahwa leher panjang berevolusi sebagai ciri seksual sekunder, memberikan pejantan keuntungan dalam kontes "adu leher" (lihat di bawah) untuk membangun dominasi dan mendapatkan akses terhadap perempuan yang reseptif secara seksual.<a href="#cite_note-sim1996-28">[28]</a> Untuk mendukung teori ini, leher pejantan lebih panjang dan lebih berat dibandingkan betina pada usia yang sama,<a href="#cite_note-sim2010-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-sim1996-28">[28]</a> dan pejantan tidak menggunakan bentuk pertarungan lain. Namun, ada satu keberatan yang muncul karena gagal menjelaskan mengapa jerapah betina juga memiliki leher yang panjang.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa leher berfungsi untuk memberikan kewaspadaan yang lebih besar pada hewan.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokomotor_dan_postur">Lokomotor dan postur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lokomotor dan postur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lokomotor dan postur">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of giraffe's hind leg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/170px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/255px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg/340px-Masai_Giraffe_right-rear_foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tapak kaki dari jerapah masal di <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Diego Zoo (halaman belum tersedia)">San Diego Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> Kaki depan dan belakang jerapah memiliki panjang yang hampir sama. Jari-jari dan ulna kaki depan diartikulasikan oleh karpus, yang meskipun secara struktural setara dengan pergelangan tangan manusia, berfungsi sebagai lutut.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Tampaknya ligamen suspensori memungkinkan kaki kurus menopang beban berat hewan tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Kuku jerapah jantan besar berdiameter 31 cm × 23 cm (12,2 inci × 9,1 inci).<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:98 Sendi bola dekat tumit pada kaki rendah ke tanah, sehingga kuku dapat menopang berat hewan dengan lebih baik . Jerapah tidak memiliki dewclaw dan kelenjar interdigital. Meskipun panggulnya relatif pendek, tulang ilium memiliki puncak yang memanjang.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Jerapah hanya mempunyai dua cara berjalan: berjalan dan berlari kencang. Berjalan dilakukan dengan menggerakkan kaki pada satu sisi tubuh,<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">[7]</a> kemudian melakukan hal yang sama pada sisi lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Saat berlari kencang, kaki belakang bergerak mengelilingi kaki depan sebelum kaki depan bergerak maju, dan ekornya akan melengkung.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Gerakan kepala dan leher memberikan keseimbangan dan mengontrol momentum saat berlari kencang.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:327–29 Jerapah dapat mencapai kecepatan lari hingga 60 km/jam (37 mph),<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> dan dapat bertahan pada kecepatan 50 km/jam (31 mph) untuk beberapa kilometer.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Jerapah mungkin bukan perenang yang kompeten karena kakinya yang panjang akan sangat merepotkan di dalam air,<a href="#cite_note-swim-39">[39]</a> meskipun mereka mungkin bisa mengapung.<a href="#cite_note-Naish-40">[40]</a> Saat berenang, dada akan terbebani oleh kaki depannya, sehingga menyulitkan hewan untuk menggerakkan leher dan kakinya secara harmonis<a href="#cite_note-swim-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naish-40">[40]</a> atau menjaga kepalanya tetap di atas permukaan air.<a href="#cite_note-swim-39">[39]</a> Jerapah beristirahat dengan cara berbaring dengan tubuh di atas kaki terlipat.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:329 Untuk berbaring, hewan itu berlutut dengan kaki depannya lalu menurunkan seluruh tubuhnya. Untuk bangkit kembali, pertama-tama ia berlutut di depan dan memposisikan bagian belakangnya di atas kaki belakangnya. Kemudian menarik bagian belakangnya ke atas dan kaki depannya berdiri tegak kembali. Pada setiap tahap, hewan tersebut mengayunkan kepalanya untuk menjaga keseimbangan.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:67 Jika jerapah ingin turun untuk minum, ia akan melebarkan kaki depannya atau menekuk lututnya. Penelitian di penangkaran menemukan jerapah tidur sebentar-sebentar sekitar 4,6 jam per hari, kebanyakan di malam hari. Biasanya tidur berbaring; Namun, tidur sambil berdiri telah tercatat, terutama pada individu yang lebih tua. Fase "tidur nyenyak" singkat yang terputus-putus sambil berbaring ditandai dengan jerapah menekuk lehernya ke belakang dan menyandarkan kepalanya di pinggul atau paha, suatu posisi yang diyakini mengindikasikan <a href="/wiki/Tidur_paradoks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidur paradoks">tidur paradoks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sleep-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sistem_internal">Sistem internal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Sistem internal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sistem internal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GiraffaRecurrEn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GiraffaRecurrEn.svg/220px-GiraffaRecurrEn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GiraffaRecurrEn.svg/330px-GiraffaRecurrEn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GiraffaRecurrEn.svg/440px-GiraffaRecurrEn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption> Skema dari jalur saraf laringeal rekuren jerapah</figcaption></figure> Pada mamalia, saraf laring rekuren kiri lebih panjang dari saraf kanan; pada jerapah, panjangnya lebih dari 30 cm (12 inci). Saraf ini lebih panjang pada jerapah dibandingkan hewan hidup lainnya;<a href="#cite_note-Wedel-42">[42]</a> saraf kiri panjangnya lebih dari 2 m (6 kaki 7 inci).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Setiap sel saraf pada jalur ini dimulai di batang otak dan melewati leher sepanjang saraf vagus , kemudian bercabang menjadi saraf laring rekuren yang berjalan kembali dari leher ke laring. Jadi, sel-sel saraf ini memiliki panjang hampir 5 m (16 kaki) pada jerapah terbesar.<a href="#cite_note-Wedel-42">[42]</a> Meskipun lehernya panjang dan tengkoraknya besar, otak jerapah merupakan ciri khas hewan berkuku.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Hilangnya panas akibat penguapan di saluran hidung menjaga otak jerapah tetap dingin.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2004-13">[13]</a> Bentuk kerangka memberi jerapah volume paru-paru yang kecil dibandingkan massanya. Lehernya yang panjang memberikan banyak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruang_mati_(fisiologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruang mati (fisiologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">ruang mati</a>, meskipun tenggorokannya sempit. Jerapah juga mempunyai volume pasang surut yang tinggi sehingga keseimbangan ruang mati dan volume pasang surut hampir sama dengan mamalia lainnya. Hewan tersebut masih dapat menyediakan oksigen yang cukup untuk jaringannya, dan dapat meningkatkan laju pernapasan serta difusi oksigen saat berlari.<a href="#cite_note-SkinnerJD2011-45">[45]</a> Sistem peredaran darah jerapah memiliki beberapa adaptasi untuk mengimbangi tingginya.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-46">[46]</a> Jantungnya yang berukuran 11 kg (25 lb) dan 60 cm (2 kaki) harus menghasilkan kira-kira dua kali lipat tekanan darah yang dibutuhkan manusia untuk menjaga aliran darah ke otak. Dengan demikian, dinding jantung bisa setebal 7,5 cm (3,0 in).<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">[7]</a> Jerapah memiliki detak jantung yang relatif tinggi untuk ukuran mereka, yaitu 150 detak per menit.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:76 Ketika hewan menundukkan kepalanya, darah mengalir deras tanpa hambatan dan rete mirabile di leher bagian atas, dengan luas penampang yang besar, mencegah aliran darah berlebih ke otak. Ketika naik lagi, pembuluh darah menyempit dan mendorong darah ke otak agar hewan tidak pingsan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_jugularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena jugularis (halaman belum tersedia)">Vena jugularis</a> memiliki beberapa (paling sering tujuh) katup untuk mencegah darah mengalir kembali ke kepala dari <a href="/wiki/Vena_cava_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava inferior">vena cava inferior</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atrium_kanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atrium kanan (halaman belum tersedia)">atrium kanan</a> saat kepala diturunkan.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Sebaliknya, pembuluh darah di kaki bagian bawah mendapat tekanan besar karena adanya beban cairan yang menekan pembuluh darah tersebut. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, kulit kaki bagian bawah dibuat tebal dan kencang sehingga mencegah terlalu banyak darah mengalir ke dalamnya.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-6">[6]</a> Jerapah mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Esofagus" title="Esofagus">otot esofagus</a> yang cukup kuat untuk memungkinkan regurgitasi makanan dari perut ke leher dan masuk ke mulut untuk memamah biak.