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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Ekosistem+perairan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Ekosistem+perairan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Ekosistem+perairan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Ekosistem+perairan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Macam-macam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macam-macam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Macam-macam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Macam-macam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Macam-macam</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Macam-macam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_air_tawar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_air_tawar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ekosistem air tawar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_air_tawar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lentik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lentik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Lentik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lentik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Danau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Rawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Kolam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waduk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waduk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Waduk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waduk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Lotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekosistem_air_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekosistem_air_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ekosistem air laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekosistem_air_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pesisir_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pesisir_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Pesisir laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pesisir_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permukaan_laut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permukaan_laut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Permukaan laut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permukaan_laut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fungsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komponen_biotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komponen_biotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Komponen biotik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Komponen_biotik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Komponen biotik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Komponen_biotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autotrof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autotrof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autotrof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autotrof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterotrof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterotrof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heterotrof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterotrof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komponen_abiotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komponen_abiotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Komponen abiotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komponen_abiotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekosistem perairan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 24 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="نظام بيئي مائي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام بيئي مائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema_aqu%C3%A0tic" title="Ecosistema aquàtic – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecosistema aquàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aquatic ecosystem" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akva_ekosistemo" title="Akva ekosistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akva ekosistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistema_acu%C3%A1tico" title="Ecosistema acuático – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecosistema acuático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vee%C3%B6kos%C3%BCsteem" title="Veeökosüsteem – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeökosüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بوم‌سازگان آبی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌سازگان آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cosyst%C3%A8me_aquatique" title="Écosystème aquatique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écosystème aquatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जलीय परितंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलीय परितंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%8F%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB" title="水圏生態系 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水圏生態系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%83%9D%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EA%B3%84" title="수생생태계 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수생생태계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="ജല ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജല ആവാസവ്യവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirnakkoo_bishaanii" title="Sirnakkoo bishaanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sirnakkoo bishaanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecossistema_aqu%C3%A1tico" title="Ecossistema aquático – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecossistema aquático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosistem_acvatic" title="Ecosistem acvatic – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecosistem acvatic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Водная экосистема – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водная экосистема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92" title="ජලාශ්‍රිත පරිසර පද්ධති – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලාශ්‍රිත පරිසර පද්ධති" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodni_ekosistem" title="Vodni