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:78 Mereka mempunyai empat bilik perut, yang disesuaikan dengan pola makan khusus mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Usus jerapah dewasa berukuran panjang lebih dari 70 m (230 kaki) dan memiliki rasio usus kecil dan besar yang relatif kecil.<a href="#cite_note-PerezEtAl2009-49">[49]</a> Jerapah memiliki hati yang kecil dan padat.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:76 Pada janin mungkin ada kantong empedu kecil yang hilang sebelum lahir.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perilaku">Perilaku</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Perilaku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perilaku">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pola_makan">Pola makan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Pola makan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pola makan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffe_feeding,_Tanzania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg/200px-Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg/300px-Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg/400px-Giraffe_feeding%2C_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Jerapah Masai yang menjulurkan lidahnya untuk makan di Tanzania.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/200px--Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="113" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm/Giraffe_in_Malawi_-_2018_Aug.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seekor jerapah memakan dedaunan di Malawi.</div></div></div></div></div> Jerapah biasanya menghuni sabana dan hutan terbuka . Mereka lebih menyukai kawasan yang didominasi pohon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acacieae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acacieae (halaman belum tersedia)">Acacieae</a> (Akasia), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commiphora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commiphora (halaman belum tersedia)">Commiphora</a> (Getah wangi), <a href="/wiki/Combretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Combretum">Combretum</a> (Ceguk) , dan <a href="/wiki/Terminalia" title="Terminalia">Terminalia</a> (Ketapang) dibandingkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachystegia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachystegia (halaman belum tersedia)">Brachystegia</a> yang jaraknya lebih rapat.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:322 Jerapah Angola dapat ditemukan di lingkungan gurun.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Jerapah menelusuri ranting-ranting pohon, lebih menyukai ranting-ranting pohon akasia, pohon ketapang dan pohon ceguk,<a href="#cite_note-kingdon-53">[53]</a> yang merupakan sumber penting kalsium dan protein untuk menopang laju pertumbuhan jerapah. Mereka juga memakan semak, rumput, dan buah-buahan.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:324 Seekor jerapah memakan sekitar 34 kg (75 lb) tanaman setiap hari. Saat stres, jerapah mungkin mengunyah dahan besar hingga kulitnya terkelupas.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:325 Jerapah juga tercatat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteofagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osteofagi (halaman belum tersedia)">mengunyah tulang-tulang tua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:102 Pada musim hujan, makanan berlimpah dan jerapah lebih tersebar, sedangkan pada musim kemarau, mereka berkumpul di sekitar sisa pepohonan dan semak-semak hijau.<a href="#cite_note-kingdon-53">[53]</a> Induk cenderung memberi makan di area terbuka, mungkin untuk memudahkan mendeteksi predator, meskipun hal ini dapat mengurangi efisiensi makan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-sexdiff-29">[29]</a> Sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hewan_pemamah_biak" title="Hewan pemamah biak">hewan pemamah biak</a>, jerapah mula-mula mengunyah makanannya, kemudian menelannya untuk diproses dan kemudian dengan jelas mengeluarkan makanan yang setengah tercerna ke leher dan kembali ke mulut untuk dikunyah lagi.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-3">[3]</a>:78–79 Jerapah membutuhkan lebih sedikit makanan dibandingkan banyak herbivora lainnya karena dedaunan yang dimakannya memiliki nutrisi yang lebih terkonsentrasi dan sistem pencernaannya lebih efisien.<a href="#cite_note-kingdon-53">[53]</a> Kotoran hewan ini berbentuk butiran kecil.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Jika memiliki akses terhadap air, jerapah tidak akan minum lebih dari tiga hari.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Jerapah mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap pohon-pohon yang mereka makan, menunda pertumbuhan pohon-pohon muda selama beberapa tahun dan memberikan "lingkar pinggang" pada pohon-pohon yang terlalu tinggi. Pemberian makan berada pada titik tertinggi pada jam-jam pertama dan terakhir siang hari. Di antara jam-jam tersebut, jerapah kebanyakan berdiri dan merenung. Ruminasi merupakan aktivitas dominan pada malam hari, yang sebagian besar dilakukan dengan posisi berbaring.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kehidupan_sosial">Kehidupan sosial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Kehidupan sosial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kehidupan sosial">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffe_(Giraffa_camelopardalis)_females.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a gathering of four female giraffes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg/220px-Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg/330px-Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg/440px-Giraffe_%28Giraffa_camelopardalis%29_females.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Perkumpulan jerapah betina Afrika Selatan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suaka_Margasatwa_Tswalu_Kalahari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suaka Margasatwa Tswalu Kalahari (halaman belum tersedia)">Suaka Margasatwa Tswalu Kalahari</a></figcaption></figure> Jerapah biasanya membentuk kelompok yang ukuran dan komposisinya bervariasi menurut faktor ekologi, antropogenik, temporal, dan sosial.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a> Secara tradisional, komposisi kelompok-kelompok ini digambarkan sebagai kelompok yang terbuka dan selalu berubah.<a href="#cite_note-Manyara-55">[55]</a> Untuk tujuan penelitian, "kelompok" didefinisikan sebagai "kumpulan individu yang berjarak kurang dari satu kilometer dan bergerak dalam arah umum yang sama".<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a> Penelitian yang lebih baru menemukan bahwa jerapah memiliki kelompok atau kelompok sosial yang bertahan lama berdasarkan kekerabatan, jenis kelamin, atau faktor lainnya, dan kelompok ini sering bergaul dengan kelompok lain di komunitas atau sub-komunitas yang lebih besar dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_fisi-fusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat fisi-fusi (halaman belum tersedia)">masyarakat fisi-fusi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bercovitch_2013-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carter-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanderWaal-60">[60]</a> Kedekatan dengan manusia dapat mengganggu tatanan sosial.<a href="#cite_note-:7-57">[57]</a> Jerapah Masai di Tanzania mengurutkan dirinya ke dalam subpopulasi berbeda yang terdiri dari 60–90 betina dewasa dengan wilayah jelajah yang tumpang tindih, yang masing-masing berbeda dalam tingkat reproduksi dan kematian anak jerapah.<a href="#cite_note-:9-61">[61]</a> Penyebaran bersifat bias laki-laki, dan dapat mencakup penyebaran spasial dan/atau sosial.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Subpopulasi betina dewasa dihubungkan oleh jantan ke dalam komunitas super yang terdiri dari sekitar 300 hewan.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Jumlah jerapah dalam satu kelompok bisa berkisar antara satu hingga 66 ekor.<a href="#cite_note-:5-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-VanderWaal-60">[60]</a> Kelompok jerapah cenderung dipisahkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin<a href="#cite_note-VanderWaal-60">[60]</a> meskipun kelompok jenis kelamin campuran yang terdiri dari betina dewasa dan jantan muda juga ada.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a> Kelompok perempuan mungkin memiliki hubungan <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWaal-60">[60]</a> Umumnya betina lebih selektif dibandingkan pejantan dalam bergaul dengan individu berjenis kelamin sama.<a href="#cite_note-Carter-59">[59]</a> Kelompok jerapah yang paling stabil adalah kelompok yang terdiri dari ibu dan anak-anaknya,<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a> yang dapat bertahan berminggu-minggu atau berbulan-bulan.<a href="#cite_note-Leuthold_1979-64">[64]</a> Pejantan muda juga membentuk kelompok dan akan terlibat dalam perkelahian. Namun, seiring bertambahnya usia, pejantan menjadi lebih menyendiri tetapi juga dapat bergaul secara berpasangan atau dengan kelompok betina.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWaal-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leuthold_1979-64">[64]</a> Jerapah tidak bersifat <a href="/wiki/Teritori_(hewan)" title="Teritori (hewan)">teritorial</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> tetapi mereka memiliki wilayah jelajah yang bervariasi menurut curah hujan dan kedekatannya dengan pemukiman manusia.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Jerapah jantan terkadang berkeliaran jauh dari daerah yang biasa mereka kunjungi.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:329 Ahli biologi awal berpendapat bahwa jerapah bisu dan tidak mampu menciptakan aliran udara yang cukup untuk menggetarkan pita suaranya. Sebaliknya; mereka tercatat berkomunikasi menggunakan dengusan, bersin, batuk, mendengkur, mendesis, semburan, erangan, dengusan, geraman, dan suara mirip seruling.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kasozi-66">[66]</a> Saat pacaran, pejantan mengeluarkan batuk yang keras. Betina memanggil anak-anaknya dengan berteriak. Anak jerapah akan mengeluarkan suara mengembik, melenguh, dan mengeong.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Mendengus dan mendesis dikaitkan dengan kewaspadaan.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Pada malam hari, jerapah tampak bersenandung satu sama lain.<a href="#cite_note-hum-68">[68]</a> Ada beberapa bukti bahwa jerapah menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Resonansi_Helmholtz" title="Resonansi Helmholtz">resonansi Helmholtz</a> untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Infrasonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrasonik">infrasonik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Mereka juga berkomunikasi dengan bahasa tubuh. Pejantan yang dominan tampil di depan pejantan lain dengan postur tegak; memegang dagu dan kepala ke atas sambil berjalan dengan kaku dan memperlihatkan sisi tubuhnya. Yang kurang dominan menunjukkan sikap patuh dengan menundukkan kepala dan telinga, menurunkan dagu dan melarikan diri.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perkembangbiakan">Perkembangbiakan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Perkembangbiakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perkembangbiakan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_(mating).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of giraffes mating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg/170px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg/255px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg/340px-Giraffa_camelopardalis_angolensis_%28mating%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>Jerapah Angola sedang bercumbu</figcaption></figure> Reproduksi jerapah pada umumnya bersifat poligami : beberapa pejantan yang lebih tua kawin dengan betina yang subur.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a> Betina dapat bereproduksi sepanjang tahun dan mengalami siklus estrus kira-kira setiap 15 hari.<a href="#cite_note-:8-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Jerapah betina yang sedang berahi tersebar dalam ruang dan waktu, sehingga jerapah jantan dewasa yang reproduktif mengadopsi strategi berkeliaran di antara kelompok betina untuk mencari peluang kawin, dengan perilaku rutting yang dipicu oleh hormon secara berkala kira-kira setiap dua minggu.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Pejantan lebih memilih perempuan dewasa muda dibandingkan remaja dan dewasa tua.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a> Jerapah jantan menilai kesuburan betina dengan mencicipi urin betina untuk mendeteksi estrus, dalam proses multi-langkah yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Respons_flehmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Respons flehmen">respons flehmen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leuthold_1979-64">[64]</a> Setelah seekor betina berahi terdeteksi, sang jantan akan berusaha mendekatinya. Saat pacaran, pejantan dominan akan menjauhkan pejantan bawahannya.<a href="#cite_note-Leuthold_1979-64">[64]</a> Pejantan yang sedang pacaran mungkin menjilat ekor betina, meletakkan kepala dan lehernya di tubuh betina, atau menyenggolnya dengan tulang ossiconnya. Saat sanggama, pejantan berdiri dengan kaki belakangnya dengan kepala terangkat dan kaki depannya bertumpu pada sisi tubuh betina.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Kehamilan jerapah berlangsung selama 400–460 hari. Setelah itu, seekor anak jerapah biasanya akan lahir, meskipun bayi kembar jarang terjadi.<a href="#cite_note-:8-70">[70]</a> Sang ibu melahirkan sambil berdiri. Anakan tersebut muncul terlebih dahulu dengan kepala dan kaki depannya, setelah menembus selaput janin, dan jatuh ke tanah sehingga tali pusarnya putus.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg1971-18">[18]</a> Jerapah yang baru lahir memiliki tinggi 1,7–2 m (5 kaki 7 inci – 6 kaki 7 inci).<a href="#cite_note-Nowak1999-1">[1]</a> Dalam beberapa jam setelah lahir, anakan dapat berlarian dan hampir tidak dapat dibedakan dengan anak jerapah yang berumur satu minggu. Namun, selama satu hingga tiga minggu pertama, ia menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya untuk bersembunyi,<a href="#cite_note-Langman_1977-73">[73]</a> pola bulunya berfungsi sebagai kamuflase. Osikon, yang terletak rata di dalam rahim, akan muncul kembali dalam beberapa hari.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Induk yang mempunyai anakan muda akan berkumpul di kawanan pembibitan, berpindah-pindah atau menjelajah bersama. Induk dalam kelompok seperti itu kadang-kadang meninggalkan anaknya bersama seekor betina sementara mereka mencari makan dan minum di tempat lain. Ini dikenal sebagai "kolam persalinan".<a href="#cite_note-Langman_1977-73">[73]</a> Anak jerapah berisiko dimangsa, dan induk jerapah akan berdiri di dekat mereka dan menendang predator yang mendekat.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Betina yang mengawasi kolam persalinan hanya akan memperingatkan anak mereka jika mereka mendeteksi adanya gangguan, meskipun yang lain akan memperhatikan dan mengikuti.<a href="#cite_note-Langman_1977-73">[73]</a> Penyusuan-tetangga, yaitu anak jerapah yang akan menyusu pada jerapah betina selain induknya, telah tercatat terjadi pada jerapah liar dan penangkaran.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Anak jerapah pertama kali memamah biak pada usia empat hingga enam bulan dan berhenti menyusui pada usia enam hingga delapan bulan. Anak-anak mungkin tidak mencapai kemandirian sampai mereka berusia 14 bulan.<a href="#cite_note-Dagg2014-5">[5]</a>:49 Betina sudah mampu bereproduksi pada usia empat tahun,<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> pada jantan dimulai pada usia tiga hingga empat tahun.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Pejantan harus menunggu hingga mereka berusia setidaknya tujuh tahun untuk mendapatkan kesempatan kawin.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adu_leher">Adu leher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Adu leher" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Adu leher">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Jerapah jantan menggunakan lehernya sebagai senjata dalam pertempuran, suatu perilaku yang dikenal dengan istilah "adu leher". Adu leher digunakan untuk membangun dominasi dan pejantan yang memenangkan pertarungan necking memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keberhasilan_reproduksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keberhasilan reproduksi (halaman belum tersedia)">keberhasilan reproduksi</a> yang lebih besar.<a href="#cite_note-sim1996-28">[28]</a> Perilaku ini terjadi pada intensitas rendah atau tinggi. Dalam necking intensitas rendah, para kombatan saling bergesekan dan bersandar. Pejantan yang bisa menjaga dirinya lebih tegak memenangkan pertarungan. Dalam adu leher intensitas tinggi, para petarung akan melebarkan kaki depannya dan mengayunkan lehernya satu sama lain, mencoba mendaratkan pukulan dengan ossiconesnya. Para kontestan akan berusaha menghindari pukulan satu sama lain dan kemudian bersiap untuk membalas. Kekuatan pukulan tergantung pada berat tengkorak dan busur ayunan.<a href="#cite_note-estes-8">[8]</a> Duel leher bisa berlangsung lebih dari setengah jam, tergantung seberapa cocok lawannya.<a href="#cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">[36]</a>:331 Meskipun sebagian besar perkelahian tidak mengakibatkan cedera serius, ada catatan patah rahang, patah leher, dan bahkan kematian.<a href="#cite_note-sim1996-28">[28]</a> Setelah berduel, dua jerapah jantan biasa saling membelai dan merayu. Interaksi antar pejantan ditemukan lebih sering terjadi dibandingkan hubungan heteroseksual.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Dalam sebuah penelitian, hingga 94 persen insiden pemasangan yang diamati terjadi di antara pejantan. Proporsi <a href="/wiki/Perilaku_homoseksual_pada_hewan" title="Perilaku homoseksual pada hewan">aktivitas sesama jenis</a> bervariasi antara 30 hingga 75 persen. Hanya satu persen dari peningkatan insiden sesama jenis terjadi di antara betina.