ekosistem – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodni ekosistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்சார் சூழல் மண்டலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்சார் சூழல் மண்டலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ระบบนิเวศในน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบนิเวศในน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_ekosistemi" title="Su ekosistemi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su ekosistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Водна екосистема – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водна екосистема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_th%C3%A1i_th%E1%BB%A7y_sinh" title="Hệ sinh thái thủy sinh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ sinh thái thủy sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="水域生态系统 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水域生态系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3289906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem_perairan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Ekosistem_perairan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ekosistem perairan</b> adalah <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan">lingkungan</a> yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">komponen biotik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Komponen_abiotik" title="Komponen abiotik">abiotik</a> serta didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> dari komponennya. Ada bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a> ini yang bukan <a href="/wiki/Perairan" title="Perairan">perairan</a>, tapi jumlahnya kecil. Ekosistem ini dihuni oleh beragam <a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">makhluk</a> yang hidupnya di air ataupun di dua <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">alam</a> (air dan <a href="/wiki/Daratan" title="Daratan">darat</a>). <a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">Makhluk hidup</a> ini bisa berupa <a href="/wiki/Binatang" class="mw-redirect" title="Binatang">binatang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>. Pada ekosistem ini <a href="/wiki/Cahaya_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahaya matahari">cahaya matahari</a> terbatas. hal ini karena sulitnya cahaya matahari menembus perairan. Sehingga perubahan <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> tidak ekstrim. Pada ekosistem ini yang bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Produsen" title="Produsen">produsen</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplankton</a>. Sedangkan yang bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Konsumen" title="Konsumen">konsumen</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">hewan</a> dan juga predator air.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macam-macam">Macam-macam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Macam-macam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Macam-macam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pexels-pok-rie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ekosistem Perairan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pexels-pok-rie.jpg/220px-Pexels-pok-rie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pexels-pok-rie.jpg/330px-Pexels-pok-rie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pexels-pok-rie.jpg/440px-Pexels-pok-rie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3463" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>Wilayah pantai dan daratan merupakan bagian dari ekosistem perairan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekosistem_air_tawar">Ekosistem air tawar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem air tawar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem air tawar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">air tawar</a> adalah suatu tatanan yang ada di dalam air tawar dan sekitarnya yang terdiri dari makhluk hidup di dalamnya dan <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan">lingkungan</a> air tawar itu sendiri. Ekosistem ini disebut juga perairan darat. Ciri-ciri ekosistem ini antara lain variasi <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> tidak mencolok, <a href="/wiki/Penetrasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penetrasi">penetrasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya">cahaya</a> kurang, dan terpengaruh oleh <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Cuaca" title="Cuaca">cuaca</a>. Secara <a href="/wiki/Fisik" title="Fisik">fisik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologis</a> ekosistem ini merupakan perantaraan ekosistem darat dan <a href="/wiki/Laut" title="Laut">laut</a>, yang sering disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Air_payau" title="Air payau">air payau</a> (lingkungan <a href="/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari">estuarin</a>), estuarin merupakan lingkungan perairan setengah tertutup di pinggiran <a href="/wiki/Daratan" title="Daratan">daratan</a> yang terpengaruh oleh <a href="/wiki/Pasang_surut" title="Pasang surut">pasang surut</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">air laut</a>. Jenis tumbuhan yang subur adalah <a href="/wiki/Ganggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggang">ganggang</a>, sedangkan lainnya <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Biji" title="Biji">biji</a>. Hampir semua <a href="/wiki/Filum_hewan" title="Filum hewan">filum hewan</a> terdapat dalam air tawar. Ekosistem air tawar dapat dibedakan menjadi ekosistem lentik dan lotik.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pexels-nihat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pexels-nihat.jpg/220px-Pexels-nihat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pexels-nihat.jpg/330px-Pexels-nihat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Pexels-nihat.jpg/440px-Pexels-nihat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Danau merupakan bagian dari ekosistem air tawar.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lentik">Lentik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Lentik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lentik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Merupakan ekosistem yang airnya tenang. Mengalami <a href="/wiki/Stratifikasi_(air)" title="Stratifikasi (air)">stratifikasi</a> vertikal karena suhu dan cahaya berbeda. Organisme yang hidup tidak butuh penyesuaian khusus. <a href="/wiki/Substrat_(biologi)" title="Substrat (biologi)">Substrat</a> berupa lumpur halus. <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> sedikit larut sebab arus yang tenang. Organisme pada ekosistem beragam dan tetap.