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subspesies_jerapah">Subspesies jerapah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Subspesies jerapah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Subspesies jerapah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Ada sembilan <a href="/wiki/Subspesies" title="Subspesies">subspesies</a> yang diterima umum yang dibedakan berdasarkan warna dan variasi pola: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerapah Somalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Jerapah Somalia</a> (G.c. reticulata) atau Reticulated Giraffe</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berwarna cokelat muda kemerah-merahan dikelilingi garis berwarna putih terang, membentuk pola <a href="/wiki/Poligon" title="Poligon">poligon</a> seperti jala yang besar-besar. Bercak bisa berlanjut sampai ke kaki. Habitat: timur laut Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Angola (G.c. angolensis) atau Smoky Giraffe </li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berukuran besar dan kecil secara tidak teratur. Bercak berlanjut hingga di bawah lutut. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Kordofan (G.c. antiquorum)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berukuran kecil, lebih tidak teratur dan juga terdapat pada kaki bagian sebelah dalam. Habitat: Sudan bagian barat dan barat daya.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Masai atau Jerapah <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kilimanjaro" title="Gunung Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a> (G.c. tippelskirchi)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berbentuk seperti daun <a href="/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur">anggur</a>, berwarna cokelat tua dengan pinggiran yang tidak rata, dikelilingi garis berwarna kekuningan. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> bagian tengah dan selatan, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Nubia (G.c. camelopardalis)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berbentuk hampir persegi empat, berwarna cokelat terang di atas dasar berwarna krem. Kaki bagian dalam dan bagian bawah lutut bebas dari bercak. Habitat: bagian timur <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, timur laut <a href="/wiki/Kongo" class="mw-disambig" title="Kongo">Kongo</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Rothschild, disebut juga Jerapah Baringo atau Jerapah Uganda (G.c. rothschildi)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berbentuk persegi empat dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gradiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gradiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">gradiasi</a> warna latar berwarna krem di bagian pinggir. Bercak bisa sampai ke bagian bawah lutut. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> bagian tengah sampai timur.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Afrika Selatan (G.c. giraffa)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berbentuk bundar atau tutul-tutul, beberapa di antaranya membentuk pola seperti bintang. Latar belakang bercak warna cokelat muda yang terang. Bercak atau tutul bisa sampai ke bagian telapak kaki. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Selatan" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Thornicroft atau Jerapah Rhodesia (G.c. thornicrofti)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berbentuk bintang atau daun, berlanjut sampai ke kaki bagian bawah. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> bagian timur</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jerapah Afrika barat atau Jerapah <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (G.c. peralta)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Bercak berwarna merah kekuningan yang pucat. Habitat: <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nowak1999-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1999_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak1999_1-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Nowak, R.M. 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Giraffe: Biology, Behaviour and Conservation. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1107610170" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1107610170">978-1107610170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giraffe%3A+Biology%2C+Behaviour+and+Conservation&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107610170&rft.au=Dagg%2C+A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald_6-3">d</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>MacDonald</code></li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero_2003-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_2003_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_2003_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_2003_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_2003_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero_2003_7-4">e</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Prothero 2003</code></li> <li id="cite_note-estes-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-estes_8-16">q</a> <cite class="citation book">Estes, R. 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B. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214102948/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x">"The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food"</a>. African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966AfJEc...4..139F">1966AfJEc...4..139F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x">10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+Giraffe+of+Nairobi+National+Park%3A+Home+range%2C+sex+ratios%2C+the+herd%2C+and+food&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=139-148&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966AfJEc...4..139F&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lee, D. E.; Lohay, G. G.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922073617/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3">"Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mammalian_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mammalian Biology (halaman belum tersedia)">Mammalian Biology</a>. 102 (4): 1055–1071. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42991-022-00261-3">10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 September 2023. Diakses tanggal 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology&rft.atitle=Using+spot+pattern+recognition+to+examine+population+biology%2C+evolutionary+ecology%2C+sociality%2C+and+movements+of+giraffes%3A+a+70-year+retrospective&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1055-1071&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42991-022-00261-3&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft.au=Lohay%2C+G.+G.&rft.au=Cavener%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Bond%2C+M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs42991-022-00261-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2018-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2018_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lee, D. E.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173159">"Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PeerJ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PeerJ (halaman belum tersedia)">PeerJ</a>. 6: e5690. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.5690">10.7717/peerj.5690</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173159">6173159</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30310743">30310743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Seeing+spots%3A+quantifying+mother-offspring+similarity+and+assessing+fitness+consequences+of+coat+pattern+traits+in+a+wild+population+of+giraffes+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=e5690&rft.date=2018&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6173159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30310743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.5690&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rft.au=Cavener%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Bond%2C+M.+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6173159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2004-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2004_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2004_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2004_13-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120033724/https://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/royalsa/royalsa_v59_n2_a13.html">"Giraffe thermoregulation: a review"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa (halaman belum tersedia)">Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa</a>. 59 (2): 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004TRSSA..59..109M">2004TRSSA..59..109M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00359190409519170">10.1080/00359190409519170</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabinet.co.za/abstracts/royalsa/royalsa_v59_n2_a13.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 November 2018. Diakses tanggal 19 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=Giraffe+thermoregulation%3A+a+review&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00359190409519170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004TRSSA..59..109M&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+G.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabinet.co.za%2Fabstracts%2Froyalsa%2Froyalsa_v59_n2_a13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Geographic_12_September_2023-14"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Geographic_12_September_2023_14-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Fine Maron, Dina (12 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/spotless-giraffe-found-in-the-wild-for-the-first-time">"Another rare spotless giraffe found—the first ever seen in the wild"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Another+rare+spotless+giraffe+found%E2%80%94the+first+ever+seen+in+the+wild&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft.aulast=Fine+Maron&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Farticle%2Fspotless-giraffe-found-in-the-wild-for-the-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_6_September_2023-15"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_6_September_2023_15-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Romo, Vanessa; Jones, Dustin (6 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/09/06/1197789671/a-rare-spotless-giraffe-gets-a-name-to-match">"A rare spotless giraffe gets a name to match"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" class="mw-redirect" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+rare+spotless+giraffe+gets+a+name+to+match&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.aulast=Romo&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft.au=Jones%2C+Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F09%2F06%2F1197789671%2Fa-rare-spotless-giraffe-gets-a-name-to-match&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wood, W. F.; Weldon, P. J. (2002). 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"Orbit orientation and eye morphometrics in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Zoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Zoology (halaman belum tersedia)">African Zoology</a>. 48 (2): 333–339. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15627020.2013.11407600">10.1080/15627020.2013.11407600</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2263%2F37109">2263/37109</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Zoology&rft.atitle=Orbit+orientation+and+eye+morphometrics+in+giraffes+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-339&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F37109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15627020.2013.11407600&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=van+Sittert%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Peterson, D. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhebeenvraag.be/mediastorage/FSDocument/73/download.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 25 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=The+remarkable+anatomy+of+the+giraffe%27s+neck&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-268&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x&rft.au=Solounias%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhebeenvraag.be%2Fmediastorage%2FFSDocument%2F73%2Fdownload.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-dt1990-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dt1990_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dt1990_25-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">du Toit, J. T. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110224355/http://courses.biology.utah.edu/goller/7406/Goller7406/duToitPdfs/Feedingheightstrat_1990.pdf">"Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Journal_of_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Journal of Ecology (halaman belum tersedia)">African Journal of Ecology</a>. 28 (1): 55–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AfJEc..28...55D">1990AfJEc..28...55D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x">10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.biology.utah.edu/goller/7406/Goller7406/duToitPdfs/Feedingheightstrat_1990.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 10 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 21 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Feeding-height+stratification+among+African+browsing+ruminants&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-62&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990AfJEc..28...55D&rft.aulast=du+Toit&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.biology.utah.edu%2Fgoller%2F7406%2FGoller7406%2FduToitPdfs%2FFeedingheightstrat_1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elissa_Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elissa Cameron (halaman belum tersedia)">Cameron, E. 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Diakses tanggal 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Winning+by+a+Neck%3A+Tall+Giraffes+Avoid+Competing+with+Shorter+Browsers&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-135&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F509940&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17206591&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=E.+Z.&rft.au=du+Toit%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecite.utas.edu.au%2F67394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Woolnough, A. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courses.biology.utah.edu/goller/7406/Goller7406/duToitPdfs/Verticalzonation_2001.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 10 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Vertical+zonation+of+browse+quality+in+tree+canopies+exposed+to+a+size-structured+guild+of+African+browsing+ungulates&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=585-590&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24577699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004420100771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Oecol.129..585W&rft.au=Woolnough%2C+A.+P.&rft.au=du+Toit%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcourses.biology.utah.edu%2Fgoller%2F7406%2FGoller7406%2FduToitPdfs%2FVerticalzonation_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sim1996-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sim1996_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sim1996_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sim1996_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sim1996_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sim1996_28-4">e</a> <cite class="citation journal">Simmons, R. 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Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Giraffe/WinningByANeck.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 23 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Winning+by+a+Neck%3A+Sexual+Selection+in+the+Evolution+of+Giraffe&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=771-786&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F285955&rft.au=Simmons%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Scheepers%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbill.srnr.arizona.edu%2Fclasses%2F182%2FGiraffe%2FWinningByANeck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sexdiff-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sexdiff_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sexdiff_29-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516034426/http://tpyoung.ucdavis.edu/publications/1991GiraffesEthology.pdf">"Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethology_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethology (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ethology</a>. 87 (1–2): 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Ethol..87...79Y">1991Ethol..87...79Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tpyoung.ucdavis.edu/publications/1991GiraffesEthology.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 16 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology&rft.atitle=Sex+differences+in+giraffe+feeding+ecology%3A+energetic+and+social+constraints&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Ethol..87...79Y&rft.au=Young%2C+T.+P.&rft.au=Isbell%2C+L.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpyoung.ucdavis.edu%2Fpublications%2F1991GiraffesEthology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-demography-30"><a href="#cite_ref-demography_30-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). 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Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010TRSSA..65..165M">2010TRSSA..65..165M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0035919X.2010.509153">10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2263%2F18957">2263/18957</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=The+demography+of+giraffe+deaths+in+a+drought&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=165-168&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F18957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0035919X.2010.509153&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010TRSSA..65..165M&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+G.&rft.au=van+Sittert%2C+S.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. 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Biology. 5 (3): 35. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiology5030035">10.3390/biology5030035</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037354">5037354</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626454">27626454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology&rft.atitle=Giraffe+Stature+and+Neck+Elongation%3A+Vigilance+as+an+Evolutionary+Mechanism&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=35&rft.date=2016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5037354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27626454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiology5030035&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5037354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation book">MacClintock, D.; Mochi, U. 