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">Alga</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_air" title="Tumbuhan air">tumbuhan air</a> banyak hidup disini.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Danau" title="Danau">Danau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">kolam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waduk" title="Waduk">waduk</a> merupakan contoh bentang alamnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Danau">Danau</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Danau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Danau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Danau merupakan suatu kumpulan air yang menggenang dan memiliki bentang yang luas. Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Produksi" title="Produksi">produksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Materi" title="Materi">materi</a> organiknya, danau dibedakan menjadi oligotropik dan <a href="/wiki/Eutrofikasi" title="Eutrofikasi">eutropik</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">Fitoplankton</a> tidak <a href="/wiki/Produktivitas" title="Produktivitas">produktif</a> sehingga danau oligotropik kekurangan dalm suplai makanan untuk organisme di dalamnya. Air penyusunnya jernih, organisme yang tinggal sedikit, banyak oksigen pada kandungan airnya karena kondisi kedalamannya. Eutropik adalah danau yang dangkal dan terdapat kandungan makanan, karena fitoplankton produktif. Ciri-cirinya, airnya keruh, terdapat bermacam-macam organisme, dan oksigen terdapat di daerah dasar danau.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rawa">Rawa</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Rawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rawa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rawa memiliki <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> yang digenangi air tawar dengan <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> <a href="/wiki/6" class="mw-redirect" title="6">6</a>, kondisi permukaan airnya naik atau turun, mengering serta tidak stabil tergantung kondisi cuaca. Merupakan <a href="/wiki/Lahan_basah" title="Lahan basah">lahan basah</a>, terbentuk dari tatanan alami atau buatan, dengan air yang tidak mengalir. <a href="/wiki/Air_tawar" title="Air tawar">Air tawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_payau" title="Air payau">payau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_asin" title="Air asin">air asin</a>. Lahan rawa merupakan peralihan antara <a href="/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem">sistem</a> daratan dan perairan (<a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">sungai</a>, danau, atau <a href="/wiki/Laut" title="Laut">laut</a>). Sebelum di buka untuk <a href="/wiki/Lahan_pertanian" title="Lahan pertanian">lahan pertanian</a>, lahan rawa ditumbuhi tumbuhan air, <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Semak" class="mw-redirect" title="Semak">semak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kayu" title="Kayu">kayu</a>. Terdapat <a href="/wiki/Zona" title="Zona">zona</a> <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_payau" title="Air payau">air payau</a>, zona rawa air tawar, zona <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa lebak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kolam">Kolam</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Kolam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kolam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg/220px-Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg/330px-Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg/440px-Pexels-ricardo-esquivel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Kolam termasuk ekosistem lentik. Dapat dibedakan menjadi alami dan buatan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kolam adalah ekosistem air tergenang yang dangkal dan memiliki banyak <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a>. Kolam dibedakan menjadi alami dan buatan. Kolam alami dapat ditinggali <a href="/wiki/Hewan-hewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewan-hewan">hewan-hewan</a> <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrata" title="Invertebrata">invertebrata</a>. Kolam buatan hanya ditinggali hewan-hewan yang dikehendaki saja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Waduk">Waduk</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Waduk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Waduk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waduk adalah perairan menggenang akibat pembendungan sungai secara sengaja untuk kepentingan tertentu.Tujuan dibuat waduk yaitu mencegah <a href="/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir">banjir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik">pembangkit listrik</a>, menyuplai air bagi <a href="/wiki/Irigasi" title="Irigasi">irigasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, serta untuk kegiatan <a href="/wiki/Perikanan" title="Perikanan">perikanan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pariwisata" title="Pariwisata">pariwisata</a>. Waduk menerima air dari sungai yang mengalirinya. Air sungai ini mengandung bahan yang dapat menyuburkan perairan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lotik">Lotik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lotik adalah ekosistem air tawar mengalir. Contoh ekosistem ini adalah sungai. <a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">Sungai</a> mengalir dari <a href="/wiki/Titik" title="Titik">titik</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Tinggi" title="Tinggi">tinggi</a> menuju titik lebih rendah. Air sungai mengandung sedikit makanan dan <a href="/wiki/Sedimentasi" title="Sedimentasi">sedimen</a>. Aliran airnya membuat komposisi oksigen di dalamnya lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenis aliran pada ekosistem ini menentukan <a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">komponen biotik</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Hidup" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidup">hidup</a> di dalamnya. Aliran air bergantung pada <a href="/wiki/Topografi" title="Topografi">topografi</a> dan besarnya tempat air mengalir. Air ekosistem berubah mengikuti perubahan <a href="/wiki/Musim" title="Musim">musim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekosistem_air_laut">Ekosistem air laut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Ekosistem air laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekosistem air laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg/220px-Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg/330px-Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg/440px-Pexels-pixabay-68767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Terumbu karang merupakan bagian dari ekosistem laut. Sebagai habitat berbagai jenis organisme.