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Diakses tanggal 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groovy+giraffes%E2%80%A6distinct+bone+structures+keep+these+animals+upright&rft.pub=Society+for+Experimental+Biology&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Wood%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2014-07%2Fsfeb-ggd070314.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingdon1988-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kingdon1988_36-6">g</a> Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama <code>Kingdon1988</code></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Garland, T.; J., C. M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120033719/https://biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlandJanis1993.pdf">"Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 229 (1): 133–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlandJanis1993.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 20 November 2018. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Does+metatarsal%2Ffemur+ratio+predict+maximal+running+speed+in+cursorial+mammals%3F&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-51&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=J.%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biology.ucr.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2FGarland%2FGarlandJanis1993.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Rafferty, J. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grazers0000raff/page/194">Grazers (Britannica Guide to Predators and Prey)</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britannica_Educational_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britannica Educational Publishing (halaman belum tersedia)">Britannica Educational Publishing</a>. hlm. 194. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-61530-336-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-61530-336-6">978-1-61530-336-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grazers+%28Britannica+Guide+to+Predators+and+Prey%29&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-336-6&rft.au=Rafferty%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrazers0000raff%2Fpage%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-swim-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swim_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swim_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swim_39-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Henderson, D. 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"Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Theoretical_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Theoretical Biology (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Theoretical Biology</a>. 265 (2): 151–59. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JThBi.265..151H">2010JThBi.265..151H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2010.04.007">10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20385144">20385144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=Predicting+the+buoyancy%2C+equilibrium+and+potential+swimming+ability+of+giraffes+by+computational+analysis&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-59&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20385144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2010.04.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JThBi.265..151H&rft.au=Henderson%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Naish%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Naish-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naish_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naish_40-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darren_Naish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darren Naish (halaman belum tersedia)">Naish, D.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204212753/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=will-it-float">"Will it Float?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. 304 (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SciAm.304a..22N">2011SciAm.304a..22N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0111-22">10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=will-it-float">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 December 2013. Diakses tanggal 30 Desember 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Will+it+Float%3F&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0111-22&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011SciAm.304a..22N&rft.aulast=Naish&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dwill-it-float&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sleep-41"><a href="#cite_ref-sleep_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tobler, I.; Schwierin, B. (1996). "Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a zoological garden". Journal of Sleep Research. 5 (1): 21–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2869.1996.00010.x">10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8795798">8795798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sleep+Research&rft.atitle=Behavioural+sleep+in+the+giraffe+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29+in+a+zoological+garden&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2869.1996.00010.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8795798&rft.aulast=Tobler&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Schwierin%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wedel-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wedel_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wedel_42-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wedel, M. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184627/http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app57/app20110019.pdf">"A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acta_Palaeontologica_Polonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica (halaman belum tersedia)">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</a>. 57 (2): 251–256. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.2011.0019">10.4202/app.2011.0019</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app57/app20110019.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&rft.atitle=A+monument+of+inefficiency%3A+the+presumed+course+of+the+recurrent+laryngeal+nerve+in+sauropod+dinosaurs&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-256&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4202%2Fapp.2011.0019&rft.au=Wedel%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farchive%2Fpublished%2Fapp57%2Fapp20110019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Harrison, D. F. N. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyphysiolog0000harr_x4p1">The Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammalian Larynx</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyphysiolog0000harr_x4p1/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-45321-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-45321-9">978-0-521-45321-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+the+Mammalian+Larynx&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45321-9&rft.au=Harrison%2C+D.+F.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyphysiolog0000harr_x4p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Graïc, J.-M.; Peruffo, A.; Ballarin, C.; Cozzi, B. (2017). "The brain of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): surface configuration, encephalization quotient, and analysis of the existing literature". The Anatomical Record. 300 (8): 1502–1511. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.23593">10.1002/ar.23593</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346748">28346748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=The+brain+of+the+giraffe+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29%3A+surface+configuration%2C+encephalization+quotient%2C+and+analysis+of+the+existing+literature&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1502-1511&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.23593&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28346748&rft.au=Gra%C3%AFc%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Peruffo%2C+A.&rft.au=Ballarin%2C+C.&rft.au=Cozzi%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SkinnerJD2011-45"><a href="#cite_ref-SkinnerJD2011_45-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120033132/https://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/16472/Mitchell_Lung(2011).PDF?sequence=1">"Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis"</a> (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2010.09.003">10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2263%2F16472">2263/16472</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20837156">20837156</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/16472/Mitchell_Lung(2011).PDF?sequence=1">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 20 November 2018. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Biochemistry+and+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Lung+volumes+in+giraffes%2C+Giraffa+camelopardalis&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F16472&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20837156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2010.09.003&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F137.215.9.22%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F16472%2FMitchell_Lung%282011%29.PDF%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_46-0">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine">Holmes, B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706111325/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2021/heads-up-cardiovascular-secrets-giraffes">"Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes"</a>. Knowable Magazine. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-051821-2">10.1146/knowable-051821-2</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2021/heads-up-cardiovascular-secrets-giraffes">versi asli</a> tanggal 6 Juli 2022. Diakses tanggal 1 Agustus 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knowable+Magazine&rft.atitle=Heads+up%21+The+cardiovascular+secrets+of+giraffes&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fknowable-051821-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowablemagazine.org%2Farticle%2Fliving-world%2F2021%2Fheads-up-cardiovascular-secrets-giraffes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (1993). "How giraffe adapt to their extraordinary shape". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa (halaman belum tersedia)">Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa</a>. 48 (2): 207–218. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993TRSSA..48..207M">1993TRSSA..48..207M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00359199309520271">10.1080/00359199309520271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=How+giraffe+adapt+to+their+extraordinary+shape&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-218&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00359199309520271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993TRSSA..48..207M&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+G.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120033146/https://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/13994/Mitchell_Structure(2009).pdf?sequence=1">"The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves"</a> (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3957%2F056.039.0210">10.3957/056.039.0210</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2263%2F13994">2263/13994</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://137.215.9.22/bitstream/handle/2263/13994/Mitchell_Structure(2009).pdf?sequence=1">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 20 November 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+function+of+giraffe+jugular+vein+valves&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175-180&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F13994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3957%2F056.039.0210&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+G.&rft.au=van+Sittert%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F137.215.9.22%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F13994%2FMitchell_Structure%282009%29.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PerezEtAl2009-49"><a href="#cite_ref-PerezEtAl2009_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722150740/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/24084/5/P%C3%A9rez_giraffe_intestine_AHE_revised-1.pdf">"Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)"</a> (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0264.2009.00965.x">10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19681830">19681830</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/24084/5/P%C3%A9rez_giraffe_intestine_AHE_revised-1.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 22 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatomia%2C+Histologia%2C+Embryologia&rft.atitle=Gross+anatomy+of+the+intestine+in+the+giraffe+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=432-435&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0264.2009.00965.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19681830&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+W.&rft.au=Lima%2C+M.&rft.au=Clauss%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F24084%2F5%2FP%25C3%25A9rez_giraffe_intestine_AHE_revised-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cave, A. J. E. (1950). "On the liver and gall-bladder of the Giraffe". <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Zoological_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</a>. 120 (2): 381–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1950.tb00956.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00956.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+liver+and+gall-bladder+of+the+Giraffe&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-93&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1950.tb00956.x&rft.au=Cave%2C+A.+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Oldham-Ott, C. K.; Gilloteaux, J. (1997). "Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microscopy_Research_and_Technique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microscopy Research and Technique (halaman belum tersedia)">Microscopy Research and Technique</a>. 38 (6): 571–579. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819970915%2938%3A6%3C571%3A%3AAID-JEMT3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9330347">9330347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microscopy+Research+and+Technique&rft.atitle=Comparative+morphology+of+the+gallbladder+and+biliary+tract+in+vertebrates%3A+variation+in+structure%2C+homology+in+function+and+gallstones&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=571-579&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0029%2819970915%2938%3A6%3C571%3A%3AAID-JEMT3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-I&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9330347&rft.au=Oldham-Ott%2C+C.+K.&rft.au=Gilloteaux%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Fennessy, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/910">Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia</a> (Tesis <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/910">http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/910</a>. Diakses pada 30 January 2012.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+of+desert-dwelling+giraffe+%27%27Giraffa+camelopardalis+angolensis%27%27+in+northwestern+Namibia&rft.aulast=Fennessy%2C+J.&rft.au=Fennessy%2C+J.&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Sydney%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fses.library.usyd.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F2123%2F910&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jerapah">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kingdon-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_53-2">c</a> <cite class="citation book">Kingdon, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona/page/339">"Giraffes Giraffidae"</a>. The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. hlm. 339–344. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-408355-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-408355-4">978-0-12-408355-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giraffes+Giraffidae&rft.btitle=The+Kingdon+Field+Guide+to+African+Mammals&rft.pages=339-344&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-12-408355-4&rft.au=Kingdon%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdonfieldguid00jona%2Fpage%2F339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922074125/https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/80d99e21-8a05-4eaf-bb4e-ba8bcddd109d">"Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oecologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oecologia (halaman belum tersedia)">Oecologia</a>. 191 (2): 335–347. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Oecol.191..335B">2019Oecol.191..335B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00442-019-04485-y">10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31451928">31451928</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsphere.psu.edu/resources/80d99e21-8a05-4eaf-bb4e-ba8bcddd109d">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 September 2023. Diakses tanggal 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Fission%E2%80%93fusion+dynamics+of+a+megaherbivore+are+driven+by+ecological%2C+anthropogenic%2C+temporal%2C+and+social+factors&rft.volume=191&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-347&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31451928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00442-019-04485-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Oecol.191..335B&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Derek+E.&rft.au=Ozgul%2C+A.&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsphere.psu.edu%2Fresources%2F80d99e21-8a05-4eaf-bb4e-ba8bcddd109d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Manyara-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Manyara_55-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106025238/http://www.resource-ecology.org/publ/2000_Jeugd,Prins_MovementsAndGroupStructureOfGiraffeInLakeManyara.pdf">"Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" title="Journal of Zoology">Journal of Zoology</a>. 251 (1): 15–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resource-ecology.org/publ/2000_Jeugd,Prins_MovementsAndGroupStructureOfGiraffeInLakeManyara.