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem_laut" title="Ekosistem laut">Ekosistem laut</a> merupakan ekosistem perairan terbesar di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a>. Memiliki kandungan <a href="/wiki/Garam_(kimia)" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a> tinggi. Berbeda dengan ekosistem air tawar, yang memiliki kandungan garam rendah. Perairan <a href="/wiki/Laut" title="Laut">laut</a> menutupi 70% <a href="/wiki/Permukaan_Bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Permukaan Bumi">permukaan bumi</a> dan menyumbang 97% pasokan air.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salinitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinitas">Salinitas</a> air laut 35 bagian per seribu air.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem laut ini terdiri atas beberapa bagian dilihat dari <a href="/wiki/Jarak" title="Jarak">jarak</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai">pantai</a> dan kedalamannya. <a href="/wiki/Zona_pasang_surut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona pasang surut">Zona pasang surut</a>, merupakan zona yang paling dangkal dari lautan. Di <a href="/wiki/Zona" title="Zona">zona</a> ini, hidup <a href="/wiki/Bintang_laut" title="Bintang laut">bintang laut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udang" title="Udang">udang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepiting" title="Kepiting">kepiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulu_babi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulu babi">bulu babi</a>, hingga <a href="/wiki/Cacing_laut" class="mw-disambig" title="Cacing laut">cacing laut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zona_neritik" title="Zona neritik">Zona neritik</a> dengan kedalaman 200 <a href="/wiki/Meter" title="Meter">meter</a>, dapat ditembus oleh cahaya matahari sampai dasar. Merupakan zona yang dihuni tumbuhan <a href="/wiki/Ganggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggang">ganggang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumput_laut" class="mw-disambig" title="Rumput laut">rumput laut</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan">ikan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zona_oseanik" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona oseanik">Zona oseanik</a> merupakan ekosistem air laut yang dalam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pesisir_laut">Pesisir laut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pesisir laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pesisir laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem <a href="/wiki/Pesisir" title="Pesisir">pesisir</a> adalah peralihan antara ekosistem darat dengan ekosistem laut. Ekosistem ini terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Estuaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaria">estuaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hutan_mangrove" title="Hutan mangrove">hutan mangrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padang_lamun" title="Padang lamun">padang lamun</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">terumbu karang</a>. Ekosistem ini sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam" title="Sumber daya alam">sumber daya alam</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayati" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayati">hayati</a>, seperti terumbu karang dan rumput laut, non-hayati seperti <a href="/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi">minyak bumi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permukaan_laut">Permukaan laut</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Permukaan laut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Permukaan laut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem laut terbagi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Daerah" title="Daerah">daerah</a> litoral, neritik, batial, dan abisal. Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Permukaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Permukaan">permukaan</a> horizontal dibagi menjadi, Epipelagik daerah permukaan dengan kedalaman air 200 meter. Mesopelagik, daerah kedalaman 200-1000 meter, yang dihuni <a href="/wiki/Ikan_hiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikan hiu">ikan hiu</a>. Batiopelagik, daerah lereng <a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">benua</a> kedalaman 200-2500 meter, dihuni <a href="/wiki/Gurita" title="Gurita">gurita</a>. Abisalpelagik, kedalaman 4000 meter, tidak mampu ditembus <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a>. Hadalpelagik, bagian dasar laut kedalaman 7000 meter. Dihuni <a href="/wiki/Lele_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lele laut">lele laut</a> dan ikan yang mengeluarkan cahaya. <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bakteri</a> <a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">bersimbiosis</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Kerang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerang">kerang</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Produsen" title="Produsen">produsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungsi">Fungsi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Fungsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fungsi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem perairan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Fungsi" class="mw-disambig" title="Fungsi">fungsi</a> penting bagi lingkungan. diantaranya, <a href="/wiki/Daur_ulang" title="Daur ulang">mendaur