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Movements+and+group+structure+of+giraffe+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29+in+Lake+Manyara+National+Park%2C+Tanzania&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-21&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x&rft.au=van+der+Jeugd%2C+H.+P.&rft.au=Prins%2C+H.+H.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.resource-ecology.org%2Fpubl%2F2000_Jeugd%2CPrins_MovementsAndGroupStructureOfGiraffeInLakeManyara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt_1985-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_1985_56-5">f</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pratt, D. M.; Anderson, V. H. (1985). 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"Proximity to humans affects local social structure in a giraffe metapopulation". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Animal_Ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Animal Ecology (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Animal Ecology</a>. 90 (1): 212–221. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1365-2656.13247">10.1111/1365-2656.13247</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32515083">32515083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Ecology&rft.atitle=Proximity+to+humans+affects+local+social+structure+in+a+giraffe+metapopulation&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=212-221&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1365-2656.13247&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32515083&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+B.&rft.au=Lee%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Ozgul%2C+A.&rft.au=Farine%2C+D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bercovitch_2013-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Bercovitch_2013_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bercovitch, F. 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"Multilevel social organization and space use in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioral_Ecology_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioral Ecology (jurnal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Behavioral Ecology</a>. 25 (1): 17–26. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Fart061">10.1093/beheco/art061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology&rft.atitle=Multilevel+social+organization+and+space+use+in+reticulated+giraffe+%28Giraffa+camelopardalis%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-26&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbeheco%2Fart061&rft.au=VanderWaal%2C+K.+L.&rft.au=Wang%2C+H.&rft.au=McCowan%2C+B.&rft.au=Fushing%2C+H.&rft.au=Isbell%2C+L.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-61"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_61-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bond, M. 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Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..11.7024G">2021NatSR..11.7024G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-86499-2">10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8007720">8007720</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmc=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmc" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>). <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33782483">33782483</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Further+behavioural+parameters+support+reciprocity+and+milk+theft+as+explanations+for+giraffe+allonursing&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7024&rft.date=2021&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8007720&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33782483&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-86499-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..11.7024G&rft.aulast=Glonekov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Brandlov%C3%A1%2C+K.&rft.au=Pluh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek%2C+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8007720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hall-Martin, A. 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(1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719113129/http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/52/1/1.full.pdf">"The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Reproduction_and_Fertility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (halaman belum tersedia)">Journal of Reproduction and Fertility</a>. 52 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Fjrf.0.0520001">10.1530/jrf.0.0520001</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/621681">621681</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/52/1/1.full.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 19 Juli 2018. Diakses tanggal 12 Juni 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Reproduction+and+Fertility&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+reproductive+organs+of+the+male+giraffe%2C+Giraffa+camelopardalis&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Fjrf.0.0520001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F621681&rft.au=Hall-Martin%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Skinner%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+B.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reproduction-online.org%2Fcontent%2F52%2F1%2F1.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Coe, M. J. (1967). "'Necking' behavior in the giraffe". Journal of Zoology. 151 (2): 313–21. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1967.tb02117.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02117.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=%27Necking%27+behavior+in+the+giraffe&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313-21&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1967.tb02117.x&rft.au=Coe%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bagemihl, B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologicalexuber00bage/page/391">Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity</a>. St. Martin's Press. hlm. 391–393. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-312-19239-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-312-19239-6">978-0-312-19239-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Exuberance%3A+Animal+Homosexuality+and+Natural+Diversity&rft.pages=391-393&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19239-6&rft.au=Bagemihl%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologicalexuber00bage%2Fpage%2F391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AJerapah" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerapah&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Giraffe" class="extiw" title="commons:Giraffe">Giraffe</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> mempunyai informasi mengenai <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Giraffa_camelopardalis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Giraffa camelopardalis">Giraffa camelopardalis</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Giraffa_camelopardalis.html">Animal Diversity Web - Giraffa camelopardalis</a></li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/giraffe/">Giraffe Central web directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050920213710/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/giraffe/">Diarsipkan</a> 2005-09-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php?species=9194">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></li> <li>(Prancis) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.girafes.net/girafes">Introduction to the history of the Giraffe in Middle Ages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210439/http://www.girafes.net/girafes/">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-03-10 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862089" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q862089">Q862089</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Giraffa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Giraffa">Giraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=73516">73516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/38813">38813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GIRFG">1GIRFG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=42695">42695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441204">2441204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42156">42156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1291817">1291817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=898184">898184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200475">14200475</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9893">9893</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18342415">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Indian_elephant_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon rintisan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png/36px-Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png/53px-Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png/71px-Indian_elephant_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="2588" /></a></td><td>Artikel bertopik hewan ini adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rintisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Rintisan">rintisan</a>. 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