ulang</a> <a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">nutrisi</a>, memurnikan air, mengurangi banjir, mengisi ulang air tanah dan menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> bagi <a href="/wiki/Satwa_liar" title="Satwa liar">satwa liar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekosistem perairan juga dimanfaatkan untuk <a href="/wiki/Rekreasi" title="Rekreasi">rekreasi</a>, dan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Industri_pariwisata" class="mw-redirect" title="Industri pariwisata">industri pariwisata</a> di <a href="/wiki/Wilayah_pesisir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayah pesisir">wilayah pesisir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komponen_biotik">Komponen biotik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Komponen biotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komponen biotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">Komponen biotik</a> pada ekosistem adalah makhluk hidup itu sendiri, ekosistem tidak terbentuk tanpa makhluk hidup didalamya. Keberadaan makhluk hidup membentuk <a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">rantai makanan</a> di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contohnya <a href="/wiki/Hewan_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Hewan air">hewan air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amfibi" title="Amfibi">amfibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, dan tumbuhan di dalam air.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lingkungan perairan memiliki tingkat oksigen rendah, sehingga diperlukan <a href="/wiki/Adaptasi" title="Adaptasi">adaptasi</a> organisme yang hidup di dalamnya. Misalnya, tanaman <a href="/wiki/Lahan_basah" title="Lahan basah">lahan basah</a> memiliki rongga untuk membawa oksigen ke <a href="/wiki/Akar" title="Akar">akar</a>. Produsen dan konsumen dalam rantai makanan juga melakukan penyesuaian. <a href="/wiki/Siput" title="Siput">Siput</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angsa" title="Angsa">angsa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia">mamalia</a> menjadi faktor biotik yang dominan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autotrof">Autotrof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Autotrof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Autotrof"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a> adalah organisme yang memiliki kemampuan menghasilkan makanan sendiri. Autotrof membutuhkan <a href="/wiki/Karbondioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbondioksida">karbondioksida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Senyawa">senyawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Anorganik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorganik">anorganik</a> untuk memasak <a href="/wiki/Makanan" title="Makanan">makanan</a>. Organisme ini juga menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Nutrisi" title="Nutrisi">nutrisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahan_pangan_organik" title="Bahan pangan organik">organik</a> dari senyawa anorganik. Yang termasuk organisme autotrof adalah tumbuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heterotrof">Heterotrof</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Heterotrof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Heterotrof"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisme <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrof</a> memakan organisme autotrof dan menggunakan senyawa organik dalam tubuh untuk <a href="/wiki/Sumber_energi" title="Sumber energi">sumber energi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahan_baku" title="Bahan baku">bahan baku</a> membuat makanan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komponen_abiotik">Komponen abiotik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Komponen abiotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Komponen abiotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ekosistem terdiri dari komponen biotik yang terstruktur oleh <a href="/wiki/Interaksi" title="Interaksi">interaksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologis">biologis</a> dan faktor lingkungan <a href="/wiki/Abiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotik">abiotik</a>. Faktor lingkungan abiotik yang penting dari ekosistem perairan adalah <a href="/wiki/Substrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrat">substrat</a>, kedalaman air, tingkat nutrisi, suhu, <a href="/wiki/Salinitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinitas">salinitas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">aliran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungsi komponen abiotik adalah sebagai faktor kemampuan <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">reproduksi</a> dan kelangsungan hidup <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> organisme dalam ekosistem.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancaman">Ancaman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Ancaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ancaman"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Perubahan" class="mw-disambig" title="Perubahan">Perubahan</a> secara <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> pada lingkungan dapat menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Kesehatan" title="Kesehatan">kesehatan</a> ekosistem perairan. Perubahan suhu air, aliran air dan ketersediaan cahaya secara fisika. Peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Zat" title="Zat">zat</a> <a href="/wiki/Racun" title="Racun">racun</a> yang dapat memakan oksigen secara kimia. <a href="/wiki/Populasi_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Populasi manusia">Populasi manusia</a> dan hewan yang berlebih secara biologi.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bobo.grid.id/read/082434159/pengertian-ekosistem-air-ciri-ciri-komponen-dan-jenisnya">"Pengertian Ekosistem Air: Ciri-Ciri, Komponen, dan Jenisnya - Bobo"</a>. <i>bobo.grid.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bobo.grid.id&rft.atitle=Pengertian+Ekosistem+Air%3A+Ciri-Ciri%2C+Komponen%2C+dan+Jenisnya+-+Bobo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbobo.grid.id%2Fread%2F082434159%2Fpengertian-ekosistem-air-ciri-ciri-komponen-dan-jenisnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ardian (2020-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icema.co.id/ekosistem-air-tawar/">"Ekosistem Air Tawar - ICEMA Official"</a>. <i>icema.co.id</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icema.co.id&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Air+Tawar+-+ICEMA+Official&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.au=Ardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficema.co.id%2Fekosistem-air-tawar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Odum, Eugune P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ui.ac.id/detail.jsp?id=137460"><i>Fundamentals of ecology</i></a>. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. hlm. 577. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9794202843" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9794202843">9794202843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+ecology&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pages=577&rft.pub=Gadjah+Mada+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9794202843&rft.aulast=Odum&rft.aufirst=Eugune+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Fdetail.jsp%3Fid%3D137460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Khaq, maylina A. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23567124/Laporan_Ekologi_Akuatik_Lotik_Lentik_dan_Intertidal_dI_Pantai_Bama_Situbondo">"Laporan Ekologi Akuatik Lotik Lentik dan Intertidal dI Pantai Bama Situbondo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Laporan+Ekologi+Akuatik+Lotik+Lentik+dan+Intertidal+dI+Pantai+Bama+Situbondo&rft.aulast=Khaq&rft.aufirst=maylina+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23567124%2FLaporan_Ekologi_Akuatik_Lotik_Lentik_dan_Intertidal_dI_Pantai_Bama_Situbondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ramli, Haji Dzaki (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.perpusnas.go.id/ResultListOpac.aspx?pDataItem=Ekologi%20-%20Studi%20dan%20pengajaran%20&pType=Subject&pLembarkerja=-1&pPilihan=Subject"><i>Ekologi</i></a>. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Proyek Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ekologi&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan%2C+Direktorat+Jenderal+Pendidikan+Tinggi%2C+Proyek+Pengembangan+Lembaga+Pendidikan+Tenaga+Kependidikan&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ramli&rft.aufirst=Haji+Dzaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopac.perpusnas.go.id%2FResultListOpac.aspx%3FpDataItem%3DEkologi%2520-%2520Studi%2520dan%2520pengajaran%2520%26pType%3DSubject%26pLembarkerja%3D-1%26pPilihan%3DSubject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Irwan, Djamal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inlislite.uin-suska.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=20236"><i>Prinsip-prinsip ekologi : Ekosistem, lingkungan dan pelestariannya</i></a>. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9795261649" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9795261649">9795261649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prinsip-prinsip+ekologi+%3A+Ekosistem%2C+lingkungan+dan+pelestariannya&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Bumi+Aksara&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9795261649&rft.aulast=Irwan&rft.aufirst=Djamal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finlislite.uin-suska.ac.id%2Fopac%2Fdetail-opac%3Fid%3D20236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiadnya, D.G (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413090231/https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=C0BKatgAAAAJ&hl=en"><i>Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Dengan Kasus Perikanan Tangkap di Jawa Timur</i></a>. Malang: Fakultas Perikanan. Universitas Brawijaya. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.co.id/citations?user=C0BKatgAAAAJ&hl=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 2022-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manajemen+Sumberdaya+Perairan+Dengan+Kasus+Perikanan+Tangkap+di+Jawa+Timur&rft.place=Malang&rft.pub=Fakultas+Perikanan.+Universitas+Brawijaya&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wiadnya&rft.aufirst=D.G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.id%2Fcitations%3Fuser%3DC0BKatgAAAAJ%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Neil A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ui.ac.id/detail.jsp?id=126910"><i>Biology : concepts and connections</i></a>. San Francisco: Pearsons Benjamin Cummings. hlm. 2,3,4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780321526502" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780321526502">9780321526502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+%3A+concepts+and+connections&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=2%2C3%2C4&rft.pub=Pearsons+Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780321526502&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Fdetail.jsp%3Fid%3D126910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Maslina, Lidia (2018-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://materiipa.com/ekosistem-air-tawar">"Ekosistem Air Tawar Lentik dan Lotik"</a>. <i>MateriIPA.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MateriIPA.com&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Air+Tawar+Lentik+dan+Lotik&rft.date=2018-09-11&rft.aulast=Maslina&rft.aufirst=Lidia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmateriipa.com%2Fekosistem-air-tawar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ocean">"Find out about the world's ocean habitats and more"</a>. <i>Environment</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2019-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=Find+out+about+the+world%27s+ocean+habitats+and+more&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Farticle%2Focean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/">"Facts and figures on marine biodiversity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+figures+on+marine+biodiversity+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fnatural-sciences%2Fioc-oceans%2Ffocus-areas%2Frio-20-ocean%2Fblueprint-for-the-future-we-want%2Fmarine-biodiversity%2Ffacts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmugeografi.com/ilmu-bumi/laut/ekosistem-air-laut">"Ekosistem Air Laut : Pengertian, Ciri-ciri dan Jenisnya"</a>. <i>IlmuGeografi.com</i>. 2016-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IlmuGeografi.com&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Air+Laut+%3A+Pengertian%2C+Ciri-ciri+dan+Jenisnya&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmugeografi.com%2Filmu-bumi%2Flaut%2Fekosistem-air-laut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmugeografi.com/biogeografi/ekosistem-pesisir">"Ekosistem Pesisir - Ciri-ciri, Komponen dan Fungsinya"</a>. <i>IlmuGeografi.com</i>. 2016-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IlmuGeografi.com&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Pesisir+-+Ciri-ciri%2C+Komponen+dan+Fungsinya&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmugeografi.com%2Fbiogeografi%2Fekosistem-pesisir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Itsnaini, Faqihah Muharroroh (2021-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5553479/ekosistem-laut-pembagian-dan-jenis-jenis-makhluk-hidup-di-dalamnya">"Ekosistem Laut: Pembagian dan Jenis-Jenis Makhluk Hidup di Dalamnya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Detik.com" title="Detik.com">detikcom</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detikcom&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Laut%3A+Pembagian+dan+Jenis-Jenis+Makhluk+Hidup+di+Dalamnya&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.aulast=Itsnaini&rft.aufirst=Faqihah+Muharroroh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.detik.com%2Fedu%2Fdetikpedia%2Fd-5553479%2Fekosistem-laut-pembagian-dan-jenis-jenis-makhluk-hidup-di-dalamnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stanford, L. Loeb (1994). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87371-910-7"><i>Biological Monitoring of Aquatic Systems</i></a>. CRC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Monitoring+of+Aquatic+Systems&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=L.+Loeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F0-87371-910-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Daily, Gretchen C (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-476-6"><i>Nature's Services</i></a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55963-476-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55963-476-6">1-55963-476-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Services&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55963-476-6&rft.aulast=Daily&rft.aufirst=Gretchen+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F1-55963-476-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">atap (2020-04-23WIB19:50:06+07:00). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/ekosistem/">"Ekosistem: Pengertian, Komponen, Macam, Dan Definisi Ahli"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ekosistem%3A+Pengertian%2C+Komponen%2C+Macam%2C+Dan+Definisi+Ahli&rft.au=atap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gramedia.com%2Fliterasi%2Fekosistem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kumparan.com/berita-update/ekosistem-air-pengertian-ciri-ciri-komponen-dan-jenisnya-1wOjX7EtuPL">"Ekosistem Air: Pengertian, Ciri-ciri, Komponen, dan Jenisnya"</a>. <i>kumparan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kumparan&rft.atitle=Ekosistem+Air%3A+Pengertian%2C+Ciri-ciri%2C+Komponen%2C+dan+Jenisnya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkumparan.com%2Fberita-update%2Fekosistem-air-pengertian-ciri-ciri-komponen-dan-jenisnya-1wOjX7EtuPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Keddy, Paul A (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51940-3"><i>Wetland Ecology. Principles and Conservation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 497. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-51940-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-51940-3">978-0-521-51940-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetland+Ecology.+Principles+and+Conservation&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51940-3&rft.aulast=Keddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F978-0-521-51940-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618215646/https://www.pusatilmupengetahuan.com/autotrof-dan-heterotrof/">"Autotrof dan Heterotrof (Pengertian, Perbedaan, dan Contoh)"</a>. <i>Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan</i>. 2020-02-29. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pusatilmupengetahuan.com/autotrof-dan-heterotrof/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2021-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pusat+Ilmu+Pengetahuan&rft.atitle=Autotrof+dan+Heterotrof+%28Pengertian%2C+Perbedaan%2C+dan+Contoh%29&rft.date=2020-02-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pusatilmupengetahuan.com%2Fautotrof-dan-heterotrof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Manahan, Stanley E (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56670-633-5"><i>Environmental Chemistry</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56670-633-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56670-633-5">1-56670-633-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Chemistry&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-56670-633-5&rft.aulast=Manahan&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3ABookSources%2F1-56670-633-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rimbakita.com/komponen-abiotik/">"Komponen Abiotik - Pengertian, Peran dan Fungsi, serta Contoh"</a>. <i>RimbaKita.com</i>. 2021-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RimbaKita.com&rft.atitle=Komponen+Abiotik+-+Pengertian%2C+Peran+dan+Fungsi%2C+serta+Contoh&rft.date=2021-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frimbakita.com%2Fkomponen-abiotik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEkosistem+perairan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&oldid=26381786">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ekosistem_perairan&oldid=26381786</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekosistem" title="Kategori:Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Perairan" title="Kategori:Perairan">Perairan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi" title="Kategori:Ekologi">Ekologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Biologi" title="Kategori:Biologi">Biologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lingkungan" title="Kategori:Lingkungan">Lingkungan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 4 Oktober 2024, pukul 02.42.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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